PBS Unit 4 Study guide4.1 Heart AnatomyHeart Anatomy Chart (Put Name AND Diagram # in order of

blood flow)

Right Side → _Deoxygenated__ Blood → _Pulmonary____ Circulation

Left Side → ___Oxygenated___ Blood → __Systemic____ Circulation

Superior/Inferior Vena Cava (7/8)

Pulmonary Veins (9)

Right Atrium (1) Left Atrium (3)

Tricuspid Valve (10) Mitral Valve (11)

Right Ventricle (2) Left Ventricle (4)

Pulmonary Valve (13) Aortic Valve (12)

Pulmonary Artery (5) Aorta (6)

4.2 How the Heart WorksCardiovascular Vitals Normal Range

(INCLUDE UNITS)What is being measured? Diagnostics

Heart Rate (HR) 60-100 BPM Describe what heart rate is and how it is measured:

Heart rate is how often the heart beats or sends blood through the body. The beats are counted by feeling an artery.

- Patient has resting HR that is too fast:

__Tachycardic___

Blood Pressure (BP) 120/80

mm Hg

What is Systolic Blood Pressure?

Pressure while the heart is contracting

What is Diastolic Blood Pressure?

Pressure while the heart is at rest

Instrument to measure:

Sphygmomanometer

- Patient with abnormally high BP: __Hypertension________- Factors that RAISE BP:▪ Stress▪ Salt Consumption▪ Smoking▪ Obesity

- Factors that LOWER BP:▪ Healthy Diet▪ Exercise

EKG/ECG Analysis - NORMAL

Draw/Label a normal EKG wave. Label what the heart is doing at each point in the EKG wave.

P = When the atria are contracting

QRS = When the ventricles are contracting

T = When the ventricles are relaxing

DIAGRAM NAME

A SINOATRIAL NODE

B ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE

C BUNDLE OF HIS/ ATRIOVENTRICULAR BUNDLE

D BUNDLE BRANCHES

E PERKINJE FIBERS

The SINOATRIAL NODE is known as the pacemaker of the heart.4.3 Heart Dysfunction

● Cholesterol is a _LIPOPROTEIN___ (macromolecule = part LIPID__/part _Protein___)- Synthesized by the organ __the liver____ from the ingestion of __Food (specifically fats)_______

Roles of Cholesterol in cells of the body:

Cell Membrane Helps maintain structure and fluidity of the membrane

Learning/Memory Helps form synapses (the connections between neurons) to increase learning and memory recall

Digestion/Bile Acids Produces the bile acids that help break down fats so they can be absorbed

Vitamin D Cholesterol is used to synthesize vitamin d in the body

Steroid Hormones A building block for hormones

HDL = HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN LDL = LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN

Normal Range More than 60 mg/dl Less than 100 mg/dl

Function Cleans cholesterol out of the blood vessels and returns to the liver

Carries cholesterol to the cells around the body

● LOW amount of HDL and HIGH of LDL can result in fatty (PLAQUE) deposits - RESULTS : Changes the wall of the arteries resulting in ATHEROSCLEROSIS

● Familial Hypercholesterolemia is an autosomal DOMINANT disorder

- Genotype to phenotypically show disease: 1. HOMZYGOUS DOMINANT (Alleles = FF)

2. HETEROZYGOUS (Alleles = Ff)

● Mutation causes cells of the body to not uptake CHOLESTEROL

o RESULTS : Too much CHOLESTEROL remains in the BLOODSTREAM and HDL cannot keep up with

taking it to the LIVER

Genotype Phenotype (Positive/Negative) for Familial Hypercholesterolemia

LANE 1 = DNA MARKER N/A N/A

LANE 2 = NORMAL ff Negative

LANE 3 = FH FF Positive

LANE 4 = PATIENT 1 Ff Positive

LANE 5 = PATIENT 2 ff Negative

LANE 6 = PATIENT 3 FF Positive

LANE 7 = PATIENT 4 Ff Positive

Explain how gel electrophoresis works. Include terms: Restriction enzyme, DNA fragments, size, gel, positive charge, negative charge, electric current:

Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA into Fragments. These DNA fragments are loaded into a gel. An electric current is run through the gel. Because DNA has a negative charge, the fragments are pushed through the gel from the negative end towards the end with a positive charge (opposites attract). The gel acts like a mesh or net, so the fragments are sorted based on size. The smaller fragments move through really quickly while the larger ones don’t make it as far. Afterward, the size of the fragments can be determined based on how far through the gel the DNA made it.

4.4 Heart Intervention ● ATHEROSCLEROSIS can lead an

OCCLUSION (blockage) that can lead to

HEART ATTACK or STROKE

- Increases BLOOD PRESSURE RESULTING IN

decreased BLOOD FLOW

- STROKE: clot (obstruction) or rupture

resulting in lack of OXYGEN to the BRAIN

▪ Leads to loss of consciousness,

sensation, and voluntary motion

- HEART ATTACK: clots resulting in lack of

OXYGEN to the HEART muscle

▪ Typically, is associated with the

CORNARY ARTERY which supplies blood to the heart muscle

What is the medical word for a heart attack? Myocardial Infarction

Explain how an angioplasty and a stent works:Angioplasty is the process of inserting a deflated balloon into an artery with an occlusion. Once the balloon is in

place it is inflated to push the plaque against the artery walls (smooshing it to the sides) so that the opening will be larger. A stent uses the same process, but a small wire frame is wrapped around the balloon and then stays open inside the artery to support the walls so that it stays open.