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Learning goals

Part (a) – a close language and structural analysis of an extract of approximately 400 words in length (AO2)

AO2 - Language RAG ratingB F S T

Learning Can I identify a language technique that has been used to within a text and make a brief comment about it?

Mastering Can I show an understanding of language techniques and their effect on a reader?

Extending

Can I analyse a range of language techniques, sustaining the effect on the reader?Can I evaluate the language and its effect on the reader?

AO2 - StructureLearning Can I identify a structural technique or a

technique specific to the form within a text and make a brief comment about it?

Mastering Can I show an understanding of structural techniques and techniques stemming from a particular form and comment on their effect on the reader?

Extending

Can I analyse the use of structural techniques or techniques specific to the form and sustain their effect on the reader?Can I show a perceptive grasp of form and structure and their effect on the reader?

AO2 – Subject terminologyLearning Can I make an attempt to use subject

terminology?Mastering Can I use relevant subject terminology to

support my examples?Extending

Can I use relevant subject terminology accurately and appropriately to develop my ideas?Can I integrate subject terminology precisely?

Part (b) – an essay question exploring the whole text with a focus on one or more of the following areas: plot, setting (s), character (s), theme (s) (AO1)

AO1 – Personal response RAG ratingB F S T

Learning Can I say something about the text? Can I respond to the text in a narrative with some personal response?

Mastering Can I show a relevant personal response which is soundly related to the text?

Extending

Can I respond to the text in a developed personal way which engages and fully relates to the text?Can I show an assured personal response, showing a high level of engagement with the text?

AO1 – Critical responseLearning Can I offer my opinion and some relevant

supporting reference?Mastering Can I offer an appropriate critical style with

some reference to the text?Extending

Can I sustain a critical style and make well-developed interpretations?Can I develop a critical style with maturity, perceptive understanding and interpretation?

AO1 – Textual referenceLearning Can I offer an idea about the content or the

theme of a text?Mastering Can I respond to the text making a relevant

and focused point which draws upon textual references / quotations?

Extending

Can I select well-chosen references to support a range of effective points?Can I integrate discerning references when making assured points?

Chapter by chapter summary (taken from Rob Ward)

Chapter 1:The story of the Door

Passing a strange-looking door whilst out for a walk, Enfield tells Utterson about an incident involving a man (Hyde) trampling a young girl. The man paid the girl compensation. Enfield says the man had a key to the door (which leads to Dr Jekyll’s laboratory).

Chapter 2: Search for Hyde

Utterson looks at Dr Jekyll’s will and discovers that he has left his possessions to Mr Hyde in the event of his disappearance. Utterson watches the door and sees Hyde unlock it, then goes to warn Jekyll. Jekyll. Jekyll isn’t in, but Poole tells him that the servants have been told to obey Hyde.

Chapter 3: Dr Jekyll was Quite at Ease

Two weeks later, Utterson goes to a dinner party at Jekyll’s house and tells him about his concerns. Jekyll laughs off his worries.

Chapter 4: The Carew Murder Case

Nearly a year later, an elderly gentleman is murdered in the street by Hyde. A letter to Utterson is found on the body. Utterson recognises the murder weapon has a broken walking cane of Jekyll’s. He takes the police to Jekyll’s house to find Hyde, but are told he hasn’t been there for two months. They find the other half of the cane and signs of a quick exit.

Chapter 5: Incident of the Letter

Utterson goes to Jekyll’s house and finds him ‘looking deadly sick.’ He asks about Hyde but Jekyll shows him a letter that says he won’t be back. Utterson beliees the letter has been forged by Jekyll to cover for Hyde.

Chapter 6: Remarkable Incident of Dr Lanyon

Hyde has disappeared and Jekyll seems more happy and sociable until a sudden depression strikes him. Utterson visits Dr Lanyon on his death-bed, who hints that Jekyll is the cause of his illness. Utterson writes to Jekyll and receives a reply that suggests he has fallen ‘under a dark influence.’ Lanyon dies and leaves a not for Utterson to open after the death of disappearance of Jekyll. Utterson tries to revisit Jekyll but is told by Poole that he is living in isolation.

Chapter 7: Incident at the Window

Utterson and Enfield are out for a walk and pass Jekyll’s window, where they see him confined like a prisoner. Utterson calls out and Jekyll’s face has a look of ‘abject terror and despair’. Shocked, Utterson and Enfield leave.

Chapter 8: The Last Night

Poole visits Utterson and asks him to come to Jekyll’s house. The door to the laboratory is locked and the voice inside sounds like Hyde. Poole says that the voice has been asking for days for a chemical to be brought, but has rejected it each time as it is not pure. They break down the door and find a twitching body with a vial in its hands. There is also a will which leaves everything to Utterson and a package containing Jekyll’s confession and a letter asking Utterson to read Lanyon’s letter.

Chapter 9: Dr Lanyon’s Narrative

The contents of Lanyon’s letter tells of how he received a letter from Jekyll asking him to collect chemicals, a vial and notebook from Jekyll’s laboratory and give it to a man who would call at midnight. A grotesque man arrives, and drinks the potion which transform him into Jekyll, causing Lanyon to fall ill.

Chapter 10: Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case

Jekyll tells the story of how he turned into Hyde. It began as a scientific investigation into the duality of human nature and an attempt to destroy his ‘darker self’. Eventually he became addicted to being Hyde, who increasingly took over and destroyed him.

Lesson 1

Retention quiz: Blood Brothers – The prologue1. Why is the play called ‘Blood Brothers’?2. Who wrote the play ‘Blood Brothers’?3. Where and when was the play ‘Blood Brothers’ set?4. What does the word ‘prologue’ mean?5. What does the term ‘didactic’ mean?

Extension:1. What evidence is there to suggest that ‘Blood Brothers’ is a didactic play within

the prologue?2. Mrs Johnstone is described as ‘cruel. How far would you agree with this?’

Robert Louis Stevenson

1 Robert Louis Stevenson was born in Edinburgh, the capital of 2 Scotland, in 1850. His family were devout Presbyterians and his3 nanny was believed to be very strictly religious. It is thought that as4 he grew up, Stevenson rejected their strict, sober ways and enjoyed5 a more bohemian style of living. He rejected Christianity and6 declared himself an atheist.

7 His parents wanted him to become an engineer like his father, but8 he studied law at Edinburgh University. This was because he was9 plagued by health problems as a young child and wasn’t physically

10 able to become an engineer. In 1875 he passed an exam to11 become a lawyer, but he never worked as a lawyer: he wanted to12 become a writer.

13 His ill-health meant he left the cold, wet weather of Scotland and 14 travelled in France and Spain. On a visit to France in 1876 he met 15 an American woman, Fanny Osbourne. She was ten years older 16 than him and they were married when her divorce was finalised. At17 the time, this was considered quite scandalous.

18 They fell in love, and Stevenson followed her to America, where 19 they were married in 1880 in California. After a short period of time 20 in California, they went to Scotland, but in 1887 Stevenson and 21 Fanny left Scotland forever. They went first to America, and then to 22 the South Pacific. Finally, they made their way home on one of the23 islands of Samoa in 1890. There the local people called him24 ‘Tusitala’, which means ‘story teller’ in the local language.

25 Stevenson spent much of his life travelling to countries with warmer

26 climates to alleviate the symptoms of a respiratory disease for27 which there was no known cure at the time and it was because of28 his adventurous life that he was able to write many travel books. 29 However, he became famous for his works of fiction. Stevenson30 always said he wanted to write exciting stories: ‘fiction is to grown31 men what play is to child’ he said. His adventure stories were32 famous, and younger readers still enjoy them: examples are33 Treasure Island (1883) and Kidnapped (1886) set in 18th century34 Scotland, and The Black Arrow (1888), set in a time of war in 15 th

35 century England.

36 Charles Dickens had written A Christmas Carol in 1843 during a 37 time when gothic fiction was becoming more popular. Although38 Stevenson had already gained fame with Treasure Island, he still39 needed financial support from his father. In order to make money40 quickly, Stevenson utilised the gothic form and wrote, across ten41 weeks, the novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde in October 1885. Thought42 to be based on a dream he once had, many people believed that the43 story grew out of the conflict he felt from having grown up in a44 strictly religious family and the natural urges and the freedom he45 experienced later in his life. It is thought this may have caused him46 to question the relationship between modern ideas of psychology47 and the religious values of his upbringing.

48 However, Stevenson was also interested in the behaviour of a49 Victorian gentleman – the way they maintained an outwardly50 respectable appearance but secretly indulged in immoral51 behaviour. Stevenson was particularly fascinated by the life of52 Deacon Brodie, a respectable cabinet maker who led a secret life53 as a robber. The sales from the novella gave him financial54 independence from his father, which of course allowed him greater55 freedom and autonomy.

56 Stevenson’s health got better, but in 1894 he died suddenly of a57 brain haemorrhage. He was only forty-four years old.

Questions:

1. What was Robert Louis Stevenson’s attitude towards religion? Why did he hold this view?

2. Why was Stevenson’s marriage to Fanny Osborne considered scandalous?3. In what year did Stevenson leave Scotland forever?4. What did the people of Samoa call Stevenson?5. What reason is given for Stevenson wanting to travel?6. Identify the names of two children’s books Stevenson wrote whilst travelling

around the world.

7. Why did Stevenson want to make more money?8. How long did it take him to write Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde?9. What did people think lay at the heart of his writing Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde?10. Why was Stevenson interested in the behaviour of a Victorian

gentleman?11. Which person fascinated Stevenson and why?12. In what year did Stevenson die?

Lesson 2:Vocabulary – Presbyterians, bohemian, atheist, alleviate, utilised, indulged, immoral, autonomy, haemorrhage

Retention quiz - Blood Brothers – Marilyn Monroe 1. Who was Marilyn Monroe?2. What did Marilyn Monroe symbolise for women during the 1960s?3. What comparisons are made between Mrs Johnstone and Marilyn Monroe on pages 5/6?4. How do these comparisons help us to create an impression of Mrs Johnstone at the start of the musical?

The origins of the gothic genre – Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

1 The scientific revolution of the 17th century shattered old ways of2 thinking and introduced a period in which reason, logic, criticism and3 freedom of thought became prominent. The Enlightenment period4 (mid 17th century – 18th century) questioned the teachings of the5 church and the Bible as lacking in scientific development. Instead,6 followers of the Enlightenment sought to apply new scientific7 methods to the study of humanity to create a science of man with the8 belief that human life and character could be improved through the 9 use of education and reason. This bought interested thinkers into

10 direct conflict with the political and religious establishment.

11 The Enlightenment was followed by a movement entitled 12 ‘Romanticism’ and a return to the emotional instead of the rational.13 Romantic thinkers were disillusioned with the enlightenment as they14 felt it was suffocating them and squeezing the spirit, passion and15 morality out of existence. Instead they envisioned a growing 16 universe that was created in part by human choices and human will. 17 sceptical of science, the Romantics felt that the Enlightenment notion 18 that the universe was knowable and controllable was naïve and that 19 the universe was infinite, mysteriously and ultimately unknowable.

20 The Gothic was born out of this period and could be seen as a21 reaction to the Enlightenment. Many Gothic writers emerged during 22 the Romantic period and, during a period in which age and reason 23 began to dominate the western civilisation, writers began to depict 24 stories which primarily focused on the invocation of terror, through25 implausible or fantastical elements. This opposed many of the views26 put forth by the Enlightenment movement.

27 The first Gothic novel was written by Horace Walpole in 1764 and with 28 entitled ‘The Castle of Otranto.’ It blended elements of realist fiction29 the supernatural and fantastical, establishing many of the plot devices

30 and character types that would become typical of the Gothic: a foreign31 location, a dark and ominous castle, a naïve young woman fleeing32 from an evil, lustful man, secret passages, clanging trapdoors, and33 picture and doors that begin to move and close by themselves. The34 poet, Thomas Gray, stated ‘Otranto made some of us cry a little, and35 all in general afraid to go to be o’nights.’

36 Next came Ann Radcliffe, who in 1794 wrote ‘The Mysteries of 37 Udolpho’. Radcliffe continued to define the gothic genre and38 introduced an element called ‘the explained supernatural’, a technique39 In which terrifying, apparently supernatural incidents had a logical40 explanation which were revealed at the end.

41 In later years, the Gothic influenced Mary Shelley when she wrote the 42 first science fiction novel, Frankenstein in 1818. Many believed it to43 be a warning about the dangers of contemporary science. There is no44 doubt that Mary Shelley’s novel was hugely influential upon45 Stevenson’s novella ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ as it set the template for46 future science fiction narratives in which an obsessive scientist pays47 the consequences for his meddling with the structure of the human48 body and brain.

49 Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, the novella we are studying, was written by of 50 Robert Louis Stevenson in 1886. It was the fullest articulation of the51 important Gothic theme of the double: the contrast between good and52 evil in people or places. It has been suggested that inspiration for the53 novel came from the writer’s friendship with a French doctor called54 Eugene Chantrelle, who was convicted and executed for the murder 55 of his wife in 1878. Chantrelle, who had appeared to lead a normal 56 life in the city, poisoned his wife with opium. Stevenson was present57 throughout the trail and as ‘the evidence unfolded he found himself,58 like Dr Jekyll, aghast before the acts of Edward Hyde.’

Questions:1. What was the period in which reason, logic, criticism and freedom of thought

emerged called?2. Which movement encouraged a return to the emotional rather than the

rational? 3. How did the Romantics view the universe?4. How did gothic writers demonstrate their opposition to the Enlightenment

period in their writing?5. What was the first gothic novel called and when was it written?6. What was the name of the author who wrote ‘The Mysteries of Udolpho’?7. What was ‘the explained supernatural’?8. What did many people believe about Mary Shelley’s ‘Frankenstein’?9. What was unique about Dr Jekyll and Hyde?

10. What might have influenced Robert Louis Stevenson to write Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyden?

Features of gothic genre

A genre is defined by its inclusion of a range of conventions. Watch the short video below to be introduced to some of these conventions:

https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/gothic-motifs

Other conventions of the gothic genre include (taken from Rob Ward):

Pathetic fallacyThe environment is

closely linked to human emotions:

storms are angry, fog hides secrets

Ruined or grotesque buildings

Any building which is ruined by time,

damage, lack of care. Ugly buildings full of

dark corners, gargoyles or

mysterious rooms and spaces

Religious ideasReligious ideas might include heaven / hell, good / evil, science /

religion

SensibilityCharacters wallowing in their own feelings.

Exaggerated or heightened emotional states or characters.

Excess and extremity

Extreme greed or wealth, over the top

behaviour or showing off

The supernaturalVampires, monsters,

ghosts, ghouls, hauntings,

werewolves etc

Imagery of decayThings rotting and

breaking down. This might be people, places or objects

Horror and terrorScary bits – for characters and

readers

Isolation and loneliness

Characters living alone, stranded or

separated from their normal lives.

Blurring of sanity / insanity

Characters unsure if what they are seeing is real or imagined.

Characters who might be going mad. Does the audience even

know?

Sex and sexualityDoes this one need explaining? Lust, desire, sex, etc

Multiple narratorsMore than one

narrative voice. This action might switch from character to character, or from

form to form (i.e. diary entry to narration)

Crime, lawlessness and abuse

Murder, theft, cruelty, law breaking and

general bad behaviour

Absolute powerA character controlling

other people or places, in total control.

Remember what absolute power does

to people?

The satanic / arcaneSatanic: to do with the

devil and hellArcane: secret,

mysterious, understood by few

people

SecrecyHidden emotions,

fears of desires that enslave a person

Look at the following book covers. Using the conventions above, and your own ideas about the genre, in your exercise books identify and explain what evidence there is to suggest that these covers are promoting the gothic genre.

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde – a gothic novella?

How Jekyll and Hyde conforms to gothic

It focuses upon a horrible villain Description of horrific incidents: the death of Carew and Hyde; The atmosphere is ghostly and spooky with lots of darkness and fog There are innocent victims: a girl of eight, Danvers Carew and possibly Henry

Jekyll – who is both guilty and innocent

How Jekyll and Hyde does not conform

The structure of the story: the narrative operates like a detective novel in that we have one character, Utterson, searching for the solution to the mystery

The urban setting: most Gothic novels are set in castles or the remote countryside, Stevenson invented an entirely new genre, the ‘urban gothic’ which was later imitated by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in his Sherlock Holmes stories

The psychology of the characters: all the characters in the novel are psychologically convincing, they are not stereotypical heroes and villains

The lack of any hero: the closest the story gets to a hero is Utterson, who fails to save his friend but does, like a detective, uncover the mystery

The solution to the mystery. There had been many Gothic stories with doppelgangers (doubles) in which the hero was hunted by a double or alter ego, someone who looks very like him but behaves in an evil fashion. But no story until this one had the ‘double’ in this case Mr Hyde – being the same as the main protagonist, Dr Jekyll

Questions:

1. In what ways does the story operate like a detective novel?2. In what ways does it contain elements of the Gothic novel?3. In what ways is the novel different from many gothic novels?

Lesson 3:

Vocabulary – prominent, rational, disillusioned, morality, envisioned, sceptical, infinite, depict, invocation, implausible, ominous, aghast

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – Mrs Johnstone’s living conditions at the start of the play1. What basic staple can Mrs Johnstone not afford to pay for at the start of the play?2. Why is the choice of item here significant? 3. What evidence other than this is there to suggest the family are working class?4. What does Mrs Johnstone promise the kids and how can she make this promise?5. What does Mrs Johnstone hope for herself?

Look at the pictures below.

1. What can you learn about Victorian London from the pictures above?.

Victorian London

1 With the rise of the manufacturing industry during this time, thousands of 2 citizens left the rural life and headed to the city. The influx of people into the3 city centres made for rapid growth and prosperity. The population surged 4 during the 19th century, from about 1 million in 1800 to over 6 million a 5 century later. However, there was also a very negative aspect as the crowds6 of workers had to be accommodated and cared for in a system which was7 not prepared to do so. 8 Tenement buildings were quickly built in Victorian London for factory9 workers and their families. Large houses were turned into flats. The cost of10 rent was extremely high, especially when a worker wanted to live within11 walking distance of his place of employment. Conditions were often cramped 12 as many members of a single family would live in one room. Many landlords13 were indifferent to the appalling conditions their tenants were living in and 14 with housing so difficult to find, few tenants made a fuss. Running water, 15 sanitation facilities, even cooking arrangements were rough-shod at best.16 Victorian Londoners lived cheek-by-jowl with their neighbours. Disputes were17 commonplace, and often caused by drunkenness. Wealthier families were 18 able to enjoy single homes which often featured bay windows, running water,19 and even electricity.20 With the combination of sewage, coal fires, and unwashed bodies, the odour21 of London was horrendous. Both the rich and the poor had to contend with22 the evil around the city. To combat this, Joseph Bazalgette built miles of 23 piping to direct sewage away from Victorian London. However, London 24 streets were still filled with manure from horses. Victorian London was well-25 known for its fog and the smoke coming from the coal fires, which was often 26 extremely thick. Because it had a slight green colour to it, the fog was often 27 known as a pea-souper. People regularly walked into the River Thames 28 because they couldn’t see where they were going. New buildings being 29 constructed of Portland stone didn’t stay pristine for long.30 Victorian London began to build public facilities. The ease of transportation31 was helped with the construction of ‘The Tube’ in 1863. Tower Bridge 32 became a reality in 1894. Public squares were offered for pleasure, and for33 privacy to homeowners. Just behind Buckingham Palace the Grosvenor 34 family developed the aristocratic Belgrave Square. In 1830 land just east of

35 the palace was cleared of the royal stables to create Trafalgar Square, and 36 the new National Gallery sprang up there just two years later. The present37 Trafalgar Square was completed in 1845, after moving the royal stables38 elsewhere. Grosvenor Square, originally built to only be enjoyed by 39 homeowners in the area, was improved and is now a public park. The Royal40 Albert Hall began to offer music in 1871. Buckingham Palace became the 41 monarch’s main London residence while Victoria was on the throne. To 42 keep everyone on schedule, Big Ben, the clock tower of the Houses of 43 Parliament was built in 1859.44 Petty crimes, such as pick-pocketing and food-snatching, were a regular45 occurrence, but assault was not the norm. Violent crime was very unusual.46 Doing a person in by poison was popular. Dr. Hawley Crippen is perhaps the47 most famous user of poison, although Dr. Thomas Cream had his share of 48 press. One of the most famous people in Victorian London was the murderer,49 Jack the Ripper, who was never identified or caught.50 In 1829 Sir Robert Peel founded the Metropolitan Police to handle law and 51 order in areas outside the City proper. These police became known as 52 ‘Bobbies’ after their founder.

Questions:1. Explain why people left the countryside and moved to the city.2. By how much did the population in London increase during the 19th century.3. What were the living conditions like during the Victorian period?4. Who was responsible for introducing an improved sewage system?5. What was otherwise known as ‘pea-souper’ and why?6. In what year was Trafalgar Square completed?7. Who was on the throne during this time?8. Which infamous criminal was around during this time?9. Who created the Metropolitan Police?

Lesson 4:Vocabulary - influx, tenement, sanitation, jowl, pristine, founded

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – Mrs Lyon’s middle class life

1. What does Mrs Lyons say about her house at the start of the play?2. What does Mrs Lyons tell Mrs Johnstone about Mr Lyons? 3. Why is the house so empty?4. What does Mrs Lyons do with the shoes she has purchased and how does

Mrs Johnstone react?5. What similarities and differences are evident between Mrs Johnstone and Mrs

Lyons at the start of the play?

Chapter One: The Story of the Door

Mr Utterson

At the start of chapter 1, we are introduced to the character of Mr Utterson. Look at the descriptions offered of Mr Utterson. What do we learn about him?

‘the lawyer’ ‘rugged countenance’ Never lighted by a smile

Cold, scanty and embarrassed in discourse

Backward in sentiment Lean, long, dusty, dreary, and yet somehow

loveable.When the wine was to his taste, something eminently human beaconed from his eye

Something indeed which never found its way into his talk

He was austere with himself

An approved tolerance for others

In any extremity inclined to help rather than reprove

It was frequently in his fortune to be the last reputable acquaintance and the last good influence in the lives of down-going men

He never marked a shade of change in his demeanour

His friends were those of his own blood, or those whom he had known the longest

His affections, like ivy, were the growth of time

The two men put the greatest store by these excursions, counted them the chief jewel of each week

My impression of Mr Utterson

The novella is told predominantly through the third-person limited point of view in which one character is picked and we, the reader, follow that character around. In Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde we follow Mr Utterson around. The third-person narrative adds distance from the character in that the reader is not inside Utterson’s head but observes his actions as he investigates. We don’t learn the full story until he does. The effect is to keep us (the Victorian readers) in the dark, along with Utterson. We share his sense of mystery, fear and bewilderment as we ponder the situation that unfolds. This makes us focus more clearly on the themes of the nature of evil and man’s divided self.

Utterson is the voice of reason in the novella. The first chapter is important in establishing him as a reliable and rational man whose view of events we can trust. The narrator gives us a full and direct account of Utterson, including what he looks like, his habits of speaking little but acting kindly, and his tolerance of others. By having the narrator describe Utterson directly, Stevenson makes sure we have a clear idea of him from the start. Writers often reveal characterisation through the acts and speech of the individuals themselves and others around them, but this makes it possible for readers to make mistakes in reading a character. Stevenson’s direct approach to Utterson avoids this danger.

Question:

1. It states above that ‘the first chapter is important in establishing him (Mr Utterson) as a reliable and rational man whose view of events we can trust.’ Identify details in the text you think present Mr Utterson as a ‘reliable’ and ‘rational’ man and explain why.

Lesson 5:Vocabulary – countenance, scanty, eminently, austere, reputable, demeanour

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – A plan

1. Why is Mrs Johnstone anxious about having twins?2. What does Mrs Lyons suggest?3. How does Willy Russell use language to show Mrs Lyon’s determination and

Mrs Johnstone’s reluctance? 4. What finally persuades Mrs Johnstone to go ahead with the plan?5. What does Mrs Lyons force Mrs Johnstone to do to ensure the plan goes

ahead?

Chapter One: The story of the door

Victorian London

At the start of chapter one, Mr Utterson and Mr Enfield are taking one of their Sunday afternoon strolls. Read the extract below:

1 It chanced on one of these rambles that their way led them down a by-street 2 In a busy quarter of London. The street was small and what is called quiet,3 But it drove a thriving trade on the week-days. The inhabitants were all doing4 well, it seemed, and all emulously hoping to do better still, and laying out the 5 surplus of their gains in coquetry; so that the shop fronts stood along that 6 thoroughfare with an air of invitation, like rows of smiling saleswomen. Even 7 on Sunday, when it veiled its more florid charms and lay comparatively empty8 of passage, the street shone out in contrast to its dingy neighbourhood, like a9 fire in a forest; and with its freshly painted shutters, well-polished brasses,10 and general cleanliness and gaiety of note, instantly caught and pleased the 11 eye of the passenger.12 Two doors from one corner, on the left hand going east, the line was broken13 by the entry of a court; and just at that point, a certain sinister block of 14 building thrust forward its gable on the street. It was two storeys high; 15 showed no window, nothing but a door on the lower storey and a blind16 forehead of discoloured wall on the upper; and bore in every feature the 17 marks of prolonged and sordid negligence. The door, which was equipped 18 with neither bell nor knocker, was blistered and distained. Tramps slouched19 into the recess and struck matches on the panels; children kept shop upon 20 the steps; the schoolboy had tried his knife on the mouldings; and for close21 on a generation no one had appeared to drive away these random visitors or22 to repair their ravages.

In part (a) of your examination, you will need to comment on how language and structure have been used to present a character, a setting, an idea, an event or a

theme. The paragraph has used a range of language techniques to help present Victorian London. Each technique used has been given a different colour. Match the colour to the technique it is displaying.

GREEN NEGATIVE LANGUAGE

BLUE ALLITERATION

RED POSITIVE LANGUAGE

PINK METAPHOR

YELLOW SIMILE

RED FONT PERSONIFICTION

GREY SIBILANCE

Once you have identified a range of techniques, you will need to construct a response. The structure of your response to part (a) is simple:

TECHNIQUE

SUPPORTING EXAMPLE

EFFECT ON THE READER

If we were to take the description above of Victorian London, an exemplar paragraph might read:

Positive language has been used to present Victorian London in Chapter One when Stevenson writes ‘thriving’, ‘cleanliness’, ‘gaiety’ and ‘well-polished’. The adjective ‘thriving’ suggests the streets of London are busy and the noun ‘cleanliness’ implies that despite being busy they are clean and therefore taken care of. The use of the adjective ‘well-polished’ connotes that the inhabitants take great pride in their neighbourhood whilst the noun ‘gaiety’ implies that the residents are happy. These words combine to create a positive picture of Victorian London during the 19th century.

Task:

1. In your exercise book, construct a paragraph analysing the use of one other language device to present Victorian London using the structure above.

Extending:

Can you link your contextual knowledge about Victorian London into your paragraph of writing?

The symbol of the door

Doors are used as a symbol in The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. What could a door represent?

Using the prompts below – annotate the image – thinking about what a door could be used to symbolise.

What if the door was locked? What if the door was open? What about the process of going through a door? What about the spaces either side of a door?

Question:

1. The door in chapter one is described as ‘The door, which was equipped with neither bell nor knocker, was blistered and disdained. Tramps slouched into the recess and struct matches on the panels; children kept shop upon the steps; the schoolboy had tried his knife on the mouldings.’

Why do you think the door is described in this way?

Lesson 6:Vocabulary – emulously, surplus, coquetry, thoroughfare, gable, prolonged, sordid, distained

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – Mrs Lyons – a callous woman?

1. How does Mrs Johnstone feel about giving one of her sons away?2. What does Mrs Johnstone tell the kids about the other baby?3. How does Mrs Lyons attitude towards Mrs Johnstone change once she has

the baby?4. What does Mrs Lyons ask Mr Lyons?5. How does Mrs Lyons threaten Mrs Johnstone?

Chapter One: The Story of the Door

Introducing Mr Hyde

As Mr Utterson and Mr Enfield walk along the streets of Victorian London, the third person limited point of view changes to an embedded narrative in which Mr Enfield recalls a crime he witnessed at the same site. As this text is read to you, highlight everything in the text that leads you to form an impression of the character of Mr Hyde.

1 “Well, it was this way,” returned Mr Enfield: “I was coming home from some 2 place at the end of the world, about three o’clock of a black winter morning, 3 and my way lay through a part of town where there was literally nothing to be4 seen but lamps. Street after street, and all the folks asleep – street after5 street, all lighted up as if for a procession, and all as empty as a church – till6 at last I got into that state of mind when a man listens and listens and begins7 to long for the sight of a policeman. All at once, I saw two figures: one a little8 man who was stumping along eastward at a good walk, and the other a girl of9 maybe eight or ten who was running as hard as she was able down a cross-10 street. Well, sir, the two ran into one another naturally enough at the corner;11 and then came the horrible part of the thing; for the man trampled calmly over12 the child’s body and left her screaming on the ground. It sounds nothing to 13 hear, but it was hellish to see. It wasn’t like a man; it was like some damned14 Juggernaut. I gave a view halloa, took to my heels, collared my gentleman,15 and brought him back to where there was already quite a group about the 16 screaming child. He was perfectly cool and made no resistance, but gave me17 one look, so ugly that it brought out the sweat on me like running. The 18 people who had turned out were the girl’s own family; and pretty soon the 19 doctor, for whom she had been sent, put in his appearance. Well, the child20 was not much the worse, more frightened, according to the Sawbones, and 21 there you might have supposed would be an end to it. But there was one 22 curious circumstance. I had taken a loathing to my gentleman at first sight.

23 So had the child’s family, which was only natural. But the doctor’s case was 24 what struck me. He was the usual cut-and-apothecary, of no particular age25 and colour with a strong Edinburgh accent, and about as emotional as a 26 bagpipe.

27 “But for all that,” continued the lawyer, “there’s one point I want to ask: I want 28 to ask the name of that man who walked over the child.”29 “Well,” said Mr Enfield, “I can’t see what harm it would do. It was a man of 30 the name of Hyde.”31 “Hm,” said Mr Utterson. “What sort of a man is he to see?”32 “He is not easy to describe. There is something wrong with his appearance;33 something displeasing, something downright detestable. I never saw a man I34 so disliked, and yet I scarce know why. He must be deformed somewhere; 35 He gives a strong feeling of deformity, although I couldn’t specify the point. 36 He’s an extraordinary-looking man, and yet I really can name nothing out of 37 the way. No, sir; I can make no hand of it; I can’t describe him. And it’s not38 want of memory; for I declare I can see him this moment.”

Tasks:

1. Identify three things you learn about Mr Hyde based upon Mr Enfield’s account.

2. Identify one inference you make about Mr Enfield’s feelings towards Mr Hyde.3. Construct one question you have about the events presented by Mr Enfield.

Task:

4. Complete the following chart.

Idea Technique Supporting example

Effect on reader

Duality

Duality (n)

1. The state or quality of being two or in two parts2. A dual state or quality

‘What it means to be human had been a central theme of literature throughout the ages and , with the advancement of time and the development of science and technology, the exploration of the evolution of mankind becomes more fascinating. In Judaeo-Christian cultures, the Bible is considered one of the first literary compilations to attempt to explain the existence of man and the contradictions in his character and behaviour. It begins with the story of creation and man’s fall from grave, having been tempted to eat from the tree of knowledge in the Garden of Eden. For may this is seen as symbolic of lost innocence and as an explanation of the existence of good and evil within every single human being. Original sin is an idea that Stevenson would have been very familiar with, coming from a Presbyterian background.’

Study and Revise GCSE

Task:

5. Chapter 1 introduces the theme of duality – the idea that there are two aspects or ways of seeing things. Complete the following table to identify how Stevenson presents the theme of duality through the characters and settings in Chapter 1. Include your own comments and short quotations from the text. Some examples have been given to start you off.

On one hand On the other hand…Mr Utterson Unfriendly and cold?

‘never lighted by a smile’‘backward in sentiment’

The street It shines out in contrast to its neighbours.

Mr Hyde The man trampled over the child’s body

Lesson 7:Vocabulary – Juggernaut, Sawbones, apothecary, duality

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – Mickey and Edward’s first meeting

1. Why won’t Mrs Johnstone let Mickey play up the other end?2. Who does Mickey wish he was like and why?3. Sweets are used to reveal the immediate differences between Mickey and

Edward. How?4. How does the verb phrase ‘pissed off’ and the noun ‘dictionary’ connect

Mickey and Edward?5. What do Mickey and Edward become at the end of their first meeting?

Chapter Two: Search for Mr Hyde

Concerned about Dr Jekyll’s relationship with Mr Hyde, Mr Utterson returns home that evening to study the contents of the will of his friend. Although he is in charge of it, he refused to have anything to do with its making and he is deeply troubled by its contents.

1 On this night, however, as soon as the cloth was taken away, he 2 took up a candle and went into his business room. There he3 opened his safe, took from the most private part of it a document4 endorsed on the envelope as Dr Jekyll’s Will, and sat down with a 5 clouded brow to study its contents. The will was holograph; for Mr6 Utterson, though he took charge of it now that it was made, had 7 refused to lend the least assistance in the making of it; it provided8 not only that, in case of the decease of Henry Jekyll, M.D., D.C.L., 9 L.L.D., F.R.S., &c, all his possessions were to pass into the hands

10 of his ‘friend and benefactor Edward Hyde’; but that in case of Dr11 Jekyll’s ‘disappearance or unexplained absence for any period 12 exceeding three calendar months,’ the said Edward Hyde should 13 step into the said Henry Jekyll’s shoes without further delay, and 14 free from any burthen or obligation, beyond the payment of a few 15 small sums to the members of the doctor’s household. This 16 document had long been the lawyer’s eyesore. It offended him 17 both as a lawyer and as a lover of the sane and customary sides18 of life, to whom the fanciful was the immodest. And hitherto it was19 his ignorance of Mr Hyde that had swelled his indignation; now, by 20 a sudden turn, it was his knowledge. It was already bad enough 21 when the name was but a name of which he could learn no more.22 It was worse when it began to be clothed upon with detestable23 attributes; and out of the shifting, insubstantial mists that had so24 long baffled his eye, there leaped up the sudden, definite

25 presentment of a fiend.

26 ‘I thought it was madness,’ he said, as he replaced the obnoxious 27 paper in the safe; ‘and now I begin to fear it is disgrace.’

Questions:

1. What evidence is there to suggest Mr Utterson is disturbed by the will? Explain why the will is so disturbing to Mr Utterson.

2. Why might the following details and quotations be significant?a. The will is holographic (handwritten)b. Disappearance or unexplained absence for any period exceeding three

calendar monthsc. The name was but a name of which he could learn no mored. Out of the shifting insubstantial mists that had so long baffled his eye

there leaped up the sudden, definite presentment of a fiend.

Having read the will, Mr Utterson sets out to meet with his great friend, Dr Lanyon.

1 With that he blew out his candle, put on a great-coat, and set forth in2 the direction of Cavendish Square, the citadel of medicine, where his3 friend, the great Dr Lanyon, had his house and received his crowding4 patients. “If anyone knows, it will be Lanyon,” he had thought.56 The solemn butler knew and welcomed him; he was subjected to no7 stage of delay, but ushered direct from the door to the dining-room,8 where Dr Lanyon sat alone over his wine. This was a hearty, healthy,9 dapper, red-faced gentleman, with a shock of hair prematurely white,

10 and a boisterous and decided manner. At sight of Mr Utterson, he 11 sprang up from his chair and welcomed him with both hands. The 12 geniality, as was the way of man, was somewhat theatrical to the 13 eye; But it reposed on genuine feeling. For these two were old 14 friends, old mates both at school and college, both through respecters 15 of themselves and of each other, and, what does not always follow,16 men who thoroughly enjoy each other’s company.

17 After a little rambling talk, the lawyer led up to the subject which so18 disagreeably preoccupied his mind.

19 “I suppose, Lanyon,” he said, “you and I must be the two oldest20 friends that Henry Jekyll has?”

21 “I wish the friends were younger,” chuckled Dr Lanyon. “But I22 suppose we are. And what of that? I see little of him now.

23 “Indeed!” said Utterson. “I thought you had a bond of common 24 interest.”

25 “We had,” was his reply. “But it is more than ten years since Henry26 Jekyll became too fanciful for me. He began to go wrong, wrong in27 mind; and though, of course, I continue to take an interest in him for 28 old sake’s sake as they say, I see and I have seen devilish little of the29 man. Such unscientific balderdash,” added the doctor, flushing 30 suddenly purple, “would have estranged Damon and Pythias.”

31 This little spirit of temper was somewhat of a relief to Mr Utterson.32 “They have differed on some point of science,” he thought; and being33 a man of no scientific passions (except in the matter of conveyancing)34 conveyancing) he even added: “It is nothing worse than that!” He 35 gave his friend a few seconds to recover his composure, and then 36 approached the question he had come to put.

37 “Did you ever come across a protégé of his – one Hyde?” he asked.

38 “Hyde?” repeated Lanyon. “No. Never heard of him. Since my time.”

Questions:

1. Identify the adjectives to describe Dr Lanyon. How would a Victorian reader respond to the description of Lanyon?

2. What evidence is there to suggest that Mr Utterson and Dr Lanyon are close?3. What disagreement lies at the heart of Dr Lanyon and Dr Jekyll’s fall out? 4. Below are two school’s of thought which, during the time of writing Dr Jekyll

and Mr Hyde, would have been debated.

The Enlightenment view on science – rational thought through deductive reasoning. Traditional.

The Romantics view on science – emphasised the scientist’s role in scientific discovery and experimentation. Innovative.

5. How far do you agree that the ‘fall-out’ between Dr Lanyon and Dr Jekyll is as a result of these school’s of thought?

6. Whilst Dr Jekyll was written in the late 19th century, ‘Frankenstein’ by Mary Shelley was written in the early part of the 19th century. How far do you think this will be playing on a Victorian reader’s mind as they read this chapter?

7. Dr Lanyon references Damon and Pathias. Here is the story of Damon and Pathias:

In Greek legend, Damon and Pathius are close friends. Pathiys is sentenced to death for plotting against the king of Syracuse, Dionysius I. Damon offers to take his place while Pathius returns home to say goodbye to his family. Pathius is late returning having been attacked by pirates and Damon is about to die when he arrives. Impressed by their friendship, Dionysius pardons them both.

8. What feeling does Dr Lanyon therefore reveal when he says that ‘Such unscientific balderdash would have estranged Damon and Pyhtias’?

Lesson 8:Vocabulary – endorsed, benefactor, burthen, indignation, attributes, presentment, citadel, geniality, reposed, conveyancing

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – Sammy

1. What is Sammy carrying with him as he enters the scene on page 25? Why is this significant?

2. What does Sammy say to Edward and what does this reveal about attitudes within society at the time?

3. How does Mrs Johnstone react when Mickey takes Edward home?4. How would you describe the relationship between Mr Lyons and Edward on

page 27?5. What superstition does Edward bring up in front of Mrs Lyons and how does

she respond?

Chapter Two: Search for Mr Hyde

After troubled dreams, Utterson decides to see Hyde for himself. Waiting by the door, he eventually meets Hyde. He finds him as repellent as Enfield had said he was.

1 From that time forward, Mr Utterson began to haunt the door in the 2 by-street of shops. In the morning before office hours, at noon when3 business was plenty and time scarce, at night under the face of the 4 forged city moon, by all lights and at all hours of solitude or 5 concourse, the lawyer was to be found on his chosen post.

6 “If he be Mr Hyde,” he had thought, “I shall be Mr Seek.”

7 And at last his patience was rewarded. It was a fine dry night; frost in8 the air; the streets as clean as a ball-room floor; the lamps, unshaken9 by any wind, drawing a regular pattern of light and shadow. By ten

10 o’clock, when the shops were closed, the by-street was very solitary,11 and, in spite of the low growl of London from all round, very silent. 12 Small sounds carried far; domestic sounds out of the houses were13 clearly audible on either side of the roadway; and the rumour of the 14 approach of any passenger preceded him by a long time. Mr 15 Utterson had been some minutes at his post when he was aware of 16 an odd light footstep drawing near. In the course of his nightly patrols17 he had long grown accustomed to the quaint effect with which the 18 footfalls of a single person, while he is still a great way off, suddenly19 spring out distinct from the vast hum and clatter of the city. Yet his 20 attention had never before been so sharply and decisively arrested;

21 and it was with a strong, superstitious prevision of success that he 22 withdrew into the entry of his court.

23 The steps drew swiftly nearer, and swelled out suddenly louder as24 they turned the end of the street. The lawyer, looking forth from the 25 entry, could soon see what manner of man he had to deal with. He 26 was small, and very plainly dressed; and the look of him, even at 27 that distance, went somehow strongly against the watcher’s 28 inclination. But he made straight for the door, crossing the roadway 29 to save time; and as he came, he drew a key from his pocket, like 30 one approaching home.

31 Mr Utterson stepped out and touched him on the shoulder as he 32 passed. “Mr Hyde, I think?”

33 Mr Hyde shrank back with a hissing intake of the breath. But his fear34 was only momentary; and though he did not look the lawyer in the 35 face, he answered coolly enough. “That is my name. What do you 36 want?”

37 “I see you are going in,” returned the lawyer. “I am an old friend of Dr38 Jekyll’s – Mr Utterson, of Gaunt Street – you must have heard my 39 name; and meeting you so conveniently, I thought you might admit 40 me.”

41 “You will not find Dr Jekyll; he is from home,” replied Mr Hyde, blowing42 in the key. And then suddenly, but still without looking up, “How did 43 you know me?” he asked.

44 “On your side,” said Mr Utterson, “will you do me a favour?”

45 “With pleasure,” replied the other. “What shall it be?”

46 “Will you let me see your face?” asked the lawyer.

47 Mr Hyde appeared to hesitate; and then, as if upon some sudden 48 reflection, fronted about with an air of defiance; and the pair stared 49 at each other pretty fixedly for a few seconds. “Now I shall know you50 again,” said Mr Utterson. “It may be useful.”

51 “Yes,” returned Mr Hyde, “it is as well we have met; and a propos, you 52 should have my address.” And he gave a number of a street in Soho.

53 “Good God!” thought Mr Utteron, “can he too have been thinking of

54 the will?” But he kept his feelings to himself, and only grunted in 55 acknowledgement of the address.

56 “And now,” said the other, “how did you know me?”

57 “By description,” was the reply.

58 “Whose description?”

59 “We have common friends,” said Mr Utterson.

60 “Common friends!” echoed Mr Hyde, a little hoarsely. “Who are 61 they?”

62 “Jekyll, for instance,” said the lawyer.

63 “He never told you,” cried Mr Hyde, with a flush of anger. “I did not64 think you would have lied.”

65 “Come,” said Mr Utterson, “that is not fitting language.”

66 The other snarled aloud into a savage laugh; and the next moment, 67 With extraordinary quickness, he had unlocked the door and 68 disappeared into the house.

69 The lawyer stood awhile when Mr Hyde had left him, the picture of 70 disquietude. Then he began slowly to mount the street, pausing 71 every step or two, and putting his hand to his brow like a man in 72 mental perplexity. The problem he was thus debating as he walked73 was one of a class that is rarely solved. Mr Hyde was pale and74 dwarfish; he gave an impression of deformity without any nameable75 malformation, he had a displeasing smile, he had borne himself to the76 lawyer with a sort of murderous mixture of timidity and boldness, and 77 he spoke with a husky, whispering and somewhat broken voice, all78 these were points against him; but not all of these together could 79 explain the hitherto unknown disgust, loathing and fear with which 80 Mr Utterson regarded him. “There must be something else,” said the 81 perplexed gentleman. “There is something more, if I could find a 82 name for it. God bless me, can it be the old story of Dr Fell? Or is it83 the mere radiance of a foul soul that thus transpires through, and 84 transfigures, its clay continent? The last, I think; for, O my poor old85 Henry Jekyll, if ever I read Satan’s signature upon a face, it is on86 that of your new friend.

Task:

How has language been used to present the character of Mr Hyde?

Idea Technique Supporting example

Effect on reader

After Mr Utterson has met with Edward Hyde, he ventures to Dr Jekyll’s residence. Look at the description on the next page:

1. ‘Hardly human’ – gothic conventions2. ‘Satan’s signature’ – comparison or linkage with devil3. ‘Troglodyte’ – a cave-dweller / troll4. ‘Dr Fell’ – the subject of a nursery rhyme about a

person disliked for no obvious reason.5. The belief that a person’s character or moral

standing was evident in the features of their face was common in the 19th century. Evil people or criminals would be ugle.

6. ‘With a hissing intake of breath’, ‘snarled aloud’, ‘a savage laugh’ – animal imagery

1 Round the corner form the by-street there was a square of 2 ancient, handsome houses, now for the most part decayed from3 their high estate, and let in flats and chambers to all sorts and 4 conditions of men: map-engravers, architects, shady lawyers and5 the agents of obscure enterprises. One house, however, second6 from the corner, was still occupied entire; and at the door of this, 7 which wore a great air of wealth and comfort, though it was now 8 plunged in darkness except for the fan-light, Mr Utterson stopped9 and knocked. A well-dressed elderly servant opened the door.

10 “Is Dr Jekyll at home, Poole?” asked the lawyer.

11 “I will see, Mr Utterson,’ said Poole, admitting the visitor, as he12 spoke, into a large, low-roofed, comfortable hall, paved with 13 flags, warmed (after the fashion of a country house) by a bright,14 open fire, and furnished with costly cabinets of oak. “Will you 15 wait here by the fire, sir? Or shall I give you a light in the dining-16 room?’

17 “Here, thank you,” said the lawyer; and he drew near and leaned 18 on the tall fender. This hall, in which he was now left alone, was19 a pet fancy of his friend the doctor’s; and Utterson himself was20 wont to speak of it as the pleasantest room in London. But 21 tonight there was a shudder in his blood; the face of Hyde sat22 heavy on his memory; he felt (what was rare with him) a nausea23 and distaste of life; and in the gloom of his spirits, he seemed to24 read a menace in the flickering of the firelight on the polished25 cabinets and the uneasy starting of the shadow on the roof. He26 was ashamed of his relief when Poole presently returned to 27 announce that Dr Jekyll was gone out.

28 “I saw Mr Hyde go in by the old dissecting-room door, Poole,” he29 said. “Is that right, when Dr Jekyll is from home?”

30 “Quite right, Mr Utterson, sir,” replied the servant. “Mr Hyde has31 a key.”

Question

1. How is the theme of duality presented here?

Lesson 9:Vocabulary – concourse, prevision, inclination, propos, disquietude, perplexity, transfigures

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – The divide

1. How does Mrs Lyons react when Mickey knocks on the door for Edward?2. What does Edward say and why do you think he says this?3. Mrs Lyons says ‘you see why I don’t want you mixing with boys like that.’

What does she mean by this?4. ‘You learn filth from them and behave like this.’ What does this quotation

reveal about Mrs Lyon’s attitude to the working class?

Chapter Three: Dr Jekyll was quite at Ease

We don’t meet the character, Dr Jekyll, until Chapter Three. This is the first time the reader finds out how he looks, speaks and behaves.

Task:

1. Work in pairs and skim read chapters 1 and 2 again. Make notes on everything you know about Dr Jekyll from the story so far. Draw a table in your exercise book with the following headings and put each piece of information in the appropriate column:

a. Factsb. Other characters’ opinions and feelings about himc. Your own response and predictions

Extension:

1. In the title of the novel Dr Jekyll is named first, yet Mr Hyde appears in the story before Dr Jekyll. What is the effect of delaying Jekyll’s introduction into the story on the reader?

Chapter Three begins with the following description:

1 A fortnight later, by excellent good fortune, the doctor gave one of his2 pleasant dinners to some five or six old cronies, all intelligent 3 reputable men, and all judges of good wine; and Mr Utterson so 4 contrived that he remained behind after the others had departed.

Question:

1. Dr Jekyll’s dinner party reflects the social circle he moves in. What evidence can you find to support this?

Once the other guests have gone, Mr Utterson seizes the opportunity to talk with Dr Jekyll. Mr Utterson records his reflections on Dr Jekyll.

1 To this rule Dr Jekyll was no exception; and as he now sat on the 2 opposite side of the fire – a large, well-made, smooth-faced man of3 fifty, with something of a slyish cast perhaps, but every mark of 4 capacity and kindness – you could see by his looks that he5 cherished for Mr Utterson a sincere and warm affection.

Questions:

1. Identify the words and phrases in this paragraph that help the reader to create a good impression of Jekyll.

2. Now re-read the description of Mr Hyde from Chapter 2. Write a paragraph noting the physical differences between Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde based on these two descriptions.

3. Explain why the contrasts in the physical descriptions exist.4. However, in these lines, Dr Jekyll is in fact presented as having dual aspects

to his personality. What are these and what do they suggest about his character?

Mr Utterson proceeds to question Dr Jekyll about his will.

1 “I have been wanting to speak to you, Jekyll,” began the latter. “You2 know that will of yours?”

3 A close observer might have gathered that the topic was distasteful;4 but the doctor carried it off gaily. “My poor Utterson,’ said he, “you5 are unfortunate in such a client. I never saw a man so distressed as 6 you were by my will; unless it were that hide-bound pendant. 7 Lanyon, at what he called my scientific heresies. O, I know he’s a 8 good fellow – you needn’t frown – an excellent fellow, and I always 9 mean to see more of him; but a hide-bound pendant for all that; an

10 ignorant, blatant pedant. I was never more disappointed in any man11 than Lanyon.”

12 “You know I never approved of it,” pursued Utterson, ruthlessly 13 disregarding the fresh topic.

14 “My will? Yes, certainly, I know that,” said the doctor, a trifle sharply.15 “You have told me so.”

16 “Well, I tell you so again,” continued the lawyer. “I have been 17 learning something of young Hyde.”

18 The large handsome face of Dr Jekyll grew pale to the very lips, and 19 there came a blackness about his eyes. “I do not care to hear 20 more,” said he. “This is a matter I thought we had agreed to drop.”

21 “What I heard was abominable,” said Utterson.

22 “It can make no change. You do not understand my position,”23 returned the doctor, with a certain incoherency of manner. “I am 24 painfully situated, Utterson; my position is a very strange – a very 25 strange one. It is one of those affairs that cannot be mended by26 talking.”

27 “Jekyll,” said Utterson, “you know me: I am a man to be trusted. 28 make a clean breast of this in confidence; and I make no doubt I can 29 get you out of it.”

30 “My good Utterson,” said the doctor, “this is very good of you, this is 31 downright good of you, and I cannot find words to thank you in. I 32 believe you fully; I would trust you before any man alive, ay, before33 myself, if I could make the choice; but indeed it isn’t what you fancy;34 it is not so bad as that; and just to put your good heart at rest, I will35 tell you one thing: the moment I choose, I can be rid of Mr Hyde. I 36 give you my hand upon that; and I thank you again and again; and I 37 will just add one little word, Utterson, that I’m sure you’ll take in good38 part: this is a private matter, and I beg of you to let it sleep.”

39 Utterson reflected a little, looking in the fire.

40 “I have no doubt you are perfectly right,” he said at last, getting to his41 feet.

42 “Well, but since we have touched upon this business, and for the last43 time, I hope,” continued the doctor, “there is one point I should like44 you to understand. I have really a very great interest in poor Hyde. I45 know you have seen him; he told me so; and I fear he was rude. But

46 I do sincerely take a great, a very great interest in that young man; 47 and if I am taken away, Utterson, I wish you to promise me that you 48 will bear with him, and get his rights for him. I think you would, if you 49 knew all; and it would be a weight off my mind if you would promise.”

50 “I can’t pretend that I shall ever like him,” said the lawyer.

51 “I don’t ask that,” pleaded Jekyll, laying his hand upon the other’s 52 arm; “I only ask for justice; I only ask you to help him for my sake,53 when I am no longer here.”

54 Utterson heaved an irrepressible sigh. “Well,” said he, “I promise.”

Lesson 10:Vocabulary – pendant, irrepressible

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – The kids

1. Cowboys and Indians, cops and robbers dominate the kid’s play. Why is this?2. What is the significance of the chorus ‘But you know that if you cross your

fingers / And if you count from one to ten. / You can get off the ground again, / It doesn’t matter, / The whole things just a game’?

3. What do Linda and Mickey tell Edward about what they say to policeman? 4. Why is there a tension between the working class and policeman during this

time?5. What does Mrs Lyons ask of Mr Lyons?

Chapter Three: Dr Jekyll was quite at Ease

Tension in literature tends to be when there is a moment of mental or emotional strain.

Task:

1. Re-read lines 16-54. How is tension created in this extract?

One way in which tension is created

Another way in which tension is created

A final way in which tension is created

Another way in which tension is created

We are going to use PEEFEE when writing about how tension is created in this extract from the novella.

Task:

2. Read the exemplar paragraph below and identify how it has used the PEEFEE structure.

Tension is firstly created when Mr Utterson refers to ‘young Hyde’. Upon mention of

Hyde’s name, Jekyll’s face is described as ‘pale to the very lips, and there came a

blackness about his eyes’ implying his physical appearance changes, for the worse,

upon the mention of his name. The adverb ‘pale’ is something we associate with

people when they are sick and the noun ‘blackness’ suggests a wearisome effect

takes hold of Jekyll. At this point, questions would be raised in the reader’s mind as

to why the mere mention of Hyde’s name affects Jekyll in such a negative way. Our

prior knowledge of Jekyll at this point would lead us to believe that Hyde’s influence

of Jekyll is not good.

Task:

3. In your exercise books, construct a PEEFEE paragraph in which you analyse another way in which the writer has created tension in this extract. Use your grid to help you decide which method to analyse.

Section B of the exam

The Jekyll and Hyde exam has two parts. In part (a) you will be given an extract in which you must analyse how Stevenson has used language and structure to present a key character, setting, idea, theme or event. In part (b) you will have to draw upon your knowledge of the whole text to write about how a key character, setting, idea, theme or event is presented across the novella.

We have just analysed how tension is created in this chapter. In order for us to turn this into a section (b) response, we would then need to consider how tension is created at another point in the novella.

Task:

4. Use the thought shower below to identify other moments of tension in the novella thus far.

5. Choose one of your examples above and construct a PEEFEE paragraph analysing how Stevenson has created tension at that point in the novella.

Tension – Chapters 1-3 of Jekyll and Hyde

Lesson 11:Vocabulary – tension

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – Moving away

1. Mickey, Edward and Linda are rude to the police officer. What do they say?2. How does the policeman interact with the two families and what does this

reveal about attitudes during this time?3. Edward reveals to Mrs Johnstone that he is moving away. What does Mrs

Johnstone give him and why?4. What does Edward see on arrival at his new house and why is this important?5. How does Edward’s move affect Mickey?

Chapter Four: The Carew Murder Case

The murder of Sir Danvers Carew by Hyde is revealed, told form the point of view of a maid who saw it happen and recognised Hyde.

1 Nearly a year later, in the month of October, 18-, London was 2 startled by a crime of singular ferocity, and rendered all the more3 notable by the high position of the victim. The details were few4 and startling. A maid-servant living alone in a house not far from the 5 river had gone upstairs to bed about eleven. Although a fog rolled6 over the city in the small hours, the early part of the night was 7 cloudless, and the lane, which the maid’s window overlooked, was8 brilliantly lit by the full mood. It seems she was romantically given; for 9 she sat down upon her box, which stood immediately under the

10 window, and fell into a dream of musing. Never (she used to say, with11 streaming tears, when she narrated that experience), never had she12 felt more at peace with all men or thought more kindly of the world.13 And as she so sat she became aware of an aged and beautiful 14 gentleman with white hair drawing near along the lane; and 15 advancing to meet him, another, and very small gentleman, to whom16 at first she paid less attention. When they had come within speech17 (which was just under the maid’s eyes) the older man bowed and 18 accosted the other with a very pretty manner of politeness. It did 19 not seem as if the subject of his address were of great importance; 20 indeed, from his pointing, it sometimes appeared as if he were only21 inquiring his way; but the mood shone on his face as he spoke, and22 the girl was pleased to watch it, it seemed to breathe such an 23 innocent and old-world kindness of disposition, yet with something24 high too, as of a well-founded self-content. Presently her eyes 25 wandered to the other, and she was surprised to recognise in him a26 certain Mr Hyde, who had once visited her master, and for whom she

27 had conceived a dislike. He had in his hand a heavy cane, with 28 which he was trifling; but he answered never a word, and seemed to 29 listen with an ill-contained impatience. And then all of a sudden he 30 broke out in a great flame of anger, stamping with his foot, 31 brandishing the cane, and carrying on (as the maid described it) like32 a madman. The old gentleman took a step back, with the air of one33 very much surprised and a trifle hurt; and at that Mr Hyde broke out 34 of all bounds, and clubbed him to the earth. And next moment, with35 ape-like fury, he was trampling his victim under foot, and hailing down36 a storm of blows under which the bones were audibly shattered and 37 the body jumped upon the roadway. At the horror of these sights and38 sounds the maid fainted.

Question:

1. Using the technique – supporting example – effect structure, respond to the following question in your exercise book: How have verbs been used to present the aggression of Hyde in this extract?

Utterson identifies the body of Carew and goes with the police office, Inspector Newcomen, to Hyde’s rooms in a poor part of London.

1 It was by this time about nine in the morning, and the first fog of the2 season. A great chocolate-coloured pall lowered over heaven, but3 the wind was continually charging and routing these embattled 4 vapours; so that as the cab crawled from street to street, Mr 5 Utterson beheld a marvellous number of degrees and hues of 6 twilight; for here it would be dark like the back-end of evening; and7 there would be a glow of a rich, lurid brown, like the light of some 8 strange conflagration; and here, for a moment, the fog would be 9 quite broken up, and a haggard shaft of daylight would glance in

10 between the swirling wreaths. The dismal quarter of Soho seen 11 under these changing glimpses, with its muddy ways, and slatternly12 passengers, and its lamps, which had never been extinguished, or13 had been kindled afresh to combat this mournful reinvasion of 14 darkness, seemed, in the lawyer’s eyes, like a district of some city15 in a nightmare. The thoughts of his mind, besides, were of the 16 gloomiest dye; and when he glanced at the companion of his drive,17 He was conscious of some touch of that terror of the law and the 18 Law’s officers which may at times assail the most honest.

During the second half of the nineteenth century, London experienced terrible, thick, poisonous fogs, caused by air pollution. Stevenson uses the fog to make the setting particularly sinister. In reality, the fog did provide cover for criminals, including Jack

the Ripper (the ‘Whitechapel Murderer’), who killed at least five women two years after the publication of Jekyll and Hyde.

Question:1. How does Stevenson make use of the famous thick London fog?

Think about: How the scene is described What it contributes to the atmosphere

Point / detail Evidence Effect or explanation1. Stevenson describes

how the fog swirls and changes, and is not a constant thick blanket.

‘Mr Utterson beheld a marvellous number of degrees and hues of twilight.’

The movement and patchiness of fog make it possible for Utterson to catch fleeting glimpses of the scene it hides.

2. The fog makes daytime as dark as night.

3. Stevenson describes the fog in a way that makes things unclear and inconsistent.

Extension:Write up one of your points into a paragraph. Remember to include what you infer from the evidence, or the writer’s effects.

Lesson 12:Vocabulary – ferocity, rendered, musing, disposition, trifling, pall, embattled, hues, conflagration, assail

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – A fresh start

1. Mrs Johnstone learns she is being rehoused. Where is she being rehoused to?

2. What hopes does Mrs Johnstone have for the move?3. How do the neighbours react to the news that the Johnstones are moving?4. What evidence is there to suggest that despite the move some things will

remain the same?

Chapter Four: The Carew Murder Case

Having heard about the murder of Sir Danvers Carew, Mr Utterson decides to go to Hyde’s rooms.

1 As the cab drew up before the address indicated, the fog lifted a little2 and showed him a dingy street, a gin palace, a low French eating-3 house, a shop for the retail of penny numbers and two-penny salads,4 many ragged children huddled in the doorways, and many women of5 many different nationalities passing out, key in hand, to have a6 morning glass; and the next moment the fog settled down again 7 upon that part, as brown as umber, and cut him off from his 8 blackguardly surroundings. This was the home of Henry Jekyll’s9 favourite; of a man who was heir to a quarter of a million sterling.

Upon arriving at Hyde’s rooms, Mr Utterson and the inspector are led in by the maid.

1 In the whole extent of the house, which but for the old woman 2 remained otherwise empty, Mr Hyde had only used a couple of 3 rooms but these were furnished with luxury and good taste. A closet4 was filled with wine; the plate was of silver, the napery elegant; a 5 good picture hung upon the walls, a gift (as Utterson supposed) from6 Henry Jekyll, who was much of a connoisseur; and the carpets were 7 of many plies and agreeable in colour.

Question:

1. How has Stevenson used language to contrast the outside of Dr Jekyll’s residence with Hyde’s rooms? Remember to use the structure – technique – supporting example – effect (think about the atmosphere created) and connectives for contrast, such as ‘whereas’, ‘on the other hand’ and ‘however.’

Extension question:

1. How are these two settings used symbolically?

However, in searching Hyde’s room, more questions are raised by what they discover.

1 At this moment, however, the rooms bore every mark of having2 been recently and hurriedly ransacked; clothes lay about the floor,3 with their pockets inside out; lockfast drawers stood open; and on4 the hearth there lay a pile of gray ashes, as though many papers5 had been burned. From these embers the inspector disinterred 6 the butt end of a green cheque book which had resisted the 7 actions of the fire; the other half of the stick was found behind the8 door; and as this clinched his suspicions, the officer declared 9 himself delighted. A visit to the bank, where several thousand

10 pounds were found to be lying to the murderer’s credit,11 contemplated his gratification.

1 This last, however, was not so easy of accomplishment; for Mr Hyde2 had numbered few familiars – even the master of the servant-maid3 had only seen him twice; his family could nowhere be traced; he had4 never been photographed; and the few who could describe him 5 differed widely, as common observers will. Only on one point were6 they agreed; and that was the haunting sense of unexpressed 7 deformity with which the fugitive impressed his beholders.

Question:

1. What can you deduce from the descriptions above?

Lesson 13:Vocabulary – umber, napery, connoisseur, disinterred

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – The start of Act 2

1. How has life improved for Mrs Johnstone at the start of Act 2?2. What evidence is there to suggest, however, that it isn’t all plain sailing?3. The motif of Marilyn Monroe is used again at the start of Act 2. What does the

use of the motif reveal about Mrs Johnstone and Mickey?4. The motif of dancing is used again at the start of Act 2. What does the use of

the motif reveal about Mrs Johnstone and Mickey and Mrs Lyons and Edward?5. Compare the presentation of the relationship between Mrs Johnstone and

Mickey and Mrs Lyons and Edward at the start of Act 2.

Chapter Five: Incident of the Letter

After the murder of Sir Danvers Carew, Utterson goes to visit Dr Jekyll.

1 It was late in the afternoon when Mr Utterson found his way to Dr 2 Jekyll’s door, where he was at once admitted by Poole, and carried3 down by the kitchen offices and across a yard which had once been a 4 garden, to the building which was indifferently known as the5 laboratory or the dissecting-rooms. The doctor had brought the6 house from the heirs of a celebrated surgeon; and his own tastes7 being rather chemical than anatomical, had changed the destination8 of the block at the bottom of the garden. It was the first time that the9 lawyer had been received in that part of his friend’s quarters; and he

10 eyed the dingy windowless structure with curiosity, and gazed round11 with a distasteful sense of strangeness as he crossed the theatre, 12 Once crowded with eager students and now lying gaunt and silent, the13 tables laden with chemical apparatus, the floor strewn with crates 14 and littered with packing straw, and the light falling dimly through the 15 foggy cupola. At the further end, a flight of stairs mounted to a door16 covered with red baize; and through this Mr Utterson was at last 17 received into the doctor’s cabinet. It was a large room, fitted round18 with glass presses, furnished, among other things, with a cheval-19 glass and a business table, and looking out upon the court by three20 dusty windows barred with iron. The fire burned in the grate; a lamp21 was set lighted on the chimney-shelf, for even in the houses the fog22 began to lie thickly; and there, close up to the warmth, sat Dr Jekyll,23 looking deadly sick. He did not rise to meet his visitor, but held out a24 cold hand, and bade him welcome in a changed voice.

25 ‘And now,’ said Mr Utterson, as soon as Poole had left them, ‘you

26 have heard the news?’

27 The doctor shuddered. ‘They were crying it in the square,’ he said.28 ‘I heard them in my dining-room.’

29 ‘One word,’ said the lawyer. ‘Carew was my client, but so are you;30 and I want to know what I am doing. You have not been mad31 enough to hide the fellow?’

32 ‘Utterson, I swear to God,’ cried the doctor, ‘I swear to God I will33 never set eyes on him again. I bind my honour to you that I am34 done with him in this world. It is all at an end. And indeed he does35 not want my help, you do not know him as I do; he is safe, he is quite36 safe; mark my words, he will never more be heard of.’

37 The lawyer listened gloomily; he did not like his friend’s feverish38 manner. ‘You seem pretty sure of him,’ said he, ‘and for your sake,39 I hope you may be right. If it came to a trial, your name might 40 appear.

Questions:

1. Which word best describes the impression created of Jekyll’s residence. Explain your choice in one sentence.

a. Disorderedb. Neglectedc. Gloomyd. Deathlye. Forebodingf. Mysteriousg. Secretiveh. Experimental

2. How does the opening of this chapter lend itself to the gothic?

3. Write a paragraph comparing the description of the back of Jekyll’s home in chapter 5 with the following description of the front of the house from chapter 2

…a large, low-roofed, comfortable hall, paved with flags, warmed (after the fashion of a country house) by a bright, open fire, and furnished with costly cabinets of oak.

4. What is the significance of the line ‘If it came to a trial, your name might appear’?

5. Stevenson shows a change in the character of Dr Jekyll at this point in the story. Complete the following table to show how he is described in Chapter 3 and Chapter 5.

Description from Chapter 3 Contrasting quotation from Chapter 5‘a large well-made man’

‘sincere and warm affection’

‘carried it off gaily’

‘every mark of capacity and kindness’

Extension:

1. Write two paragraphs contrasting the presentation of Jekyll in Chapter 3 with the presentation of Jekyll in Chapter 5. Remember to use the PEEFEE (point, evidence, explanation, focused exploration and effect) structure in your response with connectives for contrast (such as ‘whereas’, ‘however’ or ‘in contrast’)

Lesson 14:Vocabulary – cupola, baize

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – Sammy

1. Where is Sammy heading on page 48? Why is this significant?2. What does Sammy ask for on the bus?3. How does the conductor respond?4. What does Sammy do?5. How does Mickey react to Sammy’s actions? Why? What does this reveal

about Mickey’s character?

Chapter Five: Incident of the Letter

Jekyll shows Utterson a letter signed ‘Edward Hyde’ that he says was hand delivered. The letter signed by Hyde is the second significant document in the novella. Documents are used to communicate vital information, and are an important element in the structure of the story because they help to make the unravelling of events in the story seem more realistic.

1 “But there is one thing on which you may advise me. I have – I have2 received a letter; and I am at a loss whether I should show it to the3 police. I should like to leave it in your hands, Utterson; you would4 judge wisely, I am sure; I have so great a trust in you.”

5 “You fear, I suppose, that it might lead to his detection?” asked the6 lawyer.

7 “No,” said the other. “I cannot say that I care what becomes of Hyde;8 I am quite done with him. I was thinking of my own character, which9 this hateful business has rather exposed.”

10 Utterson ruminated awhile; he was surprised at his friend’s selfish11 news, and yet relieved by it. “Well,” said he, at last, “let me see the12 letter.”

Questions:

1. Why does Jekyll give Utterson the letter?2. How does Jekyll show himself to be a typical Victorian gentleman in this

extract?3. Why was Utterson ‘surprised’ and ‘relieved’ by Jekyll’s remark?

Utterson takes the letter home to show to his head clerk, Mr Guest. Mr Guest is an expert in analysing handwriting.

1 “I should like to hear your views on that,” replied Utterson. “I have a 2 document here in his handwriting; it is between ourselves, for I scarce3 know what to do about it; it is an ugly business at the best. But there4 it is; quite in your way; a murderer’s autograph.”

5 Guest’s eyes brightened, and he sat down at once and studied it with6 passion. “No, sir,” he said; “not made; but it is an odd hand.”

7 “And by all accounts a very odd writer,” added the lawyer.

8 Just then the servant entered with a note.

9 “Is that from Dr Jekyll, sir?” inquired the clerk. “I thought I knew the 10 writing. Anything private, Mr Utterson?”

11 “Only an invitation to dinner. Why? Do you want to see it?”

12 “One moment. I thank you, sir”; and the clerk laid the two sheet of 13 paper alongside and sedulously compared their contents. “Thank 14 you, sir,” he said at last, returning both; “it’s a very interesting 15 autograph.”

16 There was a pause, during which Mr Utterson struggled with himself.17 “Why did you compare them, Guest?” he inquired suddenly.

18 “Well, sir,” returned the clerk, “there’s a rather singular resemblance, 19 the two hands are in many points identical; only differently sloped.”

20 “Rather quaint,” said Utterson.

21 “It is, as you say, rather quaint,” returned Guest.

22 “I wouldn’t speak of this note, you know,” said the master.

23 “No, sir,” said the clerk. “I understand.”

24 But no sooner was Mr Utterson alone that night than he locked the 25 note into his safe, where it reposed from that time forward. “What?”26 he thought. “Henry Jekyll forge for a murderer!” And his blood ran27 cold in his veins.

Tasks:

1. We know from what the characters say – or don’t say – that several of them are keeping secrets. Find the following quotations in Chapter 5 and identify which character they are referring to

a. Locked the note into his safeb. ‘I wouldn’t speak of this note, you know’c. There was no man from whom he kept fewer secretsd. He shut his mouth tight and noddede. ‘you do not know him as I do’f. ‘I cannot share with anyone’

2. Write a paragraph exploring how Stevenson has made the characters seem secretive. Use short quotations to support your points.

Extension:

Can you think of another instance in which characters have kept secrets in the story of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde so far? Write a paragraph exploring another example of secrecy. Remember to use the PEEFEE structure.

Extra reading Jack the Ripper and letters

Although Jack the Ripper appeared two years after the publication of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, many letters were sent to the police claiming to be from him during the Autumn of Terror. Most of them were deemed to be fakes written by either newspaper men trying to start a story or fools trying to incite more terror. Other experts believe some (specifically the Dear Boss letter, Saucy Jacky postcard, and From Hell letter) are genuine.

The letters below are taken from www.casebook.org

‘Dear Boss’ letter

Received on September 27th, 1888 at the Central News Agency, this letter was originally believed to be just another hoax. Three days later, the double murder of Stride and Eddowes made them reconsider, especially once they learned a portion of the latter's earlobe was found cut off from the body, eerily reminiscent of a promise made within the letter. The police deemed the "Dear Boss" letter important enough to reproduce in newspapers and postbills of the time, hoping someone would recognize the handwriting.

A postcard received at the Central News Agency on October 1st, making direct reference to both the murders and the "Dear Boss" letter, is believed to have been written by the same hand.

Whether or not the letter is a hoax, it is the first written reference which uses the name "Jack the Ripper" in reference to the Whitechapel murderer.

(Transcription)

Dear Boss,I keep on hearing the police have caught me but they wont fix me just yet. I have laughed when they look so clever and talk about being on the right track. That joke about Leather Apron gave me real fits. I am down on whores and I shant quit ripping them till I do get buckled. Grand work the last job was. I gave the lady no time to squeal. How can they catch me now. I love my work and want to start again. You will soon hear of me with my funny little games. I saved some of the proper red stuff in a ginger beer bottle over the last job to write with but it went thick like glue and I cant use it. Red ink is fit enough I hope ha. ha. The next job I do I shall clip the ladys ears off and send to the police officers just for jolly wouldn't you. Keep this letter back till I do a bit more work, then give it out straight. My knife's so nice and sharp I want to get to work right away if I get a chance. Good Luck.

Yours trulyJack the Ripper

Dont mind me giving the trade name

PS Wasnt good enough to post this before I got all the red ink off my hands curse it No luck yet. They say I'm a doctor now. ha ha

The "Saucy Jacky" Postcard

This letter was received on October 1st, 1888 at the Central News Agency. The handwriting is similar to that of the "Dear Boss" letter, and makes direct reference to both this letter and the murders of the previous night. Those who believe it to be genuine argue that the removal of Eddowes's ear (it was not taken away, nor mailed to the police) and the fact that the postcard mentions the double-event before it was described by the press both testify to its authenticity. Others believe a hoaxer could have gleaned details of both the previous letter and the murders in an early morning paper of October 1st.

The "Saucy Jacky" postcard.

Front-side of postcard.

(Transcription)

I was not codding dear old Boss when I gave you the tip, you'll hear about Saucy Jacky's work tomorrow double event this time number one squealed a bit couldn't finish straight off. ha not the time to get ears for police. thanks for keeping last letter back till I got to work again.

Jack the Ripper

'From Hell' letter

On October 16th George Lusk, the president of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee, received a three-inch-square cardboard box in his mail. Inside was half a human kidney preserved in wine, along with the following letter. Medical reports carried out by Dr. Openshaw found the kidney to be very similar to the one removed from Catherine Eddowes, though his findings were inconclusive either way. The letter read as follows:

The "From Hell" letter.

(Transcription)

From hell.Mr Lusk,SorI send you half the Kidne I took from one woman and prasarved it for you tother piece I fried and ate it was very nise. I may send you the bloody knif that took it out if you only wate a whil longer

signedCatch me when you can Mishter Lusk

Lesson 15:Vocabulary – ruminated, sedulously

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – School

1. Where is Edward hoping to go to university after school?2. What does the teacher say to Edward and why?3. How does Edward respond and what does this result in?4. What impression is given of Mickey’s experience of school?5. When Mickey answers back, what happens to Mickey?6. Why do you think Willy Russell has both boys suspended?

Chapter Six: Remarkable Incident of Dr Lanyon

For two months, Jekyll returns to his old self, being sociable and renewing his friendship with Lanyon. However, Jekyll then suddenly refuses to see Utterson again, alarming the lawyer.

1 Time ran on; thousands of pounds were offered in reward, for the 2 death of Sir Danvers was resented as a public inquiry; but Mr Hyde3 had disappeared out of the ken of the police as though he had never4 existed. Much of his past was unearthed, indeed, and all5 disreputable: tales came out of the man’s cruelty, at once so callous6 and violent, of his vile life, of his strange associates, of the hatred7 that seemed to have surrounded his career; but of his present 8 whereabouts, not a whisper. From the time he had left the house9 in Soho on the morning of the murder, he was simply blotted out; and

10 gradually, as time drew on, Mr Utterson began to recover from the 11 hotness of his alarm, and to grow more at quiet with himself. The 12 death of Sir Danvers was, to his way of thinking, more than paid for13 by the disappearance of Mr Hyde. Now that the evil influence had 14 been withdrawn, a new life began for Dr Jekyll. He came out of his 15 seclusion, renewed relations with his friends, became once more 16 their familiar guest and entertainer; and whilst he had always been 17 known for charities, he was now no less distinguished for religion. He18 was busy, he was much in the open air, he did good; his face 19 seemed to open and brighten, as if with an inward consciousness of 20 service; and for more than two months the doctor was at peace.

21 On the 8th January Utterson had dined at the doctor’s with a small22 party; Lanyon had been there; and the face of the host had looked 23 from one to the other as in the old days when the trio were 24 inseparable friends. On the 12th, and again on the 14th, the door was25 shut against the lawyer. “The doctor was confined to the house,”

26 Poole said, “and saw no one.” On the 15th he tried again, and was27 again refused; and having now been used for the last two months to 28 see his friend almost daily, he found this return of solitude to weigh29 upon his spirits.

Task:

Look at the following possible causes for the change in Jekyll’s behaviour. Which reasons do you think are most likely? Rate each reason 1 to 5, where 1 is a very likely cause and 5 is very unlikely. Find evidence in the text to support your choices.

a. Jekyll is troubled by the fear that some guilty secret from his past will be revealed and ruin his reputation

b. He has come to hate and despise his former friends and no longer wants to associate with them.

c. He is being kept inside his house against his willd. Mr Hyde is influencing hime. He feels that he has sinned and is being justly punished for it f. He is on the brink of madness

Utterson visits Lanyon and finds him physically changed and clearly disturbed by something terrifying. Lanyon refuses to talk about Jekyll, saying that he regards him as dead.

1 There at least he was not denied admittance; but when he came in, 2 he was shocked at the change which had taken place in the doctor’s3 appearance. He had his death-warrant written legibly upon his face.4 The rosy man had grown pale; his flesh had fallen away; he was 5 visibly balder and older; and yet it was not so much these tokens of a6 swift physical decay that arrested the lawyer’s notice as a look in the 7 eye and quality of manner that seemed to testify to some deep-seated8 terror of the mind. It was unlikely that the doctor should fear death;9 and yet that was what Utterson was tempted to suspect. “Yes,” he

10 thought “he is a doctor, he must know his own state and that his days11 are counted; and the knowledge is more than he can bear.” And yet 12 when Utterson remarked on his ill looks, it was with an air of great 13 firmness that Lanyon declared himself a doomed man.

14 “I have had a shock,” he said, “and I shall never recover. It is a 15 question of weeks. Well, life has been pleasant; I liked it; yes, sir, I16 used to like it. I sometimes think if we knew all, we should be more 17 glad to get away.”

18 “Jekyll is ill, too,” observed Utterson. “Have you seen him?”

19 But Lanyon’s face changed, and he held up a trembling hand. “I wish20 to see or hear no more of Dr Jekyll,” he said, in a loud, unsteady21 voice. “I am quite done with that person; and I beg that you will 22 spare me any allusion to one whom I regard as dead.”

23 “Tut, tut!” said Mr Utterson; and then, after a considerable pause, 24 “Can’t I do anything?” he inquired. “We are three very old friends, 25 Lanyon; we shall not live to make others.”

26 “Nothing can be done,” returned Lanyon; “ask himself.”

27 “He will not see me,” said the lawyer.

28 “I am not surprised at that,” was the reply. “Some day, Utterson, after29 I am dead, you may perhaps come to learn the right and wrong of 30 this. I cannot tell you. And in the meantime, if you can sit and talk31 with me of other things, for God’s sake stay and do so; but if you 32 cannot keep clear of this accursed topic, then, in God’s name, go, for33 I cannot bear it.”

Tasks:

In this chapter, the decline of Lanyon is evident for the reader to see. Construct a comparative paragraph analysing the presentation of Dr Lanyon in Chapter 3 and Chapter 6. Remember to use the PEEFEE structure and connectives for contrast such as ‘whereas’, ‘however’ and ‘in contrast.’

Use the notes from the grid on the next page to help you.

Chapter Two Chapter Six

Physical appearance

This was a hearty, healthy, dapper, red-faced gentleman, with a shock of hair prematurely white and a boisterous and decided manner. At sight of Mr Utterson, he sprang up from his chair and welcomed him with both hands. The geniality, as was the way of the man, was somewhat theatrical to the eye; but it reposed on genuine feeling.

…but when he came in, he was shocked at the change which had taken place in the doctor’s appearance. He had his death-warrant written legibly upon his face. The rosy man had grown pale; his flesh had fallen away; he was visibly balder and older; and yet it was not so much these tokens of a swift physical decay that arrested the lawyer’s notice, as a look in the eye and quality of manner that seemed to testify to some deep-seated terror of the mind.

Attitude towards life / science

‘But it is more than ten years since Henry Jekyll became too fanciful for me. He began to go wrong, wrong in mind; and though, of course, I continue to take an interest in him for old sake’s sake as they say, I see and I have seen devilish little of the man. Such unscientific balderdash,’ added the doctor, flushing suddenly purple, ‘would have estranged Damon and Pythias.’

‘I sometimes think if we knew all, we should be more glad to get away.’

Lesson 16:Vocabulary – allusion, accursed

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – School

1. Where is Edward hoping to go to university after school?2. What does the teacher say to Edward and why?3. How does Edward respond and what does this result in?4. What impression is given of Mickey’s experience of school?5. When Mickey answers back, what happens to Mickey?6. Why do you think Willy Russell has both boys suspended?

Chapter Six: The Remarkable Incident of Dr. Lanyon

Puzzled by Lanyon’s response to Jekyll, Utterson writes to Jekyll asking why he will not see either Utterson or Lanyon.

1 As soon as he got home, Utterson sat down and wrote to Jekyll, 2 complaining of his exclusion from the house, and asking the cause3 of this unhappy break with Lanyon; and the next day brought him a4 long answer, often very pathetically worded, and sometimes darkly5 mysterious in drift. The quarrel with Lanyon was incurable. “I do not6 blame our old friend,” Jekyll wrote, “but I share his view that we must7 never meet. I mean from henceforth to lead a life of extreme8 seclusion; you must not be surprised, nor must you doubt my 9 friendship, if my door is often shut even to you. You must suffer me 10

to go my own dark way. I have brought on myself a punishment and

11

a danger that I cannot name. If I am the chief of sinners, I am the

12

chief of sufferers also. I could not think that this earth contained a

13

place for sufferings and terrors so unmanning; and you can do but

14

one thing, Utterson, to lighten this destiny and that is to respect my

15

silence.” Utterson was amazed, the dark influence of Hyde had

16

been withdrawn, the doctor had returned to his old tasks and

17

amities; a week ago, the prospect had smiled with every promise of

18

a cheerful and an honoured age, and now in a moment, friendship

19

and peace of mind and the whole tenor of his life were wrecked. So

20

great and unprepared a change pointed to madness; but in view of

21

Lanyon’s manner and words, there must lie for it some deeper

22

ground.

23

A week afterwards Dr Lanyon took to his bed, and in something less

24

than a fortnight he was dead.

Questions:

1. At the start of the novella, Utterson says ‘I let my brother go the devil in his own way.’ In this chapter, Jekyll writes in a letter that Utterson must ‘suffer me to go my own dark way.’ What does he mean by this? How is this in contrast to Lanyon’s behaviour?

2. How does the line ‘If I am the chief of sinners, I am the chief of sufferers also’ reveal about Jekyll’s state of mind?

Task:

1. How does Stevenson build a sense of mystery in Jekyll’s letter to Utterson?Think about:

What the letter says and does not say How it is presented.

Complete the table below:

Point / detail Evidence Effect or explanation1. Stevenson directs us

to feel sympathy for Jekyll and find mystery in the letter.

‘very pathetically worded and sometimes darkly mysterious.’

Stevenson alerts us to look out for mystery – for what is left unsaid in the letter. He also encourages us to feel pity for Jekyll, noting that the letter is ‘pathetically worded’

2. Jekyll sets out his desire to be alone and

says he will not give his reasons for it.

3. Jekyll speaks extravagantly of the horror of his situation but gives no details.

Extension:

Write up one of these points into a PEEFEE paragraph of writing.

Lesson 17:Vocabulary – unmanning, amities, tenor

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – Edward and Mickey reunited

1. How does Mrs Lyons react to the locket?2. What is the significance of Edward saying to Mrs Lyons ‘It’s just a secret,

everybody has secrets, don’t you have secrets?’3. On page 55, what do Edward and Mickey say they admire in each other?4. What advice does Edward give Mickey about asking Linda out?5. When Edward offers to pay for Mickey to go to the cinema, what does Mickey

say? Why is this?

Chapter Seven: Incident at the Window

Whilst on another of his Sunday walks with Enfield, the pair come across the courtyard near the door to Jekyll’s laboratory and step into it. They see Jekyll sitting at an upstairs window and call to him.

1 “And, by the way, what an ass you must have thought me, not to 2 know that this was a back way to Dr Jekyll’s! It was partly your own3 fault that I found it out even when I did.”

4 “So you found it out, did you?” said Utterson. “But if that be so, we 5 may step into the court and take a look at the windows. To tell you 6 the truth, I am uneasy about poor Jekyll; and even outside, I feel as7 if the presence of a friend might do him good.”

8 The court was very cool and a little damp, and full of premature 9 twilight, although the sky, high up overhead, was still bright with

10 sunset. The middle one of the three windows was half-way open;11 and sitting close beside it, taking the air with an infinite sadness of 12 mien, like some disconsolate prisoner, Utterson saw Dr Jekyll.

13 “What! Jekyll!” he cried. “I trust you are better.”

14 “I am very low, Utterson,” replied the doctor drearily, “very low. It will15 not last long, thank God.”

16 “You stay too much indoors,” said the lawyer. “You should be out, 17 whipping up the circulation, like Mr Enfield and me. (This is my 18 cousin – Mr Enfield – Dr Jekyll). Come, now; get your hat, and take 19 a quick turn with us.”

20 “You are very good,” sighed the other. “I should like to very much 21 but no, no, no; it is quite impossible; I dare not. But indeed, 22 Utterson, I am very glad to see you; this is really a great pleasure.23 I would ask you and Mr Enfield up, but the place is really not fit.”

24 “Why then,” said the lawyer, good-naturedly, “the best thing we can25 do is stay down here, and speak with you from where we are.”

26 “That is just what I about to venture to propose,” returned the doctor,27 with a smile. But the words were hardly uttered, before the smile 28 was struck out of his face and succeeded by an expression of such29 abject terror and despair, as froze the very blood of the two 30 gentleman below. They saw it but for a glimpse, for the window was 31 instantly thrust down; but that glimpse had been sufficient, and they32 turned and left court without a word. In silence, too, they traversed,33 the by-street; and it was not until they had come into a neighbouring34 thoroughfare, where even upon a Sunday there were still some 35 stirrings of life, that Mr Utterson at last turned and looked at his 36 companion. They were both pale; and there was an answering 37 horror in their eyes.

38 “God forgive us! God forgive us! Said Mr Utterson.

Questions:

1. Look at the definition for the literary term ‘objective correlative’ below:

The only way of expressing emotion in the form of art is by finding an ‘objective correlative’; in other words, a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula of that particular emotion; such that when the external facts,

which must terminate in sensory experience are given, the emotion is immediately evoked.’

(J.A. Cuddon’s Dictionary of Literary Terms)

How has the objective correlative been used in this chapter?

(Hint: consider the description of the courtyard and how this might correlate with Jekyll’s internal state)

2. What impression is formed of Jekyll when he is described as sitting by the open window, ‘with an infinite sadness of mien, like some disconsolate prisoner’?

3. Explain what you think is really happening when a look of ‘abject terror and despair’ comes across Jekyll’s face.

4. What evidence is there to suggest that Utterson and Enfield are terrified by what they have seen?

Task:

What effect does Stevenson create with this encounter between Jekyll, Utterson and Enfield?

Think about:

How the mood changes How Stevenson conveys the change in mood

Point / detail Evidence Effect or explanation1. At first, Utterson tries

to cheer Jekyll up, being jolly and encouraging.

‘You stay too much indoors,’ said the lawyer.

Utterson is treating Jekyll’s low mood lightly, suggesting that fresh air will make him feel better.

2. Jekyll introduces a hint of mystery in his refusal to leave his

room, saying he is afraid to.

3. Stevenson quickly switches from a light tone to terror, as shown in the change in Jekyll’s face.

Extension:

Write up one of these points into a PEEFEE paragraph of writing.

Lesson 18:Vocabulary – mien, disconsolate, abject, traversed, objective correlative

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – Mrs Johnstone and Mrs Lyons

1. How is Mickey’s positive relationship with Mrs Johnstone evident when he tells her they are off to the cinema?

2. When Mrs Lyons says to Mrs Johnstone ‘You’ve ruined me’, what does she mean?

3. What does Mrs Lyons offer Mrs Johnstone and how does Mrs Johnstone react?

4. What does Mrs Lyons try to do?5. Why is the line, spoken by Mrs Lyons, ‘I curse you. Witch!’ significant?

Chapter Eight: The Last Night

Poole visits Utterson, asking him to come with him as he fears something is wrong with Jekyll.

1 Mr Utterson’s only answer was to rise and get his hat and great-coat;2 but he observed with wonder the greatness of the relief that3 appeared upon the butler’s face, and perhaps with no less, that the4 wine was still untasted when he set it down to follow.

5 It was a wild, cold, seasonable night of March, with a pale moon, 6 lying on her back as though the wind had tilted her, and a flying7 wrack of the most diaphanous and lawny texture. The wind made8 talking difficult, and flecked the blood into the face. It seemed to

9 have swept the streets unusually bare of passengers, besides; for10 Mr Utterson thought he had never seen that part of London so 11 deserted. He could have wished it otherwise; never in his life had he12 been conscious of so sharp a wish to see and touch his fellow-13 creatures; for, struggle as he might, there was borne in upon his 14 mind a crushing anticipation of calamity. The square, when they 15 got there, was all full of wind and dust, and the thin trees in the 16 garden were lashing themselves along the railing. Poole, who had17 kept all the way a pace or two ahead, now pulled up in the middle18 of the pavement, and in spite of the biting weather, took off his hat19 and mopped his brow with a red pocket-handkerchief. But for all the20 hurry of his coming, these were not the dews of exertion that he 21 wiped away, but the moisture of some strangling anguish; for his22 face was white, and his voice, when he spoke, harsh and broken.

Questions:

1. How has Stevenson used pathetic fallacy to create a sense of foreboding? Construct a paragraph following the technique – supporting example – effect structure.

2. Gothic novels, explored ideas about death and passionate feelings that were often linked to the supernatural. Their settings were wild, dark and ererie, and they dealt with terrifying events. How is this setting reflective of the gothic genre?

Poole and Utterson go to Jekyll’s laboratory and knock, but a voice from inside refuses to let Utterson in.

1 “Mr Utterson, sir, asking to see you,” he called; and even as he did so,2 once more violently signed to the lawyer to give ear.

3 A voice answered from within: “Tell him I cannot see any one,” it said,4 complainingly.

5 “Thank you, sir,” said Poole, with a note of something like triumph in6 his voice, and taking up his candle, he led Mr Utterson back across 7 the yard and into the great kitchen, where the fire was out and the 8 beetles were leaping on the floor.

9 “Sir,” he said looking Mr Utterson in the eyes, “was that my master’s 10 voice?”

11 “It seems much changed,” replied the lawyer, very pale, but giving 12 look for look.

13 “Changed? Well, yes, I think so,” said the butler. “Have I been 14 twenty years in this man’s house, to be deceived about his voice? 15 No, sir; master’s made away with; he was made away with eight days16 ago when we heard him cry out upon the name of God; and who’s in17 there instead of him and why it stays there, is a thing that cries to 18 heaven, Mr Utterson!”

19 “This is a very strange tale, Poole; this is rather a wild tale, my man,”20 said Mr Utterson, biting his finger. “Suppose it were as you suppose,21 supposing Dr Jekyll to have been – well, murdered, what could22 induce the murderer to stay? That won’t hold water, it doesn’t 23 commend itself to reason.”

24 “Well, Mr Utterson, you are a hard man to satisfy, but I’ll do it yet,”25 said Poole. “All this last week *you must know), him, or it, or 26 whatever it is that lives in that cabinet, has been crying night and day27 for some sort of medicine and cannot get it to his mind. It was 28 sometimes his way – the master’s, that is – to write his orders on a29 sheet of paper and throw it on the stair. We’ve had nothing else this30 week back; nothing but papers, and a closed door, and the very 31 meals left there to be smuggled in when nobody was looking. Well,32 sir, every day, ay, and twice and thrice in the same day, there have 33 been orders and complaints, and I have been sent flying to all the 34 wholesale chemists in town. Every time I brought the stuff back,35 there would be another paper telling me to return it, because it was36 not pure, and another order to a different firm. This drug is wanted37 bitter bad, sir, whatever for.”

Questions:

1. Why does Utterson decide that Hyde has killed himself?

Addiction (taken from Rob Ward)Addiction is defined as not having control over doing, taking or using something to the point where it could be harmful to you.Addiction is most commonly associated with gambling, drugs, alcohol and nicotine, but it's possible to be addicted to just about anything.

What causes addictions?There are lots of reasons why addictions begin. In the case of drugs, alcohol and nicotine, these substances affect the way you feel, both physically and mentally. These feelings can be enjoyable and create a powerful urge to use the substances again.Gambling may result in a similar mental "high" after a win, followed by a strong urge to try again and recreate that feeling. This can develop into a habit that becomes very hard to stop.Being addicted to something means that not having it causes withdrawal symptoms, or a "come down". Because this can be unpleasant, it's easier to carry on having or doing what you crave, and so the cycle continues. Often, an addiction gets out of control because you need more and more to satisfy a craving and achieve the "high".

How addictions can affect youThe strain of managing an addiction can seriously damage your work life and relationships. An addiction can have serious psychological and physical effects.An addiction can be a way of blocking out difficult issues. Unemployment and poverty can trigger addiction, along with stress and emotional or professional pressure.

Question for discussion:1. Is Jekyll an addict? And if so, what is he addicted to?

TrainspottingIn the 90s, Irvine Welsh wrote a very famous book about heroin addiction: Trainspotting. In it, characters see their lives destroyed by a drug which seems totally destructive and utterly disgusting. But one character, Mark Renton, reminds readers of the joy of the drug...“People think it’s all about misery and desperation and death, which is not to be ignored, but what they forgot is the pleasure of it. Otherwise we wouldn’t do it. After all, we’re not stupid. At least, we’re not that stupid.”

Question:How can you link Renton’s view of drug taking to Jekyll taking the potion? You must use a quote from Jekyll and Hyde in your answer.

Lesson 19:Vocabulary – diaphanous, induce, commend

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – Summer sequence and friendship

1. What does the summer sequence reveal about the friendship between Mickey, Edward and Linda?

2. What is the significance of the line ‘An’ you don’t even notice broken bottles in the sand’ in the summer sequence?

3. What do we learn about Edward’s feelings towards Linda in the song ‘If I was that guy’?

4. Why does Mickey have to do overtime?5. How are the differences between Mickey and Edward becoming more

apparent?

Chapter Eight: The Last Night

Poole says that he fears Jekyll was murdered eight days before, when he heard him cry out, and that the murderer is still in the cabinet. He has seen the man once and he was very short and wearing a mask. He believes it was Hyde.

1 “I’ve seen him!”

2 “Seen him?” repeated Mr Utterson. “Well?”

3 “That’s it!” said Poole. “It was this way. I came suddenly into the theatre 4 from the garden. It seems he had slipped out to look for this drug, or 5 whatever it is; for the cabinet door was open, and there he was at the far6 end of the room, digging among the crates. He looked up when I came in,7 gave a kind of cry, and whipped upstairs into the cabinet. It was but for 8 one minute that I saw him, but the hair stood upon my head like quills. 9 Sir, if that was my master, why had he a mask upon his face? If it was my

10 master, why did he cry out like a rat and run from me? I have served him 11 long enough. And then…” the man paused and passed his hand over his 12 face.

13 “These are all very strange circumstances,” said Mr Utterson, “but I think14 I begin to see daylight. Your master, Poole, is plainly seized with one of15 those maladies that both torture and deform the sufferer; hence for 16 aught I know, the alteration of his voice; hence the mask and his 17 avoidance of his friends; hence his eagerness to find this drug, by means18 of which the poor soul retains some hope of ultimate recovery – God grant19 that he may not be deceived! There is my explanation; it is sad enough,20 Poole, ay, and appalling to consider; but it is plain and natural, hangs well21 together, and delivers us from all exorbitant alarms.”

22 “Sir,” said the butler, turning to a sort of mottled pallor, “that thing was not23 my master, and there’s the truth. My master – here he looked round him,24 and began to whisper – “is a tall fine build of a man, and this was more of25 a dwarf.” Utterson attempted to protest. “O, sir” cried Poole, “do you think26 I do not know my master after twenty years? Do you think I do not know 27 where his head comes to in the cabinet door, where I saw him every28 morning of my life? No, sir, that thing in the mask was never Dr Jekyll -29 God knows what it was, but it was never Dr Jekyll; and it is the belief of my30 heart that there was murder done.”

Questions:

1. What does Utterson suggest has happened to Jekyll and why does Poole disagree with him?

2. How does Stevenson create real horror here through the line ‘it is the belief of my heart that there was murder done’?

3. Why is Jekyll wearing a mask? What is the effect of him wearing a mask?

Utterson and Poole arm themselves with a poker and an axe and go to break the door. Utterson and Poole hear someone pacing in the cabinet.

1 The lawyer took that rude but weighty instrument into his hand, and I 2 balanced it. “Do you know, Poole,” he said, looking up, “that you and I3 are about to place ourselves in a position of some peril?”

4 “You may say so, sir, indeed,” returned the butler.

5 “It is well, then, that we should be frank,” said the other. “ We both think6 more than we have said’ let us make a clean breast. This masked 7 figure that you saw, did you recognise it?”

8 “Well, sir, it went so quick, and the creature was so doubled up, that I9 could hardly swear to that,” was the answer. “But if you mean, was it Mr

10 Hyde? – why, yes, I think it was! You see, it was much of the same 11 bigness; and it had the same quick light way with it; and then who else12 could have got in by the laboratory door? You have not forgot, sir, that13 at the time of the murder he had still the key with him? But that’s not14 all. I don’t know, Mr Utterson, if ever you met this Mr Hyde?”

15 “Yes,” said the lawyer, “I once spoken with him.”

16 “Then you must know, as well as the rest of us, that there was17 something queer about that gentleman – something that gave a man a 18 turn – I don’t know rightly how to say it, sir, beyond this; that you felt it19 in your marrow – kind of cold and thin.”

20 “I own I felt something of what you describe,” said Mr Utterson.

21 “Quite so, sir,” returned Poole. “Well, when that masked thing like a 22 monkey jumped from among the chemicals and whipped into the 23 cabinet, it went down my spine like ice. O, I know it’s not evidence, Mr24 Utterson; I’m book-learned enough for that; but a man has his feelings;25 and I give you my bible-word it was Mr Hyde.”

26 “Ay, ay,” said the lawyer. “My fears incline to the same point. Evil, I 27 fear, founded – evil was sure to come – of that connection. Ay, truly, 28 I believe you; I believe poor Harry is killed; and I believe his murderer 29 (for what purpose, God alone can tell) is still lurking in his victim’s room.30 Well, let our name be vengeance. Call Bradshaw.”

Task:

1. How has Stevenson de-humanised Hyde in this part of the novella?Think about:

His physical appearance

The sounds he makes The use of animal imagery Supernatural / gothic references

Construct a response using the structure of technique – supporting example – effect. Use building connectives to develop your ideas such as ‘furthermore’, ‘more over’, ‘in addition.’

Lesson 20:Vocabulary – maladies, exorbitant

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – Mickey and Edward’s changing relations

hip

1. What news does Mickey have for Mrs Johnstone on page 67 and how does she respond?

2. When Mickey goes to work, what letter is he given?3. Edward returns from university. What do we learn about university life from

Edward?4. Why does Mickey say to Edward ‘You don’t understand anythin’ do y? I don’t

wear a hat I can tilt at the world’?5. Why does Mickey throw Edward’s money back at him?6. According to Mickey, why has his relationship with Edward changed?

Chapter Eight: The Last Night

Utterson announces their intention to break into the room and Hyde’s voice calls out, begging them not to. Utterson and Poole break down the door. They find the body of Hyde, dressed in clothes too big for him, still twitching on the floor. They hunt the premises but cannot find Jekyll’s corpse.

1 “Jekyll,” cried Utterson, with a loud voice, “I demand to see you.” He2 paused a moment, but there came no reply. “I give you fair warning,3 our suspicions are aroused, and I must and shall see you,” he 4 resumed; “if not by fair means, then by foul – if not of your consent, 5 then by brute force!”

6 “Utterson,” said the voice, “for God’s sake, have mercy!”

7 “Ah, that’s not Jekyll’s voice – it’s Hyde’s!” cried Utterson. “Down with8 the door, Poole!”

9 Poole swung the axe over his shoulder; the blow shook the building,10 and the red baize door leaped against the lock and hinges. A dismal11 screech, as of mere animal terror, range from the cabinet. Up went the12 axe again, and again the panels crashed and the frame bounded; four 13 times the blow fell; but the wood was tough and the fittings were of14 excellent workmanship; and it was not until the fifth that the lock burst 15 in sunder, and the wreck of the door fell inwards on the carpet.

16 The besiegers, appalled by their own riot and the stillness had 17 succeeded, stood back a little and peered in. There lay the cabinet18 before their eyes in the quiet lamplight, a good fire glowing and 19 chattering on the hearth, the kettle singing its thin strain, a drawer or20 two open, papers neatly set forth on the business table, and nearer 21 the fire, the things laid out for tea; the quietest room, you would have 22 said, and, but for the glazed presses full of chemicals, the most 23 commonplace that night in London.

24 Right in the midst there lay the body of a man sorely contorted and 25 still twitching. They drew near on tiptoe, turned it on its back, and 26 beheld the face of Edward Hyde. He was dressed in clothes far too27 large for him, clothes of the doctor’s bigness, the cords of his face28 still moved with a semblance of life, but life was quite gone; and by the29 crushed phial in the hand and the strong smell of kernels that hung30 upon the air, Utterson knew that he was looking on the body of a self-31 destroyer.

32 “We have come too late,” he said sternly, “whether to save or punish. 33 Hyde is gone to his account; and it only remains for us to find the body34 of your master.”

Questions:

1. The locked door symbolises the barrier to finding and accepting the truth of man’s dual nature. Why is breaking the door down so significant, therefore?

2. What signs of normal life lay evident in the cabinet?3. What do Utterson and Poole discover?4. Why has the clause ‘clothes of the doctor’s bigness’ been included?

Poole and Utterson find an enveloped addressed to Utterson. It contains: a new will, in Utterson’s favour; a note telling Utterson to read the letter he has from Lanyon; and a long letter from Jekyll. They lock up the cabinet with Hyde’s body inside and Utterson goes home to read the documents.

1 They mounted the stair in silence, and still, with an occasional 2 awestruck glance at the dead body, proceeded more thoroughly3 to examine the contents of the cabinet. At one table there were 4 traces of chemical work, various measured heaps of some white5 salt being laid on glass saucers, as though for an experiment in 6 which the unhappy man had been prevented.

7 “That is the same drug that I was always bringing him,” said Poole,8 and even as he spoke, the kettle with a startling noise boiled over.

9 This brought them to the fireside, where the easy chair was drawn10 cosily up, and the tea things stood ready to the sitter’s elbow, the 11 very sugar in the cup. There were several books on a shelf; one lay 12 beside the tea things open, and Utterson was amazed to find it a13 copy of pious work for which Jekyll had several times expressed a 14 great esteem annotated, in his own hand, with startling blasphemies.

15 Next, in the course of their review of the chamber, the searchers 16 came to the cheval-glass, into whose depth they looked with an 17 involuntary horror. But it was so turned as to show them nothing but 18 the rosy glow playing on the roof, the fire sparkling in a hundred19 repetitions along the glazed front of the presses, and their own pale20 and fearful countenances stooping to look in.

21 “This glass has seen some strange things, sir,” whispered Poole.

22 “And surely none stranger than itself,” echoed the lawyer, in the 23 same tone. “For what did Jekyll” – he caught himself up at the word24 with a start and then conquering the weakness – “what could Jekyll25 want with it?” he said.

26 “You may say that!” said Poole.

27 Next they turned to the business table. On the desk, among the28 neat array of papers, a large envelope was uppermost, and bore, in29 the doctor’s hand, the name of Mr Utterson. The lawyer unsealed it,30 and several enclosures fell to the floor. The first was a will, drawn in 31 the same eccentric terms as the one which he had returned six32 months before, to serve as a testament in case of death and as a 33 deed of gift in case of disappearance; but in place of the name of 34 Edward Hyde, the lawyer, with indescribable amazement, read the 35 name of Gabriel John Utterson. He looked at Poole, and then back36 at the papers, and last of all at the dead malefactor stretched upon37 the carpet.

38 “My head goes round,” he said. “He has been all these days in 39 possession; he had no cause to like me; he must have raged to see 40 himself displaced; and he has not destroyed this document.”

41 He caught the next paper; it was a brief note in the doctor’s hand,42 and dated at the top. “O Poole!” the lawyer cried, “he was alive and43 here this day. He cannot have been disposed of in so short a space;44 he must be still alive, he must have fled! And then, why fled? And 45 how? And in that case can we venture to declare this suicide? O, 46 we must be careful. I foresee that we may yet involve your master47 in some dire catastrophe.”

48 “Why don’t you read it, sir?” asked Poole.

49 “Because I fear,” replied the lawyer, solemnly. “God grant I have no50 cause for it!” And with that he brought the paper to his eye, and 51 read as follows:

52 ‘My dear Utterson, - When this shall fall into your hands I shall have53 disappeared under what circumstances I have not the penetration to54 foresee; but my instincts and all the circumstances of my nameless55 situation tell me that the end is sure and must be early. Go then and56 first read the narrative which Lanyon warned me he was to place in57 your hands; and if you care to hear more, turn to the confession of58 Your unworthy and unhappy friend,59 Henry Jekyll.’

Questions:

1. The religious language that Stevenson gives the character in this chapter reflects the context of England in the 19th century. Afraid of what is happening

behind closed doors in Jekyll’s house, the characters call on God for courage and help.

a. Look through the chapter and find out who speaks the following words. For each one, explain what you think leads the character to put their hope in God:

i. ‘God grant there be nothing wrong.’ii. ‘God grant that he be not deceived.’iii. ‘God grant I have no cause for it.’

b. Find the following words and phrases in Chapter 8 and identify the characters that say them:

i. ‘Bless me!’ii. ‘Amen’iii. ‘For God’s sake…’iv. ‘Bless God!’v. ‘…a thing that cries to Heaven.’

c. How do you think these references to God and religion might add to ideas about good and evil in the novel? Write a short paragraph explaining your ideas.

2. This is the last time that Utterson appears in the novel – he is not the person who reveals the answer to the mystery.

a. How does Stevenson present Utterson in this chapter? Do you think he plays a key role? Why, or why not?

b. How important do you think Utterson’s role is in the novel as a whole? Give reasons for your answer.

Lesson 21:Vocabulary – sunder, semblance, phial, kernels, pious, cheval-glass, malefactor

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – Poor choices

1. What does Edward reveal to Linda and what does she say in response?2. What does Sammy ask Mickey to do for him? Why does Mickey agree?3. What are the consequences of Mickey agreeing to help Sammy?4. While in prison what does Mickey get addicted to?5. How does this addiction affect Mickey both inside of prison and after his

immediate release?

Tension and suspense in Chapter Eight

Task:

1. How are tension and suspense created in Chapter Eight: The Last Night? With a partner, identify at least four ways in which Stevenson has created a tense and suspenseful chapter.

One way in which tension is created

Another way in which tension is created

A final way in which tension is created

Another way in which tension is created

2. Now turn these four ideas into four paragraphs of writing using the PEEFEE structure and building connectives to develop your ideas, such as ‘furthermore’, ‘moreover’ and ‘in addition.’

Lesson 22:

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – The pills and Mickey’s downward spiral

1. What does Linda manage to get for herself and Mickey? How does she manage to do this?

2. What does Mickey beg Linda for and why?3. How does Mickey feel about the fact that Councillor Eddie Lyons has acquired

them a house?4. Why does Mickey say ‘That’s why I take them. So I can be invisible’?5. What does Linda do after she gives Mickey the pills?

Chapter Nine: Dr Lanyon’s Narrative

The whole chapter is in the form of a letter from Lanyon, including within it a letter from Jekyll to Lanyon.

1 On the ninth of January, now four days ago, I received by the 2 evening delivery a registered envelope, addressed in the hand of my3 colleague and old school-companion, Henry Jekyll. I was a good4 deal surprised by this, for we were by no means in the habit of 5 correspondence; I had seen the man, dined with him, indeed, the

6 night before; and I could imagine nothing in our intercourse that 7 should justify the formality of registration. The contents increased8 my wonder; for this is how the letter ran:

9 10th December 18-10 Dear Lanyon, - You are one of my oldest friends, and although we 11 may have differed at times on scientific questions, I cannot 12 remember, at least on my side, any break in our affection. There13 was never a day when, if you had said to me, “Jekyll, my life, my14 honour, my reason, depend upon you,” I would not have sacrificed15 my fortune or my left hand to help you. Lanyon, my life, my honour,16 my reason, are all at your mercy; if you fail me tonight I am lost. You17 might suppose, after this preface, that I am going to ask you for 18 something dishonourable to grant. Judge for yourself.

19 I want you to postpone all other engagements for tonight – ay, even20 if you were summoned to the bedside of an emperor; to take a cab, 21 unless your carriage should be actually at the door; and with this 22 letter in your hand for consultation, to drive straight to my house. 23 Poole, my butler, has his orders; you will find him waiting your arrival24 with a locksmith. The door of my cabinet is then to be forced; and 25 you are to go in alone; to open the glazed press (letter E) on the left 26 hand, breaking the lock if it be shut; and to draw out, with all its27 contents as they stand, the fourth drawer from the top or (which is 28 the same thing) the third from the bottom. In my extreme distress29 of mind, I have a morbid fear of misdirecting you; but even if I am in 30 error, you may know the right drawer by its contents: some powders, 31 a phial and a paper book. This drawer I beg of you to carry back32 with you to Cavendish Square exactly as it stands.

33 That is the first part of the service: now for the second. You should 34 be back, if you set out at once on the receipt of this, long before 35 midnight; but I will leave you that amount of margin, not only in the36 fear of one of those obstacles that can neither be prevented nor fore37 seen, but because an hour when your servants are in bed is to be 38 preferred for what will then remain to do. At midnight, then, I have to39 ask you to be alone in your consulting-room, to admit with your own 40 hand into the house a man who will present himself in my name, and 41 to place in his hands the drawer that you will have brought with you42 from my cabinet. Then you will have played your part and earned43 my gratitude completely. Five minutes afterwards, if you insist upon44 an explanation, you will have understood that these arrangements 45 are of capital importance; and that by the neglect of one of them, 46 fantastic as they must appear, you might have charged your

47 conscience with my death or the shipwreck of my reason. Confident 48 as I am that you will not trifle with this appeal, my heart sinks and my49 hand trembles at the bare thought of such a possibility. Think of me 50 at this hour, in a strange place, labouring under a blackness of 51 distress that no fancy can exaggerate, and yet well aware that, if you 52 will but punctually serve me, my troubles will roll away like a story 53 that is told. 54 Serve me, my dear Lanyon, and save55 Your friend,56 H.J.

57 P.S. I had already sealed this up when a fresh terror struck upon my58 soul. It is possible that the post office may fail me, and this letter 59 not come into your hands until tomorrow morning. In that case, dear60 Lanyon, do my errand when it shall be most convenient for you in 61 the course of the day; and once more expect my messenger at 62 midnight. It may then already be too later; and if that night passes63 without event, you will know that you have seen the last of Henry64 Jekyll.

65 Upon the reading of this letter, I made sure my colleague was66 insane; but till that was proved beyond the possibility of doubt, I felt67 bound to do as he requested. The less I understood of this farrago,68 the less I was in a position to judge of its importance; and an appeal69 so worded could not be set aside without a grave responsibility. I 70 rose accordingly from table, got into a hansom, and drove straight 71 to Jekyll’s house. The butler was awaiting my arrival; he had 72 received by the same post as mine a registered letter of instruction,73 and had sent at once for a locksmith and a carpenter. The 74 tradesmen came while we were yet speaking; and we moved in a75 body to old Dr. Denman’s surgical theatre, from which (as you are76 doubtless aware) Jekyll’s private cabinet is most conveniently 77 entered. The door was very strong, the lock excellent; the carpenter78 avowed he would have great trouble and have to do much damage, 79 if force were to be used; and the locksmith was near despair. But 80 this last was a handy fellow, and after two hours’ work, the door81 stood open. The press marked E was unlocked; and I took out the 82 drawer, had it filled up with straw and tied in a sheet, and returned83 with it to Cavendish Square.

84 Here I proceeded to examine its contents. The powders were 85 neatly enough made up, but not with the nicety of the dispensing86 chemist; so that it was plain they were of Jekyll’s private 87 manufacture; and when I opened one of the wrappers I found what

88 seemed to me a simple crystalline salt of a white colour. The phial,89 to which I next turned my attention, might have been about half-full90 of a blood-red liquor, which was highly pungent to the sense of smell 91 and seemed to me to contain phosphorus and some volatile ether. 92 At the other ingredients I could make no guess. The book was an 93 ordinary version-book and contained little but a series of dates. 94 These covered a period of many years, but I observed that the 95 entries ceased nearly a year ago and quite abruptly. Here and there96 a brief remark was appended to a date, usually no more than a 97 single word: “double” occurring perhaps six times in a total of several98 hundred entries; and once very early in the list and followed by 99 several marks of exclamation, “total failure!!!” All this, though it 100

whetted my curiosity, told me little that was definite. Here was a

101

phial of some tincture, a paper of some salt, and the record of a

102

series of experiments that had led (like too many of Jekyll’s

103

investigations) to no end of practical usefulness. How could the

104

presence of these articles in my house affect either the honour, the

105

sanity, or the life of my flighty colleague? If his messenger could go

106

to one place, why could he not go to another? And even granting

107

some impediment, why was this gentleman to be received by me in

108

secret? The more I reflected the more convinced I grew that I was

109

dealing with a case of cerebral disease: and though I dismissed my

110

servants to bed, I loaded an old revolver, that I might be found in

111

some posture of self-defence.

112

Twelve o’clock had scarce rung out over London, ere the knocker

113

sounded very gently on the door. I went myself at the summons,

114

and found a small man crouching against the pillars of the portico.

115

“Are you come from Dr Jekyll?” I asked.

116

He told me “yes” by a constrained gesture; and when I had bidden

117

him enter, he did not obey me without a searching backward glance

118

into the darkness of the square. There was a policeman not far off,

119

advancing with his bull’s eye open; and at the sight, I thought my

120

visitor started and made greater haste.

121

These particulars struck me, I confess, disagreeably; and as I

122

followed him into the bright light of the consulting-room, I kept my

123

hand ready on my weapon. Here, at last, I had a chance of clearly

124

seeing him. I had never set eyes on him before, so much was

125

certain. He was small, as I have said; I was struck besides with the

126

shocking expression of his face, with his remarkable combination of

127

great muscular activity and great apparent debility of constitution,

128

and last but not least – with the odd, subjective disturbance caused

129

by his neighbourhood. This bore some resemblances to incipient

130

rigour, and was accompanied by a marked sinking of the pulse. At

131

the time, I set it down to some idiosyncratic, personal distaste. And

132

merely wondered at the acuteness of the symptoms; but I have since

133

had reason to believe the cause to lie much deeper in the nature of

134

man, and to turn on some nobler hinge than the principle of hatred.

13 This person (who had thus, from the first moment of his entrance,

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struck in me what I can only describe as a disgustful curiosity) was

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dressed in a fashion that would have made an ordinary person

138

laughable; his clothes, that is to say, although they were of rich and

139

sober fabric, were enormously too large for him in every

140

measurement – the trousers hanging on his legs and rolled up to

141

keep them from the ground, the waist of the coat below his

142

haunches, and the collar sprawling wide upon his shoulders.

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strange to relate, this ludicrous accoutrement was far from moving

144

me to laughter. Rather, as there was something abnormal and

145

misbegotten in the very essence of the creature that now faced me -

146

something seizing, surprising and revolting – this fresh disparity

147

seemed but to fit in with and to reinforce it; so that to my interest in

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the man’s nature and character, there was added a curiosity as to

149

his origin, his life, his fortune and status in the world.

150

These observations, though they had taken so great a space to be

151

set down in, were yet the work of a few seconds. My visitor was,

152

indeed, on fire with sombre excitement.

153

“Have you got it?” he cried. “Have you got it?” And so lively was his

154

impatience that he even laid his hand upon my arm and sought to

155

shake me.

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I put him back, conscious at his touch of a certain icy pang along my

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blood.

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“Come, sir,” said I. “You forget that I have not yet the pleasure of

159

your acquaintance. Be seated, if you please.” And I showed him an

160

example, and sat down myself in my customary seat and with as

161

fair an imitation of my ordinary manner to a patient, as the lateness

162

of the hour, the nature of my pre-occupations, and the horror I had

163

of my visitor, would suffer me to muster.

164

“I beg your pardon, Dr Lanyon,” he replied civilly enough. “What you

165

say is very well founded; and my impatience has shown its heels to

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my politeness. I come here at the instance of your colleague, Dr

167

Henry Jekyll, on a piece of business of some moment; and I

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understood…” He paused and put his hand to his throat, and I could

169

see, in spite of his collected manner, that he was wrestling against

170

the approaches of the hysteria – “I understood, a drawer – “

171

But here I took pity on my visitor’s suspense, and some perhaps on

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my own growing curiosity.

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“There it is, sir,” said I, pointing to the drawer, where it lay on the

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floor behind a table and still covered with the sheet.

17 He sprang to it, and then paused, and laid his hand upon his heart:

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I could hear his teeth grate with the convulsive action of his jaws;

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and his face was so ghastly to see that I grew alarmed both for his

178

life and reason.

179

“Compose yourself,” said I.

180

He turned a dreadful smile to me, and as if with the decision of

181

despair, plucked away the sheet. At sight of the contents, he uttered

182

one loud sob of such immense relief that I sat petrified. And the

183

next moment, in a voice that was already fairly well under control,

184

“Have you a graduated glass?” he asked.

185

I rose from my place with something of an effort and gave him what

186

he asked.

187

He thanked me with a smiling nod, measured out a few minims of

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the red tincture and added one of the powders. The mixture, which

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was at first of a reddish hue, began, in proportion as the crystals

190

melted, to brighten in colour, to effervesce audibly, and to throw off

191

small fumes of vapour. Suddenly and at the same moment, the

192

ebullition ceased and the compound changed to a dark purple,

193

which faded again more slowly to a watery green. My visitor, who

194

had watched these metamorphoses with a keen eye, smiled, set

19 down the glass upon the table, and then turned and looked upon me

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with an air of scrutiny.

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“And now,” said he, “to settle what remains. Will you be wise? Will

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you be guided? Will you suffer me to take this glass in my hand and

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to go forth from your house without further parley? Or has the greed

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of curiosity too much command of you? Think before you answer,

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for it shall be done as you decide. As you decide, you shall be left

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as you were before, and neither richer nor wiser, unless the sense

203

of service rendered to a man in mortal distress may be counted as a

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kind of riches of the soul. Or, if you shall so prefer to choose, a new

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province of knowledge and new avenues to fame and power shall be

206

laid open to you, here, in this room, upon the instant; and your sight

207

shall be blasted by a prodigy to stagger the unbelief of Satan.”

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“Sir,” said I, affecting a coolness that I was far from truly processing,”

209

you speak enigmas, and you will perhaps not wonder that I hear you

210

with no very strong impression of belief. But I have gone too far in

211

the way of inexplicable services to pause before I see the end.”

212

“It is well,” replied my visitor. “Lanyon, you remember your vows:

213

what follows is under the seal of our profession. And now, you who

214

have so long been bound to the most narrow and material views,

215

you who have denied the virtue of transcendental medicine, you who

216

have derided your superiors – behold!”

217

He put the glass to his lips and drank at one gulp. A cry followed; he

218

reeled, staggered, clutched at the table and held on, staring with

219

injected eyes, gasping with open mouth; and as I looked there came,

220

I thought, a change – he seemed to swell – his face became

221

suddenly black and the features seemed to melt and alter – and the

222

next moment, I had sprung to my feet and leaped back against the

223

wall, my arm raised to shield me from that prodigy, my mind

224

submerged in terror.

225

“O God!” I screamed, and “O God!” again and again; for there before

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my eyes – pale and shaken, and half-fainting, and groping before him

227

with his hands, like a man restored from death – there stood Henry

228

Jekyll!

229

What he told me in the next hour, I cannot bring my mind to set on

230

paper. I saw what I saw, I heard what I heard, and my soul

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sickened at it; and yet now when that sight has faded from my eyes,

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I ask myself if I believe it, and I cannot answer. My life is shaken to

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its roots; sleep has left me; the deadliest terror sits by me at all hours

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of the day and night; I feel that my days are numbered, and that I

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must die; and yet I shall die incredulous. As for the moral turpitude

23 that man unveiled to me, even with tears of penitence, I cannot,

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even in memory, dwell on it without a start of horror. I will say but

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one thing, Utterson, and that (if you can bring your mind to credit it)

239

will be more than enough. The creature who crept into my house

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that night was, on Jekyll’s own confession, known by the name of

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Hyde and hunted for in every corner of the land as the murderer of

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Carew.

Task:

1. Summarise what we learn through ‘Dr Lanyon’s narrative.’2. How does Stevenson use language to make the conclusion dramatic?

Look at the table on the next page and complete:

Quotation Language feature Interpretation of its effect‘he reeled, staggered, clutched at the table’

List of verbs

‘sprung to my feet and leaped back’

More active verbs

‘my mind submerged in Metaphor of drowning

terror’

‘O God!’ again and again Exclamation and repetition

Extension:

Add further examples to the table.

Lesson 23:Vocabulary – preface, farrago, hansom, avowed, tincture, portico, debility, subjective, incipient, idiosyncratic

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – Poor choices

1. Who tells Mickey about the affair between Linda and Edward? 2. Where does Mickey get the gun from?3. Who does Linda say Mickey is going after?4. What does Mickey tell Edward he has done and why?

5. Why does Mickey say to Edward ‘how come you got everything…an’ I got nothing?’

Chapter Nine: Dr Lanyon’s narrative

Science is the most important theme in this chapter. Remember that during this period there were two views on Science: the Enlightenment view and the Romantics view.

The Enlightenment view on science – rational thought through deductive reasoning. Traditional.

The Romantics view on science – emphasised the scientist’s role in scientific discovery and experimentation. Innovative.

Dr Lanyon is more of a rational scientist whereas Dr Jekyll is more of an experimental scientist and their contrasting views have been presented throughout the novella.

What Jekyll says about Lanyon What Lanyon says about Jekyll‘ignorant, blatant pedant’ ‘unscientific balderdash’‘hide-bound pedant’ ‘my soul sickened me’‘bound to the most narrow and material views’

‘too fanciful for me’

‘denied transcendental medicine’

It is revealed through the letter that once Hyde has made up the potion, he gives Lanyon a choice:

‘Will you be wise? Will you be guided? Will you suffer me to take this glass in my hand, and to go forth from your house without further parley? Or has the greed of

curiosity too much command of you?’

He chooses to watch Hyde take the potion and it is from Dr Lanyon’s narrative that we reach the conclusion of the novella. He tries to give a clinical account of what is

odd about Hyde. He also tries to describe the physical effect that Hyde has on him. But this is not adequate. It describes the physical symptoms but does not account for the revulsion everyone feels on seeing Hyde. Lanyon gives a clinical account of the changes that come over Hyde after he drinks the potion, too, but the horror of the transformation soon overwhelms him.

Task:

Look at the chart below. Stevenson has tried to rationalize the science by using scientific language, referring to scientific processes and detailing proper scientific procedures. Find evidence from Chapter Nine to support the key points below.

Key point Evidence / further meaningStevenson does not name the chemicals Jekyll uses, but makes them sound convincing by using scientific language and referring to some chemical components.When combined, the liquid and crystals fizz, produces fumes and change colour – all dramatic but realistic effects of chemical reactions

Hyde uses a graduated glass to measure ‘a few minims’ – he is apparently following proper scientific procedure.

However, the emotion at what is witnessed is conveyed at the end of Lanyon’s narrative:

‘O God!’ I screamed, and ‘O God!’ again and again; for there before my eyes – pale and shaken, and half fainting, and groping before him with his hands, like a man

restored from death – there stood Henry Jekyll!’

The reader learns that Jekyll has sought knowledge beyond regular science and has used it to free part of himself to indulge in whatever pleasures he wishes. Knowledge comes with a high price. Jekyll loses his reason and his life to his experiment. Hyde asks Lanyon if the ‘greed of curiosity’ is too great for him to resist, and it is – Lanyon dies, unable to bear what he has learned.

Task:

1. Construct a personal response to the following question: How have attitudes towards science been revealed in the novella ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde?’

Lesson 24 and 25Vocabulary – haunches, accoutrement, misbegotten, minims, effervesce, ebullition, enigmas, incredulous, turpitude, penitence.

Retention quiz : Blood Brothers – Poor choices

1. What does Mrs Johnstone reveal to Mickey?2. Why does Mickey say ‘Why didn’t you give me away! I could have been…I

could have been him!’?3. What happens at the end of the play?

4. Why do you think the narrator says ‘And do we blame superstition for what came to pass?’

5. Why do you think Willy Russell chose to end the play with the song ‘Tell me it’s not true’? Think carefully about the words in this song.4

Chapter Ten: Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case

1 I was born in the year 18 – to a large fortune, endowed besides2 with excellent parts, inclined by nature to industry, fond of the3 respect of the wise and good among my fellow-men, and thus, as4 might have been supposed, with every guarantee of an honourable5 and distinguished future. And indeed, the worst of my faults was a6 certain impatient gaiety of disposition, such as has made the 7 happiness of many, but such as I found it hard to reconcile with my8 imperious desire to carry my head high, and wear a more than 9 commonly grave countenance before the public. Hence it came10 about that I concealed my pleasures; and that when I reached 11 years of reflection, and began to look round me and take stock of 12 my progress and position in the world, I stood already committed to 13 a profound duplicity of me. Many a man would have even 14 blazoned such irregularities as I was guilty of; but from the high 15 views that I had set before me, I regarded and hid them with an 16 almost morbid sense of shame. It was thus rather the exciting 17 nature of my aspirations than any particular degradation in my 18 faults, that made me what I was, and, with even a deeper trench 19 than in the majority of men, severed in me those provinces of good 20 and ill which divide and compound man’s dual nature. In this case, 21 I was driven to reflect deeply and inveterately on that hard law of 22 life, which lies at the root of religion and is one of the most plentiful 23 springs of distress. Though so profound a double-dealer, I was in 24 no sense a hypocrite; both sides of me were in dead earnest; I was 25 no more myself when I laid aside restraint and plunged in shame, 26 than when I laboured, in the eye of day, at the furtherance of 27 Knowledge or the relief of sorrow and suffering. And it chanced that 28 the direction of my scientific studies, which led wholly towards the 29 mystic and the transcendental, reacted and shed a strong light on 30 this consciousness of the perennial war among my members. With 31 every day, and from both sides of my intelligence, the moral and 32 the intellectual, I thus drew steadily nearer to that truth, but whose33 partial discovery I have been doomed to such a dreadful shipwreck:34 that man is not truly one, but truly two. I say two, because the 35 state of my own knowledge does not pass beyond that point. 36 others will follow, others will outstrip me on the same lines; and I37 hazard the guess that man will be ultimately known for a mere 38 polity of multifarious, incongruous and independent denizens. I, for39 my part, from the nature of my life, advance infallibly in one

40 direction and in one direction only. It was on the moral side, and in41 my own person, that I learned to recognise the thorough and 42 primitive duality of man; I saw that, of the two natures that 43 contended in the field of my consciousness, even if I could rightly44 be said to be either, it was only because I was radically both; and45 from an early date, even before the course of my scientific 46 discoveries had begun to suggest the most naked possibility of47 such a miracle, I had learned to dwell with pleasure, as a beloved48 daydream, on the thought of the separation of these elements. If 49 each, I told myself, could be housed in separate identities, life 50 would be relieved of all that was unbearable; the unjust might go 51 his way, delivered from the aspirations and remorse of his more 52 upright twin; and the just could walk steadfastly and securely on his53 upward path, doing the good things in which he found his pleasure, 54 and no longer exposed to disgrace and penitence by the hands of 55 this extraneous evil. It was the curse of mankind that these 56 incongruous faggots were thus bound together – that in the 57 agonised womb of consciousness, these polar twins should be 58 continuously struggling. How, then were they dissociated?

…

59 I hesitated long before I put this theory to the test of practice. I60 knew well that I risked death; for any drug that so potently 61 controlled and shook the very fortress of identity might, by the least62 scruple of an overdoes or at the least inopportunity in the moment 63 of exhibition, utterly blot out that immaterial tabernacle which I 64 looked to it to change. But the temptation of a discovery so 65 singular and profound at last overcame the suggestions of alarm. I66 had long since prepared my tincture; I purchased at once, from a 67 firm of wholesale chemists, a large quantity of a particular salt 68 which I knew, from my experiments, to be the last ingredient 69 required; and late one accursed night, I compounded the elements,70 watched them boil and smoke together in the glass, and when the 71 ebullition had subsided, with a strong glow of courage, drank off72 the potion.

73 The most racking pangs succeeded: a grinding in the bones, 74 deadly nausea, and a horror of the spirit that cannot be exceeded75 at the hour of birth or death. Then these agonies began swiftly to76 subside, and I came to myself as if out of a great sickness. There 77 was something strange in my sensations, something indescribably78 new and, from its very novelty, incredibly sweet. I felt younger, 79 lighter, happier in body; within I was conscious of a heady 80 recklessness, a current of disordered sensual images running like81 a millrace in my fancy, a solution of the bonds of obligation, an 82 unknown but not an innocent freedom of the soul. I knew myself, at

83 the first breath of this new life, to be more wicked, tenfold more 84 wicked, sold a slave to my original evil; and the thought, in that85 moment, braced and delighted me like wine. I stretched out my 86 hands, exulting in the freshness of these sensations; and in the act,87 I was suddenly aware that I had lost in stature.

88 There was no mirror, at that date, in my room; that which stands89 beside me as I write, was brought there later on and for the very90 purpose of these transformations. The night however, was far gone91 into the morning – the morning, black as it was, was nearly ripe for92 the conception of the day – the inmates of my house were locked93 in the most rigorous hours of slumber; and I determined, flushed as94 I was with hope and triumph, to venture in my new shape as far as 95 to my bedroom. I crossed the yard, wherein the constellations 96 looked down upon me. I could have thought, with wonder, the 97 first creature of that sort that their unsleeping vigilance had yet 98 disclosed to them; I stole through the corridors, a stranger in my99 own house; and coming to my room, I saw for the first time the 100

appearance of Edward Hyde.

101

I must here speak by theory alone, saying not that which I know, but

102

that which I suppose to be most probable. The evil side of my

103

nature, to which I had now transferred the stamping efficacy, was

104

less robust and less developed than the good which I had just

105

deposed. Again, in the course of my life, which had been, after all,

106

nine tenths a life of effort, virtue and control, it had been much less

107

exercised and much less exhausted. And hence, as I think, it came

108

about that Edward Hyde was so much smaller, slighter and younger

109

than Henry Jekyll. Even as good shone upon the countenance of

110

the one, evil was written broadly and plainly on the face of the

111

other. Evil besides (which I must still believe to be the lethal side

112

of man) had left on that body an imprint of deformity and decay.

113

And yet when I looked upon that ugly idol in the glass, I was

114

conscious of no repugnance, rather of a leap of welcome. This,

115

too, was myself. It seemed natural and human. In my eyes it bore

116

a livelier image of the spirit, it seemed more express and single,

117

than the imperfect and divided countenance I had been hitherto

118

accustomed to call mine. And in so far I was doubtless right. I

119

have observed that when I wore the semblance of Edward Hyde,

120

none could come near to me at first without a visible misgiving of

121

the flesh. This, as I take it, was because all human beings, as we

122

meet them, are commingled out of good and evil; and Edward

123

Hyde, alone in the ranks of mankind, was pure evil.

124

I lingered but a moment at the mirror: the second and conclusive

125

experiment had yet to be attempted; it yet remained to be seen if I

126

had lost my identity beyond redemption and must flee before

127

daylight from a house that was no longer mine; and hurrying back

128

to my cabinet, I once more prepared and drank the cup, once more

129

suffered the pangs of dissolution and came to myself once more

130

with the character, the stature and the face of Henry Jekyll.

131

That night I had come to the fatal cross-roads. Had I approached

132

my discovery in a more noble spirit, had I risked the experiment

133

while under the empire of generous or pious aspirations, all must

134

have been otherwise, and from these agonies of death and birth,

135

I had come forth an angel instead of a fiend. The drug had no

13 discriminating action; it was neither diabolical nor divine; it but

6137

shook the doors of the prison house of my disposition; and like the

138

captives of Phillippi, that which stood within ran forth. At that time

139

my virtue slumbered; my evil, kept awake by ambition, was alert

140

and swift to seize the occasion; and the thing that was projected

141

was Edward Hyde. Hence, although I had now two characters as

142

well as two appearance, one was wholly evil, and the other was

143

still the old Henry Jekyll, that incongruous compound of whose

144

reformation and improvement I had already learned to despair.

145

The movement was thus wholly toward the worse.

146

Even at that time, I had not conquered my aversions to the dryness

147

of a life of study. I would still be merrily disposed at times; and as

148

my pleasures were (to say the least) undignified, and I was not only

149

well known and highly considered, but growing towards the elderly

150

man, this incoherency of my life was daily growing more

151

unwelcome. It was on this side that my new power tempted me

152

until I fell in slavery. I had but to drink the cup, to doff at once the

153

body of the noted professor, and to assume, like a thick cloak, that

154

of Edward Hyde. I smiled at the notion; it seemed to me at the time

155

to be humorous; and I made my preparations with the most

156

studious care. I took and furnished that house in Soho, to which

157

Hyde was tracked by the police; and engaged as a housekeeper a

158

creature whom I knew well to be silent and unscrupulous. On the

15 other side, I announced to my servants that a Mr Hyde (whom I

9160

described) was to have full liberty and power about my house in

161

the square; and to parry mishaps, I even called and made myself

162

a familiar object, in my second character. I next drew up that will to

163

which you so much objected; so that if anything befell me in the

164

person of Dr Jekyll. I could enter on that of Edward Hyde without

165

pecuniary loss. And thus fortified, as I supposed, on every side, I

166

began to profit by the strange immunities of my position.

167

Men have before hired bravos to transact their crimes, while their

168

own person and reputation sat under shelter. I was the first that

169

ever did so for his pleasures. I was the first that could plod in the

170

public eye with a load of genial respectability, and in a moment, like

171

a schoolboy, strip off these lendings and spring headlong into the

172

sea of liberty. But for me, in my impenetrable mantle, the safety

173

complete. Think of it – I did not even exist! Let me but escape into

174

my laboratory door, give me but a second or two to mix and swallow

175

the draught that I had always standing ready; and whatever he had

176

done, Edward Hyde would pass away like the stain of breath upon

177

a mirror; and there in his stead, quietly at home, trimming the

178

midnight lamp in his study, a man who could afford to laugh at

179

suspicion, would be Henry Jekyll.

180

The pleasures which I made haste to seek in my disguise were, as

181

I have said, undignified; I would scarce use a harder term. But in

182

the hands of Edward Hyde, they soon began to turn toward the

183

monstrous. When I would come back from these excursions, I was

184

often plunged into a kind of wonder at my vicarious depravity. This

185

familiar that I called out of my own soul, and sent forth alone to do

186

his good pleasure, was a being inherently malign and villainous; his

187

every act and thought centered on self; drinking pleasure with

188

bestial avidity from any degree of torture to another; relentless like

189

a man of stone. Henry Jekyll stood at times aghast before the acts

190

of Edward Hyde; but the situation was apart form ordinary laws,

191

and insidiously relaxed the grasp of conscience. It was Hyde, after

192

all, and Hyde alone, that was guilty. Jekyll was no worse; he woke

193

again to his good qualities seemingly unimpaired; he would even

194

make haste, where it was possible, to undo the evil done by Hyde.

195

And thus his conscience slumbered.

…

196

An act of cruelty to a child aroused against me the anger of a

197

passer-by, whom I recognised the other day in the person of your

198

kinsman; the doctor and the child’s family joined him; there were

199

Moments when I feared for my life; and at last, in order to pacify

200

their too just resentment, Edward Hyde had to bring them to the

201

door, and pay them in a cheque drawn in the name of Henry Jekyll.

202

But this danger was easily eliminated from the future, by opening an

203

account at another bank in the name of Edward Hyde himself; and

204

when, by sloping my own hand backward, I had supplied my

205

double with a signature, I thought I sat beyond the reach of fate.

…

206

I began to reflect more seriously than ever before on the issues and

207

possibilities of my double existence. That part of me which I had

208

the power of projecting, had lately been much exercise and

209

nourished; it had seemed to me of late as though the body of

210

Edward Hyde had grown in stature, as though (when I wore that

211

form) I were conscious of a more generous tide of blood; and I

212

began to spy a danger that, if this were much prolonged, the

213

balance of my nature might be permanently overthrown, the power

214

of voluntary change to be forfeited, and the character of Edward

215

Hyde became irrevocably mine.

…

216

Between these two, I now felt I had to choose. My two natures had

217

memory in common, but all other faculties were most unequally

218

shared between them. Jekyll (who was composite) now with the

219

most sensitive apprehensions, now with a greedy gusto, projected

220

and shared in the pleasures and adventures of Hyde; but Hyde was

221

indifferent to Jekyll, or but remembered him as the mountain bandit

222

remembers the cavern in which he conceals himself from pursuit.

223

Jekyll had more than a father’s interest; Hyde had more than a

22 son’s indifference. To cast in my lot with Jekyll, was to die to those

4225

appetites which I had long secretly indulged and had of late begun

226

to pamper. To cast it in with Hyde, was to die to a thousand

227

interests and aspirations, and to become, at a blow and forever,

228

despised and friendless. The bargain might appear unequal; but

229

there was still another consideration in the scales; for while Jekyll

230

would suffer smartingly in the fires of abstinence, Hyde would be

231

not even conscious of all that he had lost. Strange as my

232

circumstances were, the terms of this debate are as old and

233

commonplace as man; much the same inducements and alarms

234

cast the die for any tempted and trembling sinner; and it fell out

235

with me, as if falls with so vast a majority of my fellows, that I chose

236

the better part and was found wanting in the strength to keep to it.

237

Yes, I preferred the elderly and discontented doctor, surrounded

238

by friends and cherishing honest hopes; and bade a resolute

239

farewell to the liberty, the comparative youth, the light step,

240

leaping impulses and secret pleasures, that I had enjoyed in the

241

disguise of Hyde. I made this choice perhaps with some

242

unconscious reservation, for I neither gave up the house in Soho,

243

nor destroyed the clothes of Edward Hyde, which still lay ready in

244

my cabinet. For two months, however, I was true to my

245

determination; for two months, I led a life of such severity as I had

246

never before attained to, and enjoyed the compensations of an

24 approving conscience. But time began at last to obliterate the

7248

freshness of my alarm; the praises of conscience began to grow

249

into a thing of course; I began to be tortured with throes and

250

longings, as of Hyde struggling after freedom; and at last, in an

251

hour of moral weakness, I once again compounded and swallowed

252

the transforming draught.

…

253

My devil had been long caged, he came out roaring.

…

254

Instantly the spirit of hell awoke in me and raged. With a transport

255

of glee, I mauled the unresisting body, tasting delight from every

256

blow; and it was not till weariness had begun to succeed, that I

257

was suddenly, in the top fit of my delirium, struck through the heart

258

by a cold thrill of terror. A mist dispersed; I saw my life to be forfeit;

259

and fled from the scene of these excesses, at once glorying and

260

trembling, my lust of evil gratified and stimulated, my love of life

261

screwed to the topmost peg. I ran to the house in Soho, and (to

262

make assurance doubly sure) destroyed my papers; thence I set

263

out through the lamplit streets, in the same divided ecstasy of mind,

264

gloating on my crime, light-headedly devising others in the future,

265

and yet still hastening and still hearkening in my wake for the steps

266

of the avenger. Hyde had a song upon his lips as he compounded

267

the draught, and as he drank it, pledged the dead man. The pangs

268

of transformation had not done tearing him, before Henry Jekyll,

269

with streaming tears of gratitude and remorse, had fallen upon his

270

knees and lifted his clasped hands to God. The veil of self-

271

indulgence was rent from head to foot. I saw my life as a whole:

272

I followed it up from the days of childhood, when I had walked with

273

my father’s hand, and through the self-denying toils of my

274

professional life, to arrive again and again, with the same sense of

275

unreality, at the damned horrors of the evening. I could have

276

screamed aloud; I sought with tears and prayers to smother down

277

the crowd of hideous images and sounds with which my memory

278

swarmed against me; and still, between the petitions, the ugly face

279

of my iniquity stared into my soul. As the acuteness of this

280

remorse began to die away, it was succeeded by a sense of joy.

281

The problem of my conduct was solved. Hyde was thenceforth

282

impossible; whether I would or not, I was now confined to the

283

better part of my existence; and O, how I rejoiced to think of it! With

284

what willing humility I embraced anew the restrictions of natural

285

life! With what sincere renunciation I locked the door by which I had

286

so often gone and come, and ground the key under my heel!

287

The next day, came the news that the murder had been overlooked,

288

that the guilt of Hyde was patent to the world, and that the victim

289

was a man high in public estimation. It was not only a crime, it had

290

been a tragic folly. I think I was glad to know it; I think I was glad to

291

have my better impulses thus buttressed and guarded by the

292

terrors of the scaffold. Jekyll was now my city of refuge; let but

293

Hyde peep out an instant, and the hands of all men would be

294

raised to take and stay him.

295

I resolved in my future conduct to redeem the past; and I can say

296

with honesty that my resolve was fruitful of some good. You know

297

yourself how earnestly, in the last months of the last year, I

298

laboured to relieve suffering; you know that much was done for

299

others, and that the days are passed quietly, almost happily for

300

myself. Nor can I truly say that I wearied of this beneficent and

301

innocent life; I think instead that I daily enjoyed it more completely;

302

but I was still cursed with my duality of purpose; and as the first

303

edge of my penitence wore off, the lower side of me, so long

304

indulged, so recently chained down, began to growl for licence. Not

305

that I dreamed of resuscitating Hyde; the bare idea of that would

306

startle me to frenzy: no, it was in my own person that I was once

307

more tempted to trifle with my conscience; and it was an ordinary

308

secret sinner that I at last fell before the assaults of temptation.

309

There comes an end to all things; the most capacious measure is

310

filled at last; and this brief condescension to my evil finally

311

destroyed the balance of my soul. And yet I was not alarmed; the

312

fall seemed natural, like a return to the old days before I had made

31 my discovery. It was a fine, clear, January day, wet under foot

3314

where the frost had melted but cloudless overhead; and the

315

Regent’s Park was full of winter chirrupings and sweet with spring

316

odours. I sat in the sun on a bench; the animal within me licking

317

the chops of memory; the spiritual side a little drowsed, promising

318

subsequent penitence, but not yet moved to begin. After all, I

319

reflected, I was like my neighbours; and then I smiled, comparing

320

myself with other men, comparing my active good will with the lazy

321

cruelty of their neglect. And at that very moment of that

322

vainglorious thought, a qualm came over me, a horrid nausea and

323

the most deadly shuddering. These passed away, and left me

324

faint; and then as in its turn faintness subsided, I began to be

325

aware of a change in the temper of my thoughts, a greater

326

boldness, a contempt of danger, a solution of the bonds of

327

obligation. I looked down; my clothes hung formlessly on my

328

shrunken limbs; the hand that lay on my knee was corded and

329

hairy. I was once more Edward Hyde. A moment before I had

330

been safe of all men’s respect, wealthy, beloved – the cloth laying

331

for me in the dining-room at home; and now I was the common

332

quarry of mankind, hunted, houseless, a known murderer, thrall

333

to the gallows.

334

My reason wavered, but it did not fail me utterly. I have more than

335

once observed that in my second character, my faculties seemed

33 sharpened to a point and my spirits more tensely elastic; thus it

6337

came about that, where Jekyll perhaps might have succumbed,

338

Hyde rose to the importance of the moment. My drugs were in one

339

of the presses of my cabinet; how was I to reach them? That was

340

the problem that (crushing my temples in my hands) I set myself to

341

solve. The laboratory door I had closed. If I had sought to enter by

342

the house, my own servants would consign me to the gallows. I

343

saw I must employ another hand, and thought of Lanyon. How was

344

he to be reached? How persuaded? Supposing that I escaped

345

capture in the streets, how was I to make my way into his

346

presence? And how should I, an unknown and displeasing visitor,

347

prevail on the famous physician to rifle the study of his colleague,

348

Dr Jekyll? Then I remembered that of my original character, one

349

part remained to me: I could write my own hand; and once I had

350

conceived that kindling spark, the way that I must follow became

351

lighted up from end to end.

352

Thereupon, I arranged my clothes as best I could, and summoning

353

a passing hansom, drove to an hotel in Portland Steeet, the name

354

of which I chanced to remember. At my appearance (which was

355

indeed comical enough, however tragic a fate these garments

356

covered) the driver could not conceal his mirth. I gnashed my teeth

357

upon him with a gust of devilish fury; and the smile withered from

358

his face – happily for him – yet more happily for myself, for in

35 another instant I had certainly dragged him from his perch. At the

9360

inn, as I entered, I looked about me with so black a countenance as

361

made the attendants tremble; not a look did they exchange in my

362

presence; but obsequiously took my orders, led me to a private

363

room, and brought me wherewithal to write. Hyde in danger of

364

his life was a creature new to me; shaken with inordinate anger,

365

strung to the pitch of murder, lusting to inflict pain. Yet the

366

creature was astute; mastered his fury with a great effort of the

367

will; composed his two important letters, one to Lanyon and one to

368

Poole; sent them out with directions that they should be registered.

369

thenceforward, he sat all day over the fire in the private room,

370

gnawing his nails; there he dined, sitting alone with his fears, the

371

waiter visible quailing before his eye; and thence, when the night

372

was fully come, he set forth in the corner of a closed cab, and was

373

driven to and fro about the streets of the city. He, I say – I cannot

374

say, I. That child of Hell had nothing human; nothing lived in him

375

but fear and hatred. And when at last, thinking the driver had

376

begun to grow suspicious, he discharged the cab and ventured on

377

foot, attired in his misfitting clothes, an object marked out for

378

observation, into the midst of the nocturnal passengers, these

379

two base passions raged within him like a tempest. He walked

380

fast, hunted by his fears, chattering to himself, skulking through

381

the less frequented thoroughfares, counting the minutes that still

382

divided him from midnight. Once a woman spoke to him, offering,

383

I think, a box of lights. He smote her in the face, and she fled.

384

When I came to myself at Lanyon’s the horror of my old friend

385

perhaps affected me somewhat. I do not know; it was at least but

386

a drop in the sea to the abhorrence with which I looked back upon

387

these hours. A change had come over me. It was no longer the

388

fear of the gallows, it was the horror of being Hyde that racked me.

389

I received Lanyon’s condemnation party in a dream; it was partly

390

in a dream that I came home to my own house and got into bed. I

391

slept after the prostration of the day, with a stringent and profound

392

slumber which not even the nightmares that wrung me could avail

393

to break. I awoke in the morning shaken, weakened, but

394

refreshed. I still hated and feared the thought of the brute that

395

slept within me, and I had not of course forgotten the appalling

396

dangers of the day before; but I was once more at home, in my

397

own house and close to my drugs; and gratitude for my escape

398

shone so strong in my soul that it almost rivalled the brightness of

399

hope.

400

I was stepping leisurely across the court after breakfast, drinking

401

the chill of the air with pleasure, when I was seized again with

402

those indescribable sensations that heralded the change; and I had

403

but the time to gain the shelter of my cabinet, before I was once

404

again raging and freezing with the passions of Hyde. It took on this

40 occasion a double dose to recall me to myself; and alas! Six hours

5406

after, as I sat looking sadly in the fire, the pangs returned, and the

407

drug had to be re-administered. In short, from that day forth it

408

seemed only by a great effort as of gymnastics, and only under the

409

immediate stimulation of the drug, that I was able to wear the

410

countenance of Jekyll. At all hours of the day and night, I would be

411

taken with the premonitory shudder; above all, if I slept, or even

412

dozed for a moment in my chair, it was always as Hyde that I

413

awakened. Under the strain of this continually impending doom

414

and by the sleeplessness to which I now condemned myself, ay,

415

even beyond what I had thought possible to man, I became, in my

416

own person, a creature eaten up and emptied by fever, languidly

417

weak both in body and mind, and solely occupied by one thought:

418

the horror of my other self. But when I slept, or when the virtue of

419

the medicine wore off, I would leap almost without transition (for

420

the pangs of transformation grew daily less marked) into the

421

possession of a fancy brimming with images of terror, a soul boiling

422

with causeless hatreds, and a body that seemed not strong enough

423

to contain the raging energies of life. The powers of Hyde seemed

424

to have grown with the sickliness of Jekyll. And certainly the hate

425

that now divided them was equal on each side. With Jekyll, it was

426

a thing of vital instinct. He had now seen the full deformity of that

427

creature that shared with him some of the phenomena of

428

consciousness, and was co-heir with him to death; and beyond

429

these links of community, which in themselves made the most

430

poignant part of his distress, he thought of Hyde, for all his energy

431

of life, as of something not only hellish but inorganic. This was the

432

shocking thing; that the slime of the pit seemed to utter cries and

433

voices; that the amorphous dust gesticulated and sinned; and that

434

what was dead, and had no shape, should usurp the offices of life.

435

And this again, that that insurgent horror was knit to him closer than

436

a wife, closer than an eye; lay caged in his flesh, where he heard it

437

mutter and felt it struggle to be born; and at every hour of weakness

438

and in the confidence of slumber, prevailed against him, and

439

deposed him out of life. The hatred of Hyde for Jekyll was of a

440

different order. His terror of the gallows drove him continually to

441

commit temporary suicide, and return to his subordinate station of

442

a part instead of a person; but he loathed the necessity, he loathed

443

the despondency into which Jekyll was now fallen, and he resented

444

the dislike with which he was himself regarded. Hence the ape-like

445

tricks that he would play me, scrawling in my own hand

446

blasphemies on the pages of my books, burning the letters and

447

destroying the portrait of my father, and indeed, had it not been for

448

his fear of death, he would long ago have ruined himself in order to

449

involve me in the ruin. But his love of is wonderful; I got further: I,

450

who sicken and freeze at the mere thought of him, when I recall the

451

abjection and passion of this attachment, and when I know how he

45 fears my power to cut him off by suicide, I find it in my heart to pity

2453

him.

454

It is useless, and the time awfully fails me, to prolong this

455

description; no one has ever suffered such torments, let that

456

suffice; and yet even to these, habit brought – no, not alleviation -

457

but a certain callousness of soul, a certain acquiescence of despair;

458

and my punishment might have gone on for years, but for the last

459

calamity which has now fallen, and which finally severed me from

460

my own face and nature. My provision of the salt, which had never

461

been renewed since the date of the first experiment, began to run

462

low. I sent out for a fresh supply and mixed the draught; the

463

ebullition followed, and the first change of colour, not the second;

464

I drank it and it was without efficiency. You will learn from Poole

465

how I have had London ransacked; it was in vain; and I am now

466

persuaded that my first supply was impure, and that it was that

467

unknown impurity which lent efficacy to the draught.

468

About a week has passed, and I am now finishing this statement

469

under the influence of the last of the old powers. This, then, is the

470

last time, short of a miracle, that Henry Jekyll can think his own

471

thoughts or see his own face (now how sadly altered!) in the glass.

472

nor must I delay too long to bring my writing to an end; for if my

473

narrative has hitherto escaped destruction, it has been by a

474

combination of great prudence and great good luck. Should the

475

throes of a change take me in the act of writing it, Hyde will tear it

476

in pieces; but if some time shall have elapsed after I have laid it by,

477

his wonderful selfishness and circumscription to the moment will

478

probably save it once again from the action of his ape-like spite.

479

And indeed the doom that is closing in on us both has already

480

changed and crushed him. Half an hour from now, when I shall

481

again and forever reindue that hated personality, I know how I

482

shall sit shuddering and weeping in my chair, or continue, with the

483

most strained and fearstruck ecstasy of listening, to pace up and

484

down this room (my last earthly refuge) and give ear to every sound

485

of menace. Will Hyde die upon the scaffold? Or will he find

486

courage to release himself at the last moment? God knows; I am

487

careless; this is my true hour of death, and what is to follow

488

concerns another than myself. Here then, as I lay down the pen

489

and proceed to seal up my confession, I bring the life of that

490

unhappy Henry Jekyll to an end.

Task:

1. Read each of the following sections highlighted in the chart on the next page and make notes in answer to the questions. Find short quotations to support your comments.

Extension:

1. What do you think about The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde? Write at least three paragraphs explaining your personal response to the story. Make sure that you include:

The extent to which you enjoyed it

Your opinion on how successful Stevenson is in constructing the plot Your thoughts on the ideas that the story explores Details from the text to support your comments and interpretations.

Question / point Response Supporting evidence

‘I was born…were they dissociated.’Find words and phrases meaning ‘two’ or ‘doubles’. What ideas do they express about duality in human nature?

‘I hesitated long before…I had lost in stature.’ (Line 59 – Line 87)Look at language describing the first mixture and transformation. How does it show Jekyll’s pleasure in evil?

‘There was no mirror…toward the worse.’ (Line 88 – Line 145)Identify important aspects of Hyde’s appearance. What do they show about the balance between good and evil?

‘Even at that time…the reach of fate.’ (Line 146 – 205)Identify metaphors and similes of concealment. How do they express Jekyll’s confidence in the role of Hyde?

‘Between these two…assaults of temptation.’ (Line 216 – Line 308)How are metaphors used to express ideas about temptation and willpower?

Lesson 26:

Vocabulary: imperious, perennial, incongruous, extraneous, efficacy, pious, vicarious, insidiously, irrevocably, capacious, languidly, insurgent, acquiescence

The duality of man

Task:

Below are a series of points about Jekyll and his explanation about his discovery of man’s dual nature in Chapter Ten: Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case. Find short quotations to support the points made below.

Jekyll has led a double life with his public, respectable face at odds with his secret world of unspecified pleasures

Jekyll stresses that he is no hypocrite, that he enjoys both lives equally yet is burdened by the feelings of shame which his secret life brings

Jekyll argues that all mankind has at least two personalities.

Jekyll feels that if it were possible to separate both identities he would be able to enjoy both lives without guilt or shame.

When he changes into Hyde, Jekyll experiences elation and a sense of freedom.

Up until the end of the novella, Hyde’s physicality had been smaller because the evil side of his nature had been dominated by the good and is therefore much less exercised.

Hyde returns whenever Jekyll contemplates doing good.

However, Hyde soon became more dangerous and ‘monstrous’ growing in strength. He begins to change into Hyde without drinking the potion, proving that the evil side is taking over.

Other aspects of duality in the novel.

Task:

There are many other ways that we have explored whilst reading the novella that duality is presented. Use the chart below to record your thoughts about duality in relation to the following elements in the novella.

SettingVictorian London

Soho itself

Jekyll’s house

CharacterisationUtterson’s characterisation

Jekyll’s characterisation

Jekyll versus Hyde

PerspectivesJekyll versus Lanyon

Wider reading:

There are many stories, over time, that have explored the theme of duality. Here are a few suggestions for further reading:

William Wilson (1839)Edgar Allen Poe

The American writer Edgar Allan Poe (1809-49) is famous for his horror stories. In one of them, William Wilson, the narrator, has a mysterious double with the same age and physical appearance as him, who follows him from when he is at school to when he is an adult. At the end of the story Wilson, who has started to lead a bad life, murders his ‘double’ but his dying double tells Wilson that he, the double, was the better part of Wilson.

Frankenstein (1818)Mary Shelley

In the famous novel by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (1797-1851), the scientist Victor Frankenstein creates a human being from parts of dead bodies. But when the creature comes to life, Frankenstein is horrified by his ugliness and runs away. The creature is terribly hurt by this, and follows his creator, murdering people in Frankenstein’s family to punish him. Frankenstein and his creature are like ‘father’ and ‘son’ but they also hate each other and try to kill each other: because of their father-son relationship and their love-hate behaviour they become almost doubles.

The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891)Oscar Wilde

In this short novel by Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), a handsome young man, Dorian Gray, never seems to grow older. It I the picture of himself that he keeps secret, locked away at the top of his house, which gets older, not Dorian. He leads a very bad life, but people don’t know this and find him charming. At the end of the novel Dorian is disgusted at how old and ugly his picture has become and attacks the picture with a knife, but when he does this he falls down dead. The picture once more shows a handsome young man, while Dorian’s dead body suddenly shows all the signs of age and bad living.