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Meteorology and Space Science Semester I 2016 Study Guide KEY

NOTE: Please note that this study guide is not all-inclusive. Please study all notes, labs, Web quests and

worksheets.

1. Explain a heliocentric model of the solar system. Sun centered solar system

2. Explain a geocentric model of the solar system. Earth centered solar system

3. Who discovered that the planets moved in an ellipse? Kepler

4. What did each of the following astronomers discover/observe?a. Kepler: Three Laws of Planetary Motion

b. Newton: Three Laws of Motion and Law of Universal Gravitational

c. Ptolemy: Supported a geocentric model of our solar system.

d. Aristotle: Earth was a sphere; geocentric model.

e. Aristarchus: First to support a heliocentric solar system.

f. Eratosthenes: First to accurately calculate Earth’s size

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g. Hans Lippershey: Invented the telescope

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h. Galileo Galilei: First astronomer to use the telescope

A B C D

Look at the diagrams and the table above. Answer questions 5-8.

5. Which diagram is the most eccentric orbit? D. The least eccentric orbit? A

6. Which planet has the most eccentric orbit? Mercury

7. Which planet orbits the Sun the fastest? Mercury

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8. Which planet has the slowest rotation? Venus

9. Fill in the chart:

Word Definition

Eccentricity The measure of how a planet’s orbit

deviates from a perfect circle.

Stellar Parallax Apparent shift in movement due to

orbital motion of Earth.

Base your answers to the following questions on the diagrams below and your knowledge of planetary orbits. The diagram represents a planet, P, in an elliptical orbit around a star located at F1. The foci of the elliptical orbit are F1 and F2. Orbital locations are represented by P1 and P6.

10. Where is gravity is strongest? P2 11. If the shaded portions of the orbital place are equal in area, which of Kepler’s Laws does this diagram best represent? Law 212. What is the best unit to measure distances to planets? AU (astronomical unit)

13. What is an AU? Distance from Earth to the Sun

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14. What is the best unit to measure distances to stars? Light-years.

15. What is the difference between revolution and rotation?Revolution: Earth orbiting around the Sun. Rotation: Earth spinning on its axis creating one day

16. Draw the phases of the Moon as seen from Earth. P.604

17. Explain why we see different phases from Earth.

The moon is half lit but we see different amounts of the lit half as the moon revolves around the Earth.

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18. Draw a solar and lunar eclipse. Pp. 605-606

19. Explain why eclipses don’t occur every month.

Moon, Sun, and Earth are not perfectly aligned because the Moon’s orbit is tilted 5 degrees with respect to Earth’s orbital path around the Sun.

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20. Draw a diagram of Spring and Neap tides. Be sure to include the following: Sun, Earth, and Moon. P 428.

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21. What latitudes on Earth receive the most direct sunlight? How long does it take for sunlight to reach Earth?

Near the Equator; approximately 0° Latitude. 8 minutes, 20 seconds

22. Give the reason for the seasons. The 23.5° tilt of the Earth’s axis as it rotates and revolves

around the Sun

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23. List the planets in order, starting with the Sun, which is at the center. Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Asteroid Belt Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto

24. List characteristics of terrestrial planets.

Small in size, high density, and little to no atmosphere

25. List characteristics of Jovian planets.

Large size, low density, and thick atmosphere

26. What is accepted theory of the formation of the solar system? Explain how the solar system formed.

Migrating PlanetsGravity pulls interstellar gas and dust together and spins it

into a disc.

The largest clump becomes the SunSmaller clumps become planets.

27. Which planet has the fastest winds? Neptune

28. Which planet had a great dark spot that faded? Neptune

29. Which planet is largest? Jupiter

30. Which planet other than Earth has a thick atmosphere from the Greenhouse Effect? Venus

31. What is the Great Red Spot on Jupiter? A storm

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32. Fill in the chart below.

Word Definition

Comets Balls of ice and dust that orbit the Sun in the Kuiper Belt and

Oort Cloud.

Asteroids Solid, mostly rocky, some icy, irregularly shaped, revolve

around the Sun. Most are in the Asteroid Belt between Mars

and Jupiter

Meteoroids Rock traveling through space

Meteors Rock burning from friction in Earth’s atmosphere

Meteorites Rock that crashes onto Earth’s surface

33. Is there a pattern to planetary distances within our solar system (inner vs outer planets)? Explain.

No, there is no mathematical pattern to distances between planets.

34. The Asteroid belt is located between what two planets? Mars and Jupiter

35. List the main gases in stars: Hydrogen and Helium

36. Stars produce energy through what process? Fusion

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37. What is an AU? What does 1 AU equal? How is it used? a. Astronomical Unit. b. 1 AU = 93 million miles, the distance from Earth to the

Sun.c. Measures distances between planets in the Solar System.

38. List the spectral type and the temperature of stars (Which stars are hot? Which stars are cool?)

HOT: Blue/white stars Cool: Red stars

39. Explain the relationship between the mass of a star and its life cycle length.

The larger the star, the shorter the life span

40. List the stages our Sun will take, starting with birth and ending

with death

Nebula Protostar Main sequence Red giant Planetary nebula White dwarf Brown Dwarf Black Dwarf

41. What does the color of a star tell you? Temperature of the star

42. List the stages a massive star will take from birth to death.

Nebula Protostar Main sequence Red super giant Supernova Neutron Star OR black hole

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43. Draw the following galaxies:

a. Irregular

b. Elliptical

c. Spiral

d. Barred Spiral

44. The Milky Way is what type of galaxy?

Barred Spiral

Use the HR diagram below to answer questions.

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45. What type of star is our Sun? Main Sequence

46. Supergiants are the brightest stars.

47. White dwarfs are the hottest stars.

Directions: Observe the diagram below.

48. Circle where nuclear fusion occurs: Sun’s Core, Corona, Convection (convective) Zone, Photosphere, Radiation (radiative) Zone, and Chromosphere.

49. Draw in sunspots on the Photosphere and label them.

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50. Which model shows how the Sun’s energy is released to reach the Earth from its core?

51. What is the highest atomic numbered element that the Sun can produce by fusion? Iron (Fe)

52. Explain the Doppler effect.

Change in wavelength of light emitted by an object due to its motion.

53. What is the difference between red shift and blue shift?

Red Shift Moving AWAY Blue Shift Moving TOWARDS

54. What does NASA stand for? National Aeronautics and Space Administration

55. What is the name of the North Star? Polaris

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56. Name Newton’s First Law of Motion and give an example. Inertia - Object in motion stays in motion or object at rest stays at rest unless acted on by an outside force. Example: Couch Potato or satellite falling around the Earth.

57. Name Newton’s Second Law of Motion and give an example. Acceleration is directly proportional to mass and inversely proportional to force. F = ma. School bus: Add mass, decrease acceleration; remove mass, increase acceleration.

58. Name Newton’s Third Law of Motion and give an example. Action-reaction. Bat hits ball; ball hits bat.

The final exam for this class is: __________________________________

***On the final exam you may use both sides of a handwritten 4x6 note card. It may not be split in the middle nor may a pop-up sheet be inserted inside. Good Luck!***