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EMS Geography GCSE Revision FLASH CARDS:Unit 1 – Geographical Skills

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS

What is the difference between a label and an annotation?

A label is a simple descriptive point whereas an annotation is an explanatory label. e.g. outside of meander (label) outside of a meander which river flows faster due to less friction (annotation)


What is the difference between an aerial photograph and an oblique photograph?

An aerial photograph is a photograph taken directly from above - i.e. a birds-eye view,

whereas an oblique photograph is one taken from above, but from an angle.

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS Briefly describe the main stage in drawing a sketch map

1. Draw a simple box frame (using pencil or black pen) and add grid lines to act as guidelines 2. Draw any features relevant to the question asked and which will help make more sense of the map (e.g. roads / major settlements – use the map key) 3. Add appropriate key, labels and annotations


How do you work out four-figure grid references?

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS How do you work out six-figure grid references?



What does scale mean and what does a scale of 1:50,000 mean?

Scale is the link between real life distances and those shown on a map. 1:50,000 means that 1cm on the map is equal to 50,000cm in real life – i.e. 1cm on a map = 0.5km in real life.


If asked to measure distance on a map, what is the difference between direct or straight line distance and actual distance?

Direct, or straight line distance, means measuring the direct distance between two places on a map (i.e. not following roads) Actual distance, means measuring the distance by roads between two places.


A. c. What landscape features would these contour patterns represent?

A. A V-shaped valley

B. East facing steep sided slope

C. Spot height (highest point)

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLSGive examples of physical features that you could describe from a map.

Relates to natural features - so may include: - relief (shape of land - e.g. contour patterns, shape of land - e.g. valleys, height above sea level etc.) - Drainage (e.g. number of rivers, width, lakes, marsh etc.) - Vegetation - woodland, type vegetation etc.

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS Give examples of human features that you could describe from a map

Relates to man-made features / influenced by humans and may include: Land-use (i.e. residential, recreation, industrial etc.USE THE OS MAP KEY & CATEGORIES TO HELP) Communications (i.e. roads, railways etc.) Settlement (inc. site, situation, shape (linear, nucleated etc.))

B


EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLSHow do you describe distributions (patterns) on an atlas map?

- Give a statement about the general distribution e.g. uneven.- Give specific examples of trends – highs / lows / clustered or dispersed – including names and using data from the key.- Identify any anomalies (does not fit the trends) – give a specific example and data to support your point.- Be prepared to compare (similarities) and contrast (differences) between two maps.Remember: If asked to describe – DO NOT USE WORDS SUCH AS – SO, AS, BECAUSE = Explaining = no marks.


How can I remember compass directions?

Never Eat Shredded Wheat

(You will need to remember the 8 points of a compass)

Naughty Elephants Squirt Water

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLSHow do I draw a cross-section graph?

Cross-sections show the relief (shape of the land) on a map.The distance is on the x-axis (horizontal)The height is on the y-axis (vertical)How?:- Find the two points (usually 6-fig grid references) on the map and draw a straight line using a pencil and ruler.- Using a strip of paper, mark each point on the line which crosses a thick orange contour and also note the contour (height) value.- Place the strip on the x-axis of the graph and plot the points and values.- Connect together free-hand using a pencil.Describing cross-sections: Relief - contours which are close together = steep / contours far apart = flat or gentleIdentify other physical features e.g. types of vegetation / woodland or lakes / mountainsIdentify human features e.g. roads / land use

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLSWhat is meant by the site of a settlement? What could be included in a description of site?

This refers to the physical characteristics of the place and the land it is built on.

S H A W L

Slope; Height above sea level; Aspect (way slope faces); Water Supply; Land (e.g. floodplain)


EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS What is meant by the situation of a place?

The location of a place in relation to other places (e.g. 2 km northwest of the A428, or located on the south bank of the River Ouse) etc.

Remember - P A R C

Places (nearby Settlements); Accessibility; Relief (near hills etc.) Communications (e.g. near roads / rivers)

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS Define the following terms: - Linear Settlement - Nucleated Settlement - Dispersed Settlement

Linear Settlement - where buildings are located either side of a main road

Nucleated Settlement - where buildings are grouped together (often at a crossroads or around a village green)

Dispersed Settlement - where individual buildings are spread out around an area

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS Describe the stages involved in constructing a bar chart

1. Choose an appropriate scale for the x and y axis and draw up the axis on graph paper using a ruler and sharp pencil 2. Draw each bar to the correct value (leaving a gap between each bar) 3. Label each axis and add a title 4. Colour each bar and add a key

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS Give 3 advantages of using Bar Graphs and also state a disadvantage

Advantages: - can easily compare 2 or 3 data sets - can estimate values from a glance - summarises large data sets in visual form

Disadvantages: - can only be used with discrete data

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLSGive one advantage of a located bar chart over a normal bar graph

Located bar charts help to give spatial relevance to data and therefore help identify differences between places enabling easy visual comparison


EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS What is meant by Discrete Data?

Data which has values which are distinct and separate (i.e. they can be counted - e.g. 1,2 3)). Examples include gender (male, female); blood group (O A B AB)

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS What is meant by Continuous Data?

Data that can take any value (within a range). You can count, order and measure continuous data Examples: heights e.g. 1.2metres 10.6 metres. People's heights could be any value (within the range of human heights), not just certain fixed heights.

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS Describe the difference between a bar graph and a Histogram

Histograms show continuous data and therefore bars are drawn touching each other,

whereas bar graphs show discrete data and each bar should have a small gap between them.


What are compound bar graphs?

A compound bar graph allows you to show the proportions between a range of datasets which are identified using a key.The total can be interpreted as well as the differences between the datasets by subtracting one from the others.



What is meant by an isoline?

An isoline joins places of equal value and show the distribution of a variable over an area.

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS What data to the following isolines show? - Isohyets - Contour Lines - Isochrones - Isobars - Isovels

- Isohyets - join places of equal rainfall- Contour Lines - join places of equal height - Isochrones - join places which are of equal time distance from an area - Isobars - join places of equal air pressure - Isovels - join places of equal velocity in a river

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLSDescribe the stages involved in constructing an isoline map

1. Draw / find a base map showing the relevant area 2. Identify and name the places of origin and destination of flow 3. Look at range of values of the flow and decide on appropriate scales 4. Draw on the flow lines - tail of arrow should be in country where the flow began and arrow should point to the UK 5. Add a scale, title and shade the arrow to make them clearer.


Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of isolines

Advantages: 1. good for showing gradual changes over space 2. avoids the abrupt changes shown on choropleth maps

Disadvantages: 1. requires a large amount of data for accurate drawing 2. unsuitable for showing discontinuous patchy distributions



What are flow lines used for?

These lines can be used to show direction and movement - the direction of the line representing the direction of the flow and;- the thickness of the line representing the volume of flow.

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS Give examples of data that could be shown using flow lines.

1. Pedestrian flows around a CBD

2. Traffic flows between a settlement and surrounding villages

3. Migration to or from the UK

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using a flow line map

An advantage is that it gives a strong visual impression of both volume of movement and direction of movement between 2 places.

However

A disadvantage is that parts of the map can get very crowded and make it more difficult to interpret

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS What criteria need to be met to use a Triangular Graph to represent a data set?

The data set needs to be made up of 3 parts and each needs to be in % adding up to 100%


EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS Give examples of data which could be represented using a triangular graph

1. Employment Structure (i.e. % working in primary, secondary and tertiary industry)

2. Land use (i.e. % residential, recreational and industrial)

3. Soil Texture (i.e. % sand, % clay and % loam)


Give 3 advantages of a Triangular Graph

1. A large number of data can be shown one graph

2. Enables data to be classified easily

3. A sophisticated technique showing information about several variables on one graph

4. Dominant characteristics can be shown clearly

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLSDescribe 7 characteristics of the population pyramid of a LIC

-Shape: Triangle = e.g. Philippines (LIC)-Wide base = high birth rate = youthful population-Narrowing quickly at 5-9 years = high infant mortality-Narrow top = high death rate and low life expectancy-Growth rate: Low -DTM: Stage 1-Future: More like Brazil

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLSDescribe 6 characteristics of the population

-Shape: Concave = e.g. Germany-Narrow base = low birth rate-Wide top = low death rate & high life expectancy = ageing population-Growth rate: Low-DTM: Stage 4-Future: Continue to become wider at the top and narrower at the bottom = DTM Stage 5


pyramid of a HIC (declining population)

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS What is a rose or ray diagram?

Rose or ray diagrams tend to be used to show the movement of groups of people. The length of the arrow would be the number of people and the arrow direction shows where the people come from.


What is a compound line graph?

Compound line graphs show continuous data for a number of variables. Similar to compound bar graphs.Disadvantage: They can be some of the hardest graphs to interpret.

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS What is a choropleth map?

These maps are shaded according to a range of values. For example showing population density

Disadvantage: May not show variations within an area.

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS Describe the basic stages in constructing a choropleth map

1. Locate an appropriate base map for the study area 2. Select the groupings to be mapped - rind the range of values and devise a shading scale 3. Choose an appropriate shading to use (could be one colour - highest values represented by darkest colour) 4. Shade map neatly and add a key to show the ranges 5. Give map a title.


EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS State one advantage and one disadvantage of a choropleth map

Advantage - gives a good visual impression of the data and changes over space - patterns can easily be identified Disadvantage - can hid variations within an area (and if too many categories - can be difficult to distinguish between shades)


What is a dispersion graph and why use it?

Dispersion graphs show the range of a date set, they can be useful for showing the tendency of a data set to cluster or disperse.

Dispersion graphs can also be useful for comparing the range of two data sets

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS What is meant by a proportional symbol? A proportional symbol -

e.g. proportional circles, are drawn in a proportion that represents the size of the value that is being presented.

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS Give 2 advantages and one weakness of using proportional symbols

1. Proportional symbol maps are not dependent on the size of the area associated with the variable so all areas have equal visual importance

2. provides a quick visual comparison of a variable between 2 places.

Weakness: Scale must be appropriate to fit presentation.


EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS What are scatter graphs used for?

Scattergraphs can be used to see if there is a relationship between two sets of data and can indicate the nature of the relationship – whether positive or negative.

Weakness: Can take time to construct.

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS Why is a best fit line used for on a scattergraph?

A best fit line is used to indicate the strength of a relationship (positive or negative) shown between two variables on a scattergraph and also help to identify outliers (anomalies)

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS On a scattergraph - how do you decide which variable is plotted on the x axis and which variable is plotted on the y-axis?

The independent variable is plotted on the x axis and the dependent variable (i.e. the variable that is believed to rely on the other) is plotted on the y axis.

For example - GNP and Birth Rate: GNP is a measure of wealth and will affect Birth Rate - therefore GNP is the independent variable and is plotted on the x-axis whereas Birth Rate is the independent variable and is plotted on the y axis.

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS Evaluate the usefulness of a pie chart as a graphical technique

Advantages: - Visually very clear - shows % total for each category (easy comparison) - commonly used technique - easy to understand - can also make circle size proportional to total quantity represented

Disadvantages - doesn't provide much numerical data - hard to compare 2 data sets - if more than 3-6 categories - difficult to read - can only be used with discrete data



Describe what is meant by a pictogram

A pictogram uses symbols to show the data that you want to present. Each symbol stands for a certain quantity - e.g. for a pictogram showing a traffic count - one picture of a car may represent 10 cars in reality.

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS What is a topological diagram?

On topological diagrams, the position of the place remains the same but the distance and direction are not so important.

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS What is a hypothesis? Hypothesis is a statement which needs to be

proved or disproved


Give 4 advantages of using ICT in the collection of data

- Can use a handheld GPS to get accurate location information which can be used to show data linked to specific locations within a GIS - can collect qualitative data using digital cameras which can be used to help explain findings / anomalies - can access data that may not otherwise have been available - e.g. secondary data from internet - can ensure greater accuracy in readings and automatic collection to enable studies of change over time (using data loggers)

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS Give 3 disadvantages of using ICT in the

- often requires expensive equipment (e.g. data loggers / Global Positioning Systems) - may require specific software to actually make


collection of data use of the data collected using data loggers etc. - data from the internet may have some bias (need to consider reliability)

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS What steps would you take to download a satellite image to help with data presentation in a geographical enquiry?

1. Identify a source for satellite images, e.g. through a google search, or using a specific programme such as Google Earth. 2. Once located image - right click and save, or print screen image 3. Image can then be pasted within text and given a title. Annotations can be made using text boxes. 4. A figure number should be given so that it can be made reference to in text and the source of the image added.


Give 4 advantages of using ICT in the presentation and analysis of data

- provides the ability to process, search and query data using GIS - can save time - some graphical techniques and statistical tests are time consuming by hand (time saved can be spent on interpreting findings) - wide variety of different graphs can be produced quickly - base maps can be produced quickly

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS Give 4 disadvantages of using ICT in the presentation and analysis of data

- may require particular computer programmes (may be expensive) - need to ensure type of graph chosen is appropriate for data being presented - accuracy of graphs produced will only be as accurate as the raw data - some inaccuracies may occur during data input

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS What is meant by GIS?

GIS is a Geographical Information System - it is software tool that is available to geographers to aid the mapping and spatial analysis of data and information. It enables data to plotted and interrogated digitally in a map form. GIS can involve the layering of data, to overlay different data sets and look for spatial patterns and relationships therefore enabling us to make sense of large amounts of data


EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS Give 2 ways in which GIS can be used in society.

1. Emergency Services - ambulances use GIS to improve response time to identify where the nearest ambulance is to an emergency. A traffic map can help controllers make a decision on which ambulance to send, depending on how close and any traffic congestion / road works. 2. GIS is used to provide navigation systems in cars 3. Utility companies use GIS to locate and manage water, drains, gas and electricity supplies.

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS What does layering in GIS?

GIS enables large amounts of data to be shown on one map. Each data set represents a different layer which is superimposed on a map, so different layers can be switched on and off as required to add further detail to a map - e.g. a layer showing relief of land, a layer showing names of settlement, a layer showing position of rivers etc.


Give 3 advantages of GIS

- provides ability to show lots of information on one map - information can be linked together to help identify spatial patterns / support analysis of data - more and more people have access to GIS - e.g. i-phones etc. - GIS used by many public services to improve services offered - GPS combined with GIS has made travelling between places easier

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS Give 3 disadvantages of GIS

- May require expensive software and a computer which needs keeping updated - Some software is complicated to use / may require training - if too many layers or data are added to a map it can be difficult to interpret - GIS produces maps - but skills is still required to interpret the maps in a geographical context.

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS - upload photographs onto Google Earth using place


How could you improve a geographical enquiry using GIS?

marks - Measure straight line distances and irregular lines - Locate study areas and access aerial photographs - Link data / graphs collected with specific places in a GIS system

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