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Topic 3 – Classification and Biodiversity

Q1.

Natural selection can lead to adaptations in organisms.

Compare and contrast allopatric and sympatric speciation.

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(Total for question = 4 marks)

Q2.

Organic farming does not use artificial insecticides, herbicides or fertilisers, all of which are used in conventional farming.

Students investigated the effect of organic farming on the species diversity of butterflies.

They compared fields used for growing crops on an organic farm and on a conventional farm.

Some conventional farms have converted to organic farming.

A further experiment was carried out to investigate the effect on species diversity of how long the farms have used organic methods.

(i) Butterflies and plant species were sampled from a range of farms that had used organic farming methods for different lengths of time.

The number of plant species and the number of butterfly species were recorded.The results are shown in the table.

Explain how the number of years of organic farming affects the biodiversity of butterfly species.(3)

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(ii) Creeping thistle is considered to be a weed.

Creeping thistle has a deep root system and takes many years to be completely removed by organic farming methods.The moth population and the number of creeping thistle plants were counted.The results are shown in the table.

Explain the changes in the number of moth species.(2)

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Q3.

Treating Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections can be a problem, as the bacteria are resistant to many antibiotics.

There are many strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Different strains are resistant to different antibiotics or combinations of antibiotics.

The chart below shows the percentage of resistant strains of Mycobacteriumtuberculosis to six different antibiotics, or combinations of antibiotics, in 2006, 2007 and 2008.

(i) Using the information in the graph, compare the types of antibiotics and combinations of antibiotics that the Mycobacterium tuberculosis are resistant to in 2006 with 2007.

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(ii) The percentage of strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to the antibiotic INH has increased during these three years.

Suggest how natural selection could have resulted in this increase.

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(iii) Suggest how hospitals could prevent an increase in the percentage of strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to antibiotics.

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Q4.

Insect pests feed on crops. Insecticides are chemicals that are sprayed onto fields to kill these insect pests.

Some of these insects are not killed by insecticide. These insects are said to be resistant.

In an investigation into insect resistance, an insecticide was sprayed onto fields at monthly intervals for eight months.

The percentage of resistant insects in the population was calculated during the eight months.

The graph shows the results of this investigation.

Analyse the data to explain the change in the percentage of resistant insects in the population during the eight months.

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Q5.

There are drugs that can be taken to reduce the reproduction of HIV.

Explain why a patient is usually given several different drugs at the same time.

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Q6.


(i) Which of the following is an example of a behavioural adaptation?

(1) A courtship display in sticklebacks B litter size in pigs C number of Drosophila eggs that hatch D pollen production in sycamore trees

(ii) Which of the following is an example of anatomical adaptation?

(1) A an alarm call by a song thrush B dominance behaviour in dairy cattle C limb structure in primates D water potential in root hair cells

(iii) Which of the following is an example of physiological adaptation?

(1) A increased number of stomata on leaf upper surface in a water lily B production of venom by a snake C reduction of leaves to spines in a cactus D salmon swimming upstream to mate


Q7.

The Northern elephant seal is a mammal found in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.

In the nineteenth century, Northern elephant seals were hunted and this reduced the population to about 20 seals.

The seals were listed as an Appendix II species when CITES was established in the 1970s.

The population has now recovered to over 100 000 individuals.

The seals in this population have developed health problems, including a high mortality rate for newborn pups, deformities and weak immune systems.

Northern elephant seals are able to dive to great depths and hold their breath for up to two hours.

The tables show data for four diving mammals.

(i) Calculate the total mass of haemoglobin in a Northern elephant seal.

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* (ii) Analyse the data to explain how marine mammals are adapted for diving.

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Q8.

The World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF) is the largest conservation organisation in the world.

The WWF recently claimed that 'some 46 000 to 58 000 square miles of forest are lost each year. This is equivalent to 36 football fields every minute'.

This level of deforestation affects biodiversity.

Scientists studied the relationship between protecting land from deforestation and the percentage of species conserved.

The graph shows the results of the study.

The number of species in a forest is one factor that affects biodiversity.

Some scientists use the following formula to calculate biodiversity.

Describe how scientists could collect the data needed for this formula in order to calculate biodiversity.

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Q9.

An investigation was carried out to determine the numbers of different species of lizards in two areas. The results are shown in the table.

(i) Calculate an index of diversity (D) for area A, using the formula(3)

N = total number of organisms of all speciesn = total number of organisms of a particular species

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(ii) Area B has an index of diversity of 2.1.With reference to these indices and the data given, compare and contrast the biodiversity of these two areas.

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Q10.

Minke whales, killer whales and dolphins are all cetaceans.

These animals are different species that all belong to the order Cetacea.

The Venn diagram shows unique and shared gene families in the genomes of minke whales, dolphins, pigs and cows.

Calculate the percentage of a dolphin's gene families that are shared with the minke whale.

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Q11.

Organic farming does not use artificial insecticides, herbicides or fertilisers, all of which are used in conventional farming.

Students investigated the effect of organic farming on the species diversity of butterflies.

They compared fields used for growing crops on an organic farm and on a conventional farm.

Butterflies were sampled three times on both farms during July. They were collected by walking around the fields using a sweep net. On each sampling exercise, the butterflies were collected until no more butterflies were seen.

Sampling was only carried out when the temperature exceeded 25°C and the wind speed was low.

The results are shown in the table.

(i) The index of diversity for the conventional farm is 1.54

Use the formula to calculate the index of diversity for the organic farm.

N = total number of organisms of all species n = total number of organisms of a particular species

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(ii) Explain why the organic farm has a higher index of diversity than the conventional farm.

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(iii) Criticise the method used by the students to obtain these results.

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Q12.

The Northern elephant seal is a mammal found in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.

In the nineteenth century, Northern elephant seals were hunted and this reduced the population to about 20 seals.

The seals were listed as an Appendix II species when CITES was established in the 1970s.

The population has now recovered to over 100 000 individuals.

The seals in this population have developed health problems, including a high mortality rate for newborn pups, deformities and weak immune systems.

(i) Describe the role of treaties such as CITES in maintaining global biodiversity.

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(ii) Explain why, although the population of seals has recovered, many of the seals have health problems.

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Q13.

The photographs below show three mammals.

Tasmanian wolf (Thylacinus cynocephalus)

Grey wolf (Canis lupus)

Dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata)

The evolutionary relationships between these three mammals were investigated. The DNA base sequence of part of the gene for 12S ribosomal RNA from each mammal was analysed.

(a) Explain which two of these mammals are most closely related in their evolutionary history.

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(b) The Tasmanian wolf is a marsupial mammal. In marsupials, the young are born in a tiny, immature form and move into a pouch on the abdomen of the mother to develop further.

The grey wolf is a placental mammal. The fetus develops inside the uterus and the larger young are born in a more mature form.The ancestors of Tasmanian wolves and grey wolves once shared similar habitats.Explain why grey wolves and their close relatives are now found in many parts of the world but Tasmanian wolves only survived on isolated islands.

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Q14.

There are currently only three surviving species of elephant:

· Asian elephant, Elephas maximus· African bush elephant, Loxodonta africana· African forest elephant, Loxodonta cyclotis

All African elephants used to be classified as a single species.

Recent comparisons of African elephants demonstrated that they are two separate species.

The diagrams show the appearance and locations of the two African elephant species.

(i) Give one reason why scientists used to classify African elephants as a single species.

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(ii) Scientists agreed to separate the African elephants into two species based on new evidence from DNA sequencing.

State how scientists reach agreement on new evidence.(1)

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Q15.

Tapirs are nocturnal mammals that are found in South America.

In 2013, the Journal of Mammalogy published an article describing the discovery of a new species of tapir, Tapirus kabomani.

Scientists already knew about the animal but thought that it was the same species as Tapirus terrestris.

(a) Give one reason why scientists thought that Tapirus kabomani was the same species as Tapirus terrestris.

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(b) These two species of tapir can be distinguished using gene sequencing.

Describe how sufficient amounts of DNA could be obtained in preparation for gene sequencing.(4)

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(c) Explain how distinguishing Tapirus kabomani as a separate species could affect the index of diversity of the area.

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Q16.

The diagram shows four varieties of rabbit.

Fur colour in rabbits is controlled by four different alleles:

· the allele for brown fur, C, is dominant to all other alleles· the allele for chinchilla fur, cch, is dominant to the alleles for Himalayan and albino· the allele for Himalayan fur, ch, is dominant to the allele for albino· the allele for albino fur, c, is recessive to all other alleles

The fur colour of animals can be affected by natural selection.

Compare and contrast stabilising selection with disruptive selection.

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Q17.

The biodiversity of species in Costa Rica is one of the highest in the world.

Costa Rica represents 0.3% of the Earth's total land area. It has 4% of all identified species of living organisms. Many of these species live in the rainforests of this country.

(i) Explain what is meant by the term biodiversity.

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(ii) Describe how the species richness of the rainforests in Costa Rica could be measured.

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Q18.

Seed banks store seeds for future use. Seeds can be stored for a long time if the seeds are kept dry with a moisture content of less than 8%.

The seeds are stored in closed containers. The percentage germination of the seeds is measured to test their viability during storage.

At the Millennium Seed Bank, the seeds are stored in closed glass containers at 15% relative humidity at a temperature of –20°C.

The graph shows the percentage germination of seeds kept in three different closed containers: metal, cellophane and paper. They were kept for 72 months at a temperature of –20°C.

(a) Analyse the data to explain why seeds are stored in glass containers in the Millennium Seed Bank.

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(b) Each time the seeds are tested for viability, 50 seeds are used.

State why 50 seeds are used.(1)

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(c) Calculate the rate of change in viability of the seeds stored in a cellophane container for the first two years.

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(d) Seeds from other parts of the world are stored in seed banks.

(i) Explain how the viability test would be different for these seeds from other parts of the world.(3)

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(ii) Explain why plants grown from these germinating seeds may not flower at the same time of year as they would have done in their country of origin.

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Q19.

The World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF) is the largest conservation organisation in the world.

The WWF recently claimed that 'some 46 000 to 58 000 square miles of forest are lost each year. This is equivalent to 36 football fields every minute'.

This level of deforestation affects biodiversity.

Scientists studied the relationship between protecting land from deforestation and the percentage of species conserved.

The graph shows the results of the study.

Analyse the data in the graph to explain how protection of land affects the percentage of species conserved.

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Q20.

In 2014 at Longleat Safari Park, a decision was made to humanely kill a female lion and four of her cubs. These lions showed violent and aggressive behaviour to other lions.

These lions had serious genetic defects caused by inbreeding.

(i) Suggest how inbreeding could have led to genetic defects in these lions.

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(ii) Describe how breeding programmes at zoos are designed to reduce the risk of inbreeding.

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Q21.

The island of Lanzarote is near the African coast and has a desert climate.

The photograph shows the edge of a lava flow from a volcano that erupted on this island about 200 hundred years ago.

In the foreground is an area that was not covered by the lava flow.

Over a long period of time, the lava will change to look like the climax community seen in the foreground.

King Juba's spurge, Euphorbia regis-jubae, is a plant that occupies a niche in the climax community.

Explain the niche occupied by King Juba's spurge.

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Q22.

Before the twentieth century, tigers were once widespread across the whole of South and South East Asia. Over the last hundred years, their geographical distribution has been reduced by over 90%. The diagram shows the current distribution of three varieties of tiger.

The development of palm oil plantations in Sumatra has removed areas of forest that provided the natural habitat for these tigers.

Many tigers in Sumatra suffer from inherited disorders.

Explain why planting strips of trees to link the remaining patches of forest would have an effect on the frequency of genetic disorders in these tigers.

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Q23.

Tetracycline and penicillin are two antibiotics that are commonly used to treat bacterial infections.

The diagram shows the structure of penicillin.

In 2013, an Australian scientist said that 'evolution was winning the antibiotics arms race'.

Comment on the statement made by this scientist.

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Q24.


Explain how evolution can occur through natural selection.

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Q25.

Malaria is caused by Plasmodium, a pathogenic microorganism.

Vaccination is one of many methods being used to control malaria.

In a study, the effectiveness of a vaccine for malaria was tested.

The following method was used:

· samples of Plasmodium were exposed to radiation and used to make a vaccine· two groups of people, A and B, were given different doses of the vaccine· a third group of people, C, was used as a control· one month after vaccination, all three groups of people were exposed to mosquitoes known to contain live Plasmodium· the number of people in each group with malaria was recorded.

The results are shown in the table.

Anti-malarial drugs can be used to protect people from malaria.

These drugs are not always effective because Plasmodium develop resistance.

Explain how drug-resistant Plasmodium may evolve.

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Q26.



Cetaceans evolved between 55 and 60 million years ago.

Their closest living relatives are thought to be pigs and cows.

The diagram shows the evolutionary relationship between minke whales, dolphins, pigs and cows.

Analyse the diagram to explain the evolutionary relationship between these four animals.

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Q27.

Antibiotics have been developed to control bacterial infections.

(a) Name one bacterium which causes symptoms of infection by producing exotoxins.

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(b) Explain how an antibiotic has a bacteriostatic effect on bacteria.

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*(c) Bacterial resistance to common antibiotics is an increasingly serious problem facing doctors treating a wide range of infections.

The graph below shows the percentage of resistant bacteria in patients being treated with antibiotics for Streptococcus pneumoniae infections.Group A had never been given antibiotics. Group B had been previously treated with other antibiotics. Group C had been previously treated with the named antibiotic.

Analyse the data and use your knowledge of antibiotic resistance to evaluate the claim that soon doctors will be unable to treat most common bacterial infections with antibiotics.

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Q28.

The effects of light intensity and temperature on the net primary productivity (NPP) of young willow trees were investigated.

Young willow trees were grown in two greenhouses: one with high light intensity and one with low light intensity.

In each greenhouse, groups of these willow trees were kept at different temperatures for six months.

The results are shown in the graph.

* In a further investigation, succession was monitored for fifty years in an abandoned field.

The field was originally used to grow crops.

After fifty years, large numbers of coniferous trees were growing in the field.

These coniferous trees do not shed many leaves.

When compared with younger trees, older coniferous trees have a much higher proportion of tree stem, branches and roots and a lower proportion of leaves.

The following factors were monitored:

· plant biomass· NPP· mineral ion content of soil· index of diversity of animals

The line graphs show the trends that happened over fifty years for each of the factors.

Analyse the data to explain how succession is linked to the changes in this abandoned field.

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Q29.

Chester Zoo has 10 black rhinoceros. The black rhinoceros is critically endangered due to being hunted for its horns.

One kilogram of rhinoceros horn can sell for more than £50 000.

The photograph shows a black rhinoceros.

The number of black rhinoceros fell from 70 000 in 1960 to 15 000 in the late 1970s.

All trade in black rhinoceros horn was prohibited under CITES in 1977.

However, hunting continued and fewer than 2 500 black rhinoceros were left by the year 2000.

(i) Explain why hunting continued after the black rhinoceros was listed in CITES.

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(ii) Explain why the genetic diversity of the black rhinoceros has decreased between 1960 and 2000.

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Q30.

The finches of the Galapagos Islands have different shaped beaks to feed on different food sources.

The photograph below shows one of these finches, the medium ground finch, Geospiza fortis. The medium ground finch has a deep beak that enables it to crush seeds.

In the 1970s, there was a severe drought on the Galapagos Islands. This caused a decrease in the production of the seeds eaten by this finch.

The graph below shows the number of medium ground finches, on one of the Galapagos islands, from 1974 to 1978.

Medium ground finches have a range of beak sizes.

Suggest an explanation for the variation in beak sizes in medium ground finches.

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Q31.

The Eurasian lynx is the largest native European cat species.

It was once widespread across Europe but is now restricted to small areas of national parks.

Ex-situ and in-situ conservation measures were used in the 1970s to increase biodiversity.

· Lynx were bred in zoos and 10 were reintroduced into an area of protected forest where the lynx had become extinct.· Existing wild lynx were protected in an area of forest where they had not become extinct.

In 2016 scientists estimated the population sizes and genetic biodiversity of the lynx in these two areas of forest.

They found that the population and genetic biodiversity of the lynx in the area where they had been reintroduced were much lower than in the protected area.

(i) State what is meant by the term biodiversity.

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(ii) Explain why, in 2016, the genetic biodiversity of the lynx population in the area where they had been reintroduced was much lower than in the protected area.

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Q32.



A wholphin is an extremely rare hybrid animal born from the mating of a female dolphin and a male killer

whale.

Kekaimalu was a wholphin born in the United States in 1985. Kekaimalu was mated with a dolphin and on three occasions gave birth to live offspring.

Explain how this case study illustrates the limitations of the definition of a species.

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Q33.

The chart shows the estimated number of different species of all organisms currently known.

The chart was published in a journal.

Explain why the chart was peer reviewed before it was published.

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Q34.

The photograph shows a stonechat, Saxicola dacotiae.

The species breeds only on the island of Fuerteventura.

Explain how this species of stonechat may have evolved on the island of Fuerteventura.

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Q35.

A student carried out an investigation to test the hypothesis that the surface area to mass ratio of leaves is affected by the amount of light they receive.

A nettle plant growing in sunlight and a second nettle plant growing in shade in a wood were selected.

The surface area and mass of several leaves were measured and the surface area to mass ratio was calculated. The table below shows the results.

(a) Explain how the data shows how nettle plant leaves grown in the shade are adapted to growing in low light intensities.

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(b) The student was told that his method was not valid and that some biotic and abiotic variables may not be controlled.

Give five ways in which the student could modify the investigation to address these concerns.(5)

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Q36.

An investigation was carried out to find out if there was a correlation between the fish species diversity in a lake and the size of the area sampled.

The graph below shows the results.

Explain how natural selection could account for the change in fish species diversity as the size of the area sampled increased.

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Q37.


Natural selection can lead to speciation.

(i) Which information about a new organism would to lead to it being classified as a new species?

(1) A anatomical differences B behavioural differences C genetic differences D inability to produce fertile offspring with similar species

(ii) Give one method that a scientist might use to inform the scientific community about the discovery of a new species.

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Q38.

Chester Zoo has 12 000 animals from 400 different species.

Chester Zoo aims "to be a major force in conserving biodiversity worldwide".

State one ethical reason and one economic reason for the conservation of biodiversity.

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Q39.

The photograph shows a stonechat, Saxicola dacotiae.

The species breeds only on the island of Fuerteventura.

A survey has shown that there may be fewer than 1000 pairs of S. dacotiae on Fuerteventura.

The number has declined over the last 20 years due to habitat loss.

Explain the role of zoos in the conservation of species such as S. dacotiae.

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Q40.

The chart shows the estimated number of different species of all organisms currently known.

The following statement was written in the journal:

'It is thought that the process of speciation will generate even more species in the future'.

Explain what is meant by this statement.

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Q41.

Before the twentieth century, tigers were once widespread across the whole of South and South East Asia. Over the last hundred years, their geographical distribution has been reduced by over 90%. The diagram shows the current distribution of three varieties of tiger.

Use the map to explain how the different varieties of tiger may eventually become separate species.

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Q42.

Species diversity varies in different habitats.

Explain why there is a difference in the species diversity found in a tropical rainforest compared to the species diversity found in a desert.

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Q43.

The use of insecticides can affect the species biodiversity in a habitat.

A student investigated the effect of an insecticide on the species biodiversity in a hedge.

She counted the number of individuals of four different species, P, Q, R and S, found in a section of the hedge.

She then sprayed this section of hedge with insecticide. After a period of time, she counted the number of individuals of the same four species.

She repeated this for other sections of this hedge.

The table shows the results of this investigation.

The student used these data to calculate an index of diversity, (D).

N = total number of organisms of all species

n = total number of organisms of a particular species

(i) The calculated value of D before spraying with insecticide was 4.08.

Calculate the index of diversity after spraying with insecticide.(2)

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(ii) The student concluded that spraying with insecticide will reduce species diversity.

Describe two features of this investigation that affect the validity of this conclusion.(2)

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Q44.

Explain how an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide might affect the evolution of stomatal density in plants.

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Q45.

The photograph shows a species of insect, Gryllus pennsylvannicus.

Scientists used to think that G. pennslyvannicus and two other species, G. fultoni and G. rubens, belonged to the same species.

The insects live in North Carolina in the USA.

Scientists have produced evidence that these insects have evolved into three distinct species from a common ancestor.

They recorded the male mating calls of each species and produced a graph representing the sound made. The graph is called a sonogram.

The diagram shows the sonogram for each species.

Explain how the insects evolved from a common ancestor into three distinct species.

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Q46.

The finches of the Galapagos Islands have different shaped beaks to feed on different food sources.

The photograph below shows one of these finches, the medium ground finch, Geospiza fortis. The medium ground finch has a deep beak that enables it to crush seeds.

In the 1970s, there was a severe drought on the Galapagos Islands. This caused a decrease in the production of the seeds eaten by this finch.

The graph below shows the number of medium ground finches, on one of the Galapagos islands, from 1974 to 1978.

Place a cross in the box next to the correct word or words to complete each of the following statements.

(i) The deep beak of the medium ground finch is an example of

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A anatomical adaptation

B behavioural adaptation

C physiological adaptation

D selective adaptation

(ii) The number of medium ground finches fell most rapidly from

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A 1974 to 1975

B 1975 to 1976

C 1976 to 1977

D 1977 to 1978

Q47.

A study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial properties of plants found in Costa Rica. The species tested are all used in traditional medicine.

Nine of the species tested showed antimicrobial properties and six of these species are found only in the rainforest.

Suggest why the results of this investigation support the need to maintain biodiversity.

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Q48.

There are currently only three surviving species of elephant:

· Asian elephant, Elephas maximus· African bush elephant, Loxodonta africana· African forest elephant, Loxodonta cyclotis

Complete the table showing the classification of the African bush elephant.

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Q49.

An insect pest infects a tree causing the leaves to fall off. These trees need to be treated with an insecticide that kills the pest.

Scientists wanted to compare the procedures that could be used to treat trees with an insecticide.

They used the following procedures in their investigation:

· spraying the insecticide onto the soil· spraying the insecticide onto the bark of the trees· spraying the bark of the trees with water

After each procedure was used they measured the percentage of leaves still remaining on the trees after a period of time.

The graph shows the results.

(a) Give one other procedure that should be used to allow a valid comparison of the results to be made.

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(b) Insecticide is transported in trees from root hair cells to the leaves and from lenticels in the bark to the leaves.

(i) Describe how insecticide would be transported from the soil into root hair cells and then to the leaves.

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(ii) Give a reason why insecticide transport is more effective when sprayed onto soil rather than onto bark.

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(c) Give a reason why spraying the insecticide onto the bark of trees is better for woodland biodiversity than spraying it onto the soil.

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Q50.

The photograph shows a species of insect, Gryllus pennsylvannicus.

Scientists used to think that G. pennslyvannicus and two other species, G. fultoni and G. rubens, belonged to the same species.

The insects live in North Carolina in the USA.

Scientists have produced evidence that these insects have evolved into three distinct species from a common ancestor.

They recorded the male mating calls of each species and produced a graph representing the sound made. The graph is called a sonogram.

The diagram shows the sonogram for each species.

Explain how gel electrophoresis could be used to identify which species is most closely related to the common ancestor.

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