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Ms. Hazel’s Living Environment Practice Regents Questions

Scientific Method Regents Review #1

The presence of air is believed to be important for root growth in bean plants. The apparatus available to conduct an investigation is shown below. There are enough bottles and other materials to have multiple setups. Air (for aeration) can be bubbled into the bottle through the rubber tube.

Design an experiment to test the effect of aeration on the growth of roots of bean seedlings. In your answer, be sure to:

state one hypothesis the experiment would test

describe how the control group will be treated differently from the experimental group

identify the dependent variable in the experiment


state one reason why many setups should be used in both the experimental and control groups

state one reason why several different kinds of seedlings were not tested in this experiment


Scientific Method Regents Review #2

1. Which activity would be an appropriate first step when designing an experiment?

1. reporting a conclusion based on multiple experimental trials2. researching the problem, using information from a variety of sources3. creating a data table to organize experimental observations4. repeating the experiment with a different hypothesis

2. Students noticed that some of their classmates have a hard time concentrating during class. They thought it may have some connection with the fact that these students consume energy drinks just before class. An experiment was proposed to find out if there is a connection between energy drinks and the lack of ability to concentrate in class. A properly designed experiment to determine this would include having

1. the whole class drink energy drinks and no water at all, for the entire time of the experiment

2. the whole class drink water and no energy drinks at all, for the entire time of the experiment

3. the students drink both water and an energy drink just before class4. half the students drink water and the other half drink an energy drink just before

class

Base your answer to questions 3-5 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

An experiment was carried out to answer the question “Does the pH of water affect the growth of radish plants?” Two groups of ten radish plants were set up. One group was watered with water having a pH of 3.0, and the other group was watered with water having a pH of 7.0. Both groups of plants received the same amount and intensity of light, the same amount of water, and they were grown in the same type of soil. The heights of the radish plants were measured every 2 days for a period of 2 weeks.

3. Which sentence is a possible hypothesis that was tested in this experiment?

1. Does the pH of water affect the growth of radish plants?2. Will the amount of water alter the heights of the radish plants?3. The temperature of the water will affect the heights of the radish plants.4. The pH of the water will affect the heights of the radish plants.

4. Which activity might help to increase the validity of this experiment?

1. repeating the experiment several times2. using two different types of radish seeds in each group


3. using the same pH for both groups of plants4. placing one set of plants in sunlight and one in darkness

5. What was the dependent variable in this experiment?

1. heights of the plants 3. pH of the water2. temperature of the water 4. type of soil

6. Daphnia are freshwater organisms sometimes referred to as “water fleas.” Design an experiment that could be used to test the effects of temperature on the size of a daphnia population. In your experimental design, be sure to:

• state a hypothesis to be tested

• describe how the control group will be treated differently from the experimental

group

• identify the independent variable in the experiment

• identify the type of data that will be collected

• State one way to increase the validity of the experiment

Life Processes and the Cell Regents Review Questions

Part 1. Life Processes

Ms. Hazel’s Living Environment Practice Regents Questions 1. Organisms undergo constant chemical changes as they maintain an internal balance known as

1. interdependence 2. homeostasis 3. synthesis 4. recombination

2. Which term includes all the activities required to keep an organism alive?

1. growth 2. excretion 3. metabolism 4. nutrition

3. The activity of a single-celled organism is represented in the diagram below.

Which concept is best illustrated by this diagram?

1. The life functions performed by single-celled organisms are different from the life functions performed by complex organisms.

2. Single-celled organisms carry out life functions that are essential for survival.

3. Since single-celled organisms lack organs, they can survive only in moist environments.

4. Single-celled organisms contain one organelle that performs all the life functions.

Part 2. Cell Organelles

Ms. Hazel’s Living Environment Practice Regents Questions 4. Which sequence represents structures organized from most complex to least complex?

1. chloroplast → guard cell → leaf → oak tree2. guard cell → chloroplast → leaf → oak tree3. oak tree → guard cell → leaf → chloroplast4. oak tree → leaf → guard cell → chloroplast

5. Single-celled organisms are able to maintain internal stability because they

1. have multiple organ systems2. work with other cells3. contain structures that perform life functions4. carry out photosynthesis to produce food

6. Which statement best describes the organelles in a cell?

1. All organelles are involved directly with communication between cells.2. Organelles must work together and their activities must be coordinated.3. Organelles function only when there is a disruption in homeostasis.4. Each organelle must function independently of the others in order to maintain

homeostasis.

7. The diagram below represents two cells viewed using the same magnification with the same microscope.

One possible conclusion that can be drawn about the activity of these two cells is that

1. more active transport occurs in cell B than in cell A

2. more active transport occurs in cell A than in cell B

3. cell B uses some of the extra mitochondria to make food

4. cell A is a plant cell since it has a cell wall

8. Which cell structures are correctly paired with their functions?

1. The mitochondria produce enzymes, and ribosomes transport them.2. The ribosomes make proteins, and the nucleus stores genetic information.3. The cell membrane makes enzymes, and cytoplasm transports them.4. The vacuole stores genetic information, and chloroplasts make proteins.


9. Structures in an animal cell are represented in the diagram below. Which row in the chart correctly identifies the functions of structures A, B, and C?

10. An ameba, a one-celled organism, can move, ingest, and transport materials within the cell, because it has

1. organs 2. organelles 3. tissues 4. systems

Part 3. Cell Transport

11. Which substance can enter a cell by diffusion without having to be digested?

1. water 2. protein 3. starch 4. fat

12. A function of cell membranes in humans is the

1. synthesis of the amino acids 3. production of energy2. replication of genetic material 4. recognition of certain chemicals

13. A substance is most likely to diffuse into a cell when

1. it is a large organic food molecule such as protein or starch2. it is enclosed in an organelle such as a vacuole3. the concentration of the substance is greater outside the cell than inside4. the pH of the substance is greater than the pH of the cell

Ms. Hazel’s Living Environment Practice Regents Questions 14. The diagram below represents a cell and some molecules in its environment.

Which molecule would require the use of energy in order to be brought into the cell?

1. 12. 23. 34. 4

15. The diagram below represents what occurred when an onion cell and a red blood cell were placed in distilled water.

The best explanation for why the onion cells do not burst, while red blood cells often do, is that

1. the red blood cells have only a cell membrane, which does not protect them from bursting

2. the onion cells do not have a cell wall that could protect them from bursting3. the onion cells have a cell membrane, which can protect them from bursting4. the red blood cells have a cell wall, which does not protect them from bursting

Biochemistry Regents Review

1. One effect of uncontrolled diabetes is that the blood might develop an acidic pH. As a result, cells may not be able to regulate their internal pH. Within these cells, this could cause a disruption of the function of biological catalysts known as


1. enzymes 2. toxins 3. antibodies 4. antigens

2. In order to enter cells and be useful to the body, starch must be

1. absorbed through the skin 3. broken down into fats and water2. digested into simple sugars 4. converted to carbon dioxide and ATP

3. The function of a specific enzyme is most directly influenced by its

1. molecular size 2. physical shape 3. carrying capacity 4. stored energy

4. Which statement explains the importance of maintaining a constant internal environment to ensure proper enzyme functioning?

1. Changes in pH and temperature will cause the enzyme reaction rate to be too fast.

2. Temperature and pH determine amino acid sequences in enzymes.3. Changes in pH will change the genetic instructions of enzymes.4. Increasing the temperature and pH can alter the specific shape of enzymes.

5. Which group consists entirely of organic molecules?

1. protein, oxygen, fat 3. protein, starch, fat2. water, carbon dioxide, oxygen 4. water, starch, protein

6. Organisms living in a bog environment must be able to tolerate nitrogen-poor, acidic conditions. Bog plants such as the Venus flytrap and sundew are able to obtain their nitrogen by attracting and consuming insects. These plants produce chemicals that break down the insects into usable compounds.

Which compounds present in insects are composed of the amino acids that provide the Venus flytrap and sundew with much of their nitrogen?

1. proteins 2. sugars 3. carbohydrates 4. fats

7. All chemical breakdown processes in cells directly involve

1. reactions that are controlled by catalysts2. enzymes that are stored in mitochondria3. the production of catalysts in vacuoles4. enzymes that have the same genetic base sequence

Base your answers to questions 8-9 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents a portion of a starch molecule.


8. The energy in this molecule is stored

1. in the bonds between atoms2. in the oxygen found in the molecule3. when the carbon atoms break off4. when water breaks this molecule apart

9.The building blocks for this molecule are

1. amino acids 2. simple sugars 3. Fats 4. molecular bases

10. A fully functioning enzyme molecule is arranged in a complex three-dimensional shape. This shape determines the

1. specific type of molecule it interacts with during a reaction2. rate at which the enzyme breaks down during a reaction it regulates3. pH of all body systems4. temperature of the products of the reaction it regulates

Base your answer to questions 11-12 on the diagram below, which represents a metabolic process, and on your knowledge of biology.

11. The letter X in the process represents

1. an antibody 2. a hormone 3. a receptor 4. an enzyme

12.This process best represents


1. the bonding of amino acids to form a starch molecule2. the digestion of amino acids to form a starch molecule3. the bonding of simple sugars to form a starch molecule4. the digestion of simple sugars to form a starch molecule

Photosynthesis - Respiration Regents Review

1. The equations represent two biochemical processes that occur in living organisms. The letter X represents a molecule produced from process 1.

Process 1: oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water + XProcess 2: carbon dioxide + water → oxygen + glucose

Which process occurs in the cells of a green plant leaf?

1. process 1, only 3. neither process 1 nor process 22. process 2, only 4. both process 1 and process 2

2. Which two processes are responsible for keeping the percentage of atmospheric oxygen at relatively constant levels?

1. circulation and coordination 3. respiration and coordination2. respiration and photosynthesis 4. photosynthesis and circulation

3. The diagram to the right represents specialized cells in the surface of the leaf of a green plant.

The main function of these cells is to

1. change the size of the stomate to regulate water loss2. close the stomate to keep dust and dirt out of the leaf3. directly provide leaf cells with the water involved in photosynthesis4. allow newly formed glucose to be released from the leaf

4. The energy used to obtain, transfer, and transport materials within an organism comes directly from

1. ATP 2. DNA 3. Sunlight starch

Ms. Hazel’s Living Environment Practice Regents Questions 5. Some sea slugs store chloroplasts obtained from algae they have ingested. The chloroplasts continue to carry out photosynthesis within the slugs. What advantage would this activity be to these sea slugs?

1. The slugs with chloroplasts can synthesize some of their own food.2. The slugs with chloroplasts no longer need to carry out respiration.3. The chloroplasts provide the slugs with camouflage that protects them from UV

radiation.4. The chloroplasts contain enzymes that allow the slugs to digest starch.

6. More energy can be released from a fat molecule than from a glucose molecule because the fat molecule contains more

1. Genes 2. organic compounds 3. chemical bonds 4. mitochondria

7. During the process of photosynthesis, energy from the Sun is converted into

1. chemical energy in the bonds of inorganic molecules2. chemical energy in the bonds of organic molecules3. enzymes used to produce inorganic molecules4. enzymes used to produce organic molecules

8. Plant cells can synthesize energy-rich organic molecules, and later break them down to extract that energy for performing life processes. These activities require direct interaction between the

1. chloroplasts and vacuoles 3. cell walls and ribosomes2. chloroplasts and mitochondria 4. ribosomes and mitochondria

9. A biological process that occurs in plants is represented below.

Which row in the chart below identifies the lettered substances in this process?

Row A B C D1. enzymes oxygen carbon dioxide glucose

2. carbon dioxide glucose oxygen enzymes


3. glucose enzymes oxygen carbon dioxide

4. oxygen glucose carbon dioxide enzymes

10. A cell in the leaf of a corn plant contains more chloroplasts than a cell in the stem of a corn plant. Based on this observation, it can be inferred that, when compared to the cell in the stem, the cell in the leaf

1. synthesizes more sugar2. has a higher chromosome count3. produces fewer proteins4. uses less carbon dioxide

11. As it grows from a seed to a mature plant, a plant will grow taller and thicker. Which are abiotic factors most responsible for the increase in the mass of the plant?

1. water, minerals, bacteria2. sunlight, oxygen, plant receptors3. minerals, water, plant enzymes4. water, sunlight, carbon dioxide

12. Which process is most closely associated with the regulation of water loss from the leaves of trees?

1. digestion of water within the cytoplasm in the leaf cells of the trees2. synthesis of protein by the chloroplasts in the leaf cells of the trees3. movement of water through leaf openings controlled by the guard cells4. absorption of nitrogen through leaf openings controlled by the guard cells

13. The buildup of waste products in muscle cells that are active might cause

1. digestion2. cellular respiration3. increased fatigue4. decreased heart rate

14. The diagram below represents a cell structure involved in converting energy stored in organic molecules into a form used by animal cells.


The arrows represent the movement of which substances?

1. carbon dioxide and sugar2. oxygen and ATP3. ATP and carbon dioxide4. oxygen and sugar

15. Photosynthesis and respiration are alike in that they both

1. require the Sun as a direct source of energy2. result in the production of glucose molecules3. require specific catalysts4. occur within mitochondria

Human Body Regents Review Questions

1. An allergic reaction to certain types of natural, unprocessed foods, such as peanuts, is caused by

1. a lack of digestive enzymes 3. a response to specific antigens2. microorganisms living within the food 4. high levels of carbon dioxide in

the air

2. When getting a vaccination, which substance is injected into the body?

1. bacteria to combat a pathogen 3. white blood cells to engulf a pathogen

2. a weakened form of a virus 4. antibiotics to kill a virus

3. Pneumocystis is an organism normally found in the human lungs that can cause pneumonia. It seldom causes problems in individuals with healthy immune systems. However, people with AIDS sometimes become seriously ill with pneumonia. This is most likely due to the fact that individuals with AIDS have

1. inherited a tendency to contract pneumonia 3. difficulty fighting off infections2. an allergy to this organism 4. hormones that strengthen the

infection


4. The diagram below represents the region between two nerve cells. Cell A releases a chemical that travels to and binds with structure X on cell B.

Structure X most likely represents

1. a receptor molecule2. an inorganic substance3. a ribosome4. an antibody

5. The action of insulin on sugar levels in the blood helps to

1. interfere with homeostasis 3. maintain dynamic equilibrium2. coordinate enzyme production 4. regulate digestion of protein

6. A substance directly involved in cellular communication within the human body is

1. an antibody 2. an antibiotic 3. a hormone 4. a starch

7. An increase in the level of hormone A causes an increase in the level of hormone B. The increase in the level of hormone B then causes a decrease in the level of hormone A. This process is an example of

1. a failure to maintain homeostasis2. the breakdown of chemicals3. a disruption in cellular coordination4. a feedback mechanism

8. An infection in the body might result in a sudden

1. decrease in the activity of antigens produced by the mitochondria2. decrease in the amount of DNA present in the nuclei of cells3. increase in the activity of white blood cells4. increase in the number of red blood cells

9. The nucleus of a cell coordinates processes and activities that take place in the cell. Which two systems perform a similar function in the human body?

1. nervous and endocrine 3. digestive and reproductive2. circulatory and respiratory 4. skeletal and muscular

Ms. Hazel’s Living Environment Practice Regents Questions 10. An activity that occurs in the human body is shown below.

This activity helps to

1. provide protection against pathogens2. produce antibiotics to control disease3. eliminate harmful gene alterations4. regulate production of ATP by the cell

11. Which statement best explains why some cells in the reproductive system only respond to certain hormones?

1. These cells have different DNA than the cells in other body systems.2. These cells have specific types of receptors on their membranes.3. Reproductive system cells could be harmed if they made contact with hormones

from other body systems.4. Cells associated with the female reproductive system only respond to the

hormone testosterone

12. The maintenance of homeostasis in the body is most directly related to

1. cellular communication 3. cycling of energy2. aging of the organism 4. recombination of chromosomes

13. Like humans, animals including dogs and cats get goose bumps. On a cold day, these goose bumps cause their coats to expand creating a layer of insulation. If the animal is scared, the coat will also expand making the animal look larger to predators. These responses serve as examples of

1. allergic reactions 3. learned behaviors2. detection and response to stimuli 4. reproductive and feeding

success

14. Every time a child visited a cousin who has two cats, the child’s eyes turned red, itched, and began to water. Then, the child began to have trouble breathing. It is most likely that the child reacted this way because

1. normally harmless cat antigens stimulated the immune system2. it is difficult for the respiratory system to filter cat antigens out of the inhaled air3. cat antigens are a health hazard, since they always cause disease


4. cat antigens stop the immune system from making antibodies, so bacteria cause these responses

15. The diagram below represents levels of glucose and insulin found within the bloodstream of a healthy person throughout the course of the day.

The increase in insulin levels following an increase in glucose levels in the blood can best be explained by

1. insulin being released into the blood to digest glucose2. a feedback mechanism that regulates blood glucose levels3. an excess of glucose-stimulating guard cells4. a response of the immune system to lower excess blood glucose levels

16. The two reactions illustrated in the diagrams below often occur when a foreign substance enters the body.

The cells labeled A and B are examples of cells known as

1. guard cells2. reproductive cells3. white blood cells


4. specialized skin cells

Reproduction Regents Review

1. The diagram represents events that occur during embryonic development. Letters A through E represent structures.

Between which two letters does mitosis occur?

1. A and B 2. B and C 3. A and C 4. C and D

Base your answers to questions 2-5 on the diagram below. The diagram represents the reproductive systems of the human female and male.

Ms. Hazel’s Living Environment Practice Regents Questions 2. In which structure would both mitosis and differentiation of an embryo occur?

1. G 2. B 3. E 4. D

3. Within which structure does the placenta normally develop?

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

4. Which structure(s) produces cells that have the potential to become gametes?

1. A and H 2. B and E 3. C and G 4. D and H

5. Which structure produces chemicals that regulate the reproductive cycle?

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

6. A human skin cell contains 46 chromosomes. A frog sperm cell contains 12 chromosomes. Which pair of numbers shows the chromosome number of a normal gamete from each of these species?

1. human 46; frog 12 3. human 46; frog 242. human 23; frog 24 4. human 23; frog 12

7. Which expression correctly represents a reproductive process that usually occurs in humans where 2n is equal to the number of chromosomes in each body cell?

1. n + n → n 3. n + n → 2n2. n + 2n → 2n 4. 2n + 2n → 4n

8. Which processes lead to the greatest variety of genetic combinations?

1. asexual reproduction and cloning 3. meiosis and fertilization2. meiosis and mitosis 4. cloning and mitosis

9. Which structure is correctly paired with its function?

1. ovary — provides milk for newborns 3. testis — development of sperm2. placenta — storage of released eggs 4. uterus — produces estrogen

10. Which factor would cause two specialized tissues that contain identical chromosomes to function differently?

1. Specific sections of DNA molecules in the chromosomes are activated.


2. All of the sections of DNA molecules in the chromosomes are activated.3. Specific sections of the amino acid molecules in the cytoplasm are activated.4. All of the amino acid molecules in the cytoplasm are activated.

11. Which sequence best represents sexual reproduction?

1. mitosis → gametes → zygote → fertilization2. gametes → meiosis → mitosis → fertilization3. fertilization → gametes → meiosis → zygote4. meiosis → gametes → fertilization → zygote

12. The major function of the placenta is to

1. cushion the fetus so it won’t be hurt when the mother moves2. exchange food, oxygen, and waste between mother and fetus3. store food for the fetus4. support the egg for the process of fertilization

13. Asexual reproduction produces offspring that each contain

1. genetic information from one parent2. genetic information from two parents3. less genetic information than either parent4. a unique combination of genetic information

14. The diagram below represents a form of cellular reproduction.


As a result of this process, offspring 1 and offspring 2 will have

1. the same number of genes but different traits2. a different number of genes but the same traits3. the same number of genes and the same traits4. a different number of genes and different traits

15. A human cell that contains all of the information necessary for the growth and development of a complete organism is

1. a sperm cell2. a gamete3. a zygote4. an egg cell

16. After a zygote is formed, specialization of cells occurs. Through which process do the cells of a zygote become specialized?

1. sexual reproduction2. meiosis3. fertilization4. differentiation

Genetics and Biotechnology Review

Part 1. Genetics – Heredity and Protein Synthesis

1. The basic building blocks of a protein are

1. glucose molecules 2. amino acids 3. Hormones4. fats


2. In a cell, protein synthesis is the primary function of

1. ribosomes 2. Mitochondria 3. Chloroplasts 4. vacuoles

3. Which statement is correct concerning hereditary information?

1. A chromosome is composed of many genes.2. A gene is composed of many chromosomes.3. Each chromosome carries the same information.4. Each gene carries the same information.

4. The diagram to the right represents a portion of a molecule found in cells of the human body.

Sequences represented by the letters in this molecule enable human cells to

1. alter the method of absorption of material2. carry out asexual reproduction by meiosis3. synthesize enzymes from organic molecules4. modify genetic recombination during mitosis

5. In the summer, the arctic fox appears brown because its cells produce a dark pigment. However, in the winter, the arctic fox appears white because the dark pigment is not produced. The color change is most likely due to the effect of

1. different genes produced in the different seasons2. increased pollution on genetic mutations3. environmental conditions on gene expression4. poor nutrition on cell growth and development

6. A DNA segment removed from neurospora (a pink mold) contained the base sequence G-T-C-C-A-T-G-C-A. A similar segment of DNA removed from neurospora that had been exposed to radiation for several hours had the base sequence G-T-C-C-A-T. This change in the base sequence is an example of

1. a deletion 2. an insertion 3. a substitution 4. a replication

7. A man is exposed to large amounts of ultraviolet radiation while sunbathing at the beach. This exposure causes a genetic change in the DNA of a skin cell. In the future, this change can be passed on to

1. his male and female children 3. his male children, only2. all cells in his body 4. his skin cells, only


8. The diagram below represents a process that occurs in living cells.

The process shown in the diagram is

1. cellular respiration 3. cellular reorganization2. gene recombination 4. protein synthesis

Part 2. Biotechnology

9. The Old English Bulldog is extinct. To produce a new English Bulldog, dogs having the desired physical features, but not the aggressive nature of the old bulldogs, were mated. The result was a bulldog that was similar in appearance to the extinct bulldog, but without its fierce nature. Which technique was most likely used to develop this new variety of dog?

1. Cloning 2. inducing mutations 3. genetic engineering 4. selective breeding

10. Caretakers at a zoo are trying to determine which of two male tigers fathered the newest cub. They obtained DNA from the tiger cub, the mother tiger, and the two male tigers. The DNA was analyzed. The results of the analysis are shown below.

The technique used to separate the DNA for analysis is

1. genetic engineering2. electrophoresis


3. chromatography4. protein synthesis

11. The diagram below shows some of the DNA in a bacterium into which a human gene, X, has been successfully inserted.

The bacteria that result from reproduction of this cell will most likely have the ability to

1. replicate all of the genetic instructions found in humans

2. produce vaccines to be used to immunize humans3. produce a human blood cell according to instructions in gene X4. produce the human protein coded for by gene X

12. A technique used to alter cells is represented in the diagram below.

The genetic material contained in the nucleus of each of the new cells is most likely

1. identical to that in the original body cell2. identical to that in the original egg cell3. 50% the same as the original egg cell and 50% the same as the original body cell


4. 25% the same as the original egg cell and 75% the same as the original body cell

13. The diagram represents a process used to modify bacterial cells.

In the diagram, arrows labeled X and Y represent the use of

1. clones2. receptors3. genes4. enzymes

Evolution Regents Review Questions

1. Male turkeys are birds that naturally strut and display their large tail feathers, which attracts female turkeys. This display is an example of

1. a behavioral adaptation 3. selective breeding2. asexual reproduction 4. a learned behavior

2. Medical professionals are concerned with the increase in the number of bacterial species that are resistant to antibiotics. Once resistance appears in a bacterial population, it spreads rapidly. This is most likely because

1. populations of resistant bacteria are small2. exposure to antibiotics increases the rate of reproduction in bacteria3. resistant bacteria are small when compared to non-resistant bacteria.4. resistant bacteria survive in greater numbers and pass the trait to their offspring

Ms. Hazel’s Living Environment Practice Regents Questions 3. Evolution of a species could occur as a result of changes in the

1. DNA in muscle cells 3. base sequences in liver cells2. genes in an egg cell 4. number of chromosomes in a fetal

bone cell

4. The differences seen in the beaks of the four species of finches are most likely the result of

1. gene expression and asexual reproduction 3. variation and natural selection2. migration and the need to adapt 4. heredity and a diet of seeds

5. Which organic compounds would be the best to analyze in order to determine if two species are closely related?

1. Fats 2. Starches 3. Sugars 4. proteins

Base your answer to the questions 6 and 7 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents evolutionary relationships among some primates.


6. A line representing an organism that is closely related to leaf monkeys and that evolved at about the same time as the gibbons would be drawn beginning at point

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

7. Which statement best describes a relationship between the common ancestor and the other organisms in the diagram?

1. The common ancestor most likely has segments of its DNA that will match each of the other organisms’.

2. The common ancestor is more closely related to macaques than to gibbons.3. Orangutans and gorillas have exactly the same DNA as the common ancestor.4. Chimps and baboons were the first organisms to evolve from the common

ancestor.

8. One possible explanation for the fact that some simple, one-celled organisms did not evolve into complex, multicellular organisms is that

1. energy flow in an ecosystem requires simple autotrophic organisms2. the reproductive rate of single-celled organisms is too fast for change to occur3. these organisms possessed traits that enabled them to survive in a changing

environment4. stability within an ecosystem requires the presence of a variety of different

species

9. The variations that exist in a population of wild giraffes are usually a result of events that occur during

1. mitotic division 3. genetic engineering2. asexual reproduction 4. sexual reproduction


Ecology – Human Impact Regents Review Questions

1. A food web is represented to the right.

Which organism would receive the least amount of transferred solar energy?

1. grasses2. owls3. frogs4. field mice

2. Which statement best describes the role of decomposers?

1. They convert carbon dioxide and water to glucose.2. They break down organic compounds into products used by other organisms.3. They release oxygen to the atmosphere.4. They provide energy for the synthesis of proteins.

3. A fundamental concept of ecology is that living organisms

1. are independent and do not interact with each other or with the physical environment

2. do not interact with other living organisms, but do interact with the physical environment

3. interact with each other, but do not interact with the physical environment4. interact with other living organisms and interact with the physical environment

4. Rabbits produce large numbers of offspring during each reproductive season, yet the number of rabbits within a given population changes very little from year to year. The stability of the population size is most likely the result of

1. the development of mutations in young rabbits2. environmental factors that keep the population in check3. rabbits continuing to reproduce when the population is large


4. the survival of more female rabbits than male rabbits

5. The graph shows the size of a population over time.

Which term best identifies line B in the graph?

1. niche of the species in the environment2. biodiversity in the environment3. carrying capacity of the environment4. number of populations in the environment

6. The diagram below represents different feeding levels in an energy pyramid.


The most likely explanation for showing fewer organisms at each feeding level going up the pyramid is that

1. some energy is lost to the environment as heat2. the larger the organism, the less energy it requires3. some energy is recycled within each level and remains there4. decomposers convert most of the energy into inorganic compounds

7. A variety of pear tree, known as Bradford, was originally introduced into the eastern United States in the 1960s. Today, this tree is crowding out other plants in these states. This situation best illustrates

1. an unintentional negative effect of altering an ecosystem2. how a foreign species is controlled in the eastern United States3. that the introduction of a foreign species does not affect food webs4. that serious environmental consequences can be avoided by importing a foreign

species

8. The increased use of wind turbines and solar collectors to generate electric power will

1. negatively affect ecosystems by increasing biodiversity2. negatively alter the chemical composition of soil and water3. reduce the amount of pollution that comes from the burning of fossil fuels4. increase oil consumption for business and industry


9. In the spring of 2010, there was a catastrophic explosion on an ocean oil drilling rig, causing millions of gallons of oil to be released into the Gulf of Mexico. Many organisms died due to the thick sludge in their habitat. However, in some organisms, such as shellfish, the oil stuck to tissues inside their shells. Which statement expresses a major concern of environmentalists about the accumulation of the oil in certain organisms in the Gulf of Mexico ecosystem?

1. Larger organisms eat the shellfish and more chemicals will build up in their tissues.

2. The shellfish will prevent other organisms from obtaining oil.3. Smaller organisms will be unaffected by the chemicals.4. Larger organisms will be less affected by the oil, because they can eat other

organisms.

10. Palm oil, produced from palm trees, is not only a biofuel, but is also used in food additives, cosmetics, and lubricants. Palm tree plantations are now cultivated in areas that were formerly natural forests. One ecological concern raised by this expansion is that

1. the natural forest ecosystem may harm the palm trees2. the use of the land for agriculture will increase the biodiversity of the area3. humans are changing the basic processes of the palm trees4. planting large expanses of one crop reduces the biodiversity of the area

11. The Nature Conservancy is an organization that protects a variety of habitats around the world. A project this organization would probably support is one that

1. uses endangered animals for medical research2. protects the biodiversity of areas for future generations3. alters habitats for industry and housing4. prevents animal species from migrating to other habitats

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