Unit 1: Cells Key VocabularyOrganism: a living thing (based off the 8 characteristics of life)Characteristics: a distinct quality; a prominent aspect of somethingStructure: how something is made; the parts of somethingFunction: what something can or cannot doHomeostasis: internal (inside the body) balance; the best possible settingUnicellular: one cellMulticellular: two or more cellsReproduction: the creation of one thing making a copy or something similar to itself. Two Types: Asexual (one organism making a copy of himself) and Sexual (two organisms)

Characteristics of Life-In order for an organism to be Scientifically classified (labeled) as living, they must…1. Be made of cells2. Grow (physically, ex. Getting taller) and Develop (internally, ex. Trading baby teeth for adult teeth)3. Obtain and use energy (basically eat)4. Be based on a universal genetic code (must have DNA)5. Reproduce6. Maintain a stable internal environment (Homeostasis)7. Be able to respond to their environment (stimulus (cause) and response (effect)).8. Change over time as a group (Evolution)

Refection Questions:

1. What are the characteristics of life?2. What characteristics of life does a flame have? What does it lack?3. What is the difference between growth and development?4. Give an example of an organism and an adaptation it has to its environment.5. What is homeostasis?

Cell Theory:Cell theory would not be possible without the MicroscopeTheory: an educated guess about the natural world (why and how the natural world works). Usually based on observations or investigations. Observation: looking at things as they happen or over time.Investigation: an experiment

1. All organisms are made from (made up of) cells2. Cells are the basic unit of life (they are the first building block of life,

no life can exist without them) -a cell can be considered its own independent organism

3. All cells come from already existing cellsPersons Involved in Creating Cell Theory

1. Robert Hooke: responsible for the word “cell”

Structure and Function of Cells-How a cell is shaped or made determines what it can or cannot do-The parts of a cell determine what a cell can or cannot doWhat does a Cell do?

1. Provide Structure2. Take in Nutrients3. Convert Nutrients into Energy4. Remove Waste5. Reproduce

Levels of Organization

-This is how all organisms are made. The previous level makes up the next level.First Level (Simplest): CellsSecond Level (Made up of cells): TissueThird Level (Made up of tissue): Organs (ex. Heart)Fourth Level (Made up of multiple organs working together): Organ SystemFifth Level (all the organ systems working together): Organism

Cells

Tissue

Organs

Organ System

Organism

Prokaryotic Cells-Prokaryotic Cells are the Oldest cells to ever exist. They were the first cell to ever exist. Therefore all cells must have come from a prokaryotic cell. ALL prokaryotic cells are UNICELLULAR-They are the simplest and smallest cell. -They are the largest group of organisms (living things) on the planet-They can be found in Every environment. (From hot deserts and volcanoes, to freezing cold artic tundra, to the highest mountain tops, and the lowest depths of the oceans). PROKARYOTIC CELLS DO NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS-The organelles (tiny organs) that are inside the cell, are not membrane bound. The organelles of the prokaryotic cell float around in the cytoplasm unbound. Shapes of Prokaryotic Cells

1. COCCI = round2. BACILLUS = rod (long tube like a cheeto)3. SPIRILLA = spiral (long and squiggly)

Eukaryotic Cells-Eukaryotic cells are Younger than prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells can be either UNICELLUAR or MULTICELLUAROrganellesEUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE A NUCLEUSLet’s Compare (How are they Different)

Prokaryotes

Organelles lack a membrane Ribosomes are the only organelles Genetic material floats in the cytoplasm (DNA and RNA)

Eukaryotes

Organelles covered by a membrane Multiple organelles including ribosomes Membrane covered Genetic material

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Circular DNA Linear DNAUnicellular Multicellular or UnicellularCells are smaller in size Cells are larger in sizeHas larger number of organisms Smaller number of organisms

Let’s Compare (How are they the same) Both types of cells have cell membranes (outer covering of the

cell) Both types of cells have ribosomes Both types of cells have DNA Both types of cells have a liquid environment known as the

cytoplasm

Organelles (Little organs in the cell)

Structure (Parts) Function (What they do)1. Nucleus Controls the cell (contains DNA (Genetic

Material) the nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane and will be duplicated during the Interphase step of the Cell Cycle.

2. Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is the gel like substance that fills up the cell. It holds the organelles in place.

3. Cell Membrane The cell membrane is found outside of the cell. It is responsible for protecting the cell and allowing nutrients to enter the cell. It is a gate keeper for the cell.

4. Mitochondria The mitochondria makes energy for the cell.

5. Vacuoles The vacuoles store waste, water, chemicals, and nutrients (food) for the cell. The vacuoles in a Plant cell are LARGER than that of the animal cell.

6. Endoplasmic Reticulum When you think of the ER think of an ambulance transporting someone to the Emergency Room. The ER TRANSPORTS proteins and other substances throughout the cell.

7. Golgi Apparatus The Golgi is like the post office. It Labels, Sorts, and Ships the proteins.

8. Ribosomes The ribosomes Make Proteins.

9. Lysosomes The lysosomes “let things go.” They digest the waste of the cell and get rid of it.

10. Cell Wall Found ONLY in PLANT CELLS, the Cell wall protects and gives the Plant Cell its SHAPE.

11. Chloroplast Found ONLY in PLANT CELLS, the chloroplast makes Energy for the Plants from the SUN. They are the location of Photosynthesis.

CELL CYCLE: the cell cycle is how cells divided and multiply. One cell will turn into TWO (IDENTICAL) cells called DAUGHTER CELLS. Mitosis: asexual reproduction where one cell becomes two identical daughter cells.

The cell cycle has SIX stages: MITOSIS has only FOUR Cell Cycle

(PMAT) I Mitosis C

I: InterphaseMITOSIS: P (Prophase) M (Metaphase) A (Anaphase) T (Telophase)C: Cytokinesis

Interphase (CELL CYCLE): the cell spends most of its life in Interphase. Here it:

Parent Cell

Daughter CellDaughter Cell

1. Duplicates DNA2. Duplicates Organelles3. Has the Organelles carry out normal Cell Functions. (Due what it

normally does: make proteins, ribosomes, energy, remove waste, etc.)

The NUCLEUS is still here.

Mitosis: Now we enter the stages of Mitosis1. Prophase (MITOSIS): The DNA of the nucleus have turned into

Chromosomes (You have 46 of them). The NUCLEUS is still there.

R LThis stage does NOT have two cells. The cell on the Right is showing the normal DNA in the Nucleus. The cell on the left is just showing the DNA turning into Chromosomes.

2. Metaphase (MITOSIS) (M = Middle): The chromosomes have turned into Chromatids (pairs of chromosomes-you have 23). The Chromatids are lined up in the middle of the cell. They are attached to Spindle Fibers (pull the chromatids apart) which are Anchored to Centrioles.

In this stage the Nucleus GOES AWAY (dissolves).

3. Anaphase (MITOSIS) (A = Away): the chromatids during this stage are being pulled apart by the Spindle Fibers.

4. Telophase (MITOSIS) (T= Two): The Last stage of MITOSIS is where you will see Two of everything. Two Cells, Two Nuclei (more than one Nucleus) and Two sets of Chromosomes. The two cells will still be CONNECTED to each other.

Cell Membrane

Centrioles (Anchor)

Spindle Fibers

Chromatids

Cytokinesis: This is the last stage of the CELL CYLCE. In this stage we see Two DAUGHTER CELLS (IDENTICAL CELLS). They are no longer attached to each other.