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Revision 5th primary 1st term

Light is a form of energy that cause vision .

There are other forms of energy

Sound energy heat energy potential energy electric energy

the visible spectrum It is the light energy that can be seen.

Sources of light

The properties of lightFirst : Traveling of light in straight lines .

Second: transmitting of light through different materials

Third: Light reflection.

Fourth: light refraction.

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Electric lampLightened candles

Kerosene lamps.Sun

Light

Revision 5th primary 1st term Fifth: Light separation (Splitting).

Activity 1 to prove that light travels in straight lines.

As light travel in straight lines , some phenomena happen as:

1- Formation of images through narrow holes.

Activity 2 A minimizedand inverted image for the candle is formed on the semi-trnasparent paper due traveling light in straight lines.

** the idea of photographic camera.

2- Formation of Shadow.

Activity 3Formation of shadow due to traveling light in straight lines.

** shadow is the darkened area which is formed as a result of falling light on an opaque object.

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First: traveling of light in straight lines.

Laser is a light beam that travels long distances without fainting .

Laser lights are used in means of communication, medicine and computers.


Light transmits through different materials with variable degrees.

Materials classified to

It is the material which allows most light pass through.Example: clear glass

a. Transparent material

It is the material which allows some light pass through.Example: tissue paper

b. semi-transparent material

It is the material that doesn't allow light to pass through.Example: wood , books

c. Obaque material

Our bodies are opaque materials!!!! As they don't allow light to transmit through.

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Second: Transmitting of light through different materials


Light reflection : It is the bouncing (returning back) of light rays when light falls on a surface .

Factors necessary for light reflection :

-!A source of light 2- A reflecting surface.

**We can't see in dark because there is no light to fall on objects and reflects to our eyes causing vision.

**The moon seems luminous because it reflects the sunlight that falls on its surface

Light reflection can be divided intoIrregular reflectionRegular reflectionIt is the reflection of light on a rough reflecting surface, where the light rays are reflected and scattered in different directions.

It is the reflection of light on a smooth and shiny reflecting surface , where the light rays are reflected directly in one direction.

Reflection of light when it falls on any rough surface as a piece of white paper (which contains protrusions and tiny holes).

** reflection of light when it falls on a mirror surface.** reflection of light when it falls on a glass surface.

The ben seems broken at the water surface .

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Third: The light reflection.

Fourth: Light refraction

Revision 5th primary 1st term This phenomenon is due to the refraction (change in direction) of the light rays.

Light refraction : It is the change in the direction of the light rays when light passes through the separating surface between two transparent media due to the change in the light speed .

G.R the light speed through air is faster than that through water.Spoon appears broken when you put it in a transparent cup of water?Due to the refraction of light.

Separation of light : It is the separation of white light into seven colors called spectrum colors.

Activity **face glass prism to sunlight , then move

the prism until you receive the sunlight coming from it on the white paper.

**Seven spectrum colors are formed on the paper which are Red, Orange, Yellow , Green, Blue ,Indigo , Violet

Rainbow is produced when sunlight passes through the drops of rain water during the rainfall, so the drops of rain water act as a prism.

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Fifth: Separation of light.

Seeing colored objects


Do you remember glass prism!!?

The seven light colors are :violetindigoblueGreenyellowOrangeRed

Mixing seven colors = white color

1 - Seeing the colored transparent and colored translucent objects .

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Seeing the colored objects

Revision 5th primary 1st term The transparent objects allow light to pass through them. When the white light strike the colored transparent object, this object absorbs all colors of light and permits its own color only to pass through it.

The bottle absorbs all the light colors and allows the green light only to transmit through it.

2- Seeing the colored opaque objects

**the opaque objects don't allow light to transmit through them.**the opaque objects are divided into:

C- Colored objectsB- black objectsA – white objects

A – Seeing white objects .

White opaque body appears with the same color of light that falls on it.

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We can see the white paper as it is. Because the white paper reflects all the light colors.

B – Seeing the black objects.

the black object appears black because it absorbs any light color on it.

We must wear black (dark) clothes in winter!!!! Because black clothes absorb all light colors that fall on it causing The feeling of warmth.

C – Seeeing the colord opaque objects

When the white light strikes the colored opaque object, it absorbs all the the light colors and reflects its own color only.

So, the color of the opaque object is the color of the reflected light.

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How can you see the colored opaque

Explanation:The apple appears red because the apple absorbs all the light colors and reflect the red light only.

The reflected red light strikes the transparent glass sheet and transmits through it, then reaches our eyes.

The apple appears with no color (black) through the green and the blue glass sheets, because the reflected red light from the apple is absorbed by green and blue glass sheets and doesn't transmit through them.

Inference: The opaque object is seen in its real color when you look at it through a transparent object that has the same color.

** Red, green and blue colors are called "the primary colored lights"

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Mixing the colored lights


Primary colored lights: They are colored lights which impossible to be produced by mixing two of the other colored lights.

** the colored lights that can be produced by mixing any tow of the primary colored lights are called ( secondary colored lights))

** the secondary colored lights are Yellow , magenta ( purple) and cyan.

Secondary colored lights: They are colored lights that are produced by mixing tow of the primary colored lights.

Points of comparison Primary colored lights Secondary colored lights

Definition Colored lights which Colored lights that are

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Revision 5th primary 1st term impossible to be produced by mixing two of the other colored lights.

produced by mixing tow to the primary colored lights.

Examples Red, green and blue. Yellow, magenta and cyan.

Do you know?

- Sunlight consists of seven light colors.- Mixing colors gives different colors.- Red, blue and yellow are the basic colored paints.

Vocabulary Mixing خلط Protractor برجلRotate يلف Scissors مقصStrike يخترق Absorb يمتصPermit يسمح Sheet لوحReflected منعكس Real color حقيقي لونProjector sets العرض اجهزة Spots بقعةImpossible مستحيل Send out يرسلCyan سماوي ازرق Magenta قرمزي احمرBasic اساسي paints دهانات

How was the magnet discovered???

2000 years ago, the ancient Greeks found type of black rocks located in an area named 'Magnesia"

This type of rocks has an attractive force to any material make of iron.

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Magnetism

Revision 5th primary 1st term So, Scientists called this black rock ((natural magnet)) and its attractive force ((Magnetism))

Types of magnet are:1- natural magnet. 2-Artificial (man-made) magnet.

** It is a black rock. ** It is one of the iron ores which is known as ((Magnetite)).

It has different shapes and sizes.

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1 -Natural magnet

2-Artificial magnet


The magnet attracts some materials and doesn't attract the others!!

Materials a. Magnetic materials b. Non-magnetic materialsThey are the materials which are attracted to the magnet.

Examples: Iron, nickel, steel and cobalt.

They are the materials which are not attracted to the magnet.

Examples: chalk, glass, wood, leather and plastic.

ActivityPins and iron nails are attracted

to the magnet.Chalk, glass, spoons and copper wires are not attracted to the magnet.

Magnet is used in making the doors of refrigerators and the small toys sticking on them.

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1- the magnet has two poles.

2- The freely moving magnet always takes a fixed direction, which is North-South direction.

3- The like (similar) magnetic poles repel each other, but the unlike (opposite) magnetic poles attract each other.

4- The magnet is surrounded by an area called ((Magnetic field)).

1-The magnet has two poles. The regions of the magnet which have the most attraction force are the two ends which are called (( two poles of magnet)).

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Firstly: The properties of the magnet


Two poles of magnet (magnetic poles)

It is the regions of magnet at which most of the attraction force (magnetism) is concentrated.

Note The north pole is usually red-colored, but the south pole is usually blue-colored.

2- the freely suspended magnet always takes a fixed direction

The freely suspended magnet always takes a fixed direction which is (North-south) direction.

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3- like magnetic poles repel each other, but the unlike attract each other.

The similar magnetic poles reel each other, but the opposite magnetic poles attract each other.

4- The magnet is surrounded by an area called ((magnetic field)).

Magnetic field:It is the space around the magnet in which the effect of magnetic force appears.

Magnetic force:It is the ability of the magnet to attract the magnetic materials existed in its field.

** The magnetic force is an invisible one so, we use iron filings to show the magnetic field.

Activity – showing the magnetic field using iron filings.** the magnetic field around the magnet takes a regular shape.

** the greatest magnetic force of the magnet is concentrated at the two poles of magnet.

Uses in making (the magnetic compass)

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Secondly: The uses of the magnet


Historical theory: Chinese the first who uses free spins magnet rock to lead the army through dense foggy areas.

** in 1600 William Gelbert the first who made magnetized needle to be light for spinning freely. And it was the basic idea in making the compass.

The structure of magnetic compass:It consists of : A light and small magnet that can spin freely around a fixed axis., whereThe north pole of this magnet refersto the north direction of earth and south pole refers to the south direction of earth.

It is used to identify the main four geographical directions.

Activity -- how can you make a model of compass??Observation The piece of cork with the magnetic needle moves (floats) freely, then stabilizes, where it takes the north-south direction.

Inference:The compass is a magnetic needle that takes a fixed direction which is North-south direction.

G.R. The compass is used to locate the main four directions!!!Because the north and south poles of its magnetic needle always point to the north and south directions of the earth.

Vocabulary Magnetism المغناطسيه Ancient قديمMagnetite المجانتيت Artificial صناعيAttractive force التجاذب قوة Bar قضيبMagnetize يمغنط Leather جلدNeedle ابره Ring حلقة

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Revision 5th primary 1st term Attract يجذب Non-magnetic مغناطيسي غيرSamples عينه Approach يقتربPaper clips ورق دبوس Direction اتجاهRepel يتنافر Magnetic field مغناطيسي مجالPoles اقطاب North شمالSuspended معلق South جنوبRegions مناطق Concentrated مركزMiddle وسط, String خيطHorizontally افقيا Fixed يثبتSettle يستقر Slightly قليلاHang يعلق Sprinkle ينثرAssembled يتجمع Chinese الصينينArmy الجيش Spins يلف ــ يدورDense foggy كثيف ضباب Cork فلينFloat يطفوا basin وعاء

there is a relation between magnetism and electricity!

Where there is : 1 – a magnetic effect of the electric current. 2 – an electric effect of the magnet.

The electric current can generate a magnetic field.

Activity 1 >>>to prove that the electric current can generate a magnetic field.

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Magnetism and Electricity

1 – The magnetic effect of the electric current.


Generating the magnetic field by using the electric current is the idea of making the electromagnet.

The electromagnet: It is the magnet which is made by electricity. Its structure: It is made up of a copper wire coiling (twisted) around a bar of wrought (soft) iron and this wire is connected to a battery.

Its idea of working: When the electric current passes through the wire, the bar of the wrought iron works as a magnet.

So, The electromagnet converts the electric energy into magnetic energy.

Activity 2 ---- to show the idea of working of the electromagnet.

Materials:

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Revision 5th primary 1st term Inference: When an electric current passes through a coil winding around a wrought (soft) iron bar, the iron bar becomes a temporary magnet that is called ( the electromagnet ).

Note The magnetic force of the electromagnet can be increased by:

a. Increasing the number of coil turns.

b. Increasing the number of batteries.

Uses of the electromagnet: making many appliances (devices) as:

a. the electric bell b. the electric mixer. C. the disc drive. d. the television.

How is the electromagnet used for moving up the heavy iron blocks?1 – the huge electromagnet is hung in a big-sized winch.

2 – the winch depresses the electromagnet over iron to lift them.

Where, - when the electric current passes through the coil of the electromagnet, it will attract the iron blocks and move them to another place.

- By cutting the electric current, the electromagnet loses its magnetic force and iron fall.

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G.R: A wrought iron nail is used for making the electromagnet?- because the wrought iron nail gains and loses the magnetism easily.

- When a magnet is moved inside a coil of wire, an electric current passes through the coil so, the lamp in the opposite figure lights

This means that the electric energy (electric current) can be generated by a magnetic energy (magnet).

Faraday used this discovery to make an electric generator known as "the dynamo"

Its structure: It is made up of :

1 – a copper coil. 2 – a magnet.

Its idea of operation: It converts the mechanical (kinetic) energy into electrical energy.

Inference:

1 -The electric current can be generated in a coil of dynamo by: a. Moving the coil in the magnetic field (between the two poles of a

magnet).

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2 – The electric effect of the magnet.

The electric generator (the dynamo)


2 – the generation of the electric current in the coil increases by increasing the motion of coil between the two poles of magnet.

☼ Examples on dynamo:

1 – Small dynamo in a bicycle. 2 – Huge dynamo.

1 – Small dynamo in a bicycle.

It consists of - a small cylinder that touches the

bicycle wheel tire.

How does it work? - when the bicycle moves, the small

cylinder turns, because it touches the bicycle wheel tire, so the magnet turns inside the coil.

- By moving the magnet, and electric current is generated in the coil causing the lightening of the bicycle's bulb.

-

☼ 2 – Huge dynamo (electric generator)

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It consists of : Many great coils that turn between the two poles of a huge magnet.

Its use: It is used in electric power stations to generate a large amount of electricity used for lightening cities and operating factories.

☼The methods to increase the produced amount of electricity from dynamo.

There are two methods: 1 – by using a strong magnet. 2 – by increasing the number of turns in the moving coils.

Do you know????There are three types of electric power stations which are : 1 – Wind electric power stations. >>> use wind energy.

2 – Thermal fuel electric power stations: >>>> use heat energy.

3 – Nuclear electric power stations: >>>> use the nuclear reactors.

GlossaryElectric current كهربي تيار Deflect ينحرفGenerate يولد Insulated معزولMagnetic effect مغناطيسي تأثير Electromagnet مغناطيس

كهربيWrought iron مطاوع حديد Temporary مؤقتCrane ونش Intensity شدهDisc drive الكمبيوتر قرص Lift يرفعScrap cars الخرده سيارات Depress يخُفضDynamo كهربي مولد Discovery اكتشافConvert يحول Mechanical

energyحركيه طاقة

Pointer مؤشر Cylinder اسطوانهWheel عجله Tire الاطارMoving coils المتحركه الملفات Nuclear نوويه

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Revision 5th primary 1st term Reactors مفاغلات Wind energy الرياح طاقة

Tomato is one type of particles.

Vegetable salad are more than one type of particles.

Similarly in matter, where

1 - Pure substance

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Mixtures

Matter can be classified into

1 – Pure substance 2 - Mixture

Revision 5th primary 1st term It is the substance that is made of only one type of identical particles.Examples: distilled water, sugar , baking soda

2 – Mixture: It is the substance that consists of more than one type of particles.

Examples: concrete, milk, tomato sauce.

Both milk and concrete are considered mixtures .Because they consists of more than one type of particles.

A. Solid – solid mixture: It consists of two or more different solid materials .Examples : fruit salad - vegetable salad.

B liquid – liquid mixture: It consists of two or more different liquids .Examples : vinegar + water / oil + water / oil + vinegar

C. solid –liquid mixture: It consists of solid and liquid matter .Examples : sand + water / salt + water

D. Gaseous – gaseous mixture:

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First: types of mixtures

A. Solid – solid mixture

B. Liquid – liquid mixture

C. Solid – liquid mixture

D–Gaseous gaseous mixture

E. Gaseous liquid mixture.

Revision 5th primary 1st term It consists of different gases .Examples: atmospheric air (( oxygen + nitrogen + carbon dioxide + water vapour. ))

E . Gaseous _ liquid mixture: It consists of gaseous and liquid matter .

Examples: soda water (( carbon dioxide gas + sugar solution ))

1 – Homogeneous mixture: Mixture which we can not distinguish between its components.

2 – Heterogeneous mixtures: Mixture in which we can distinguish between its components.

1 – the components of the mixture do not join (react) together and can be separated easily.

2 – each component in the mixture keeps its own properties.3 –the components of the mixture can be mixed at nay ratio.

Mixture of sand and iron filings can be separated easily?Because components of the mixture do not react together.you can make mixture by:

1 – Shaking

2 – Stirring

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Mixtures

HeterogeneousHomogeneous

Second: properties of mixtures


3 – Grinding .

Example: mixture of salt and water.Solid and liquid can be mixed by shaking or stirring .

Example: strawberry and banana juice.Liquids can be mixed by shaking or stirring.

Examples: Mixture of salt and pepper.Solids can be mixed by shaking or grinding .

Activity >>>> to show how you can make a mixtures.

Mixture can be formed by mixing two or more different matter together.

Note Solutions: it is homogeneous mixtures you can't distinguish between their particles.

Note: Atmospheric air: is mixture of gases

Mineral water: is mixture of water and some useful minerals (Calcium and magnesium)

Do you know?!! Mixing different metals form homogenous mixtures ((alloys)) example: Gold alloy

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Revision 5th primary 1st term _pure gold is very soft and hard to shaped.

-so pure gold mixed with Zinc or Sliver to form Gold alloy which are more strong and easily shaped.

Components of the mixture don't react together, so they can be separated easily by simple methods such as :

Type of mixtureMethodSolid mixtures containing magnetic substance.

1 – Magnetic attraction

Solid materials that are insoluble in water2 – Filtration processSolid materials that soluble in water.3 – Evaporation process

Device used to separate heterogeneous liquid mixtures.

4– Separating funnel

Activity >>> to separate solid mixture by magnetic attraction.

A magnet is sued to separate the solid mixtures that contain magnetic substances as iron .

Activity >>> to separate solid-liquid mixture by filtration and evaporation processes.

))mixture of sand and salt ((.

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Fourth: Separation of mixtures


1 – stirring is used in making the mixture.2 – filtration process is used in separating solid materials insoluble in water as

sand 3 – Evaporation process is used to solid materials that soluble in water as salt .

Filtration process is used to separate sand from sugary solution ?Because filtration process is used to separate the solid materials that are insoluble in water.

Note Table salt is collected by the evaporation process of sea water in special

places called (salt pans)

Activity >>> to separate heterogeneous liquid mixture by separating funnel.

((Water – oil mixture))

The separating funnel is used to separate heterogeneous liquid mixtures such as water-oil mixture.

The solution is a special type of mixtures. There are two types of mixtures which are;

1 – Homogeneous mixtures 2 – Heterogeneous mixtures.

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Solutions


1 – Homogeneous mixture It is the mixture in which its components can't be distinguished from each other.

2 – Heterogeneous mixture:It is the mixture in which its components can be distinguished from each other.

Examples: Apple juice Solution Natural orange juice

Mixture ( suspensions )

Tea Solution Sugary solution Solution Mud in water mixture ( suspensions )

salty solution is a homogeneous mixture Because its components can't be distinguished from each other.

Apple juice is a solution Because it is a homogeneous liquid mixture.

Note Most mixtures that are formed by dissolving in liquids are homogeneous.

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To study the solution, we must now:

First: how is the solution formed? Second : factors affecting the solubility of the components of the solution.

First: how is the solution formed?

Solvent SoluteIs liquid such as water, alcohol and benzene. Such as salt or sugar.

1 -Solvent It is the substance in which solute disperses or dissolves.

2 –Solute: It is the substance which dissolves in a solvent.

Soluble substance Insoluble substanceSubstance that dissolves in a solvent Substance that doesn't dissolve in a

solvent.

** the solubility of solute in the solvent produces the solution.

Solution It is a homogeneous mixture in which the solute breaks down into its most basic particles that spread throughout the solvent.

Solubility process: It is the process by which a solute dissolves in a solvent leading to the disappearance of the solute.

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Solution


Activity >>>> to prove that solubility needs a solvent and a solute.

** Dissolving salt in water 1 – The formed salty solution consists of : A. Solute which is salt B. Solvent which is water?

2 – Stirring process is necessary to dissolve the solute in the solvent.

3 – Solubility process can be expressed as follows:

Solute + solvent solubility process solution.

in sugary solution, sugar is considered the solute. Because it dissolves in the solvent (water) to form the solution.

Note on adding an insoluble substance to a certain solvent, a suspension is formed. Suspension is a heterogeneous liquid mixture. The suspension can be separated by filtration process.

Exercise Solution Solute Solvent 1 – chocolate milk Chocolate Milk2 – sugary solution ………………… Water 3 – Salty solution ………………. ………………….

Structure of blood?!! Blood is a mixture of elements and compounds because:

it contains white blood cells , red blood cells, water and dissolved substances. Components of blood can be separated and used by doctors. Ratio of blood components changes daily, but the identity of the mixture doesn't

change.

Second: factors affecting the solubility of the components of the solutions.

Solubility process is affected by four factors:

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Revision 5th primary 1st term 1 – Quantity of solvent and solute. 2 – Temperature. 3 – Stirring. 4 – Kind of the solute.

1 – Quantity of Solvent and solute:

Activity >>> to prove that quantity affects the solubility process:

- dissolving sugar in 300 ml of water takes a shorter time than that is needed to dissolve the same quantity in 50 ml. water.

- Dissolving 5 gm sugar takes a shorter time than 20 gm sugar.

Solubility depends on the amount of solvent and solute, where: **By increasing quantity of solvent , the solubility increases and vice versa.**By decreasing the quantity of solute, the solubility increases and vice versa.

So, solubility depends on the amount of solvent and solute.

2 – Temperature:

Activity >>>> to prove that temperature affects the solubility process.

- Sugar in beaker (b) (heated) takes shorter time to dissolve.

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** by increasing the temperature, the solubility time decreases.

Dissolving sugar in hot water is faster than in cold water. Because increasing he temperature increases the speed of the solubility process.

3 – Stirring:

Activity >>> to prove that stirring affects the solubility process.

In case of stirring, the sugar takes a short time to dissolve. ** Stirring increases the speed of the solubility process.

4 – Kind of the solute:

Activity >> to prove that kind of the solute affects the solubility process.

** The time needed to dissolve sodium chloride differs from that needed to dissolve sodium carbonate.

** the solubility process depends on the kind of the solute.

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Note Factors necessary to decrease the solubility time are 1 – Heating 2 – Stirring 3 – Increase the amount of solvent. 4 – Decreasing the amount of the solute. 5 – Grinding the solid materials.

Exercise What happens when …. ? Answer The amount of the solvent increases. The solubility speed increases. The amount of the solute increases The solubility speed ………………… The temperature of the solution increases ………………………………………………………

… Stirring or of the solution increases. ………………………………………………………

…

** Surface area of the solid material affects on the solubility process.

2gm of sugar powder dissolve faster than 2gm of sugar cubes?!! Because of larger surface area exposed to the solvent.

Life application How does soap work?

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** Soap dissolves in water forming cleaning solution that dissolves grease (insoluble in water), so it can be rinsed away with the wash water.

- Food is the main source of energy for all living organisms.

Green plants make their own food during photosynthesis process from simple substances:

a. Carbon dioxide gas and water. b. Sunlight ((source of energy))

So, green plants are producers ((autotrophic organisms)).

Animals depend directly or indirectly on plants in their feeding.

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Types of food relationships

3 - Saprophytism2 - Symbiosis1 – Predation


1 – Predation

Predation : It is a food relationship among living organisms, where one living organism devours another one.

In predation, the living organisms get their food by Attacking, Killing or Devouring Other living organisms, where:

** living organism which devours the other living one is known as (( Predator )). ** the devoured animal is known as (( Prey )).

First : predation in plants:

** Some plants cannot make protein because they cannot absorb some compounds from the soil.

So, they prey some tiny animals as insects to get protein and they known as ((insectivorous)) plants.

Examples of insectivorous plants: 1- Drosera

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Revision 5th primary 1st term 2 -Dionea

3-Halophila

Dorsera is an insectivorous plant? Because it preys some insects to get the protein.

Second: Predation in animals

Examples of predation in animals: 1 – lion preys a deer

2 – Wolf preys a rabbit

3 –A cat preys a rat

4 – Spiders make woven to catch insects.

So, lions , tigers, spiders, wolves, cats and sharks are considered as Predator animals.

Some ways of self-defence against predation

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A: Camouflage

A phenomenon in which the living organism protects itself (hides) from enemies by changing tis color to simulate the color of its surrounding environment.

This phenomenon is found in fish, frogs, birds, chameleon and most insects as butterflies.

Examples of camouflage phenomenon 1 – a butterfly stands on tree with similar color.

2 – a frog changes its color to hide from its enemies.

3 – A chameleon simulates the color of the surrounding environment.

4 – a cuttlefish (sepia) ejects a black fluid in water to hide when attached by enemies.

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A - Camouflage B - Mimicry


A chameleon simulates the color of the surrounding environment ?To protect itself (hide) from its enemies.

B: Mimicry

A phenomenon in which the harmless living organisms imitate other harmful or poisonous living organisms to fear their enemies and escape from them.

Example of mimicry Some bees that look like wasps in

forming lines .

Some bees look like wasps in forming lines (stripes) on their bodies ?To fear their enemies which get afraid from wasps and escape from them

Glossaryالتغذيه symbiosisالمعايشه autotrophicذاتي Predationافتراس Preyالفريسه

Devouringإلتهام attackingهجوم Saprophytismالترممpredatorالمفترس

الحشرات TinyصغيرهInsectivorousاكلالماء القرش halophilaحامول sharksاسماك

enemiesاعداء mimicryالتنكر تمويه phenomenonظاهره ــ camouflageخداعsimulateيماثل Chameleonالحرباء

Harmfulضار Cuttlefishالحبارpoisonousسام escapeيختفي

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Revision 5th primary 1st term imitateيقلد stripesخطوط

ضار waspدبور harmlessغير

2 - Symbiosis

SymbiosisIt is a common food relationship between two different types of living organisms. One of them benefits from the other and the other may benefit (mutualism) or neither benefits nor is harmed (commensalisms) or is harmed (parasitism).

A : Mutualism

It is a food relationship in which each organism gets benefit form the other and is not harmed.

Note In mutualism relationship the two living organisms must get their benefit in the form of food because it is a food relationship.

Examples nodular bacteria and beans plants .

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2 - Symbiosis

A Mutualism B: Commensalism C : Parasitism


a. Nodular bacteria fix nitrogen b. the plant provides bacteria with sugar

2 – the relationship between primitive organisms and termites ( white ant) that feed on wood, Each of them gets benefit from the other in the form of food, where

a. the primitive (tiny ) organisms feed by digesting the cellulose of wood. b. termites benefits by digesting their food.

Do you know ??? human body benefits from bacteria as: some types of bacteria live inside man's intestine and change some food remains into vitamin B

- Bacteria benefits from man in the pervious case as the human body provides it with food and shelter.

B : Commensalism It is a superficial food relationship between two living organisms where, one of them benefits from the other, while the other neither gets benefit ( in the form of food ) nor is harmed.

Examples 1 – The relationship between insects and flowers of plants:

2 – The relationship between hippopotamus and some birds:

3 – The relationship between birds and crocodiles:

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Revision 5th primary 1st term The relation between crocodiles and some types of birds is a commensalism relationship? Because birds benefit from crocodiles, while crocodiles neither get food benefit nor are harmed.

4 – The relationship between sponge and the tiny aquatic living organisms:

5 – The relationship between sharks and remora fish:

C : Parasitism It is a food relationship between two different kinds of living organisms, one benefits from the other and known as the parasite, while the other is harmed and known as the host.

1 – External parasitism:

- the parasite lives externally on the host's body and feeds by sucking the blood of the host.

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Types of Parasitism

1 – External parasitism 2 – Internal parasitism


- the parasite conveys diseases to the host.

Examples - Mosquitoes. - Lice - fleas - jawless lamprey that sucks fish's blood.

- Bugs - Ticks.

2 – Internal parasitism

The parasite lives internally inside the host's body and shares the host its digested food or feeds on its cells and tissues.

Examples : - Bilharzia worms - Ascaris worms - Tape worms. - flaria worms - liver worms.

Harms of parasitism:

1 – flaria worm causes elephantiasis disease as shown in figure. 2 – Mosquitoes cause malaria disease. 3 –Fleas can convey small pox disease to man. 4 –Bilharzia worms cause bilharziasis disease. 5 – Ascaris worms cause anemia.

Ms Marim 44


What is the difference between parasitism and predation relationships? The parasite depends completely on the host to get its food and causes weakness to the host, but doesn't kill it as the predator do

with its prey.

The death of the host is considered a loss to the parasite. Because the parasite will lose its source of food and shelter.

Do you know ?1 – some dogs, cats and birds which we have at home can be hurt by worms and some of these worms can infect human.

2 – to protect man and these living organisms, follow the proper way of cleaning and visit the veterinaries regularly to check them.

3 – Saprophytism It is a food relationship in which saprophytes (decomposers) get their food by decomposing food remains or bodies of dead organisms.

Examples : 1 –Mushroom fungus.2 – Bread mold fungus.3 – Penecillium fungi that decomposes orange fruits.

Ms Marim 45


Activity : to show how saprophytic organisms get their food .

Steps 1 – splash some water drops on a slice of bread 2 – put the bread in a plastic sac and close it firmly. 3 – leave it in a quite dark place for two days.

Observation : Dark green layer is formed on the bread, (rotten bread.)

Explanation : Fungus get their food by decomposing the food remains forming dark green layer on bread.

Inference Saprophytes as bread mold fungus get their food by decomposing food remains.

Bread mold fungus is a saprophytic organism.?Because it gets its food by decomposing food remains

Glossary Commensalismالافادة Gravelحصيالمنفعة Parasitismالتطفل Mutualismتبادل

عضوي الابيض Inorganicغير Termitesالنملمأوي Coexistيتواجد ـ Shelterحمايةبكتريه Celluloseسليلوز Nodularعقدالنهر Ticksالقراد Hippopotamusفرس

اللقاح Horribleفظيع Pollen grainsحبوب Bitesعضه Nectarرحيق

Aquaticماءي Crocodilesتمساح Parasiteطفيل Spongeالاسفنج

Ms Marim 46

Revision 5th primary 1st term الفكوك Mosquitoesالناموس Jawlessعديم

lamprey Liceقمل Suckingالامتصاص

Conveyينقل Bugsالبقالفيل fleasالبراغيث elephantiasisداءالخبز Small poxالجدري Bread moldعفن

البنسلين Veterinariesالبيطريين Peneciliumفطرالغراب Splashيرش Mushroomعيش

Rottenمتعفن Sliceشريحه Snailsقواقع Firmlyبأحكامrenewيجدد Wastesفضلات

Ecosystemit is any natural area including living organisms and non-living things.

Living organisms like plants and animals.Non living things like air, soil and water..

EcosystemsVery large.largesmalluniverseForest or desertArea of land

Relationship between ecosystemsDifferent animalsPlants and animalsPlant and soil

Animals feeds on animalsAnimals feed on plantsAbsorb water and slats

Ms Marim 47

Revision 5th primary 1st term It is the balance among the components of the ecosystem.

Factors that harm environmental balanceMan interferenceNatural change

Cutting trees, burning forests and eroding soil leads to environmental imbalance.

Cause Disappearance of some organismsAppearance of other organismsEnvironmental imbalance.

Ex: dinosaurs extinction

Factors keeping environmental balancesaprophytismPredation

Getting ride of bodies of dead organismsRecycling chemical elements found in dead organisms.

Predation organizes the number of preys population.

Man can benefit from saprophytic organisms inLeather tanning industry

Drugs industryFood industry

My best wishes ,

Ms Marim 48

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