Paper 54. Miguel A. Altieri. 1993. Ethnoscience and biodiversity: key elements in the design of sustainable pest management systems for small farmers in developing countries. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 46: 257-272.

Keywords: biodiversity and pest management, the resource concentration hypothesis, the natural enemies hypothesis, ecological theory and pest management in polycultures, ethnoscience and pest management, indigenous pest control methods, manipulation of crops in time, manipulation of crops in space, overplanting, farm plot location, selective weeding, manipulation of crop diversity, use of resistant varieties, water management, plowing and cultivation techniques, use of repellents and/or attractants, diversity improved pest management systems for traditional farmers, linking soil conservation and pest management in Central America