INTRODUCTION

The program of study of the discipline "Pharmacology" is made according to the educational-professional program of the second level of higher education on preparation of masters on a specialty 226 "Pharmacy, industrial pharmacy" ONMedU, approved by Academic Council of ONMedU from 04.06.2020 (protocol № 11).

The subject of study of the discipline are pharmacological properties, conditions of rational use of modern medicines and purposeful search of new medicines.

Interdisciplinary links: Pharmacology as a discipline:- is based on the study of medical biology, medical chemistry, biological, pharmaceutical

and bioorganic chemistry, normal and pathological physiology, Latin, pharmacy drug technology and integrates with these disciplines;

- lays the foundations for students to study clinical pharmacy, pharmacotherapy, toxicological chemistry, pharmaceutical care, pharmacoeconomics, which provides for the integration of teaching with these disciplines; forms the ability to apply the acquired knowledge in the process of further education and in professional activities; lays the foundations of professionally oriented thinking, healthy lifestyle and prevention of disorders of the body in the process of human life.

The curriculum consists of the following sections:Section 1. PrescriptionSection 2. General pharmacology.Section 3. Special pharmacology

1. PURPOSE AND TASKS OF THE COURSE

1.1. The purpose of teaching the discipline "Pharmacology" is to form students' theoretical knowledge and acquire practical skills on the basic principles of substantiation of rational and safe for human health use of drugs for the treatment and prevention of diseases. Achieving the goal will prepare the student for the practical activities of a pharmacist.

1.2. The main objectives of the discipline "Pharmacology" are as follows: providing students with theoretical knowledge to determine the group affiliation of drugs, their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, manifestations of possible side effects and symptoms of overdose, measures to prevent and eliminate adverse reactions, main indications for the appointment and interaction with other drugs, the acquisition of skills in prescribing drugs in various dosage forms. It is necessary to promote the formation of professionally necessary knowledge, skills and abilities in accordance with the educational and qualification characteristics; provide a theoretical basis for further study of other pharmaceutical disciplines of the curriculum; create a base that determines the professional competence and general erudition of pharmacists. Achieving the goal will prepare students for practical activities as a pharmacist.

1.3. According to the requirements of the educational and professional program, students must:

To know:- The main ways of pharmacological correction of disorders of organs and systems.- Group affiliation of medicines according to modern classifications, nomenclature and classification of medicines.- Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of drugs and their mechanism of action.- Manifestations of possible side effects and symptoms of overdose, methods of prevention and treatment.- The main indications for use, adequate dosage form, routes of administration and interaction with other drugs.- Rules for prescribing drugs in various dosage forms.

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To be able:• determine the dependence of the action of drugs on their dosage form;• determine the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of drugs and their mechanism of action.• determine the group affiliation of basic drugs according to modern classifications;• provide pharmacological characteristics of traditional and new drugs, logically link pharmacodynamics with indications, and the main side effects with contraindications to the use of drugs;• assess the benefits / risks of using basic medicines, their indications and contraindications to use;• justify the choice of adequate dosage form in accordance with the routes of administration of drugs, interaction with other drugs;• make judgments about the possibility of side effects of drugs in order to prevent them, to determine the symptoms of overdose of potent and poisonous drugs;• create an algorithm to help patients with acute drug poisoning. Understand the possibility of using antidotes in every possible case;• search for pharmacological information in modern directories, scientific and professional periodicals;have:• basic concepts and terms of discipline;• information on basic and newest dosage forms in each pharmacological group of drugs;• information on modern drugs in each pharmacological group of drugs;• information on current directions of drug development and international standards for drug quality assurance at the stage of preclinical research.

255 hours are allotted for studying the discipline.

Learning outcomes:Integrative final program learning outcomes, the formation of which is facilitated by the

discipline: the ability to solve typical and complex specialized problems and practical problems in pharmacology in professional pharmaceutical activities, clearly and unambiguously communicate their conclusions and knowledge to professional and non-professional audience.

Learning outcomes for the discipline: the ability to apply the acquired knowledge in solving practical problems in the organization of pharmaceutical provision of the population and health care facilities.

Program learning outcomes for the discipline:PLO 1. Carry out professional activities in social interaction based on humanistic and ethical principles; identify future professional activities as socially significant for human health.PLO 2. To apply knowledge of general and professional disciplines in professional activities.PLO 3. To adhere to the norms of sanitary and hygienic regime and safety requirements in carrying out professional activities.PLO 4. To demonstrate the ability to independently search, analyze and synthesize information from various sources and use these results to solve typical and complex specialized tasks of professional activity.PLO 7. To perform professional activities using creative methods and approaches.PLO 12. To analyze the information obtained as a result of scientific research, summarize, systematize and use it in professional activities.PLO 20. To carry out a set of organizational and managerial measures to provide the population and health care facilities with medicines and other products of the pharmacy range. Carry out all types of accounting in pharmacies, administrative records, processes of commodity analysis.

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Competence matrixCompetence Knowledge Skills Communication Autonomy and

responsibilityIntegral competence

Ability to solve typical and complex specialized problems and practical problems in professional activities in the field of health / pharmacy, or in the learning process, which involves research and / or innovation and is characterized by complexity and uncertainty of conditions and requirements.

General competenciesGC 1. Ability to act socially responsible and civic conscious.

To know your social and community rights and responsibilities

To form one's civic consciousness, to be able to act in accordance with it

Ability to convey one's public and social position.

To be responsible for your civic position and activities

GC 2. Ability to apply knowledge in practical situations.

To know the methods of implementing knowledge in solving practical problems.

To be able to use professional knowledge to solve practical situations.

To establish links with practitioners.

To be responsible for the timeliness of decisions.

GC 3. The desire to preserve the environment To know the problems of environmental protection, the requirements of the sanitary and hygienic regime and the conditions of labor protection.

To be able to form requirements for the preservation of the environment, compliance with sanitary and hygienic regime and labor protection conditions; interpret the requirements of laws and regulations on labor protection; draw conclusions about the presence of harmful factors during the performance of professional duties; to provide labor protection of pharmaceutical personnel.

To develop measures to preserve and protect the environment.

To be responsible for the implementation of environmental protection measures within its competence.

GC 6. The knowledge and understanding of the subject area and understanding of professional activity.

To know the structure and features of professional activity.

To be able to carry out professional activities that require updating and integration of knowledge.

To form a communication strategy in professional activity.

To be responsible for professional development with a high level of autonomy.

GC 7. Ability to adapt and act in a new situation.

To know the methods of applying knowledge and actions in solving problems in a new situation

To be able to use knowledge in a variety of new situations that arise in the performance of professional duties.

To establish connections vertically and horizontally depending on the practical situation that has arisen.

To be responsible for the timeliness and correctness of decisions in these situations.

GC 8. Ability to communicate in the state language both orally and in writing, the ability to communicate in the state language (mostly English) at a level that ensures effective professional activity.

To know the state and English language at a level that ensures the performance of professional duties.

To be able to communicate with patients in the state and English languages at a level that ensures effective professional activity.

To establish interpersonal relationships in the state and English languages.

To be responsible for the acquired knowledge of the state and English languages, to deepen them.

GC 9. Skills in the use of information and communication technologies.

To have deep knowledge in the field of information and communication technologies used in professional activities.

To be able to use information and communication technologies in the professional field, which requires updating and integration of knowledge.

To use information and communication technologies in professional activities.

To be responsible for the development of professional knowledge and skills.

GC 11. Ability to evaluate and ensure the quality of work performed.

To know the methods of evaluating performance indicators.

To be able to ensure the quality of professional work.

To establish connections to ensure quality work.

To be responsible for the quality of work.

Professional competenciesCompetence Knowledge Skills Communication Autonomy and

responsibilityPC 1. The ability to conduct health education among the population to prevent common diseases, prevent dangerous infectious, viral and parasitic diseases, as well as to facilitate the timely detection and

To know: the regulatory framework of the state strategy in the fight against dangerous infectious (tuberculosis, HIV) and parasitic diseases; principles of compiling pharmaceutical information and creating information products.

To prepare and systematize advertising and information materials for permanent and thematic exhibitions of medicines, for presentations.

To carry out preventive work to prevent diseases

To be responsible for the quality and timeliness of preventive measures

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maintenance of adherence to treatment of these diseases in accordance with their medical and biological characteristics and microbiological characteristics.PC 2. The ability to provide advice on prescription and over-the-counter drugs and other pharmacy products; pharmaceutical care in the selection and sale of over-the-counter drugs by assessing the risk / benefit, compatibility, indications and contraindications based on data on the health status of a particular patient, taking into account biopharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and physicochemical characteristics of the drug and other products pharmacy range.

To know: the main pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of drugs; main indications and contraindications of the main groups of drugs; main dangerous side effects of drugs, methods of their prevention.

To provide pharmaceutical care when dispensing drugs, taking into account the individual characteristics of patients; provide pharmaceutical care when discharged without prescription and prescription drugs, taking into account compatibility, indications and contraindications

To be able to form a communication strategy in professional activities in the pharmacy

To be responsible for making decisions about providing pharmaceutical care to the patient

PFC 3. The ability to provide home care to patients and victims in extreme situations and emergencies.

To know: the causes of emergencies; main clinical manifestations of emergencies; algorithm for providing home care in emergencies.

To identify signs of diseases and pathological conditions that require mandatory medical intervention, which can not be eliminated at the stage of home care in a pharmacy or production and take the necessary measures (anesthesia and jute, etc.) at the prehospital stage;apply different types of bandages, aseptic bandage; to

To draw conclusions about the condition of the victim on the basis of a preliminary examination. Interaction with specialists in practical medicine

To be responsible for the consistency and timeliness of home care

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temporarily stop bleeding;to carry out transport immobilization by means of standard tires and improvised means;assess the functional state of the patient (measure blood pressure, heart rate, CDR, etc.); provide first aid for burns and frostbite, trauma, angina, myocardial infarction, asthma attacks, strokes, hyper- and hypoglycemic coma, epileptic seizures, shock, poisoning, insect and animal bites, sudden births, etc., using muscle, subcutaneous injections, bandaging); provide first aid in case of poisoning by drugs or chemical reagents and poisonous plants.

PC 4. The ability to ensure the rational use of prescription and over-the-counter drugs and other pharmaceutical products in accordance with the physicochemical, pharmacological characteristics, biochemical, pathophysiological features of a particular disease and pharmacotherapeutic regimens for its treatment.

To know: the chemical structure of drugs; main groups of biologically active substances of medicinal plant raw materials; connection "chemical structure - pharmacological action"; mechanism of action, pharmacological effects, indications for the use of drugs; characteristic features of certain pharmacological and pharmacotherapeutic groups; clinical and biopharmaceutical features of different dosage forms; new dosage forms of prolonged action. Therapeutic drug delivery systems; characteristics of types of action and routes of administration of drugs; influence of endogenous factors (genetic, age and sexual anatomical - physiological

To carry out a comparative characterization of drugs taking into account the chemical structure, mechanism of action and pharmacological properties in order to determine the advantages and disadvantages of individual drugs; provide comparative characteristics of original (innovative) drugs (brands) and their copies - generic drugs, guided by data from clinical and pharmacological studies, pharmacoeconomic indicators and information

To obtain the necessary information from identified sources to ensure the conditions for quality and safe pharmaceutical care

To be responsible for the soundness of management decisions to improve the quality of pharmaceutical care

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features of a person, diseases of separate organs and systems) on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (pharmacological and toxicological properties) of drugs; basics of pharmacogenetics. The role of hereditary (genetic) pathology in the mechanisms of individual tolerability of drugs; basics of chronopharmacology. The influence of natural and circadian human rhythms on the therapeutic efficacy of drugs; interaction of drugs and food at the stages of absorption, metabolism and excretion; the concept of bioequivalence of drugs and the principles of their clinical study; the concept of original (innovative) drugs and generics. Requirements for generic medicines; modern schemes and directions of pharmacotherapy of drug choice; determine the advantages and disadvantages of a particular dosage form of specific drugs of different pharmacological groups, taking into account biopharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacological features of the drug, as well as anatomical and physiological characteristics of the patient (age, sex, physical condition, etc.); determine the influence of factors that depend on the condition and characteristics of the human body (physiological, pathological, etc.) on the processes of absorption, distribution, deposition, metabolism and excretion of the drug, based on the results of the survey and the patient's history; on the basis of anatomical - physiological features of the person, pharmacological properties of medicines and dosage forms to define an optimum mode of administration of

database on drugs to justify the optimal choice

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medicines (time, multiplicity, duration); determine the possible impact of the 8 most common diseases; the phenomena arising at repeated and long reception of medicines; pharmacological groups of drugs that can cause drug dependence and mechanisms of its development; basic constitutional types of man and their anomalies; features of functioning of organs and systems at typical pathological processes; clinical manifestations (symptoms and syndromes) of diseases for which drugs are prescribed; biochemical composition of food; biochemistry of enzymes.

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PC 7. The ability to ensure proper storage of medicines and other pharmaceutical products in accordance with their physicochemical properties and the rules of Good Storage Practice (GSP) in health care facilities.

To know: classification of drugs and dosage forms;orders of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine on receipt, storage and issuance of poisonous,narcotic and equatedto them medicines;physicochemical properties of drugssubstances. Types of containers, closures and packaging materials thatused in medicine and pharmacy; orders of the Ministry of Health of Ukraineabout the organization of storage inpharmacies of variousgroups of drugs andmedical devices;storage conditions of poisonous and potent medicinal plantsraw materials; general requirements forstorage of medicines in pharmacies; storage rulesmedicinal substances with different physicochemical properties;pharmacological properties of drugs; stability andshelf life of medicines.

To provideappropriate storage conditions for toxic, narcotic anddrugs equated to them, as well as dosage forms with them; provide conditions to prevent undesirable consequences, taking into account the possible impact of storage conditions on the quality of pharmaceutical products, medicinal plant raw materialsand medical productsappointment; control conditionsstorage of raw materials andmaterials at enterprisespharmaceutical profile; to determine the stability of drugs and medical devices during storage during the established shelf life; check expired medications onthe possibility of extending the term of their further application in medical practice, to issue an appropriate quality passport.

To conduct a permanentproper monitoringstorage of medicinestools and productsmedical purposes at the enterprisespharmaceuticalprofile

To carryresponsibility forstorage of medicinestools and productsmedical according toGood practicestorage (GSP) insecurity institutionshealth

PC 12. The ability to use in professional activities knowledge of regulations, legislation of Ukraine and recommendations of good pharmaceutical practices.

To know: the basics of the legal system and pharmaceutical legislation; basic mechanisms of state regulation of pharmaceutical activity; principles of organization of pharmaceutical assistance to the population; basic principles of organization of pharmaceutical supply of the

To useregulatory acts regulatingpharmaceutical activity in Ukraine and abroad;track and identify changes and additions todomestic pharmaceutical

To form conclusions andprofessionally appliedlaws and regulationsdocuments

To carryresponsibility forhigh-quality and timely useregulatory documents inprofessionalactivitiesabuse and wrong

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population; legal and ethical norms of pharmaceuticalactivities.

legislation; compile information aboutmaterial and technical basepharmacy and pharmacy, as well as organizational documents,necessary for their activity; build relationships with patients and physicians in order to meet WHO ethical criteria and principles of goodpharmacy practice regardingpromotion of medicines

use of medicines

PC 20. The ability to develop methods for quality control of medicines

To know the methods of quality control of medicines

To be able to use methods to check the quality of medicines and develop new ones.

To communicate with other specialists to improve the development of new methods of quality control of medicines

To be responsible for the quality control of medicines and developed new methods

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Program results of studying:Integral final program studying results, the formation of which contributes to the discipline: the ability to solve typical and complex specialized problems and practical problems on pharmacology in professional pharmaceutical activity, clearly and unambiguously convey their conclusions and knowledge to professional and non-professional audience.Studying results for the discipline: ability to apply acquired knowledge in solving practical problems in the organization of pharmaceutical provision of the population and health care institutions.

Program studying results for the discipline:PRS 1. To perform professional activities in social interaction based on humanistic and ethical principles; to identify future professional activities as socially significant for human health.PRS 2. To apply knowledge of general and professional disciplines in professional activities.PRS 3. To follow the norms of sanitary and hygienic regime and safety requirements when performing professional activities. PRS 4. To demonstrate the ability to independently search, analyze and synthesize information from various sources and to use these results to solve typical and complex specialized tasks of professional activity.PRS 5. To position professional activity and personal qualities in the pharmaceutical labor market; to formulate the purposes of own activity taking into account public and industrial interests. PRS 6. To declare information for decision-making and be responsible for them in standard and non-standard professional situations; to follow the principles of deontology and ethics in professional activities.PRS 11. To use methods for assessing quality indicators; to identify reserves to increase labor efficiency.PRS 20. To implement a set of organizational and managerial measures to provide the population and health care facilities with medicines and other products of the pharmacy range. To perform all types of accounting in pharmacies, administrative records, processes of commodity analysis. PRS 21. To calculate the main economic indicators of pharmacies, as well as taxes and fees. Form all types of prices (wholesale, purchase and retail) for medicines and other products of the pharmacy range. PRS 22. To manage pharmaceutical organizations and determine its effectiveness using management functions. Make management decisions based on the formed leadership and communication skills of pharmaceutical staff in terms of strategic planning of enterprises. PRS 23. To take into account data on socio-economic processes in society for the pharmaceutical supply of the population, to determine the effectiveness and availability of pharmaceutical care in terms of health insurance and reimbursement of the cost of drugs. PRS 24. To plan and implement professional activities on the basis of regulations of Ukraine and recommendations of Good Pharmaceutical Practices.

Section I. MEDICAL PRESCRIPTION

Theme 1. Introduction into prescription. Structure of prescription. Medicinal forms.Structure of prescription. Concept of dosage forms. Forms of prescription forms.

Analysis of the structure and content of the prescription. Classification of dosage forms. Concept about a medical compounding, medicinal raw materials, substance, drugs, drug forms. The recipe: structure and rules of recipes prescription for adults and children, kinds of prescription forms. A drugstore. Pharmacopoeia definition, types of pharmacopoeias. Concept about officinal preparations.

Theme 2. Solid medicinal forms: oral powders, tablets, dragee, capsules, and powders for external use.

Medicinal forms. Solid medicinal forms (powders, powders, tablets, capsules, cachets, glossettes, lorenges, caramels, sugar coated pills, spansule, granules, suppository). Rules of recipes prescription. Typical errors that can occur in medicinal recipes. Algorithm steps of pharmacist in case of finding errors in the recipe.

Theme 3. Soft medicinal forms: suppositories, patches, ointments, pastes, and liniments. Different dosage forms: eye film, aerosols and others. New formulations and delivery

systems of drugs (transdermal therapeutic system, spinhalers, spacers, nebulizers, etc.). Typical errors that can occur in medicinal recipes. Algorithm steps of pharmacist in case of finding errors in the recipe.

Theme 4. Liquid medicinal forms: infusions, decoctions, mixtures, tinctures, liquid extracts, syrups, mucus, and drops for oral usage.

Theme 5. Liquid medicinal forms: for injections, solutions, suspensions, emulsion, aerosol for inhalation and for external use.

Theme 6. Checking off practical skills from section “Medical prescription”.

Section II. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY

Theme 7-8. General pharmacology. Pharmacokinetics.

Definition about pharmacology. Pharmacology in the system of medical and biological sciences. The basic sections of pharmacology: theoretical, experimental, physical and chemical, biochemical, physiological, clinical. New directions pharmacology development: pediatric, geriatric, radiating, immune pharmacology, psychopharmacology, pharmacogenetics, chronopharmacology. A role of native and foreign scientists in formation and development of pharmacology, as a science (N. Maximovich-Ambodyk, V.I. Dybkovsky, R. Buchgeim, O. Schmideberg, Y.O. Petrovsky, M.P. Kravkov, S.V. Anichkov, V.V.Zakusov, A.V.Waldmann, O.І. Cherkess, P.V.Rodionov, Ya. B. Maximovich, M. S. Kharchenko, G.О.Batrakк, М. Lugansky, N.S. Schwarsalon, S.G. Zakryvydoroga, А.А.Gavryliuk, S.І. Khrustalev, Yu.І. Ivanov, R.V. Rudyi). Modern development of pharmacology in Ukraine. The basic achievements of native pharmacologists.

Pharmacokinetics of preparations. Routes of drug administration (enteral and paraenteral, their versions). Absorbtion of drugs and its basic mechanisms (active transport, passive and facilitated diffusion, a filtration, pynocytose). Concept about bioavailability and bioequivalence. Linkage of drugs with plasma proteins and other bioligands. Distribution of drugs. Penetration through hystohaematic barriers: placentary, haematoencephal and others. Deposition of medicines.

Biotransformation of drugs, its kinds. A role of cytochrome Р-450. Routes of drug excretion from an organism.

Concept about basic pharmacokinetic parameters (constant of absorbtion speed, half-elimination period, stationary concentration, preparation clearance). Age features of pharmacokinetics (at children of the first years of a life and at persons of advanced years).

Theme 9. Pharmacodynamics. Nomenclature of medicines. Principles of drug classification.

Pharmacodynamics of preparations. Concept about receptors, including specific, agonists, antagonists. Synsynergic action, potentiation, antagonism of drugs. Kinds of action of drugs (direct, indirect, reflex, local, resorbtive; selective; reversible, irreversible; specific, nonspecific; basic and unfavorable). Types and ways of drug action. Metabolism (proteins, lipidesл, carbohydrates, electrolits) as object of drug influence.

Factors influencing on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Dependence of pharmacological effect on drug properties (chemical structure, physical and chemical properties, their doses and frequency rate of application), and also from the factors connected with biological object (age, genotype, phenotype, sex, weight of a body, the ethnic factor,

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biorhythms), climatic and anthropogenous factors (seasonal prevalence, temperature, pollution by toxic substances), a pathological condition (diseases of kidneys and liver, infections, a cardiovascular pathology, metabolic and other infringements), physiological features (pregnancy, childbirth, etc.).

Theme 10. Pharmacodynamics. Dosage of drugs. Classification of side effects of drugs.Definition of a kind of doses: single, daily, course, threshold, shock, shattered,

supporting, preventive, medical, average and the higher therapeutic, toxic and deadly. Width of therapeutic action.

Concentration of drug in the medical form or a biological liquid. Value of dependence «concentration (dose) – effect» in pharmacology.

Features of drugs action at their repeated application. Concept about material and functional cumulation. Tolerance or accustoming (as a version - tachyphylaxis), dependence on drugs action (mental, physical). Concept about a cancellation and return syndrome. Medical and social aspects of struggle against drug dependence. The combined action of drugs – synergic action (addition, potentiation), antagonism (as a version – antidote action). Incompatibility of medicinal substances.

Section III. SPECIAL PHARMACOLOGY

Drugs acting on afferent and efferent innervation

Theme 11. Preparations influencing on impulse transmission in cholinergic junction. M-, N-cholinomimetics.

Anatomic and physiological properties of vegetative nervous system. Modern representations about nervous synapses, mediators and receptors. Classification of preparations influencing vegetative nervous system. Preparations influencing function of cholinergic nerves. Concept about cholinergic receptors. Classification of preparations influencing function of cholinergic nerves. Pharmacological effects which arise at excitation and suppression of choline receptors. Cholinomimetic drugs. M - and N- cholinomimetic drugss. Pharmacology of carbachol . M-cholinomimetics. Pharmacological characteristic of pilocarpine. Influence on sight organ, smooth muscles of internal organs, secretion of glands, cardiovascular and urinogenital systems. Indications to application. Acute poisoning with muscarine. Help measures, antidote therapy. Anticholinesterase drugs and re-activators of cholinesterase. Classification of cholinesterase drugs. The action mechanism, pharmacological effects, indications to application, unfavorable action. The comparative Characteristic of anticholinesterase drugs (proserine, galanthamine, pyridostigmine). Features of action of organophosphate substances (OPS). Acute poisoning with OPS and treatment. Pharmacology of re-activators of acetylcholinesterase (alloxime).

N-cholineomimetics. Pharmacological effects of nicotine. Smoking as a medical and social problem. Preparations which are used for struggle against tobacco smoking.

Theme 12. Cholinoblockers.Cholinergic blockers. M - and N- cholinergic blockers. Pharmacology of cyclodolum.

Indication to application. Side effects. M-cholinergic blockers. Pharmacological characteristic of atropine. Indications to application. Acute poisoning with atropine and plants containing it. Help measures. Platyphylline, scopolamine, an belladonna extract, ipratropii bromide (atrovent), pirenzepine (gastrocepine). Comparative characteristic. Indications to application. Side effects.

N-cholinergic blockers (neuromuscular blocking agents and ganglionic blockers). Classification of ganglionic blockers. The action mechanism. Pharmacological effects, indications to application, unfavorable action. The characteristic of preparations: benzohexonium, hygronium, pentamine. Classification of neuromuscular blocking agents.

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Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics of tubocurarine. Indications to application, unfavorable action. The comparative characteristic of neuromuscular blockers: pipecuronium, rocuronium. Clinical symptoms of overdose. Treatment. The pharmacological characteristic of depolarizing agents (dithylinum). Indications to application. Help at overdose. Interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 7. Preparations influencing on transmission of neural impulse in adrenergic synapse. Adrenomimetics. Preparations influencing on adrenergic innervation. Modern representations about adrenergic receptors, their kinds and localisation. Classification of preparations influencing on adrenergic innervation. Adrenergic agonists. The pharmacological characteristic of adrenergic agonists. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics of epinephrine (adrenaline). Indications to application. The comparative characteristic of adrenergic agonists (norepinephrne/noradrenaline/, ephedrine, phenylephrine/mezaton/, naphthyzinum, xylomethazoline, salbutamolum, fenoterolum). Interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 14. Adrenonegative preparations. Sympatholytics. Pharmacological description of adrenoblockers and sympatholytics.

Pharmacological logic is in the mechanismof action and features of pharmacodynamic of adrenoblockers and sympatholytics. Concept about caridoselectivity and internal sympathomimetic activity of adrenoblockers.  Connection between a pharmacodynamics and testimonies, indirect action and contraindications for application of adrenoblockers. Comparative description of adrenoblockers and sympatholytics. To learn the international names of basic representatives. Interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 15. Dopamine and serotonin-tropic agents. Histamine and GABA-ergic agents.General definition of term «intermediates». The mechanism of action and

pharmacodynamics of drugs intermediates, from the standpoint of pharmacological role of dopamine, histamine, serotonin and prostaglandins in the body. Classification and pharmacological description for dopaminergic agents: stimulants and dopamine receptor blockers. Features of using in obstetrics, neurology.

Serotoninergic agents: stimulants and serotonin blockers. Features of using in oncology, allergology, hematology. Pharmacological characteristic of antimigraine agents. Pharmacological characteristic of histamine receptor stimulants. Classification and nomenclature of modern drugs on the basis of prostaglandins. Pharmacological characteristic of drugs containing prostaglandins. The logical connection between pharmacodynamics and indications for use, side effects and contraindications for drugs containing prostaglandins.

Theme 16. Preparations irritating the peripheral receptors of skin and mucous membranes.

Theme 17. Preparations protecting the receptors of skin and mucous membranes.Classification of medications that operate mainly in area of afferent nerves (facilities of

repressing type of action). Facilities that supress peripheral receptors: local anesthetics (LА), enveloping, adsorbent, astringent, emollient medicinal preparations. Classification of LА is on a chemical structure. Types of local anesthesia. Requirements to LА. Pharmacological and pharmaceutical aspects of combining of LА are with preparations of other groups in different medical forms. Pharmacological description of LА, enveloping, adsorbent, astringent, emollient medicinal preparations. Indirect action of LА. Classification and pharmacological characteristics of sorbents.

Theme 18. Checking of practical skills on in the section: "Drugs that affect afferent and efferent innervation."

Preparations affecting functions of central nervous system

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Theme 19. General anesthetics. Alcohols.Classes of drugs that depressing functions of central nervous system. The definition of

term «narcotic effect». History of opening of narcotic drugs. Modern requirements for general anesthetics. Classification of general anesthetics. Pharmacological characteristic agants for inhalation and noninhalation anesthesia. Features of routes of administration and dosage of drugs for anesthesia. Comparative characteristics of narcotic drugs. Conceptions of preanesthetic medication, the opening and the base, combined and mixed anesthesia. Classification of alcohols. Pharmacological characteristic of alcohol (ethyl alcohol, camphor alcohol, boric alcohol), features of pharmacodynamics at the local application. Usage of ethyl alcohol in the medical and pharmaceutical field. The algorithm of help measures for acute poisoning with ethyl alcohol. Pharmacological characteristic of drugs fo treatment alcoholism, alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The role of the pharmacist in the prevention of the consequences of alcohol and drug interaction and abuse of alkoholcontaining drugs.

Theme 20. Hypnotic and anticonvulsive drugs. Hypnotic drugs. Modern representations about the dream nature. Principal kinds of insomnia. Classification of hypnotic drugs by a chemical structure and their general characteristic. Possible mechanisms of action. Phenobarbital, nitrazepam, bromisovalum, chloralhydratum, zopiclone, zolpideme. Comparative characteristic of hypnotic drugs of different groups. Indications to application, adverse effects (return syndrome, post action, drug dependence). Acute poisoning of barbiturates, treatment. Anticonvulsant drugs. Spasms as symptoms of display of different pathological conditions. Use of preparations, myorelaxantes, hypnotic, narcotic drugs, myotrope spasmolytics). Antiepileptic drugs. Classification of antiepileptic drugs by the indications to application. Phenobarbital, diphenin, carbamazepine, clonazepam, ethosuximide, valproic acid, lamotrigine. The comparative characteristic, unfavorable action of antiepileptic drugs. Antiparkinsonian drugs. Classification of antiparkinsonial drugs. Basic mechanisms of action. Levodopa, amantadine, midantanum, sinemetum, nacom. Use in clinical practice. Drugs for treatment of spastic syndrome (benzodiazepines, GABA-ergic drugs (baclofenum). General characteristic. The role of the pharmacist in the prevention of side effects. Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 21. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAID). Antipyretics. Non-narcotical analgesics.

Analgesic drugs. General characteristics of analgesic drugs. Ways of pharmacological correction of pain. Non-narcotic analgesics. Classification of non-narcotic analgesics by chemical structure. Group general characteristic. Pharmacological characteristic non-opioid (non-narcotic) analgesics, antipyretics, analgesics, spasmo-analgesics and combined analgesics. Mechanisms of analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory action. The pharmacological characteristic of preparations: acetylsalicylic acid, analginum, paracetamol, ibuprofen, diclofenac-sodium, indomethacin, mefanamic acid, piroxicam, nimesulide, amisone, meloxicam (movalis), celecoxibe. The comparative characteristic, unfavorable action. Comparative characteristics of opioid analgesics and nonopioid analgesics. Side effects of nonopioid analgesics and their prevention. Terms of rational use of analgesic drugs.

The role and place of anti-inflammatory drugs in inflammation, as the most spread typical pathological process. Classification and nomenclature of modern non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), depending of the chemical structure, origin and degree of selectivity for cyclooxygenase. Modern views on the mechanism of action of NSAIDs from the position of cyclooxygenase concept. Pharmacological characteristic of NSAIDs. Comparative characteristics of modern and traditional NSAIDs. The logical connection between pharmacodynamics and indications, side effects and contraindications for use. The role of the pharmacist in ensuring conditions for rational use of NSAIDs. Prospects for creation NSAIDs with an unconventional mechanism of action.

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Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups. Principles of nonprescription antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Theme 22. Psychotropic agents. Psychodysleptics. Narcotic (opioid) analgesics.Psychotropic drugs. Classification of psychotropic drugs. Analgesic drugs. General characteristic of analgesics. Ways of pain elimination. Concept

about opiate receptors. Narcotic analgesics. Classification by a chemical structure, an origin and affinity to opiate receptors. The action mechanism. Pharmacology of morphine. Features of influence of a preparation on CNS. Omnoponum, codeine phosphas, promedolum, phentanyl, pentazocine, tramadol, buprenorphine. The comparative characteristic. Indications to application of analgesics. Side effects. An acutepoisoning by narcotic analgesics. Clinical displays and help measures. The characteristic of nalorphine, naloxone, naltrexone. Medical dependence which arises to narcotic analgesics, clinical displays, concepts about abstinence syndrome, treatment methods. Abuse as a socially-biological problem.

Theme 23. Neuroleptics. Tranquilisers. Psychosedative preparations. General characteristic of neuroleptic drugs, classification by a chemical structure. Mechanism of antipsychotic action of neuroleptic drugs. Pharmacological effects of aminazine. Triphtazine, droperidol, haloperidol, clozapine, chloroprotyxen, sulpiride, phtorphenazine. Comparative characteristic, indications to application. Side effects of neuroleptic drugs. Combined application with preparations of other pharmacological groups. Concept about neuroleptanalgesia. Tranquilizers. Classification of tranquilizers. Mechanism of anxiolytic action, concept about benzodiazepine receptors. Pharmacology of chlozepide, diazepam, phenazepam. Comparative characteristic. Day tranquilizers (gidazepam, medazepam). Concept about atypical tranquilizers. Indications and contra-indications to application of tranquilizers, their side effects. Medicinal dependence. The combined application with preparations of other pharmacological groups. Concept about ataralgesia. Lithium salts. Lithii carbonas. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, indications to application. Side effects. A sharp poisoning with lithium salts. Help at a poisoning. Sedative drugs. Classification of sedative drugs. Pharmacology of bromides. Indications to application. Side effects. Bromism syndrome - clinical signs, treatment and prevention. Phytogenesis sedative drugs (tincture of valeriana, tincture of leonurum, corvaldinum). Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 24. Antidepressants. Normothymics. Psychostimulators. Actoprotectors.Preparations stimulating function of the central nervous system. Classification of

psychotropic drugs of exciting action. Psychotropic stimulators. General characteristic of group of psychostimulators. Coffeinum-Natrii benzoas. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, indications to application, side effects. Basic pharmacological effects of sydnocarbum.

Pharmacology of antideprssants. Classification of antidepressants by the mechanism of action and a chemical structure. Imisinum, amitryptillynum, maprotellinum, pyrazedolum, fluoxetinum, fluoxaminum, sertalinum. Comparative characteristic. Side effects of antidepressants.

Conception of normothymics. Lithium salts. Lithii carbonas. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, indications to application. Side effects. A sharp poisoning with lithium salts. Help at a poisoning. Psychostimulants. General characteristics of the group. Caffeine-sodium benzoate. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, indications, side effects. The main pharmacological effects Sidnokarb. Conception of actoprotectors. Bemethyl.

Nootropic drugs. Classification of nootropic agents. Possible mechanisms of action. Indications. Pharmacology piracetam, aminalon, vinpocetine, sermion, sodium hydroxybutyrate. Adaptogens. Indications. Ginseng tincture, tincture Schisandra, Eleutherococcus extract liquid, Pantocrinum. The main properties of drugs, comparative characteristics. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of analeptics: caffeine, sodium benzoate, bemegride, aethymizolum.

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Indications.Drugs that can lead to addiction, drug abuse and substance abuse. Overview of the main

substances (hallucinogens, opioids, amphetamines, cocaine, cannabis, antidepressants, barbiturates, tranquilizers, alcohol, nicotine, etc.). The social value. Features of formation of dependence. Control measures.

Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 26. Checking of practical skills on “Drugs acting on the central nervous system”.

Pharmacology of preparations affecting the cardiovascular system

Theme 27. Cardiotonic agents. Cardiac glycosides. Non-glycosides cardiotonics. Cardiostimulators.

Classification and general characteristic of drugs influencing on heart. Cardiotonic preparations. Classification of cardiotonic preparations. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cardiac glycosides. The comparative characteristic of strophanthinum, corglyconum, digoxinum, infusion of an adonis grass. The indication and contra-indication to application. Side effects of cardiac glycosides. A sharp and chronic poisoning of cardiac glycosides. Help actions that preventive maintenance. The pharmacological characteristic of non-glycoside cardiotonic drugs. Dobutamine, dophamine. The indication to application. Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 28. Antiarrhythmic drugs.Antiarrhythmic drugs. The general pharmacological characteristic antiarrhythmic drugs.

The occurrence reasons of arrhythmia and treatment ways. Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs under indications to application and the action mechanism. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiarrhythmic drugs with membrane-stabilizing action (quinidine sulphate, novocaineamide, aymaline). The comparative characteristic of preparations. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of subgroups of lidocaine hydrochloride (trimecaine, diphenine). The indication to application. Pharmacology of aethacizine, propafenone (rythmylene). β-adrenoblockers (anaprilinum, atenololum, metoprololum), K+ – channels blockers (amiodarone) and Ca2+ – channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem) in treatment of infringements of a rhythm of cardiac activity. The mechanism of antiarrhythmic action of K preparation. Preparations for bradycardia correction (M-holine blockers, adrenopositive preparations). Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups. Theme 29-30. Antianginal drugs. Complex therapy of myocardial infarction. Classification and the general pharmacological characteristic of antianginal preparations. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nitroglycerine, side effects. The comparative pharmacological characteristic of medical products which contain nitroglycerine (sustac, isosrbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate). The action mechanism Ca - channels blockers (calcium agonists). The pharmacological characteristic of verapamil, amlodipine. Features of application in treatment sick of ischemic heart disease B-blockers (propranololum, atenololum, metoprololum), vasodilating preparations of myotrope action (dipyridamolum, papaverinum hydrochloride, drotaverinum (no-spa)), reflex type action (validol) and energy - providing preparations (trimethazidine, ATP-long, antioxidants, antihypoxantes. The indication and contra-indication to application, side effects. Concept about a syndrome of “robbing”. Principles of complex therapy of a myocardial infarction. General characteristic of pharmacological groups. Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups. Theme 31. Diuretic drugs. Complex therapy of chronic heart failure. Anti-gout drugs.

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Diuretic drugs. Classification of diuretic drugs by a chemical structure, localisation, activity and to the action mechanism. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, clopamide, ethacrynic acid, the indication to application, side effects. The comparative pharmacological characteristic of preparations which save K - spironolacone, tramterene. Concept about forced diuresis. Osmotic diuretic drugs (mannitol). The indication to application. Unfavourable action. Herbs which have diuretic action: a grass of a field horsetail, ortosyphone leaves, lespenephryle. A principle of the combined application of diuretic preparations. Uricosuric agents. Pharmacological correction of infringements of purine exchange in an organism. Classification of preparations which suppress formation of uric acid and preparations which accelerate deducing of uric acid salts (alllopurinol). The general characteristic, side effects. Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 32-33. Drugs acting on blood pressure. Hypotensive and hypertensive preparations. Ways of pharmacological correction of the raised arterial pressure. Modern clinical classification of hypotensive drugs. The pharmacological characteristic of hypotensive drugs of the basic group. Pharmacology of β-adrenoblockers - propranolol (anapriline), atenolol, talinolol, metoprolol; α1-adrene blockers: prazosine, doxazosine, terazosine; α- and β-adrene blockers: labetalol, carvedilol; ACE-inhibitors: captopril (capotene), enalapril, lisinopril, angiotensin II receptors blockers (losartan); antagonists of calcium (nifedipine, amlodipine); diuretic preparations (clopamide, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, spironolactone).

Preparations of additional group. The pharmacological characteristic central β2-adrenomimetics - clonidine; sympatholytics: reserpine, methyldopa; peripheral vasodilators: pentoxyphylline (agapurine), apressine (hydralazine), natrii nitroprusside, drotaverine (no-spa), papaverine hydrochloride, magnesii sulphate. Principles of non-prescription (over-the-counter) delivery of antihypertensive agents. Combination principles of hypotensive preparations. The comparative pharmacological characteristic of those groups, speed of hypotensive effect development. Medical assistance at a hypertensive crisis. Hypertensive drugs. The general pharmacological characteristic of drugs which are used at hypotensive conditions. Classification of hypertensive drugs behind the action mechanism. Features of use of analeptics, adaptogens, adrenergic agonists, hormonal and cardiotonic drugs. Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 34. Agents that affect blood circulation and microcirculation. Angioprotectors. Hypolipidemic drugs.

Theme 35. Agents that affect blood circulation and microcirculation. Complex therapy of cerebral and peripheral circulatory disorders. Migraine therapy.

Angioprotectors. Hypolipidemic drugs. The general pharmacological characteristic hypolipidemic drugs, an action orientation. Classification of hypolipidemic drugs on the action mechanism. Concept about angioprotective drug. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cholesteramine, lovastatin, essentiale, phenafibrate. Application of anticoagulants (heparine), antioxidants (tocopherol acetate), angioprotective drugs (parmydine, aethamzilate, querzetine) in treatment of hyperlipidemic conditions. The characteristic of preparations. The action mechanism. The indication to application and unfavourable action. Preparations which improve brain microcirculation. Main principles of treatment and preventive maintenance of insufficiency of brain blood circulation. Uses of аntiaggregants (acetylsalicylic acid, clopidogrel), anticoagulants (heparine, syncumarin, phenilin, warfarin), Ca – channels blockers (cinnarisine), alkaloid derivatives of uteric small horns (nicergoline), alkaloid derivative of barvinok (vinpocetine), GABA derivatives (aminalone), purine derivatives (pentoxyphylline). Pharmacotherapy of migraine. Etiological and pathogenetic factors. Classification of drugs. Drugs applied at disturbance of peripheral blood flow. General characteristics. Classification of drugs. Concept about veinotonic drugs.

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Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 36. Checking of practical skills in the section: "Drugs that affect the functions of the cardiovascular system."

Agents acting on metabolism, blood and immune processes

Theme 37. Hormonal preparations of polypeptide structure, their synthetic analogs and antagonists. General characteristic of hormonal preparations. Classification of hormonal preparations by origin. The mechanism of action of hormonal preparations. Indications to application. Hormonal preparations hypothalamus and hypophysis. The action mechanism of corticotropine, indications to application, side effects. Synthetic analogues of corticotropine. The pharmacological characteristic of gonadotropines (chorionicum gonadotropine, menopausal gonadotropine). Pharmacodynamics of preparations of posterior pituitary hormones (oxytocinum) and their synthetic analogues. The indications to application. Pharmacology of hormonal preparations of a thyroid gland (L- thyroxine, triiiodothyronine). Antithyreoide drugs (mercazolilum, iodine preparations). Indications and contra-indications to application, side effects. Preparations of calcitonine (calcitrine). Indications to application. Hypoglycemic drugs. Classification of hypoglycemic drugs. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, indications and contra-indications to insulin application. Unfavorable action. Features of use at hyperglycemic coma. Insulin overdose, the help at hypoglycemic coma. Preparations of insulin of the prolonged action. Synthetic antidiabetic drugs. Classification, the mechanism of action, the indications to application. Pharmacology of glibenclamide, metformin. The comparative characteristic, side effects. Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 38-39. Hormonal preparations of steroid structure and their synthetic substitutes. Mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. Peculiarities of usage.

Mineralocorticoids. Pharmacology of desoxycorticosterone acetate. Indications to application. Hormonal preparations of glucocorticoids (cortisone acetate, hydrocortisone acetate, prednisolone, dexamethasone, triamcinolone, synaflan, beclomethasone dipropionate). Pharmacological effects, indications, contra-indications to application, a dispensing mode. The comparative characteristic. Side effects of glucocorticoids.

Sexual (gonadal) hormones. Classification of sexual hormones. General characteristic of preparations of female sexual hormones. The action mechanism and indications to application of estrogens (oestronum, oestradiolum dipropionas, aethynyloestradiolum, synoestrolum), estrogen-antagonists (tamoxyphen), progestine (progesterone, oxyprogesterone), and anti- progestins (miphepristone). Side effects of preparations of female sex hormones and their antagonists. Contraceptives. Classification, principles of a combination, the indication and contra-indication to application, side effects. The comparative characteristic of contraceptive preparations (marvelone, postinor, logest). Preparations of man's sex hormones. The pharmacological characteristic of testosteroni propionas, methyltestosteronum, testoenatum. The indications to application, side effects. Antagonists of androgen hormones (ciproteronum, flutamide). Pharmacology of anabolic steroids. The mechanism of action, the indications to application of phenobolinum, retabolilum, methandrosteronolum. Unfavorable action of anabolic steroids. Non-steroid anabolic preparations (ryboxine, kalii orotas). Indications to application, unfavorable action. Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups. Theme 40. Pharmacology of water- and lipid-soluble vitamins. Enzyme and anti-enzyme preparations. Aminoacids derivatives.

Therapy by vitamin preparations and its kinds. Classification of vitamin preparations.

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Pharmacology of thiamine bromide, riboflavinum, pyridoxinum, nicotinic acid, cyanocobalaminum, folic acid, ascorbic acid, calcium pangamas, calcium pantotenas. The indications to application, side effects. Concept about bioflavonoids (routine, quercetine), coenzyme preparations.

A general characteristic of fat-soluble vitamin preparations. Pharmacology of retinole acetate, ergocalciferole acetate, tocopherol, vicasole. Indications and contra-indications to application. Side effects of fat-soluble vitamin preparations. Polyvitaminic preparations. Concept about antivitamins.

Pharmacological description of enzymic preparations. Enzymic preparations as facilities of substitutive therapy are at the diseases of organs of digestion. Enzymic preparations that apply locally at a festering-necrotizing process, at scars and joints. Pharmacological description of preparations of system enzymotherapy. Complication of enzymic therapy. Antienzymes. Inhibitors of proteolysis. Pharmacological description of amino acids, biogenic stimulators. Classification and pharmacological description of antioxidants and antihypoxants. Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 41. Drugs acting of calcium-phosphorus balance.Regulation of calcium-phosphorus metabolism. The main regulators of mineral bone

homeostasis. Parathyroid hormone and its biological role. Vitamin D, interaction of vitamin D and PTH. Calcitonin. Glucocorticoids. Estrogens. Non-hormonal agents that affect on the mineral bone homeostasis. Bisphosphonates, thiazides, fluorides. Principles of treatment of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Correction of intra-articular disorders. Hondromodulate (chondroprotective and hondrostimulant) effect on articular cartilage – rumalon, arteporon, mucarthrin, chondroitin sulfas, hyaluronic acid, alflutop, glucosamine.

Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 42. Preparations affecting erythropoiesis. Blood substitutes. Acids and alkalines. Preparations which influence on erythropoiesis. Stimulators of erythropoiesis.

Classification and a general characteristic of stimulators of erythropoiesis. Indications to application. Drugs which use in case of hypochromic anemia. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics of iron preparations (ferrous sulphate, ferrum-lek). The combined preparations (tardiferrone, fercoven, ferroplex). Indications to application. Unfavorable action. A sharp poisoning with preparations of iron and a first aid help. Pharmacology of coamide. Preparations of erythropoetine. The indications to application. Indirect action. The pharmacological characteristic of drugs which are used in case of hyperchromic anemia. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics of cyanocobalamine and folic acid. Phytotherapeutic drugs and preparations of an animal origin which are used in case of anemia. Drugs which suppress erythropoeisis. Radioactive Р32. Blood substitutes. A general characteristic of plasma substitutes. Pharmacodynamics and indications to application of salt solutions (an isotonic solution of natrii chloride, solution Ringeri-Locci, trisolum), alkaline solutions (sodium hydrocarbonate, trisamine), sugars (glucose), preparations, which contain components of blood (human albumine), synthetic preparations (reopolyglycine). Preparations for parenteral nutrition: lipofundinum. Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 43. Preparations affecting leucopoiesis and blood coagulation. Anti-cancer agents and radioprotectors.

Classification of drugs influencing blood system. A general characteristic of drugs which influence on haemopoiesis. Drugs which influence on leucopoiesis. The mechanism of action of leucopoiesis stimulators (natrii nucleinas, methyluracil, pentoxyum, leucogen, molgramostin). Indications to application. A general characteristic of drugs which suppress leucopoiesis (mercatopurine, methotrexate, thiophosphamidum). The indications to application. Unfavorable

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action. Drugs which influence trombocytes aggregation, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Classification of drugs which use for preventive maintenance and treatment of thrombosis. General characteristic of means which reduce trombocytes aggregation. The mechanism of action of acetylsalicylic acid, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, clopidogelum, pentoxyphylline. Classification of anticoagulants. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics of heparine. Indications and contra-indications to application. Unfavorable action. Heparine overdose, help measures (protamine sulfate). Preparations low-molecular heparines (fraxyparine). Anticoagulants of indirect action. Pharmacology of 4-oxycumarin derivatives (warfarin, syncumarin) and indandione derivatives (phenilin). Indications to application. Unfavorable action of indirect anticoagulants. A general characteristic of fibrinolytic drugs. Pharmacology of fibrinolysine, streptoliase, alteplase. Indications to application. Unfavorable action. Classification of coagulants. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics of vicasolum. The indications to application. Pharmacology of drugs which raise blood coagulation (a sponge haemostatic, gelatin, calcium preparations). The indications to application of antifibrinolytic drugs (aminocapronic acid, contrycal). Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 44. Antiallergic and immunotropic preparations. Classification of anti-inflammatory drugs. The basic mechanism of action. The characteristic of steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, mechanism of action, indications and contra-indications to application, unfavorable action. Pharmacology of non- steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. The comparative characteristic of preparations (acetylsalicylic acid, butadione, indomethacin, diclofenac-sodium, ibuprofen, naproxen, piroxicam, meloxicam, celecoxib, nimesulid) inhibiting degree of cyclooxygenase - 1 and - 2 and expressivenesses of anti-inflammatory action. Side effects of preparations and measures of their prevention. Preparations which influence immune processes.

Antiallergic drugs. Classification and general characteristic of antiallergic drugs. Preparations which use at hypersensitivity of immediate type (glucocorticoids, antihistamine drugs, fibrinolysis inhibitors, adrenergic agonists, choline blockers, spasmolytic, broncholytics). Features of application. Concept about histamine receptors. Pharmacology of antihistamine preparations - Н1-receptors blockers (dimedrolum, suprastinum, phencarolum, diasolinum, loratidin, diprazine). Comparative characteristic, unfavorable action. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, indications to application of cromolyn sodium, ketotifen. Help principles at hypersensitivity of delayed type. General characteristic. Pharmacology of immunisupressants (cytostatic preparations, glucocorticoids).

General characteristic of drugs which reduce damage of tissue (steroid and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs). Preparations which influence immunity. Classification of immunity stimulators. Pharmacology of thymus preparations (thymalinum), stimulators of leucopoiesis (sodium nucleate, mthyluracil), interferones and vaccines. Immunisupressive preparations (antimetabolites, alkylating agents, glucocorticoids, enzyme preparations). Indications to application, unfavorable action. Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 45. Checking of practical skills in the section: "Drugs that affect metabolism, blood system and immune processes."

Antimicrobial and anti-parasitic preparations

Theme 46. Disinfectants and antiseptics.Antiseptic and disinfectant medical products. Concepts about antiseptics and disinfection.

History of application of antiseptics. Requirements to modern antiseptics. Classification of antiseptic and disinfectants by chemical structure. Pharmacology of antiseptic and disinfectant substances of the inorganic nature. The mechanism of action of halogens (chlorine preparations:

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chlorhexidini biglyconas; iodine preparations: an iodine spiritousis solution, combined preparations: ioddicerine, iodinole). Indications to application, side effects. A sharp both chronic poisoning and rendering assistance. The mechanism of action, the indication to application of oxidizers: hydrogen peroxide, kalii permanganate. Dependence of pharmacological action on concentration of a solution. Antiseptic and disinfectant action of preparations of acids and alkalis (acid boric, an ammonia solution). The mechanism and kinds of action of salts of heavy metals (pre-resorbtive, resorbtive). The factors defining antimicrobial of preparations of salts of heavy metals. Schmiddeberg’s row. Features of application of preparations of mercury, lead, silver, bismuth, copper, zinc. By-effects of preparations of salts of heavy metals. Principles of antidote therapy. Pharmacology of antiseptic and disinfectants of the organic nature. Aromatic series derivatives. The mechanism of action of preparations of group of phenol (phenol, resorcine, tar birch, balsam liniment by Vishnevskiy, ichtiolum). Side effects. A sharp poisoning with phenol, the help. The action mechanism of nitrofurane, indications that contrindications to application. The comparative characteristic of preparations. Mechanism of antimicrobial action of preparations of dyes. The pharmacological characteristic of brilliant green, methylene blue, aethacridine lactate. Indications to application. Derivatives of aliphatic row. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics of formaldehyde. Unfavourable action. The mechanism of antimicrobial action of spirit ethyl. Pharmacology of detergents. Mechanism of action, indication to application of detergents: ethonium, decamethoxinum, chlorhexidinum, miramistine. Phytogenesis preparations: chlorophylipt. Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Тheme 47. Antibiotics. Classification. Mechanism of action. Uses.Concepts about antibiosis, antibiotics, spectrum of action of antibiotics. History of

discovering and introduction of antibiotics in medical practice. L.Pasteur, І. І. Mechnikov, O. Fleming. H.V. Flory, E.B. Chain, Z.V. Ermolyeva, S. Vaksman, V.S.Derkach. Principles of antibiotic therapy. Classification of antibiotics by chemical structure, a spectrum and the action mechanism. Group of penicillin. Classification. The mechanism of action, spectrum duration of action. Administration ways. The pharmacological characteristic of preparations of penicillin group (benzylpenicillinum Na and K salts, benzatinum, bicillinum-1, bicillinum - 3, bicillinum – 5, oxacillinum Na salt, ampicillinum, ampiox, amoxicillinum). Comparative characteristic of preparations, indications to application, unfavorable and toxic effects. Development of an anaphylaxic shock on penicillin and help measures. Principles and the purpose of a combination of penicilline preparations with b-lactamase inhibitors: clavulanic acid (amoxiclav), sulbactam, tazobactam. Cephalosporins. Classification of preparations by administration ways and generations. Action mechanism and action spectrum. Indications to application. Comparative characteristic of preparations of cephalosporins (cephazolin, cephalexinum, cefotaxim, ceftriaxon, cefpirom). Adverse effects of cephalosporins. The pharmacological characteristic of carbapenems (meropenem) and monobactams (aztreonam). Mechanism of action and spectrum of action, indications to application, side effects. The pharmacological characteristic of erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, spiramycin. Principles of a combination with preparations of other groups (tetracyclines). Tetracycline group (tetracycline, doxycycline, metacycline). Pharmacokinetics, mechanism and spectrum of action, indications and contra-indications to application, adverse effects and their prevention. Laevomycetine group (laevomycetinum). Mechanism and spectrum of action, indications to application, adverse effects. Possibility of development of a heavy intoxication at babies. A combination with other antimicrobial drugs. Pharmacology of aminoglycosides (streptomycinum, gentamycinum, amikacinum). General characteristic, mechanism of action, indications and contra-indications to application, side effects. Principles of combination with other antimicrobial drugs. Cyclic polypeptides (polymyxinum). Mechanism and spectrum of action, indications to application, administration ways, adverse effects. Polyene preparations. Pharmacological characteristic (nystatinum, amphotericinum. Indications to application. Rifampins. The action mechanism,

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indications to application, side effects. Features of use of rifampin in clinical practice. Lyncozamides. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics of lyncomycinum. Indications to application. Adverse effects. Pharmacology of natrii fusidine. Indications to application. Adverse effects. Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Тема 48. Antibiotics (continuation).Theme 49. Adverse effects of antibiotics.Theme 50. Sulfonilamides. Sulfonilamides, classification by pharmacokinetics. Pharmacological characteristics of

sulfonamides. The spectrum of action and dosing sulfonamides. Side effect. The principles of the usage. Combined drugs, pharmacological characteristics. Biseptol, indications and adverse effects. Combination therapy with other antimicrobial agents.

Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 51. Antimicrobial preparation of a different chemical structure.Features of application of fluoroquinolone derivatives (ofloxacine, ciprofloxacine) in

medical practice. Nitrofuran derivatives. The mechanism of action, the indication to application, introduction ways, adverse action (furaciline, furazolidone, furagine). Synthetic antimicrobial preparations of different chemical structure. Quinolone derivatives (1 - IV generations). Classification, the mechanism of action, indication to application, adverse effects. The characteristic of preparations (nitroxoline, nalidixic acid). Antifungal preparations. Classification of antifungal drugs by origin and appointment. The pharmacological characteristic of nystatin, amphotericinum B, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole. Indications to application, adverse effects. Sulfonilamides, classification by pharmacokinetics. Biseptol, indications and adverse effects. Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups. Тheme 52. Antituberculosal and antispirochetal preparations.

Antituberculosis preparations. Main principles of treatment and tuberculosis preventive maintenance. Classification of preparations applied to treatment of a tuberculosis. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics of INH derivatives (isoniazid), side effects arising at long application and ways of their preventive maintenance. The pharmacological characteristic of rifampicin. Features of long application. Preparations of antibiotics for tuberculosis treatment (streptomycin sulphate, kanmycin, cycloserinum). The pharmacological characteristic of preparations of different chemical groups: ethionamide, prothionamide, ethambutol, pyrozinamide, ciprofloxacine, ofloxacine, PASA. Side effects. Antisyphilitic preparations. General characteristic. Principles of treatment of a syphilis. Classification antisyphilitic preparations. Features of application of antibiotics (penicillin, macroleads, cephalosporins), preparations of bismuth (biiochinolum) in syphilis treatment. Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 53. Antiprotozoal preparations.Main principles of preventive maintenance and treatment of malaria. Classification of

antimalarial drugs. The action mechanism. The pharmacological characteristic of chloroquine, chloridine. Indications and contrindications to application, unfavourable action. Medicamentous therapy of a malarial coma. Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 54. Antihelminthal and antifungal preparations.Anthelmintic preparations. Classification of anthelmintic preparations. Feature of

application at various kinds of helmintosis. The pharmacological characteristic of the drugs applied in intestinal helmintosis treatment. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, an action spectrum of mebendazole, albendazoleа. Indications to application, unfavourable action. Features of application of laevomisole, pyrantel, piperasini adipinas, naftamone. Preparations

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applied at out–enteral helmintosis - praziquantel. Preparations which apply in tricomoniasis treatment. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics of metronidazole. Indications to application and adverse action. Tinidazole, ornidazole and furasolidone in trichomoniasis treatment. Antifungal preparations. Classification of antifungal drugs by origin and appointment. The pharmacological characteristic of nystatin, amphotericinum B, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole. Indications to application, adverse effects. Sulfonilamides, classification by pharmacokinetics. Biseptol, indications and adverse effects.

Medical preparations for treatment of a clamidiosis. The pharmacological characteristic of macroleads, to doxycycline, metronidazole. The medical products applied in amebiasis treatment. Classification of antamebal preparations. The pharmacological characteristic of metronidazole. Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 55. Antiviral preparations.Antiviral preparations. Classification of antiviral preparations on the mechanism of action

and indications to application. The pharmacological characteristic of preparations which appoint a sick flu (remantadine, interferones). Features of application. Preparations which apply at herpetic infections (acyclovir). Pharmacology of interferones (laferone). Use possibilities of antiviral preparations in complex treatment sick of AIDS (zidovudine and others). Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 56. Checking of practical skills on “Antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-parasitic agents”.

Theme 57-58. Agents acting on gastrointestinal tract. Preparations influencing on appetite. General pharmacological characteristic, classification of preparations influencing on appetite and are used for anorexia and bulimia treatment. Preparationss which stimulate appetite: bitterness (wormwood, dandelion), preparations of different chemical groups (insulin, psychotropic drugs, anabolic steroids). Drugs inhibiting appetite: classification, comparative characteristic, side effects. Pharmacology of orlistate. Emetics and antiemetics (methoclopramideondansetron). The mechanism of action of emetics, their application. The pharmacological characteristic of emetic central acting agents (apomorphine hydrochloride). General characteristic of antiemetics: neuroleptics (aethaperazine, tryphtazine), M-choline blockers, antihistamine drugs (dimedrolum, diprazine). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methoclopramide. Side effects.

Preparations which are used at infringements of function of stomach glands. General pharmacological characteristic of drugs which stimulate secretion of stomach glands and are applied for the purpose of diagnostics (pentagastrin) and replaceable therapy (pepsin, natural gastric juice, HCl acid dissolved). Classification and the general pharmacological characteristic of drugs suppressinggastric secretion. Use in complex treatment of a stomach ulcer, a duodenal gut and hyperacide gastritis. Pharmacological characteristic of Н2-receptors blockers (ranitidine, famotidine), comparative characteristic of preparations. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of M-choline blockers: pirenzepine. Side effects. Pharmacological characteristic of a proton pump blockers (omeprazole). Antacids. General pharmacological characteristic of drugs which destroy the raised acidity of gastric juice. Pharmacodynamics of hydrocarbonate sodium as antacide preparation, indications to application, side effects. Pharmacology of magnesium oxide, aluminium hydroxide. The comparative characteristic of antacides. Combination principles. Use of the combined preparations (almagel, maalox) in clinical practice. Concept about gastroprotectors. The general pharmacological characteristic of preparations which restore mechanical protection of a mucous membrane (sucralfate, colloidal bismuth), and preparations which raise firmness of mucosa to action of damaging factors (misoprostol). Preparations which use at infringement of pancreas functions. Classification of

25

drugs which stimulate secretion function of a pancreas and are used for the purpose of replaceable therapy (pancreatin, panzinorm forte, mezim forte, festal). Indications to application.

The characteristic of drugs which brake secretion activity of a pancreas (contrycalum, aminocapronic acid). Indications to application. Bile expelling preparations. Classification. General characteristic of drugs which stimulate bile formation. The action mechanism of bile expelling preparations which contain bile and natural bilious acids. The pharmacological characteristic of means which strengthen bile outflow - cholekinetics. Indications to application. Hepatoprotectors and gullstone solubilisers. Mechanism of action of drugs protecting liver function (legalone, carsil, essentiale, hepabene, thiotriazoline, vitamin preparations). Indications to application. General characteristic of gullstone solubilisers (chenodiol, ursodiol). Indications to application. Preparations influencing intestines motility. Preparations eliminating intestines atony. M-cholinemimetics and anticholinesterase preparations in treatment of intestines atony. Possibility of use of serotonine receptors agonists and motiline receptors agonists, hormonal preparations. Laxative drugs. Classification of laxatives by localisation of action and an origin. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, indications to application of a salt laxatives (magnesium sulfate). Application at sharp poisonings. The pharmacological characteristic of laxaties containing antraglycosides (radix, cortex Franulae, Senna). Indications to application. Pharmacology of castor oil. Indications and contra-indications to application. Synthetic laxative drugs (guttalax, dufalak, bisacodyl). The action mechanism. Indications to application. The combined preparations with laxative action (regulax). Preparations suppressing impellent function of guts. Pharmacology of means which eliminate intestines spasm (M-choline blockers, ganglioblockers, myotrope spasmolytics). Antidiarrheals. General characteristic of drugs having antidiarrheal action (knitting, adsorbing, enveloping, bilberries). Pharmacology of loperamide (imodium). Indications to application. Unfavorable action. Preparations of mint, flowers of camomile, fennel. Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 59. Agents acting on respiratory tract.Stimulants of breathing. Classification respiratory stimulants. Pharmacological

characteristic of aethymisolum. Camphora, sulfocamphocainum, carbogenes. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, indications for usage. Antitussive drugs. Classification of antitussive agents. Overview of codeine phosphate, glaucine, oxeladin, libexin, butamirate. Side effects. Expectorant drugs. Classification of expectorants, mechanism of action. The pharmacological characteristics of drugs grass of Thermopsidis, marshmallow root, mukaltin, crystalline trypsin, bromhexine, ambroxole, acetylcysteine. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, side effects. Stimulants synthesis of surfactant. Overview of stimulants synthesis of surfactant. Pharmacological characteristic of ambroxole. Bronchodilator drugs. Classification of bronchodilators. Pharmacology of adrenomimetic drugs: salbutamol, orciprenaline sulfate, fenoterol; M-cholinoblockers: ipratropium bromide (atrovent), tiotropium bromide. Myotropic bronchodilators – theophylline, aminophylline. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, side effects. Antiallergic and desensitizing drugs. Overview of cromolyn sodium, ketotifen and topical anti-inflammatory drugs: fluticasone propionate, beclomethasone dipropionate, flunisolide, triamcinolone acetonide. Drugs used in pulmonary edema. Tactics assist mesures with pulmonary edema, the choice of drugs: (strophantine, digoxin, corglycon, hygronium, pentaminum, benzohexonium, furosemide, mannitol, mezaton, ephedrine hydrochloride, morphine hydrochloride, fentanyl, ethyl alcohol, steroids).

Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 60. Agents acting on myometrium. Contraceptives.Classification of drugs affecting on the uterus. General definition of groups «uterotonic

agents», «tokolytics». Classification, nomenclature and pharmacological characteristics of uterotonic agents. Comparative characteristics uterotonic action of drug oxytocin, ergot alkaloids

26

and prostaglandins. The logical relationship between side effects of uterotonic agents and its contraindications.

Classification, nomenclature and pharmacological characteristics of modern tocolytic agents. Comparative characteristics of tocolytic drugs taking into account the characteristics of its mechanism of action. The logical relationship between pharmacodynamics and indications for using tocolytic agents. The risk / benefit of using tocolytic agents during different periods of gestation.

Pharmacovigilance and interchangeability of medicines. To know the trade names of the main representatives of groups.

Theme 61-62. Pharmacotherapy of acute poisoning and emergency states.Main principles of pharmacotherapy of sharp poisonings with medical products. The

reasons of sharp poisonings. Symptoms of sharp poisonings with medical preparations of different pharmacological groups. Methods active detoxycation, use of emetic, diarrheal, enveloping, astringents and adsorbents. Application of active diuretics for the purpose of removal of toxic substances from blood (forced diuresisз), use of a hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, hyperbaric oxygenation, haemo - and lymphosorbtion. Concept about antipillboxes. Kinds of antidot therapies. Pharmacology of unithiolum, acetylcisteine, to tetacini-calcium, penicilamine, deferoxamine, reactivators of choline esterase. Principles of symptomatic therapy of sharp poisonings. Concepts about radio protectors, a general characteristic, the action mechanism, classification. Main principles of application. Pharmacology of cystamini yhydrochloride. Possibility of application of enterosgelum, sulfur -consisting preparations, vitamin preparations, antioxidants, hormonal preparations, complexones.

To know classification of side reactions of medical preparationss and ethiopathogenic mechanisms of their occurrence, also the factors influencing safety of application of medical products. To master substantive provisions of the organisation of the state system of pharmacological supervision of collateral reactions of medical products in Ukraine.

Main principles of pharmacotherapy of sharp poisonings with medical products. The reasons of sharp poisonings. Symptoms of sharp poisonings with medical preparations of different pharmacological groups. Methods active detoxycation, use of emetic, diarrheal, enveloping, astringents and adsorbents. Application of active diuretics for the purpose of removal of toxic substances from blood (forced diuresisз), use of a hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, hyperbaric oxygenation, haemo- and lymphosorbtion. Concept about antipillboxes. Kinds of antidot therapies. Pharmacology of unithiolum, acetylcisteine, to tetacini-calcium, penicilamine, deferoxamine, reactivators of choline esterase. Principles of symptomatic therapy of sharp poisonings. Concepts about radio protectors, a general characteristic, the action mechanism, classification. Main principles of application. Pharmacology of cystamini yhydrochloride. Possibility of application of enterosgelum, sulfur-consisting preparations, vitamin preparations, antioxidants, hormonal preparations, complexones.

Principles of pharmacotherapy of emergency conditions. Hypertensive crisis, angina pectoris, bronchial asthma attack, intestinal, renal colic and others.

Theme 63. Combined usage of drugs and drug-drug interaction.Definition of the interaction of drugs. Types of interaction. The pharmaceutical (physico-

chemical) interaction. Pharmacokinetic interaction. Pharmacodynamic interactions. The role of pharmacogenetics in metabolic incompatibility of drugs. Explicit and hidden fermentopathy and their role in the development of atypical reactions to drug administration. Interaction between drugs and food. Influence on the absorption, distribution and excretion.

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic incompatibility. The phenomenon of summation and potentiation. Antagonistic interaction between drugs, direct antagonism, competitive, indirect, single- and double-sided, partial. Mechanisms of interaction. Examples of incompatible medications.

Interaction of drugs and food at different stages of pharmacokinetics. Adverse effects on the metabolism of drugs in the body of alcohol (ethanol) and alcoholic beverages. Features diet

27

while taking drugs. Interaction between drinks and drugs.Theme 64. Compatibility and incompatibility of drugs and meal.Theme 65. Pharmacotoxycodynamics.Theme 66. Pharmacotoxycodynamics (continuation).To know classification of side reactions of medical preparationss and ethiopathogenic

mechanisms of their occurrence, also the factors influencing safety of application of medical products. Organotoxic, not related to dose, unpredictable, deferred and other side effects. Side effects of an overdose, long-term use of the drug. The phenomenon of «withdrawal», «rebound», idiosyncrasy, allergic and pseudoallergic reactions. Mutagenic, embryotoxic, teratogenic, fetotoxic actions, penetration into breast milk. Basic ways of solutions for safety treatment. The role of the pharmacist. To master substantive provisions of the organisation of the state system of pharmacological supervision of collateral reactions of medical products in Ukraine.

Theme 67. Pediatric pharmacology and pharmacology of aged patients.Principles of perinatal and pediatric pharmacology. Drugs and pregnancy. Features

pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Potential adverse effects of drugs on the mother and child.

Usage of drugs during lactation. Drugs approved for use in the treatment of newborns. Drugs that are contraindicated for newborns.

Features pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs for children. Adverse effects and interactions of medicines for children. Formulations and features in pediatric dosage of medicines for children. Methods for calculating doses.

General principles of geriartric pharmacology. Age-related changes that affect on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. Possible adverse effects of drugs used in geriartric.

The main groups of drugs used in geriartric practice.Drugs for local application that can detect toxic effects during breastfeeding. Drugs

resorptive actions that gets into the milk during lactation. The list of drugs that are contraindicated for pharmacotherapy in lactation. The mechanisms of action and side effects. Drugs that are using with caution. To be able to value the risk-benefit of the appointment of drugs.

Theme 68. Pharmacotherapy of breast-feeding women.Theme 69. Pharmacologic safety.Theme 70. The role of the pharmacist in the prevention of negative consequences of

using drugs. Test control.The definition of the term «pharmaceutical care». The role of the pharmacist. The

development of the concept of self treatment. Characteristics of the negative aspects of self treatment. Non-prescription drugs. The criteria on which the drug belongs to a prescription or non-prescription. Symptomatic treatment of diseases, its negative side. Categories of patients needs special attention of pharmacist. Brand and generic drugs, their features. Pharmaceutical care in the delivery of non-prescription drugs. Action algorithm of pharmacist. Compliance as a factor of the effectiveness of drug therapy. Pharmaceutical care of patients with colds (sore throat, rhinitis, cough, fever). Evaluation of pharmacotherapy in terms of benefit / harm in the absence of clinical diagnosis. Drugs characteristics, features of using, adverse effects, contraindications. Pharmaceutical care in patients with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, joints and skeletal muscles, with microtrauma, with burns and frostbite, allergies, iron deficiency anemia. Principles of using oral contraceptives. Clinical and pharmaceutical aspects of alcohol in medicine. The interaction of alcohol with drugs. The interaction of drugs with food.

3. Structured curriculum for the discipline:

28

Structure of discipline

Amount of hours Year of study

Type of control

Totalhrs/credits

Auditorial Independent classesLectures Practical

classes255 30 140 85 3

5 semester 141 20 76 45 5 semester

Current

6 semester 114 10 64 40 6 semester

Current,exam

Note: Auditorial load - 67%, Independent classes - 33%.Section I. MEDICAL PRESCRIPTION

Specific goals:- to generalize and analyze the characteristics of dosage forms, features of their manufacture, routes of administration and prescriptions;- to evaluate the value of the correctly written signature;- to generalize and analyze the characteristics of hard and soft dosage forms, features of their manufacture, routes of administration and prescriptions;- to summarize and analyze the characteristics of liquid dosage forms, features of their manufacture, routes of administration and prescriptions;- to generalize and analyze the characteristics of tinctures, potions, drops inside, the peculiarities of their manufacture, routes of administration and prescriptions in recipes;- to generalize and analyze the characteristics of new dosage forms (cachets, lozenges, glossites, caramels), the peculiarities of their manufacture, routes of administration and prescriptions.

Section II. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGYSpecific goals:

- to summarize and analyze the main pharmacological terms;- to assess the importance of pharmacology as a fundamental discipline for the development of other disciplines and areas in medicine;- to analyze the main stages of development of pharmacology as a science and contribution- to scientists at each of its stages of formation;- to analyze and master the concepts of "drug substance", "dosage form", "drug";- to assess the role and importance of pharmacology in the development and implementation of the drug;- to master the basic pharmacological terms and principles of drug classification (pharmacological "alphabet");- to learn the types of action and ways of introducing drugs into the human body;- to summarize and analyze the main stages of pharmacokinetics of drugs;- to master and be able to explain the pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs;- to master the basic mechanisms of realization of pharmacological action of drugs;- to summarize and analyze the phenomena that occur during repeated and combined administration of drugs;- to master the classification of doses and principles of drug dosing depending on age, body weight, surface area, etc. factors;- to control the correctness of prescribing doses;

29

Section III. SPECIAL PHARMACOLOGYSpecific goals:

- to generalize and analyze the pharmacological characteristics of the main pharmacological agents, explain the mechanisms of action;- to interpret the indications for the use of drugs in accordance with the knowledge of pharmacodynamics;- to evaluate the benefit / risk ratio when using drugs that affect the peripheral nervous system;- to be able to create an algorithm to help patients with acute poisoning by muscarine, anticholinesterase drugs, atropine-like substances, nicotine. Understand the possibilities of using antidotes in each case;- to explain the dependence of the action of drugs that affect the peripheral nervous system on the pharmacokinetics of patients of different ages, comorbidities and their therapy;- to make judgments about the possibility of side effects of drugs in order to prevent them;- to analyze and correct prescriptions for drugs that regulate the functions of the peripheral nervous system.- to generalize and analyze the main ways of pharmacological correction (influence) of disorders of the afferent nervous system;- to analyze the main classifications of drugs that affect the afferent nervous system;- to explain the pharmacological characteristics of the main pharmacological agents, explain the mechanisms of action;- to interpret the indications for the use of drugs in accordance with the knowledge of pharmacodynamics;- to evaluate the benefit / risk ratio when using drugs that affect the afferent nervous system;- to be able to create an algorithm to help patients with acute cocaine poisoning, other local anesthetics. Understand the possibility of using antidotes in each case;- to explain the dependence of the action of drugs that affect the peripheral nervous system on the pharmacokinetics of patients of different ages, comorbidities and their therapy;- to make judgments about the possibility and occurrence of side effects of drugs in order to prevent them;- to be able to write and analyze prescriptions for drugs that affect the functions of the peripheral nervous system;- to generalize and analyze the main ways of pharmacological correction (influence) of disorders of the central nervous system;- to explain and analyze the main classifications of drugs that affect the central nervous system;- to be able to explain the pharmacological characteristics of the main pharmacological agents, to explain the mechanisms of action;- to distinguish between indications for the use of drugs with neurotropic and psychotropic mechanisms of action;- to interpret the indications for the use of drugs in accordance with the knowledge of pharmacodynamics;- to evaluate the benefit / risk ratio when using drugs that affect the central nervous system;- to generalize and analyze the pharmacological characteristics of the main pharmacological agents, explain the mechanisms of action;- to distinguish indications for the use of drugs with a psychotropic mechanism of action;- to interpret the indications for the use of drugs in accordance with the knowledge of pharmacodynamics;- to evaluate the benefit / risk ratio in the use of psychotropic drugs;- to be able to explain the algorithm of assistance to patients with acute poisoning by psychotropic drugs. Understand the possibility of using antidotes in each case;- to explain the dependence of the action of drugs with psychotropic properties on the pharmacokinetics of patients of different ages, comorbidities and their therapy;- to make judgments about the possibility and occurrence of side effects of drugs in order to

30

prevent them;- to master the rules of prescribing psychotropic drugs and issuing them to patients;- to be able to write and analyze prescriptions for drugs that affect the functions of the higher nervous system.- to generalize and analyze the main ways of pharmacological correction (influence) of drugs on the functions of the cardiovascular system;- to explain and analyze modern classifications of drugs that affect the functions of the cardiovascular system;- to interpret the concepts of "cardiostimulatory" and "cardiotonic" action;- to be able to explain the characteristics of basic pharmacological agents, explain the mechanisms of action;- to be able to create an algorithm for helping patients in emergencies (myocardial infarction, angina, acute cardiovascular failure, hypertensive crisis);- to provide a comparative description of drugs that affect the functions of the cardiovascular system by strength and duration of pharmacological action;- to explain the dependence of the action of drugs on the functions of the cardiovascular system on the pharmacokinetics of patients of different ages, comorbidities and their therapy;- to be able to make a choice of drugs according to the course of cardiovascular disease;- to make judgments about the possibility of side effects of drugs in order to prevent them;- to be able to write and analyze prescriptions for drugs that affect the functions of the cardiovascular system;- to explain the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of drugs depending on their chemical structure, routes of administration and dosage features to provide information to physicians and patients on dosage, interchangeability and conditions of rational use of new and traditional drugs in this group;- to generalize the classification and pharmacological features of antidotes;- to assess the risk / benefit ratio in the use of drugs that affect the functions of the cardiovascular system;- to analyze and correct prescriptions for drugs that affect the functions of the cardiovascular system.- to summarize and analyze the characteristics of vitamin, hormonal, immunotropic and antiallergic drugs;- to be able to analyze modern classifications of vitamin, hormonal, immunotropic and antiallergic drugs;- to be able to explain the pharmacological characteristics of vitamin drugs, hormonal, immunotropic, antiallergic drugs, explain the mechanism of action;- to make judgments about antivitamins, explain the mechanism of their action;- to be able to create an algorithm for helping patients in emergencies (hypo- and hyperglycemic coma, anaphylactic shock, etc.);- interpret the indications for the use of vitamin drugs, hormonal drugs in cases of replacement, adaptation, inhibitory, stimulating, pharmacodynamic therapy;- to be able to write and analyze prescriptions for drugs that affect metabolic processes;- to summarize and analyze modern classifications of drugs used to treat infectious diseases, antiseptics and disinfectants;- to interpret the concepts of "type of action" and "spectrum of action" of chemotherapeutic agents, "sensitivity" and "resistance" of tumor cells and microorganisms, "superinfection", "postantibiotic effect", "dysbiosis";- to summarize and analyze the main characteristics of antiseptic, disinfectant drugs;- to be able to interpret modern classifications of drugs used to treat diseases caused by pathogens;- to generalize and analyze the pharmacological characteristics of the main antiseptic, disinfectant drugs, explain the mechanism of action;

31

- to be able to formulate indications for the use of antimicrobial drugs in accordance with the sensitivity of pathogens;- to be able to create an algorithm to help patients with acute poisoning by antiseptic drugs;- to evaluate the benefits and risks of using disinfectants and antiseptics. Predict and prevent side effects;- to be able to prescribe and analyze prescriptions for antiseptic, disinfectant drugs and perform pharmacotherapeutic analysis;- to generalize and analyze modern classifications of drugs used to treat diseases caused by pathogens;- to substantiate the principles of combined use of antibiotics of different groups;- to generalize and analyze the main antiparasitic, antiprotozoal drugs, explain the mechanism of action;- to offer a rational combination of medicinal antiparasitic, antiprotozoal drugs;- to substantiate the principles of combined use of chemotherapeutic drugs of different groups;- to be able to create an algorithm to help patients with acute poisoning by antiparasitic, antiprotozoal drugs;- to evaluate the benefit-risk balance of antiparasitic, antiprotozoal drugs. Predict and prevent side effects;- to be able to prescribe and analyze prescriptions for antiparasitic, antiprotozoal drugs and perform pharmacotherapeutic analysis.- to analyze the main risk factors for side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs;- master the rules of rational antibiotic therapy in order to prevent side effects and the development of antibiotic resistance;- to correct prescriptions for chemotherapeutic drugs.

4. ORIENTATIVE STRUCTURE OF PHARMACOLOGY COURSE

Plan of lectures

N Topic Amount of

hours1 2 31. Introduction lecture. Problems of modern pharmacology. General

pharmacology. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Influence of these sections of pharmacology on pharmacotherapy.

2

2. Pharmacology of drugs influencing on efferent innervation. Preparation influencing on transmission of neural impulse in cholinergic synapse. Cholinomimetics and cholinoblockers. Classification. Mechanisms of action. Uses.

2

3. Drugs influencing on impulse transmission in adrenergic junctions. Adrenopositive and adrenonegative preparations. Classification. Mechanisms of action. Clinical uses.

2

4. Non-narcotic analgesics. NSAIDs. Antipyretics. Narcotic analgesics. Classification. Mechanisms of action. Uses. Adverse effects. Drug abuse, its social and biological aspects.

2

5. Psychotropic preparations. Pharmacology of neuroleptics, tranquilisers, psychosedatives. Classification. Mechanisms of action. Uses. Adverse effects.

2

6. Psychotropic preparations. Antidepressants. Psychostimulators Nootropics, actoprotectors, adaptogens, and analeptics. Classification. Mechanisms of

2

32

action. Uses.7. Agents acting on cardiovascular system. Cardiotonics. Antiarrythmic agents.

Classification. Mechanisms of action. Uses.2

8. Preparations for treatment of ischemic heart disease. Complex therapy of myocardial infarction. Pharmacotherapy of arterial hypertension. Hypertensive agents. Angioprotectors. Modern principles of atherosclerosis treatment.

2

9. Diuretic drugs. Complex therapy of congestive heart failure. Uricosuric agents. 210. Hormonal preparations of protein structure and anti-hormonal agents. Synthetic

hypoglycemic agents. Steroidal hormonal agents and their synthetic analogues. Pharmacodynamics.

2

11. Immunotropic and antiallergic agents. Classification. Mechanisms of action. Uses. Pharmacology of immunomodulators.

2

12. General principles of chemotherapy. Antibiotics. Classification. Mechanisms of action, peculiarities of clinical application. Principles of antibiotic therapy. Adverse effects of antibiotics.

2

13. Sulfanilamide preparations. Classification. Mechanisms of action. Pharmacokinetics. Principles of sulfanilamide therapy. Uses. Antimicrobial agents of different chemical structure.

2

14. Pharmacotoxycodynamics. Unfavorable effects of medical agents. 215. Basic principles of treatment of acute drug poisoning and emergency states. 2

OVERALL 30

Plan of practical classesN Topic Amoun

t of hrs1 2 31. Introduction into prescription. Structure of prescription. Medicinal forms. 2

2. Solid medicinal forms: oral powders, tablets, dragee, capsules, and powders for external use.

2

3. Soft medicinal forms: suppositories, patches, ointments, pastes, and liniments. 24. Liquid medicinal forms: infusions, decoctions, mixtures, tinctures, liquid

extracts, syrups, mucus, and drops for oral usage.2

5. Liquid medicinal forms: for injections, solutions, suspensions, emulsion, aerosol for inhalation and for external use.

4

6. Checking of practical skills on “Medical prescription”. 27. General pharmacology. Pharmacokinetics. 28. Pharmacokinetics (continuation). 29. General pharmacology. Pharmacodynamics. 210. Pharmacodynamics (continuation). 211. Preparations influencing on impulse transmission in cholinergic junction. M-,

N-cholinomimetics.2

12. Cholinergic blockers. 213. Preparations influencing on transmission of neural impulse in adrenergic

synapse. Adrenomimetics.2

14. Adrenonegative preparations. Sympatholytics. 215. Dopamine and serotonin-tropic agents. Histamine and GABA-ergic agents. 216. Preparations irritating the peripheral receptors of skin and mucous membranes. 217. Preparations protecting the receptors of skin and mucous membranes. 218. Checking of practical skills on “Agents influencing on afferent and efferent

innervations”.2

33

19. General anesthetics. Alcohols. 220. Hypnotic and anticonvulsants. 221. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Antipyretics. Non-narcotical

analgesics.2

22. Psychotropic agents. Psychodysleptics. Narcotic (opioid) analgesics. 223. Neuroleptics. Tranquilisers. Psychosedative preparations. 224. Antidepressants. Normothymics. Psychostimulators. Actoprotectors. 225. Nootrops. Adaptogens. Analeptics. Preparations causing abuse. 226. Checking of practical skills on “Drugs acting on the CNS”. 227. Cardiotonic agents. Cardiac glycosides. Non-glycosides cardiotonics.

Cardiostimulators.2

28. Antiarrhythmic drugs. 229. Antianginal drugs. 230. Antianginal drugs (continuation). Complex therapy of myocardial infarction. 231. Diuretic drugs. Complex therapy of chronic heart failure. Anti-gout drugs. 232. Drugs acting on blood pressure. Hypotensive and hypertensive preparations. 233. Drugs acting on blood pressure. Hypotensive and hypertensive preparations

(continuation).2

34. Angioprotectors. Hypolipidemic agents. 235. Agents that influence on cerebral and peripheral bloodflow. 236. Checking of practical skills on “Drugs acting on cardiovascular system”. 237. Hormonal preparations of polypeptide structure, their synthetic analogs and

antagonists.2

38. Hormonal preparations of steroid structure and their synthetic substitutes. Mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. Peculiarities of usage.

2

39. Hormonal preparations of steroid structure. Preparations of male and female sexual hormons. Contraceptives.

2

40. Pharmacology of water- and lipid-soluble vitamins. Enzyme and anti-enzyme preparations. Aminoacids derivatives.

2

41. Drugs acting of calcium-phosphorus balance. 242. Preparations affecting erythropoiesis. Blood substitutes. Acids and alkalines. 243. Preparations affecting leucopoiesis and blood coagulation. Anti-cancer agents

and radioprotectors.2

44. Antiallergic and immunotropic preparations. 245. Checking of practical skills on “Drugs acting on metabolism, blood and

immunity”.2

46. Disinfectants and antiseptics. 247. Antibiotics. Classification. Mechanism of action. Uses. 248. Antibiotics (continuation). 249. Adverse effects of antibiotics. 250. Sulfanilamide preparations. 251. Antimicrobial preparation of a different chemical structure. 252. Antituberculosal and antispirochetal preparations. 253. Antiprotozoal preparations. 254. Antihelminthal and antifungal preparations. 255. Antiviral preparations. 256. Checking of practical skills on “Antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-parasitic

agents”.2

57. Agents acting on gastrointestinal tract. 2

34

58. Agents acting on gastrointestinal tract (continuation). 259. Agents acting on respiratory tract. 260. Agents acting on myometrium. Contraceptives. 261. Pharmacotherapy of acute poisoning. 262. Pharmacotherapy of emergency states. 263. Combined usage of drugs and drug-drug interaction. 264. Compatibility and incompatibility of drugs and meal. 265. Pharmacotoxycodynamics. 266. Pharmacotoxycodynamics (continuation). 267. Pediatric pharmacology and pharmacology of aged patients. 268. Pharmacotherapy during breast-feeding. 269. Pharmacologic safety. 270. The role of the pharmacist in the prevention of negative consequences of using

drugs. Test control.2

TOTAL 140

Thematic program of independent lessons

N Topic Amount of

hours1 2 31. History of pharmacology. Prominent national and foreign pharmacologists and

toxicologists. 4

2. Development of new drugs and stages of drugs’ evaluation. 43. State policy of Ukraine in the sphere of development, production, quality

control and sale of medicines. Rules of medicines release in drugstores. The procedure for storing prescription forms.

3

4. A drugstore, its structure and function. Drugstores’ development. Legal regulations regulating activities of pharmaceutical institutions. The State Pharmacopoeia. The Ukrainian register of drugs.

4

5. Medical and chemical substances which cause dependence, narcomania and toxicomania. Medico-social aspects and methods of pharmacotherapy.

3

6. Antihypertensive and diuretic agents. Principles of application, combining therapy, and pharmacological safety.

4

7. Cerebro-vascular agents. 58. Preparations that improve peripheral blood circulation in extremities. Migraine

pharmacotherapy. Angioprotectors. Working out of skill of certain agents’ appointment and writing prescriptions.

3

9. Pharmacology of hyperlipidemia. Interaction and rational combining of hypolipidemic agents.

2

10. Modern problems of treatment of diabetes mellitus. Insulin. Synthetic anti-diabetic preparations. Undesirable effects.

4

11. Contraceptives. Basic principles of contraceptives prescription. Adverse effects. 412. Medicines for treatment of obesity. 213. Acids, bases. Agents of alkali metals. Glucose. Oxygen. Application in medical

practice.4

14. Stimulators of metabolism. Biostimulators and other biogenic agents. 315. Medical preparatios in dermatology. Dermatoprotectors. Preparations for

cleaning and healing of wounds. 2

16. The medical preparations influencing on phosphor-calcium exchange. Principles of treatment of osteoporosis and osteochondrosis. Uricosuric agents.

4

17. The preparations used in ophthalmology. Medicinal forms in ophtalmology. 418. Immunostimulators. Basic mechanisms of action. Peculiarities of usage. 419. Antibiotics. Modern problems of usage and principles of combination. 4

35

20. Insecticides, acaricides, anti-pediculosis drugs, fumigants, repellents and deratisation agents.

2

21. Peculiarities of application and safety of anti-tuberculosis, anti-protozoal, and anti-helminthic agents.

4

22. Modern principles of chemotherapy, unfavourable effects of sulfanilamide preparations and antimicrobial preparation of a different chemical structure. Working out of practical skills of writing prescriptions.

4

23. Modern data about pharmacotherapy of peptic ulcer of stomach and duodenum. Gastroprotectors. Hepatoprotectors.

4

24. The preparations used in perinatal and pediatric practice. Characteristics. Application of the drugs by pregnant women and feeding mothers.

4

OVERALL: 85

Methodical support of the discipline:4.1. Lecture texts, multimedia presentations4.2. Methodical instructions for students of practical classes (topics №№1-70, in Ukrainian, Russian and English)4.3. Methodical recommendations for students on independent extracurricular work (topics 1-25 in Ukrainian, Russian and English)4.4. Collection of tests for students4.4. Methodical recommendations for students on preparation for the license exam "Step-1" (in Ukrainian, Russian and English)4.5. Test database for preparation for the license exam "Step-1" (in Ukrainian, Russian and English)

List of training equipment, technical means of training№№

List of technical and didactic teaching aids (DTA)

Total Numbers of topics where they

are used

Notes

1. Computers:used in the educational process of the departmentwork in a display class for students

2 № 1-332 № 1-33

2. Multimedia projectors 2 All topics of lectures

5. Slides, diagrams, document forms In sufficient quantities

Topics №№1-33

4.7. Means of control of students' knowledge:4.7.1. Control of theoretical knowledge - an oral answer in the form of a survey on the topic of the lesson; testing (written, computer) using only KROK test tasks;4.7.2. Control of acquisition of practical skills - performance of practical tasks, modeling of situations, situational and pharmacotherapeutic tasks, substantiation of a choice of drug according to a condition of a task, forecasting of results and consequences, a choice of possible analogues.

5. Methods of current controlCurrent control is carried out at each practical lesson by means of: testing, structured

written works, on the basis of prescribing, solving situational problems, determining the affiliation of drugs to the pharmacological group according to the international classification, possible indicators for use; analysis and evaluation of the results of instrumental research and

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parameters that characterize changes in body function under the influence of drugs.The current assessment of students on relevant topics is carried out according to the

traditional 4-point system (excellent, good, satisfactory, unsatisfactory).At the end of the course, the current performance is calculated as the average score of all

grades obtained by the student on a traditional scale, rounded to 2 (two) decimal places.Evaluation of the success of the study of each topic of the discipline is performed on a

traditional 4-point scale.At least 50% of students should be interviewed in a practical lesson, and at least 30% in a

seminar. At the end of the semester, the number of grades for students in the group should be the same on average.

At the end of the course, the current performance is calculated as the average current score, ie the arithmetic mean of all grades obtained by the student on a traditional scale, rounded to 2 (two) decimal places, for example 4.75.

Criteria for assessing the current control of the discipline:- the grade "excellent" is given to the student who systematically worked during a

semester, showed during examination various and deep knowledge of a program material, is able to successfully carry out tasks which are provided by the program, has mastered the maintenance of the basic and additional literature, has understood interrelation of separate sections of discipline. importance for the future profession, showed creative abilities in understanding and using educational material, showed the ability to independently update and replenish knowledge; level of competence - high (creative);

- a grade of "good" is given to a student who has shown full knowledge of the curriculum, successfully completes the tasks provided by the program, mastered the basic literature recommended by the program, showed a sufficient level of knowledge in the discipline and is able to independently update and update during further study and professional activity; level of competence - sufficient (constructive-variable);

- the grade "satisfactory" is given to the student who has shown knowledge of the basic educational program material in the volume necessary for the further training and the subsequent work on a profession, copes with performance of the tasks provided by the program, has made separate mistakes in answers on examination and at performance of examination tasks, but has the necessary knowledge to overcome mistakes under the guidance of a researcher; level of competence - average (reproductive);

- the grade "unsatisfactory" is given to the student who did not show sufficient knowledge of the basic educational and program material, made fundamental mistakes in performance of the tasks provided by the program, cannot use the knowledge at the further training without the help of the teacher; the level of competence is low (receptive-productive).

At the last practical lesson, the teacher announces to students the results of their current academic performance, academic debt (if any).

Only those students who have no academic debt and have an average score of at least 3.00 for their current academic activity are allowed to take the final attestation.

Assessment of the current test control in the discipline:- "5" - 100-91% of correct answers;- "4" - 90-71% of correct answers;- "3" - 70-60.5% of correct answers;- "2" - less than 60% of correct answers.

Assessment of students' independent workThe task of independent work of students is to obtain additional information for a more

in-depth study of the discipline in practical classes. Independent work of students, which is provided by the topic of the lesson along with the classroom work, is assessed during the current

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control of the topic in the relevant lesson. Assimilation of topics that are submitted only for independent work is checked during the exam.

6. Final control of knowledge of the disciplineThe discipline has one of the forms of final control of knowledge: exam.

The grade for the discipline is 50% of the current performance (arithmetic mean of all current student grades) and 50% - the grade on the exam.

To evaluate the discipline on a 4-point traditional (national) scale, the average score for the discipline is first calculated as the arithmetic mean of the two components:

1) the average current score as the arithmetic of all current scores (calculated as a number rounded to 2 (two) decimal places, for example, 4.76);

2) traditional grade for the exam (differentiated test).The average score for the discipline is translated into the traditional grade from the

discipline on a 4-point scale and is regarded as the ratio of this arithmetic mean to the percentage of mastering the required amount of knowledge in the subject.

6.1 Final test control of knowledge in the disciplineThe obligatory component of the discipline, which is a component of the licensing exam

Step-2 is the final test control. This type of control is carried out at the last practical lesson. This control includes 50 test tasks, execution time 30 minutes. The student must provide the correct answers by at least 90% (45 questions).

Assess the current performance for the last lesson in the discipline, converting the results on the following scale:- grade "excellent" - 50 correct answers;- grade "good" - 47-49 correct answers;- score "satisfactory" - 45-46 correct answers;- score "unsatisfactory" - 44 correct answers and less.

A student who has not passed the final test control in the discipline is considered to have not completed the program in the discipline.

7. Conversion of traditional assessment of the discipline on a multi-point scaleThe multi-point scale characterizes the actual success of each student in mastering the

discipline. Conversion of the traditional grade from the discipline to 200-point is performed by the information and computer center of the university program "Contingent" by the formula:

average grade point average (current / discipline) x 40

national assessment points«5» 185-200«4» 151-184«3» 120-150

Conversion of traditional assessment in the discipline and the amount of points on the ECTS scale

Further calculations are made by the information and computer center of the university.According to the scores obtained on a 200-point scale, students are evaluated on the

ECTS rating scale. Students enrolled in one course (one specialty) on the basis of the number of points scored in the discipline are ranked on the ECTS scale as follows:

ECTS score Statistical indicator«А» Best 10% of students«В» Next 25% of students«С» Next 30% of students«D» Next 25% of students

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«E» Last 10% of students

Multi-point and four-point scales characterize the actual success of each student in mastering the discipline. The ECTS scale is relative, comparative, rating, which establishes the student's belonging to the group of the best or worst among the reference group of classmates (faculty, specialty). Therefore, the grade "A" on the ECTS scale can not be equal to the grade "excellent", and the grade "B" - the grade "good" and so on. As a rule, when converting from a multi-point scale, the limits of grades "A", "B", "C", "D", "E" on the ECTS scale do not coincide with the limits of grades "5", "4", "3" on the traditional scale.

Students who receive grades "FX" and "F" ("2") are not included in the list of ranked students. Such students automatically receive a score of "E" after re-assembly.

The "FX" grade is given to students who have scored the minimum number of points for the current academic activity, but who have not passed the exam. Grade "F" is given to students who have attended all classes in the discipline, but did not score an average score (3.00) for current academic activities and are not admitted to the exam.

8. Methods of organizing and conducting the exam.The form of final control is an exam. Students who have completed the discipline

program, have no academic debt, received an average score of at least 3.00 for current activities and passed a set of practical skills in the discipline according to the list are admitted to the pharmacology exam.

The procedure of the pharmacology exam involves the assessment of theoretical and practical training.

According to the peculiarities of pharmacology as a discipline, the student must know the following information about each drug or group of drugs:

1. General characteristics.2. Classifications.3. Pharmacokinetics.4. Pharmacodynamics.5. Indications for use.6. Side effects.7. Contraindications to use.8. Clinical manifestations of possible overdose.9. Form of release of the main representatives of the group and their prescription.The means of diagnosing the assimilation of the material are the student's oral answer (3

theoretical questions from the list below) and a written element of practical skills assessment in the form of prescribing 3 typical situational tasks and 2 tasks to write prescriptions for drugs from the list of drugs before the pharmacology exam.

Criteria for assessing the oral answer during the exam:- "5" - if he knows the theoretical part in full, illustrates the answer with various examples; gives comprehensively accurate and clear answers without any leading questions; spreads the material without errors and inaccuracies;- "4" - if he knows the theoretical part, answers the questions correctly, consistently and systematically, but they are not exhaustive, although the student answers additional questions without errors, experiencing difficulties only in the most difficult cases;- "3" - if he knows the theoretical part, but makes software mistakes, is able to solve modified (simplified) problems with the help of leading questions, experiencing difficulties in simple cases; is not able to systematically state the answer on his own, but answers the directly asked questions correctly;- "2" - if not guided in the program material, does not answer questions of theoretical and practical nature.

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Criteria for assessing practical skills (written answer) during the exam:- "5" - the tasks are performed completely, the appropriate algorithm is used, the correct structure of the prescription, the dosage form meets the conditions of the task, the correct dose and methods of use, frequency of use and duration of drug administration;- "4" - tasks are completed completely, minor errors are made;- "3" - tasks are not performed completely, mistakes were made in the choice of dosage form, method of use or dose;- "2" - the task is not completed.

5. A LIST OF QUESTIONS FOR EXAM ON PHARMACOLOGY

1. Determination of pharmacology and it’s place among other medical and biological sciences. Basic stages of pharmacology’s development. Prominent own pharmacologists and toxicologists (Cherkes A.I., Anitchkov S.V., Zacusov V.V., Valdman A.V., Ermolyeva Z.V., Batrak G.Y. and others).

2. Basic directions for development of new drugs. Preclinical and clinical investigations of the drugs (Phase I-IV). Functions of National Pharmacologic Center of Ministry of Health Ukraine.

3. Basic definitions of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacotoxicodynamics. Classification of the drugs. Types of drugs’ action.

4. Routes of drugs’ administration and excretion, mechanisms of drugs’ absorption. Advantages and disadvantages of each route.

5. Absorption of the drugs. Basic mechanisms of absorption, factors, influencing on the absorption of drugs. Conception of bioavailability and bioequivalence of the drugs. Meaning of the drugs binding with plasma proteins.

6. Distribution and chemical transforming of drugs in the organism. Factors that influence on drugs’ distribution. Penetration though histo-hemalogical barriers. Drugs deposition. Drugs’ biotransformation in the body. Mechanisms of biotransformation. Meaning of microsomal hepatic enzymes.

7. Conception of drugs elimination and excretion. Ways of drug’s excretion from the organism. Factors that determine drugs excretion. Conception of basic pharmacokinetics index (bioavailability, half-life, steady-state, clearance).

8. Types of drug’s action. 9. Mechanisms of drugs’ action. Conception of specific receptors and interaction with

different substrates. 10. Dependence of pharmacological effect from features of drug specimen (chemical structure

and physics-chemical features) and drug’s form. Meaning for clinical practice. 11. Dependence of pharmacological effect from features of drug specimen (chemical structure

and physics-chemical features) and drug’s form. Meaning for clinical practice. 12. Dependence of pharmacological effect from body status (age, sex, weight, ethnic factor,

disease) and factors of environment (circadian cycle etc). Role of genetic factors in development of drug’s action.

13. Changing effect of drugs during their repeated introducing - cumulation, tolerance, tachyphylaxis, sensibilization, dependence (its types). Conception of withdrawal and rebound syndromes. Medico-social aspects of abuse prevention.

14. The combined action of the drugs - synergism and antagonism and their types. Conception of polypragmasia.

15. Incompatibility of the drugs – pharmaceutical, pharmacological, physiological. Application in practical medicine.

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16. Prescription as medical and juridical document. Structure of medical prescription, rules of its composing. Peculiarities of storage and serving of toxic agents, drugs of abuse and potent drugs.

17. Drug forms. Rules of their prescribing. Peculiarities of prescribing of: poisonous, narcotic and strong-acting drugs. State pharmacopoeia.

18. Classification of specimen, influencing on impulse transmission in cholinergic synapses. 19. M- and N-cholinemimetic agents. Classification. Mechanisms of action. Indications for

using. Adverse effects. Treatment of the poisoning by anticholinesterases. 20. M-cholinomimetics. Pharmacodynamics. Indications. Adverse effects. Treatment of the

poisoning.21. N-cholinemimetics. Toxic action of nicotine. Treatment of acute poisoning by nicotine.

Negative consequences of smoking.22. M-cholineblockers. Classification. Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics. Indications.

Toxic actions. Treatment of atropine poisoning. 23. Classification of N-cholineblockers. Ganglionic blockers and muscular relaxants.

Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics. Indications. Possible complications. 24. Classification of drugs, influencing on impulse transmission in adrenergic synapses.

Sympatholytics. Pharmacodynamics. Indications. Adverse actions. 25. α-, β-adrenomimetics. Classification. Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics. Indications.

Adverse effects.26. Agents, stimulating predominantly α-adrenoreceptors. Classification. Pharmacokinetics.

Pharmacodynamics. Indications. Adverse effects.27. Drugs, stimulating predominantly β-adrenoreceptors. Classification. Pharmacokinetics.

Pharmacodynamics. Indications for using. Unfavorable actions. 28. Agents that block α-adrenoreceptors. Classification. Pharmacodynamics. Indications for

using. Unfavorable actions. Conception of sympatholytics.29. Agents, blocking β-adrenoreceptors. Classification. Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics.

Indications for using. Unfavorable actions. 30. Drugs, irritating receptors. Classification. Mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of

irritants of distractive action and expectorants. 31. Purgatives and bile-expelling agents. Classification. Mechanism of action and therapeutic

uses. Adverse effects.32. Drugs, protecting receptors (antacids, astringents, enveloping and adsorbents).

Classification. Mechanism of action and indications for uses. Adverse effects. 33. Local anesthetics. Classification according to chemical structure and duration of action.

Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses in clinical practice. 34. Peculiarities of local anesthetics application in different types of local anesthesia. Adverse

effects.35. Neurotropic agents. Psychotropic agents. Classifications. 36. Conception of general anesthesia (narcosis). Classification. Conception of wideness of

narcosis action. Premedication, combined, mixed and basis narcosis. 37. Drugs for inhalation and non-inhalation narcosis. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic.

Therapeutic uses. Complications. Aid. 38. Ethyl spirit. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic. Using in medical practice. Acute and

chronic poisoning by ethyl spirit and it’s treatment. Alcoholism and it’s social aspects. Principles of pharmacotherapy of alcoholism.

39. Hypnotic agents. Classification of hypnotics. Disadvantages of hypnotics and demands to them. Basic principles of insomnia treatment.

40. Hypnotics – derivatives of barbituric acid. Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics. Unfavorable actions. Acute poisoning and principles of it’s treatment.

41. Tranquilizers as hypnotics. Mechanism of action. Influence on the structure of sleep. Indications for using. Acute poisoning and principles of it’s treatment.

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42. Anticonvulsants. Classification. Symptomatic therapy of convulsions.43. Antiepileptic and antiparkinsonic agents. Mechanism of action. Principles of application. 44. NSAIDs. Classification. Indications in clinical practice. Selective COX inhibitors. Their

advantages and disadvantages. 45. NSAIDs. Mechanisms of anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects. Additional

pharmacological effects.46. NSAIDs – derivatives of salicylic acid. Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics.

Unfavorable effects. Using in clinics.47. NSAIDs – derivatives of pyrazolon and aniline. Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics.

Unfavorable effects. Usage in clinical practice.48. NSAIDs – derivatives of phenylpropionic, phenylacetic, antranile, indolacetic acids and

oxicames. Mechanisms of action. Unfavorable effects. Usage in clinical practice. 49. Conception of alkaloids. Physico-chemical features. Classification of opium alkaloids.

Classification of narcotic analgesics according to chemical structure.50. Narcotic analgesics. Opioid receptors and their endogenic ligands. Classification according

to affinity to opioid receptors. Mechanism of analgesic action.51. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of opioids. Indications.52. Acute poisoning by opioids. Principles of it’s treatment. Tolerance and drug dependence.

Medical and social aspects. Prophylaxis and treatment.53. Neuroleptics. Classification. Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics. Indications for using.

Unfavorable effects. Conception of neuroleptanalgesia.54. Tranquilizers. Classification. Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics. Indications for using.

Unfavorable effects. 55. Psychosedative drugs. Classification. Pharmacodynamics. Indications for using.

Unfavorable effects. 56. Antidepressants. Classification. Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics. Indications for

using. Unfavorable effects. 57. Psychostimulating agents. Classification. Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics.

Indications for using. Unfavorable effects. 58. Caffeine. Pharmacodynamics. Indications for using.59. Nootropic preparations. Actoprotectors. Adaptogens. Pharmacodynamics. Indications.60. Analeptics. Classification. Mechanisms of action. Indications for using. Adverse effects.61. Chemical and medical substances, causing addiction. Medico-social aspects of drug

addiction and toxicomania.62. Cardiotonics. Classification. Conception of glycosides. Classification of cardiac

glycosides. Pharmacological characteristics of non-glycoside cardiotonics.63. Pharmacokinetics of cardiac glycosides. Comparative characteristics of different agents.

Clinical application. Strategy of dozing.64. Pharmacodynamics of cardiac glycosides. Mechanisms of cardiotonic action. Changes of

ECG, hemodynamics. The main additional effects. Criteria of therapeutic effect assessment.

65. Adverse effects of cardiac glycosides. Clinical signs of intoxication by cardiac glycosides, their treatment and prevention

66. Antiarrhythmics. Approaches to arrhythmia treatment. Classification of anti-arrhythmics for tachyarrhythmia. Agents used for bradyarrhythmia.

67. Antiarrhythmics for tachyarrhythmia treatment. Mechanisms and peculiarities of basic groups action. Unfavorable effects.

68. Antianginal agents. Classification.69. Nitrovasodilators. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of nitrates. Adverse effects.

Using in clinical practice. 70. Beta-adrenoblockers and calcium-channel blockers as antianginal agents. Mechanism of

action. Adverse effects. 42

71. Drugs that improve the coronary hemodynamic (coronary active) and myocardium metabolism. Mechanisms of action. Uses.

72. Principles of complex therapy of myocardial infarction.73. Classification of diuretics according to the chemical structure and mechanism of action.

Sites of action. 74. Classification of diuretics according to the force of action and duration of action. Xantine

diuretics. Inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase. Mechanism of action. Indications. Adverse effects.

75. Loop and osmotic diuretics. Mechanism of action. Indications. Adverse effects. Conception of forced diuresis.

76. Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics. Mechanism of action. Indications. Adverse effects. 77. Potassium-sparing diuretics. Mechanism of action. Indications. Adverse effects. General

principles of diuretics application. 78. Anti-gout drugs. Uses. 79. Complex therapy of chronic heart failure.80. Classification of antihypertensive drugs. 81. Antihypertensive drugs: neurotropic and acting on synaptic transmission. Mechanism of

action. Adverse effects.82. Myotropic hypotensive agents. Classification. Mechanism of action. Adverse effects.

Peculiarities of clinical application.83. Mechanism of hypotensive action of agents, that influence on water-salt exchange.

Diuretics and agents acting on rennin-angiotensin system. Adverse effects. Peculiarities of clinical application.

84. Principles of therapy of arterial hypertension. 85. Hypertensive drugs. Classification. Indications for using. Unfavorable actions.86. Complex therapy of cerebral blood flow disturbances.87. Anti-migraine agents. Classification. Mechanism of action of separate groups. Adverse

effects.88. Angioprotectors. Classification. Uses. 89. Hypolipidemic agents. Classification. Mechanism of action of separate groups. Adverse

effects. 90. Drugs of first aid during hypertonic crisis, acute cardiac and vascular insufficiency. 91. Classification of hormonal drugs. Types of hormonal therapy. Examples.92. Preparations of pituitary and hypothalamus hormones. Characteristics. Indications for

using. 93. Drugs of thyroid gland’s hormones and antithyroid agents. Mechanisms of action.

Indications for their using. Unfavorable effects.94. Preparation of parathyroid gland’s hormone. Pharmacodynamics. Uses in clinical practice. 95. Drugs of pancreatic hormones. Insulins. Classification. Pharmacokinetics,

pharmacodynamics. Adverse effects.96. Indications for insulin application. Principles of insulin therapy. Emergency aid during

hypo- and hyperglycemic coma.97. Synthetic anti-diabetic preparations. Classification. Mechanism of action. Indications for

using.98. Hormones of adrenal’s cortex. Mineralcorticoides. Mechanism of action. Indications for

using. Unfavorable effects 99. Glucocorticoides. Pharmacodynamics. Indications for using. 100. Pharmacokinetics of glucocorticoids. Their general characteristics. Adverse effects. Rules

of prescription.101. Female sexual hormones and their drugs. Classification. Pharmacologic effects. Indications

for using. Adverse effects. Inhibitors and antagonists of estrogens and progestins.

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102. Drugs of male sexual hormones. Pharmacologic effects. Indications for using. Adverse effects. Antiandrogens, uses.

103. Drugs with anabolic action of steroid and non-steroid structure. Mechanisms of action. Indications for using. Unfavorable effects.

104. Classification of vitamins. Types of vitamin therapy. Drugs of vitamins B1, B2, B6. Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics. Indications for using. Adverse effects.

105. Drugs of vitamins PP, C, P. Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics. Indications for using. Adverse effects.

106. Drugs of vitamin A, D, E. Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics. Indications for using. Adverse effects.

107. Agents influencing on phosphorus-calcium exchange. Classification. Agents of calcium, fluoride, phosphorus and bisphosphonates. Indications for uses. Adverse effects.

108. Enzyme preparations and enzyme inhibitors. Classification. General characteristics. Uses.109. Classification of drugs, that influence on the blood system. Classification. Stimulators of

erythropoesis. Mechanisms of action. Uses. 110. Agents for treatment of hypochromic anemia. Classification of iron-containing drugs.

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics. Uses. Adverse effects. Acute poisoning, treatment.

111. Agents for treatment of hyperchromic anemia. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics. Uses. Adverse effects.

112. Blood substitutes. Classification according to content and uses. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects of transfusion.

113. Acids and alkalines: local and resorbtive action. Uses. Acute poisoning by acids and alkalines.

114. Role of sodium, magnesium, and potassium in regulation of organism functioning. Therapeutic uses.

115. Agents, that stimulate leucopoiesis. Basic groups. Pharmacodynamics. Adverse effects. 116. Anti-cancer agents. Classification. Mechanism of action of basic groups. General

principles of prescription. Adverse effects. Conception of radioprotectors. 117. Agents that decrease blood coagulation and increase fibrinolysis. Classification.118. Anticoagulants of direct action. Pharmacodynamics. Pharmacokinetics. Indications.

Unfavorable effects. Principles of application.119. Anticoagulants of indirect action. Pharmacodynamics. Pharmacokinetics. Indications.

Unfavorable effects. Principles of application.120. Fibrinolytics and anti-aggregants. Pharmacodynamics. Pharmacokinetics. Indications.

Unfavorable effects. Principles of application.121. Agents that increase blood coagulation and decrease fibrinolysis. Classification.

Coagulants. Mechanisms of action. Indications and contra-indication. 122. Inhibitors of fibrinolysis. Classification. Pharmacodynamics. Pharmacokinetics.

Indications. Unfavorable effects. Aggregants. Uses. 123. Immunotropic drugs. Conception of immunomodulators, immunosuppressant and

immunostimulators. Types of immunocorrection. General principles of immunotropic agents application.

124. Immunosuppressant. Classification. Therapeutic uses. Unfavorable effects and control of immunosuppressive therapy.

125. Immunostimulators. Classification according to origin and mechanism of action. General principles of application.

126. Antiallergic agents. Classification. Mechanisms of action of immediate and delayed type of allergic reaction.

127. H1-histamine blockers. Classification. Pharmacodynamics. Pharmacokinetics. Indications. Unfavorable effects. Advantages and disadvantages of different generations.

128. Anaphylactic shock. Types. Principles of therapy. Conception of drug’s disease. 44

129. General characteristics of antimicrobial agents. Requirement for disinfectants, antiseptics and chemotherapeutic agents. Conditions, that determine antimicrobial activity. Conception of antimicrobial and chemotherapeutical spectrum.

130. Disinfectants and antiseptics. Classification and general characteristics.131. Halogen-containing agents. Oxidizers. Acids and alkalines. Mechanisms of antimicrobial

action. Therapeutic uses. 132. Antiseptics of aliphatic (alcohols) and aromatic (phenols) nature. Group of dyes.

Detergents. Uses. 133. Compounds of metals: local and resorbtive action. Antimicrobial agents of metal

compounds. Poisoning by the salts of heavy metals. Principles of antidote therapy. 134. Classification of chemiotherapeutic drugs. Basic principles of chemotherapy.135. History of antibiotic’s discovery. Classifications of antibiotics by the antimicrobial

spectrum and mechanism of antimicrobial action.136. Principles of rational and safe antibiotic therapy. 137. The main complications of antibiotic therapy. Measures of their prophylaxis and treatment. 138. Penicillins. Classification. Mechanism of action. Characteristics of separate groups.

Pharmacokinetics. Adverse effects. 139. Cephalosporins. Classification. Mechanism of action. Antimicrobial and chemotherapeutic

spectrum of the generations. Pharmacokinetics. Adverse effects.140. Antibiotics-macrolides and azalides. Classification. Mechanism of action. Antimicrobial

and chemotherapeutic spectrum of the generations. Pharmacokinetics. Adverse effects.141. Aminoglycosides. Classification. Mechanism of action. Antimicrobial and

chemotherapeutic spectrum of the generations. Pharmacokinetics. Adverse effects. 142. Antibiotics from the group of tetracycline and levomycetin. Classification. Mechanism of

action. Antimicrobial and chemotherapeutic spectrum of the generations. Pharmacokinetics. Adverse effects.

143. Antibiotics for surface application. Characteristics of the groups. Adverse effects. Uses. 144. Sulfanilamide drugs. Classification. Pharmacokinetic. Mechanism of action. Uses. 145. Principles of sulfanilamide therapy. Unfavorable effects. Conditions of rational using of

sulfanilamides.146. Antimicrobial agents – derivatives of nitrofurane, 8-oxyquinoline, imidazole, quinoxoline,

quinoxolin, oxazolidinones. Mechanisms of action. Indications for using. Adverse effects 147. Quinolones and fluoroquinolones. Classification. Mechanism of action. Antimicrobial and

chemotherapeutic spectrum of the generations. Adverse effects. 148. Antifungal agents. Classification. Mechanism of action of antifungal azoles and antibiotics

(polyene). Indications for using. Adverse effects.149. Antituberculosis drugs. Classification. Basic principles of tuberculosis treatment. Adverse

effects of separate groups. 150. Antispirochetal drugs. Mechanisms of action of separate groups. Uses. Adverse effects.151. Antihelmintic drugs. Classification. Mechanisms of action of separate groups. Adverse

effects.152. Antimalarial drugs. Classification. Comparative characteristics of drugs. Adverse effects.153. Anti-amoebal agents. Classification. Comparative characteristics of drugs. Adverse effects.154. Agents for the treatment of lambliasis, trichomoniasis and toxoplasmosis Comparative

characteristics of drugs. Adverse effects.155. Antiviral agents. Classification. Mechanisms of action. Uses. Adverse effects.156. Classification of the drugs acting on gastro-intestinal tract. Pharmacological regulation of

appetite, salivary glands secretion. Indications for uses. 157. Drugs, that increase and decrease the secretion of gastric glands. Classification.

Pharmacodymanics, pharmacokinetics. Indications for using. Conception of gasrtoprotectors.

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158. Emetic and anti-emetic drugs. Drugs that stimulate and inhibit motor function of gastro-intestinal tract. Classification. Mechanism of action. Indications. Adverse effects.

159. Hepatotropic agents. General approaches for liver disease treatment: ethiotropic and pathogenesis therapy. Classification of hepatoprotectors. Mechanism of action and therapeutic uses.

160. Drugs regulating function of pancreatic gland. Mechanism of action and indications for uses of separate groups.

161. Agents acting on respiratory function. Classification. Application of separate groups. Adverse effects.

162. Specimens, influencing on the tonus and contractility of myometrium. Classification. Using of certain drug’s groups. Adverse effects.

163. Principles of hormonal contraception. Classification of contraceptives. Adverse effects.164. Factors that determine drugs toxicity. Basic principles of acute poisoning treatment. 165. Classification of antidotes. Reaction of neutralization of non-absorbed poison in gastro-

intestinal tract. Uses of specific antidotes. Examples.166. Symptomatic therapy of convulsions, psychomotor excitement, pain syndrome, hypo- and

hyperthermia, in metabolic disturbances and dehydration.167. Drugs for urgent therapy of acute heart failure.168. Drugs for urgent therapy of acute vascular insufficiency, hypertonic crisis.169. Drugs for urgent therapy of respiratory disturbances, spasm of abdominal cavity organs.170. Pharmacotoxicodynamic. Conception of safety, side actions, side effects, side reactions.

Types of side effects (unknown and unpredictable, predictable, serious, unserious, significant, supposed etc.). Causal-consequence relation of side effects and degree of its significance.

171. Classification of side effects. Examples.172. Basic conception of pharmacotoxycodynamics – organotoxicity, allergic reactions,

idiosyncrasy, teratogenic, embryotoxic, mutagenic and blastomogenic (cancerogenic) effects. Drugs’ overdosing – absolute and relative (toxic effects). Examples.

173. Conception of proved-medicine. Principles of rational pharmacotherapy. Requirement for modern drugs.

174. The main routes for improvement of drugs safety. The system of pharmacological supervision in the world and Ukraine. Medical-juridical and organization aspects. The role of physician in detection of drugs’ side effects.

6. LIST OF PREPARATIONS FOR EXAM OF PHARMACOLOGY

To prescribe recipes in different medicinal forms, to the patient different in age with instructions of a group accessory and indications to application.

46

1. Novocaine (Procaine) for infiltrative and conductive anesthesia2. Lidocaine3. Anesthesin (Benzocaine)4. Atropine sulfate5. Platyphylline hydrotartrate 6. Ipratropium bromide7. Pirenzepine8. Proserine (Neostigmine)9. Galantamine hydrobromide 10. Alloxim11. Pilocarpine hydrochloride 12. Dithylin (Succinylcholine)13. Adrenaline hydrochloride 14. Ephedrine hydrochloride15. Mesatone (Phenylephrine)16. Anapriline (Propranolol)17. Metoprolol18. Salbutamol19. Prazosin20. Isadrine (Isoproterenol)21. Sodium oxybutirate22. Nitrazepam23. Zopiclone24. Valproate sodium25. Carbamazepine26. Levodopa27. Phenobarbital28. Morphine hydrochloride29. Tramadol30. Promedolum (Trimeperidin)31. Naloxon32. Acetylsalicylic acid33. Analgin (Metamisol)34. Diclofenac sodium35. Paracetamol36. Celecoxib37. Aminasine (Chlorpromazine)38. Droperidol39. Diazepam40. Phenazepam41. Gidazepam42. Tincture of Valeriana43. Caffein-benzoate sodium44. Amitryptiline45. Fluoxetine46. Cordiamine47. Sulfocamphocaine48. Piracetam49. Euphylline (Aminophylline)50. Ambroxol51. Acetylcysteine

52. Codeine phosphate53. Digoxin54. Digitoxin55. Corglycon56. Dobutamine57. Nitroglycerin58. Isosorbide mononitrate59. Panangin60. Novocainamide (Procainamide)61. Amiodarone62. Losartan63. Lisinopril64. Verapamil65. Amlodipine66. No-spa (Drotaverine)67. Fenofibrate68. Lovastatin69. Pentoxyphylline70. Magnesium sulfate71. Metoclopramide72. Rabeprasol (or omeprasol)73. Famotidine74. Almagel75. Linex76. Enterosgel77. Pancreatin78. Contrycal (aprotinin)79. Silibor80. Bisacodyl81. Hydrochlorthiazide82. Furosemide83. Spironolacton84. Oxytocin85. Fenoterol (partusisten)86. Ferbitol87. Pentoxyl88. Cyancobalamin89. Heparin90. Fraxiparin91. Neodicumarin92. Vicasol (Menadione)93. Amicapronic acid94. Thiamine chloride95. Ascorbic acid96. Nicotinic acid97. Pyridoxine hydrochloride98. Ergocalciferole99. Tocopherol acetate100. Retinol acetate101. L-thyroxin102. Actrapid (Insulin)103. Glibenclamide

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104. Prednisolone105. Retabolil106. Progesterone107. Sodium chloride as isotonic 0,9% and hypertonic solution108. Calcium chloride109. Sodium bicarbonate110. Isotonic (5%) glucose solution111. Unithiol (Dimercaprol)112. Dimedrol (Diphenhydramine)113. Suprastin (Chloropyramine)114. Loratidine115. Chlorhexidine bigluconate116. Spirit solution of iodine117. Solution of hydrogen peroxyde118. Solution of potassium permanganate119. Solution of zinc sulfate120. Solution of furacilin (nitrofural)121. Solution of brilliant green122. Ethyl spirit123. Ethonium

124. Benzylpenicillin sodium (Penicillin G)125. Bicillin-5 (Penicillin G benzatine)126. Amoxacillin sodium127. Ceftriaxone128. Doxycyclin129. Azithromycin 130. Amikacin sulfate131. Fluconazole132. Biseptol (Co-trimaxazole)133. Sulfalen134. Ciprofloxacin135. Isoniazid136. Rifampicin137. Acyclovir138. Laferon139. Quingamin (Chloroquin)140. Metronidazole141. Mebendazole

7. List of drugs recommended by Step-1.

1. Lidocaine2. Ultracain3. Atropine sulfate4. Neostigmine methyl sulfate (Pro-zerin)5. Pilocarpine hydrochloride6. Suxametonium (Dithylin)7. Tiotropium bromide8. Epinephrine hydrochloride

(Adrenaline hydrochloride)9. Phenylephrine (Mezaton)10. Salbutamol11. Doxazosin12. Propranolol (Anaprilin)13. Metoprolol14. Reserpine15. Castor oil16. Morphine hydrochloride17. Trimeperidine (Promedol)18. Fentanyl19. Naloxone20. Acetylsalicylic acid21. Diclofenac sodium22. Paracetamol23. Celecoxib24. Meloxicam25. Chlorpromazine (Aminazin)26. Droperidol

27. Diazepam28. Nitrazepam29. Doxylamine (Donormil)30. Phenobarbital31. Sodium Valproate32. Levodopa + Carbidopa33. Lamotrigine34. Caffeine benzoate35. Piracetam36. Amitriptyline37. Fluoxetine38. Ambroxol39. Acetylcysteine40. Glaucin41. Digoxin42. Dobutamine43. Corglycon44. Glycerol trinitrate (Nitroglycerin)45. Verapamil46. Amiodarone47. Lisinopril48. Enalapril49. Magnesium sulfate50. Atorvastatin51. Amlodipine52. Losartan53. Famotidine54. Omeprazole

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55. Loperamide56. Drotaverin57. Sodium picosulfate (Regulax, Guttalax)58. Aluminum / Magnesium

Hydrochloride (Almagel)59. Bisacodil60. Hydrochlorothiazide61. Furosemide62. Spironolactone63. Potassium and Magnesium

asparaginate (Asparcam)64. Allopurinol65. Oxytocin66. Iron polymaltozate67. Heparin68. Warfarin69. Menadione (Vikasol)70. Calcium chloride71. Clopidogrel72. Cyanocobalamin73. Retinol acetate74. Pyridoxine75. Ascorbic acid76. Tocopherol acetate77. Ergocalciferol78. Levothyroxine79. Insulin80. Glibenclamide

81. Metformin82. Prednisone83. Fluticasone84. Pancreatin85. Aprotinin (Contrycal)86. Diphenhydramine (Dimedrol)87. Loratadine88. Iodine solution89. Chlorhexidine90. Potassium permanganate91. Unithiol92. Benzylpenicillin sodium salt93. Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid94. Doxycycline95. Azithromycin96. Ciprofloxacin97. Lincomycin hydrochloride98. Fluconazole99. Isoniazid100. Rifampicin101. Interferon α102. Acyclovir103. Chingamin104. Metronidazole105. Mebendazole106. Albendazole107. Methotrexate108. Tamoxifen

9. SOURCES OF BASIC LITERATURE

Basic literature 1. General pharmacology : Course of lectures: The textbook is intended for students of higher

medical institutions / V. I. Kresyn, D. Y. Andronov, K. F. Shemonaeva [et al.], 2005. – 214 p.

2. Pharmacology om pictures and schemes : a handbook : in 2 volumes / V. V. Godovan ; ed. By V. I. Kresyun. – Odessa : The Odessa National Medical University, 2011. – Vol. 1. – 272 p. – English.

3. Pharmacology om pictures and schemes : a handbook : in 2 volumes / V. V. Godovan ; ed. By V. I. Kresyun. – Odessa : The Odessa National Medical University, 2011. – Vol. 2. – 244 p. – English.

4. Kharkevitch D.A. Pharmacology: Textbook for medical students / Translation of Russian textbook «Pharmacology» (2017), 12th edition, revised and improved — 2nd edition. 680 pages. The year of publishing: 2018. Hardcover. New.

5. Pharmacology: Textbook /Victor M.Bobiryov,Tetyana O.Devyatkina, Olena Vazhnicha, Vadim M.Khristyuk – 3 rd. ed., updated – Vinnytsya: Nova Kniha, 2015. - 250 p.

6. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology/ J. M. Mary. — 7nd edition. — Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2019. — 636 p.

7. Medical pharmacology / K.D Tripati. – Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD –2019.- P. 940

8. Pharmacology [Текст] : a textbook for students of higher medical educational 49

establishments of the IV level of accreditation with English as the language of instruction / V. M. Bobyrov, T. O. Devyatkina, O. M. Vazhnicha, V. M. Khristyuk, 2010. - 517 p.

Additional literature9. Pharmacology [Текст] : a textbook for students of higher medical institutions of the IV level

of accreditation with English as the language of instruction / I. S. Chekman, N. O. Gorchakova, 2006. - 382 p.

10. Katzung Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 11th Edition. - McGraw-Hill Medical, 2009.- 1232 p.

11. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics / 12-th edition. – Laurence L. Brunton, 2010.- 1808 p.

12. Betram G Katzung Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 12th Edition. - McGraw-Hill Medical, 2012.- 1248.

13. Pharmacology at your palms (Фармакология на ладонях) Учебное пособие на английском языке.. Drogovoz S.M. (Дроговоз С.М.). Харьков, 80 с.

14. Color Atlas of Pharmacology. Second Edition. Stuttgart – New York. – 2015. - 414 р

Internet resources:22. The State Expert Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine http://www.dec.gov.ua/index.php/ua/23. State Enterprise "Ukrainian Scientific Pharmacopoeial Center for the Quality of Medicines" http://sphu.org/24.National Scientific Medical Library of Ukraine http://library.gov.ua/25. National Library of Ukraine named after V.I. Of Vernadsky http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/26.Resurs on the prediction of inter-drug interactions (based on FDA instructions). URL: http://www.drugs.com27.Resurs-directory of medicines and forecasting of inter-drug interactions (in English). URL: http://www.medscape.orghttps://www.medline.comonlinelibrary.wiley.com - British Journal of Pharmacology.www.compendium.com.ua - Compendium online.www.ijp-online.com - Індийський журнал фармакологии.www.jpharmacol.com - Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy.www.pharmacology.uswww.pharmacology2000.com

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