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Sport and Physical Activity (05826-9, 05872)

JSmith

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Candidateforename

Candidatesurname

Centre number Candidate number

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES• Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes above. Please write clearly and in capital letters.• Use black ink. HB pencil may be used for graphs and diagrams only.• Answer all the questions, unless your teacher tells you otherwise.• Read each question carefully. Make sure you know what you have to do before starting your answer.• Where space is provided below the question, please write your answer there.• You may use additional paper, or a specific Answer sheet if one is provided, but you must clearly show your candidate number, centre number and question number(s).

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES• The quality of written communication is assessed in questions marked with either a pencil or an asterisk. In History and Geography a Quality of extended response question is marked with an asterisk, while a pencil is used for questions in which Spelling, punctuation and grammar and the use of specialist terminology is assessed.• The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.• The total number of marks for this paper is 79.• The total number of marks may take into account some 'either/or' question choices.

1. Which one of the following types of joint allows no movement between the articulating surfaces of its bones?

(a) Fixed

(b)Cartilaginous

(c) Synovial

© OCR 2017. You may photocopy this page. of 23 Created in ExamBuilder

(d)Condyloid

[1]

2. Which one of the following is a pair of bones that are both part of the axial skeleton?

(a) Cranium and ribs

(b) Ilium and cranium

(c) Scapula and ilium

(d)Scapula and ribs

[1]

3. Which one of the following bones is not part of the axial skeleton?

(a) Cranium

(b) Sternum

(c) Scapula

(d) Ribs

[1]

4. Which one of the following best describes the role of tendons?

(a) Attach muscles to bones

(b) Attach muscles to muscles

(c) Attach bones to bones

(d) Attach ligaments to bones

[1]


5. What type of joint is the hip?

[1]

6. What type of bone is the femur?

Put a tick (✓) in the box next to the correct answer.

Long bone

Short bone

Flat bone

Irregular bone

[1]

7. Which one of the following bones forms part of the axial skeleton?

Put a tick (✓) in the box next to the correct answer.

Scapula

Humerus

Sternum

Patella

[1]

8. Which of the following bones meet to form the wrist joint?

(a) Carpals, radius and scapula

(b) Carpals, sacrum and ulna

(c) Carpals, radius and ulna

(d) Carpals, metacarpals and radius


[1]

9. Which one of the following bones is not part of the appendicular skeleton?

(a) Sacrum

(b) Scapula

(c) Phalanges

(d) Clavicle

[1]

10. Which one of the following describes supination at a joint?

(a) Pointing the toes during a handstand

(b) Pulling your toes up to kick a ball with the side of your foot

(c) Turning the palms of the hand up during a biceps curl

(d) Placing the palms downwards on the floor during a press up

[1]

11. One function of the vertebral column is protection. What is being protected by the vertebral column?

[1]

12. Describe the function of articular cartilage and synovial fluid in a synovial joint.

[2]

13. Outline two long-term benefits of regular exercise on the skeletal system.


[2]

14. Fig. 1 shows a synovial joint.

Fig. 1

Describe the function of ligaments and synovial membrane at a synovial joint.

[1]

15. Fig. 11.1 shows a diagram of the bones of the lower leg.


Fig.11.1

Identify A, B and C on the diagram.

A [1]B [1]C [1]

16. Fig. 12.1 shows a performer doing a tuck jump.

Fig.12.1

Complete the table below to identify the joint types and movements during the tuck jump.

Joint Joint type MovementHip Flexion

Elbow

[3]


17. Fig. 12.1 shows a diagram of the vertebral column.

Fig. 12.1

Label the sections of the vertebral column A-D in the boxes provided on Fig 12.1 above. [4]

18. Fig. 13.1 shows a diagram of a synovial joint.

Fig. 13.1

Identify two structures of the joint and explain their functions.


[4]

19. Fig. 1 shows a synovial joint.

Fig. 1

Identify A, B and C on the diagram.

A [1]B [1]C [1]

20. Fig. 11 shows a diagram of the skeleton.


Fig. 11

Identify the bones labelled A, B, C and D.A B C D

[4]

21. An active, healthy lifestyle has positive effects on the skeletal system but can also be potentially damaging.

Describe the benefits and drawbacks of exercise on the skeletal system.


[5]

22. Fig. 12 shows the performance of one part of a tennis serve.

Fig. 12

Apply your knowledge of the skeletal and muscular systems to analyse the movement of the racquet arm during this part of the serve and complete the following table:

Joint Joint movement Muscle actingWrist Extension Elbow

Shoulder (posterior) deltoid[4]

23. Fig. 11 shows a diagram of the skeleton.


Fig. 11

State the type of bone and identify one function of each of B and D.B

D

[4]

24. Fig.13.1 shows a pike jump.

Fig.13.1


Complete the paragraph by filling in the missing words using the box below.

agonist

deltoid

concentric

extension

fixator

latissimus dorsi

iliopsoas

antagonist

isometric

eccentric

gluteus maximus

flexion

When performing a pike jump, the gymnast causes .......................... at the hip joint with a .......................... contraction of the .......................... muscle. This muscle is the .......................... during this movement. On landing, the gymnast returns to an upright position by contracting the .......................... muscle.

[5]

25. Describe the following functions of the skeleton. Give an example of each.

Protection

Movement

Blood cell production

[6]

26. Fig. 2 shows a sprinter in action.


Fig. 2

Apply your knowledge of the skeletal and muscular systems to complete the following table.

Joint Joint movement

Muscle acting

Type of contraction

Knee Flexion Iliopsoas Concentric

Biceps brachii

[7]

27.

Describe the positive and negative impacts of physical activity and sport on the skeletal system, using practical examples to support your answer.

[10]


END OF QUESTION paper


Mark schemeQuestion Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

1 (a) Fixed 1

Examiner’s Comments

A very small minority did not respond to one or more of

these, with most answering them well.

Candidates advised to read question and all answers

carefully before committing to a particular answer.

Candidates are advised to look for and/or highlight key

words in each question.

Candidates should beware of a negative question e.g.

which is not a ... and lung volumes relate to air, not

oxygen. Candidates are also reminded to be aware of

and to recognise the specific muscles within the

quadriceps and hamstrings.

Candidates are also advised to re-visit these multi-

choice questions again if they have time.

Very few scored 10/10 for the multi-choice section.

Total 1

2 (a) Cranium and ribs




Candidates advised to read question and all answers

carefully before committing to a particular answer.



Candidates should beware of a negative question e.g.

which is not a ... and lung volumes relate to air, not

oxygen. Candidates are also reminded to be aware of

and to recognise the specific muscles within the

quadriceps and hamstrings.

Candidates are also advised to re-visit these multi-

choice questions again if they have time.

Very few scored 10/10 for the multi-choice section.

Total 1


3 (c) Scapula 1




Total 1

4 (a) Attach muscles to bones 1




Total 1

5 Ball and socket 1

Synovial = NBD


This question was mostly answered correctly showing

knowledge of the type of joint at the hip.

Total 1

6 Long bone 1

Total 1

7 Sternum 1

Total 1

8 (c) - Carpals, radius and ulna 2


Produced a higher success rate than other questions.

Total 1

9 (a) - Sacrum 1

Total 1

10 (c) - Turning the palms of the hand up during a biceps curl 1 Examiner’s Comments

Produced a higher success rate than other questions.

Total 1

11 Spinal cord 1 Spinal column = NBD



Candidates are advised to read each question and all of

the possible answers carefully before committing to a

particular answer and not to rush through this section.



Total 1

12

1. (Articular cartilage) prevents/reduces friction/wear and

tear/bone (ends) rubbing / grinding together or allows

friction-free/smooth movement

2. (Synovial fluid) lubricates joint or prevents/reduces

friction or nourishes cartilage

2

NB. If candidate states that both reduce friction at the

joint then 2 marks are awarded.


Most candidates scored well on this question, usually

stating cartilage as a shock absorber or reducing friction

and synovial fluid as a lubricant of the joints. A minority

did not attempt to give an answer for both the articular

cartilage and synovial fluid.

Total 2

13

1. Increased strength of bones or ligaments

2. Increased range of movement at joints or increase in

flexibility at the joints

3. Increased bone density or increased calcium/ mineral

storage

4. Reduced risk of osteoporosis or (osteo)arthritis

5. Increased stability of joints

6. Increased thickness of (articular) cartilage

7. Improved posture/body alignment

2

Mark first two only.

Accept:

Stronger bones

Stronger bones due to increased bone

density = 2 marks (pt 1 and pt 3)

Do not accept:

Greater flexibility (on its own) / healthy bones

= NBD

Strengthen skeleton = NBD


This question was completed extremely well by the vast

majority of learners who stuck to the long-term benefits

to the skeletal system – a small number misread the

question and gave the benefits to the muscular system

and therefore could not score the marks available.

Those that scored the full two marks mostly gave

‘increase in strength’ and ‘density of bones’. Those that

simply stated, ‘increase in movement’ did not score the

mark for an increase in the range of movement at the

joint.

Total 2

14 1. (Ligaments) attach bone to bone/stabilise the

joint/prevent dislocation

2


2. (Synovial membrane) secretes/produces synovial

fluid/increases mobility

Total 2

15

1. A = Tibia

2. B = Talus

3. C = Metatarsal

3

Do not accept:

A = Fibia / tibula (NBD)

C = Metatarples (NBD)


Very few candidates scored the full three marks

available for this question. Many could identify the Tibia

and Metatarsals but most struggled with labelling the

Talus – with many simply writing ‘ankle bone’.

Total 3

16

Joint Joint type MovementHip Ball and socket Flexion

Elbow Hinge Flexion 3

Answers are in bold and underlined.


Many answered this question well and scored the full

three marks available, although a minority of candidates

incorrectly labelled the movement at the elbow as

extension rather than flexion.

Total 3

17

1. A = cervical (vertebrae)

2. B = thoracic (vertebrae)

3. C = lumbar (vertebrae)

4. D = sacrum/sacral (vertebrae)

4

Accept:

Misspellings if word is recognisable / phonetic


Many completed the diagram of the vertebral column

accurately, but a significant minority either did not

respond to this question or were unable to accurately

label any of the bones shown in the diagram, showing

some significant gaps in anatomical knowledge.

Total 4

18 Structure Function

1. Cartilage

2. Reduces friction between bones or stops bones rubbing together

3. Ligament 4. Attaches bone to bone or stabilise joint

5. Synovial membrane

6. Secretes/produces/

4 Mark first two structures only.

Function must relate to the named structure.


This was generally a well–answered question. The

diagram showed a synovial joint and learners were

expected to identify two of the structures and explain


encases synovial fluid

7. Synovial fluid

8. Lubricates/cushions joint or synovial fluid absorbs / breaks down debris in joint.

9. Meniscus/menisci

10. Additional cartilage to stabilise joint

11. Pads of fat12. Absorb shock or fill large spaces in joint

13. Bursa 14. Reduce friction between tissues

15. Joint capsule 16. Encloses joint

their functions. The majority of learners were able to

identify the synovial membrane and the synovial fluid,

with some learners identifying other structures such as

the cartilage or ligament. Most who gave the correct

identification then went on to accurately explain the

function of each. Some learners however did not give a

function for each and therefore could not score full

marks. Again, it is important for learners to address all

aspects of each question to have access to all the marks

available.

Total 4

19

A – Synovial fluid

B – Joint capsule

C – Articular/hyaline cartilage

3

Total 3

20

1. A = ulna

2. B = femur

3. C = cranium

4. D = (lumbar) vertebra

4

D – Accept vertebral column

D – Do not accept lumbar (on its own) = NBD


The majority of candidates found success on this

question, especially for B, C, D. Radius was however a

common incorrect answer for A, instead of Ulna.

Total 4

21 (Describe the benefits and drawbacks of exercise on the skeletal

system).

(benefits)(submax 3)

Increased strength of bones

Increased range of movement around joints

Increased bone density/increased calcium/collagen storage

Prevention of osteoporosis/reduced risk of (osteo)arthritis

Increased stability of joint

Increased strength of ligaments/connective tissue

Increased thickness of articular/hyaline cartilage

Improved posture/body alignment

(drawbacks)(submax 3)

Overuse injuries/stress fractures/tendonitis/bursitis

Shin splints/Osgood Schlatters/tennis elbow/runners knee/golfers

elbow

Growth plate injuries

Back strains/postural problems (linked to weight training or

5


incorrect techniques)

Fractures/dislocations/torn ligaments (linked to contact sports)

Osteoarthritis

Total 5

22

Joint Joint movement Muscle acting

Wrist Extension Wrist extensors

Elbow Flexion Biceps (brachii)

Shoulder

(Horizontal) abduction

Or horizontal extension

(posterior) deltoid

4

Correct answers are in bold and underlined.

For shoulder joint movement:

Accept abduction or horizontal extension


This was answered generally well for the elbow joint, as

most candidates recognised flexion and the bicep. Very

few however wrote wrist extensor, the most common

answer her being wrist flexors.

Total 4

23

1. B = Long (bone)

2. (Function of femur) movement / support / blood (cell)

production / mineral storage

3. D = Irregular (bone)

4. (Function of lumbar vertebra) movement / support /

protection

4

Candidate can get function of each bone correct even if

type or name of bone is wrong.

Mark the first function given for each bone

Do not accept stability = NBD


A high percentage of candidates found success on this

question, for both the type and function of the bone.

Total 4

24

When performing a pike jump, the gymnast causes flexion at the

hip joint with a concentric contraction of the iliopsoas muscle.

This muscle is the agonist during this movement. On landing,

the gymnast returns to an upright position by contracting the

gluteus maximus muscle.5

Answers are in bold and underlined.

Flexion – concentric – Iliopsoas – agonist – gluteus

maximus


This was answered well by most candidates who

worked through the ‘word bank’ to find the appropriate

words. Most were able to correctly identify flexion, but

many confused the contraction type. Most correctly

identify the word agonist but many put incorrect muscle

names especially for iliopsoas.

Total 5

25 1. (Protection) The skeleton provides a barrier / protects

(vital) organs (from damage due to impact).

2. (Example) Cranium protects brain or ribs protect heart /

lungs or vertebral column protects spinal cord.

3. (Movement) the skeleton is jointed (to allow

movement) or attachment to muscles (allows

6 Accept:

Equivalent examples for pts 2,4,6.


movement) or the skeleton provides a lever system

(for muscles to pull on)

4. (Example) named bone/joint linked to movement of

correct part of body e.g. Femur for jumping

movements/moving leg

5. (Blood cell production) (red/white) blood cells are

formed in (bone) marrow

6. (Example) accept any named long bone


This was answered well by many learners, although

some repeated the terms in the question rather than

describing and giving an example. Most wrote correctly

about the rib cage or the skull protecting the vital organs

within. For the functions of movement and blood cell

production, learners answered less clearly and

accurately, with many simply repeating the word

movement or writing that bones produced blood cells

rather than blood cells being formed in the marrow of the

bone. Those that scored few marks often omitted a

practical example for each function – suggesting that in

at least some cases they may not have read the

question carefully enough.

Total 6

26

JointJointmove-ment

Muscleacting

Type of contraction

Knee Flexion

Biceps femoris/

semi-membra-nosus/

semitendo

-nosus

Concentric

Hip Flexion Iliopsoas Concentric

Elbow

Flexion

Biceps brachii Isometric

7 Missing words are bold and italicised in table.

Total 7

27 (Describe the positive and negative impacts of physical

activity and sport on the skeletal system, using practical

examples…)

(Positives)

1. Stronger/thicker bones

Caused by high impact/weight-bearing

exercise

increased bone density

Increased calcium/collagen

Prevents/protects from injury to bones

2. Increased stability/stronger joints

Stronger ligaments/tendons

Prevents sprains/dislocations

3. Prevents osteoporosis

No ticks for marking Q21

Examiners to use:

ID - for Identification of main point

Und - for development of the point (bullet points on

MS)

EG for practical example

Write L1 or L2 or L3 at the base of the answer on the

LHS and a ringed total on the RHS at the base of the

answer

Level 3 (8–10 marks)

A comprehensive answer:

Detailed knowledge & understanding.

Effective analysis/critical evaluation and/or

discussion/explanation/development.

Clear and consistent practical application of knowledge.

Accurate use of technical and specialist vocabulary.

High standard of written communication.


Which is reduced bone density/weakening

with age

Can affect young people as well as older

people

4. Reduced risk of (osteo)arthritis

Exercise thickens (articular/hyaline)

cartilage

Which covers the ends of adjacent bones

More/improved synovial fluid produced

Reduces friction/wear and tear at joints

Joints better able to absorb shock

Most common in weight-bearing

joints/knee/hip/ankle

5. Improved posture

Increased strength of core stability muscles

Reduces likelihood of lower back pain/

spine curvature

Named back problems e.g. sciatica,

scoliosis

6. Weight management

Maintain a balanced active healthy lifestyle

Prevent sedentary lifestyle (leading to e.g.

osteoporosis)

(Negatives)

7. Increased risk of (osteo)arthritis

Overuse/poor technique can cause wear

and tear/ loss of (articular/hyaline) cartilage

Reduced production of synovial fluid

Friction between bone surfaces

Formation of bone spurs

High impact activities/repetitive actions are

risk factor

Weight bearing joints e.g. knee/hip/ankle

8. Chronic/overuse injuries

Repetitive actions cause damage

Tendonitis injuries e.g. tennis/golfers elbow

Stress fractures e.g. shin splints

E.g. Osgood Schlatter’s disease/bursitis

9. Acute/impact injuries

Contact sports e.g. football/rugby

Fractures/dislocations/torn

cartilage/ligaments

10

At Level 3 responses are likely to include:

Detailed knowledge and understanding of both positive

and negative impacts of physical activity on the skeletal

system.

Most points are developed.

At the top of this level bone and joint structures are

considered and a range of specific conditions are

named.

Practical examples are clearly relevant and linked to

most points made. At the bottom of this level both

positives and negatives are considered and a few

specific conditions, such as osteoporosis, arthritis and

shin splints are named and/or described. Practical

examples are clearly relevant and linked to many points

made.


A competent answer:

Satisfactory knowledge & understanding.

Analysis/critical evaluation and/or

discussion/explanation/development attempted with

some success.

Some success in practical application of knowledge.

Technical and specialist vocabulary used with some

accuracy.

Written communication generally fluent with few errors.


Satisfactory knowledge and understanding of impact of

physical activity on the skeletal system.

Points made but generally not developed.

At the top of this level both positives and negatives have

been identified, and some have been described, such as

stronger bones, arthritis prevention and examples of

chronic or high impact injury.

Practical examples are mostly relevant and linked to

many points made.

At the bottom of this level a few points have been made

but there may be more focus on either negatives or

positives, and specific conditions may not be named.

Some practical examples are relevant and some are

linked to points made.


A limited answer:

Basic knowledge & understanding.

Little or no attempt to analyse/critically evaluate and/or

discuss/explain/develop.

Little or no attempt at practical application of knowledge.

Technical and specialist vocabulary used with limited

success.

Written communication lacks fluency and there will be

errors, some of which may be intrusive.


Can lead to arthritis in later life

Can lead to sedentary lifestyle during

recovery or to avoid repeat injury

(Conclusions)

10. Negatives can be minimised

Use of correct techniques

Avoid overtraining/follow principles of

training

Apply moderation/progressive overload


Basic knowledge of the impact of physical activity on the

skeletal system.

At the top of this level at least three effects are likely to

have been identified and at least one has been

described. They may all be either positive or negative

impacts, and there may be inaccuracies. Few or no

practical examples are relevant and few if any linked to

points made.

To score 1 mark one effect of exercise on the skeletal

system has been named or described.

[0 marks] No response or no response worthy of credit.


This ten-mark question is marked using a levels

response mark scheme with descriptors that enable

Examiners to pinpoint a mark from the responses they

read.

Many candidates answered this question well and took

into account both the positive and negative impacts. A

few of the lower scoring candidates stuck with either

positive or negative and too many candidates ignored

the demand to use practical examples to support their

answer.

Candidates are reminded that using practical examples

is often a feature of these extended questions and for

them to be prepared to use relevant practical examples

throughout their answer.

The better scoring candidates pleasingly gave detailed

knowledge and understanding of the impacts of activity

on the skeletal system, a common feature of these good

candidates is that they use the correct technical

vocabulary throughout their answer. Some candidates

tended to wander off the point and write in detail about

the muscular system and therefore scored few marks.

This extended question is also assessed on the quality

of written communication and the better responses

again showed a fluent and accurate approach, with few

spelling errors and with good use of clear sentences and

paragraphs. Weaker candidates again showed poor

structure and accuracy in spelling.

Total 10


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