€¦ · web viewfor hundreds and thousands of years farmers could produce enough food unless...

Name______________________________________________ The Cultural Landscape by Rubenstein Period___________________Chapter 10: Agriculture

Key Issue 1: Where Did Agriculture Originate?Pages 346-351***Always keep your key term packet out whenever you take notes from Rubenstein. As the terms come up in the text, think through the significance of the term.

1. Define agriculture: 2. Define crop:3. What are the characteristics provided in the text for a hunter-gatherer society?

4. How many hunter-gatherers are there today?

5. Where do they live?a.b.c.

6. What was the agricultural revolution?

7. Using Figures 10-3 and 10-4, indicate the crop hearths and animal hearths on the map below. List the Crop Hearths Explain Animal Hearts

Southwest Asia/E Asia/Europe- Central Asia-


Comparing Substance and Commercial Agriculture8. Define subsistence agriculture: 9. Define commercial agriculture:10. What are the three main features that separate commercial agriculture from

subsistence agriculture?a.b.c.

11. Read pgs. 350-351 and complete the chart below with important information. The text will generally explain commercial agriculture, and you will need to deduce the situation of subsistence agriculture on your own.

Subsistence Agriculture(Mostly in LDCs)

Commercial Agriculture(Mostly in MDCs)

% of Farmers in Labor Force

Use of Machinery

Farm Size


Key Issue 2: Why Do People Consume Different Foods?

Everyone needs food to SurvivePages 352-355

1. Diet: Consumption of food varies around the world, both in total amount and source of nutrients. The variations results from a combination of:a.

b.

c.

2. Total Consumption of food a. Define Dietary energy consumption: b. Unit of measure for dietary energy: c. Most humans derive most of their kilocalories from the consumption of cereal grains. Name and describe the four sources. 1.___________________________=

2.__________________________ =

3.__________________________ =

4.__Other Crops_______________ =

3. Fill in the blank: The three leading cereal grains (wheat, rice, and Maize (Corn N.A.) – together account for __________% of all grain production and more than ________% of all dietary energy consumed worldwide.


Source of Nutrients

4. What is one of the most fundamental differences between developed and developing regions?5. Leading sources of protein in developing countries are a. ________________ b._______________ c._____________6. Meat accounts for approx.. _________ of all protein in developed countries compared to __________ in developing

countries.7. In most developing countries _____________ _______________ provide the largest share of protein.

Nutrition and Hunger

8. United Nations defines food security as:

9. How much of the world does not have food security?10. The UN Food and Agricultural Organization energy guidelines for a person to maintain a moderate level of physical

activity is ___________Kcal per day. Average consumption worldwide is aprox. ______________Kcal per day, _____% more than the recommended minimum.

11. People in developed countries are consuming on average?12. Austria and the U.S. have the world’s ______________ ____________________ aprox. _______________kcal per day per person. Consumption of this

amount of food leads to _____________________. 13. In developing regions, avg. daily consumption is aprox.________Kcal, still ___________recommended minimum. Sub-Saharan Africa is approx..

______Kcal. A large % of Africans (circle one) are/are not getting enough to eat. Diets are deficient in countries where (finish the statement)_____________________________________________________.

14. Define undernourishment:

15. The UN estimates_____ million people in the world are undernourished. _______% are in ________________________ countries. 16. Largest undernourished country is ____________________, followed by_______________.

a. ________th of population in Sub Saharan Africa b. ________th of population in South Asia Undernourished c. ________ in all developing countries

With population growth the % of undernourished has decreased


Key Issue 3: Where Is Agriculture Distributed? Pages 356-3731. Who was Derwent Whittlesey? Explain what he identified. Explain the five agricultural regions that predominate in Developing Countries.

a. Explain

b.

Pastoral Nomadism Shifting Cultivation Intensive Subsistence-wet rice dominant

Intensive subsistence, other than rice

Plantation

2. Label the six agricultural regions and Climate types that predominate developed countries.And label them on the map (p. 356-357)

a. Region

Climate

b. Region

Climate

c. Region

Climate

d. Region

Climate

e. Region

Climate

f. Region

Climate


3. What is pastoral nomadism?

4. In what type of climate is it usually found?

5. What regions of the world are currently occupied by this practice?

6. How do pastoral nomads obtain grain (several ways)?

7. What animals are chosen, and where?a.b.c.d.

8. Describe territoriality among pastoral nomads.

9. What is transhumance?

10. In what way do modern governments currently threaten pastoral nomadism? 11. In what climate does shifting cultivation predominate?

12. Identify the two distinctive features of shifting cultivation. a.

b.


13. What is a swidden?

14. What is potash?

15. How long are swiddens used?

16. Case Study: A Kayapo swidden field in Brazil’s Amazon region. Make notes and draw and diagram to illustrate the description given in the text on pages 360-361.

17. How is land owned in a typical village that practices shifting cultivation?


18. What percentage of the world’s land area is devoted to shifting cultivation? ________th or ________%19. What percentage of the world’s people work it? Less than ____%20. Describe the PROS and CONS of shifting cultivation, or the arguments made for it and criticisms leveled against it in the space below.

Pros (Arguments against replacing shifting cultivation) Cons (How is shifting cultivation being replaced?)

21. What is meant by “intensive”?

22. Where is intensive subsistence agriculture practiced? Why there?

23. A. What is “wet rice”?B. What are the steps for cultivation?1.2.3.


4.24. What is “sawah”? What is a “paddy”?

a. Sawah=b. Paddy =

25. What is double-cropping?26. Where is double-cropping possible? Where is it not?

27. In areas of intensive subsistence agriculture where wet rice is not dominant, what is the major crop?28. How are multiple harvests made possible in these less mild regions? Explain.

29. Make some important notes about intensive subsistence farming in communist China.

Agriculture in Communist ChinaAgriculture following the communist revolution, communes. Agriculture in communist China today, post-commune.

30. Define and describe plantation farming by filling out the chart below.

PlantationRegions:

Situated In: Operated By: Workers:

Types of Crops: Definition:


31. Where is mixed crop and livestock farming common?

32. Describe the irony between the amount of land devoted to crops vs. animals and the income generated by each in this region.

33. How does this type of agriculture allow farmers to more evenly “distribute their workload”?

34. In what different ways is the corn used?

35. Where is the U.S. Corn Belt, and what crops are grown there?

36. Define fallow and describe how it relates to crop rotation.

37. Define cereal grains and describe how it relates to crop rotation.


38. Define rest crop and describe how it relates to crop rotation.

39. What three conditions make the southeast U.S. an ideal location for this commercial gardening and fruit farming?a.b.c.

40. What is “truck farming” and where has it spread in the U.S.? And, give examples of specialty crops.

41. What is a milkshed?42. Why do some regions specialize in “milk products” like cheese and butter rather than fluid milk? Identify some of these important regions.

43. What country is the world’s largest producer of dairy products? 44. What problems do dairy farmers currently face?

45. What is the principal difference between grains grown in “commercial grain farming” regions and grains grown in “mixed crop and livestock” regions?

46. Complete the list that details the significance of wheat as a crop. a._________________________________________b.____________________________________c.___________________________________


d._________________________________________e.____________________________________f.___________________________________g._________________________________________

47. How do farmers and combine companies make use of the fact that the wheat matures at different times in the spring and winter wheat belts?

48. Identify the three regions of large-scale grain production in North America.a.b.c.

49. Describe the conditions of Mediterranean climate and agriculture.

50. Most crops in Mediterranean lands are grown for _______________________________ rather than for _______________________________________.

51. What is horticulture?52. List the two most important cash crops of Mediterranean regions. a._______________________________

b.__________________________________53. Define ranching:54. What type of climate is livestock best adapted to? And, where is ranching practiced?

55. Why did cattle ranching expand in the U.S.?56. Why did cattle ranching decline?57. Where does cattle ranching take place today?

58. What were the three U.S. and world stages of ranching?a.


b.

c.

Key Issue 4: Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties?Pages 374-387Commercial farmers in developed countries and subsistence farmers in developing countries face challenges generating enough money to continue farming. Commercial=surplus of food Subsistence= enough food to surviveFor hundreds and thousands of years farmers could produce enough food unless there was a natural disaster. In the late twentieth century, developing countries needed to provide enough food for a rapidly increasing population as well as a large number of urban residents who can’t grow their own food.

1. According to the “Boserup Thesis”, subsistence farmers can increase food supply through intensification of production achieved in two ways. Describe each.a. New farming methods developed:

b. Land is left fallow for shorter periods: Forest Fallow-


Bush Fallow- Short Fallow Annual Cropping- Multi-cropping-

2. Look at the graphic below. What is basically happening?Forrest Fallow<---------- --------------

Time---------->Multicropping

3. Explain shifting cultivation.

4. What is the dilemma that is faced by LDCs as they seek to increase the amount of export crops to sell to MDCs?

5. Summarize Africa’s food-supply struggle.


6. Some LDCs turn to the production of drug crops for export. The geography of these crops is distinctive. Identify the countries associated with the crops below.

Cocaine (Cocoa Leaf)Heroin (Opium)

Marijuana

7. Why have food prices been a more serious problem than food supply?

8. How have efficient agricultural practices, fertilizers and mechanical equipment, etc. created a problem for commercial farmers?

9. Create three bulleted points that highlight current ways in which the U.S. government currently deals with excess agriculture capacity, and explain each.a.b.c.

10. Answer the following six questions about Von Thunen’s model using pages 378-379 and Figure 10-52.

a. Who was von Thunen?


b. According to this model, what two factors does a farmer consider when deciding what to plant?

c. Draw a sketch of agricultural land use according to von Thunen.

d. How does cost determine what farmers grow?

e. How does transportation cost influence profitability of growing wheat?

f. How could von Thunen’s model be applied at a global scale?11. Four strategies have been proposed to increase the world’s food supply in places where populations are underfed. Explain each of them.

a.

b.

c.

d.

12. List the largest regions and countries exporting agricultural products.

13. What countries are the leading importers of food?

14. What country exports the most grain? What kind and how much?


15. There is little new land actually available for farming. In fact, the current trend is to reduce agricultural land rather than increase it. Identify and briefly describe three reasons why land is currently being removed from agricultural use.a.

b.

c.

16. Define aquaculture (or aquafarming):

17. What countries are the leading fishing countries?

18. Have MDCs or LDCs consumed more fish?

19. What are the two main practices of the Green Revolution?a.

b.

20. Because of the Green Revolution, agricultural productivity at a global scale has

_____________________________ than ________________________________.

21. Describe the characteristics of the “miracle wheat seed”.

22. Describe the characteristics of the “miracle rice seed”.


23. What specific problems do farmers in LDCs have which might prevent them from taking full advantage of the Green Revolution?

24. What three crops are often genetically modified? a._____________________________________ b.___________________________________ c.________________________________

25. Approximately how much of major crops in the US are genetically modified?

26. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified foods.

27. Define sustainable agriculture:

28. What are the principal practices that distinguish farmers practicing sustainable agriculture from those operating conventionally?

Sensitive Land management29. Describe ridge tillage and its advantages.


Limited Use of Chemicals30. Compare and explain the use of chemicals with conventional and sustainable agriculture.

31. In what ways are animals treated differently in sustainable agriculture? And, how is this benefit?

Integrated Crop and Livestock 32. Define Complementary activities:

33. Sustainable agriculture is sensitive to the complexities of biological and economic interdependencies between crops and livestock. Explain each of the following:

a. Number of Livestock:

b. Animal Confinement:


c. Management during extreme weather

d. Flexible feeding and marketing

€¦ · web viewfor hundreds and thousands of years farmers could produce enough food unless...

Documents