Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ___________________

The Age of Exploration and Colonization Unit Exam

Study Guide

Enduring Issues

Enduring Issue – An enduring issue is an issue that exists across time. It is one that many societies have attempted to address with varying degrees of success.

Examples of Enduring Issues: Power, Conflict and Scarcity

Power – The influence or control over the behavior of people. You can see the effects of power in your relationships with your family and friends, and in schools, sports, business, and government.

Examples: lack of access to power, unfair distribution of power, shifts in power and authority, power struggles, relationship of ruler to ruled, ability of the people to have a voice in government.

Conflict – A serious disagreement or argument. There can be conflict between individuals, groups of people, and even nations.

Examples: war, competition, armed struggle, resistance, invasions, disputes over land use, disputes over resources, ethnic disputes, religious disputes, disputes between social classes.

Scarcity – The state of not having enough of something. Everything we use in our daily life comes from the Earth and there is a limited supply of resources on this planet.

Examples: lack of food, lack of natural resources, lack of housing/shelter, lack of clean water/water resources, lack of arable land.

Exploration

Motives for Exploration – reasons European explorers went in search of the “New World”

· Curiosity- Wealth- Search for new trade routes - Spread religious ideas

· Fame- National Pride- Discovery of foreign goods

Advancements in Technology – these advancements in navigation allowed for explorers to sail in search of undiscovered lands.

· Magnetic Compass- Traverse board- Quadrant- Caravel

· Astrolabe- Lateen sails- Accurate maps

“Old World” – Europe

“New World” – North and South America

Columbus – an Italian explorer who sailed and claimed “discovered” land for Spain. Columbus’ opinion and treatment of the indigenous peoples is an example of the enduring issue of power. As you can see by the excerpt below, Columbus views the indigenous peoples as simple and non-threatening. He viewed the Spanish as a more advanced people thereby giving him the power to take over their lands and force them to do as he wished.

Excerpt from Columbus’ Diary, 1492 (Source: Medieval Sourcebook)

“I do not, however, see the necessity of fortifying the place, as the people here are simple in war-like matters, as your Highnesses will see by those seven which I have ordered to be taken and carried to Spain in order to learn our language and return, unless your Highnesses should choose to have them all transported to Castile, or held captive in the island. I could conquer the whole of them with fifty men, and govern them as I pleased.”

Consequences of Exploration - Columbian Exchange

· The Columbian Exchange – the transfer of goods, technology, food, animals, diseases, people and culture between Europe and Africa and the Americas during the age of Exploration.

· Columbus’ voyage to the New World led to this exchange of goods.

· The Columbian Exchange led to the increase in trade between Europe and the Americas.

· The Columbian Exchange led to the decrease in Native American population due to the spread of diseases to the Americas and the forced enslavement of the indigenous peoples.

European Exploration of the Americas

· England, France, Spain and Portugal sent explorers to the New World.

· Spain sent the highest number of explorers to the New World.

· Most Spanish explorers sailed to South America.

· England and France both sent explorers to North America.

Mercantilism: an economic system in which the mother country gains wealth (gold, silver, raw materials) and power by controlling the trade of its colonies.

Triangle Trade: (Atlantic Slave Trade) a pattern of colonial commerce in which sugar, in the form of molasses, was shipped from the Caribbean to Europe, where it was distilled into rum. Rum was then used to purchase slaves in West Africa, who were shipped to the Caribbean and other locations in the Americas. Over time, New England replaced Europe's role in the triangle.

Middle Passage: The stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were forcibly transported to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. On the slave ships, Africans slaves were packed tightly below deck in dark, unsanitary conditions. Slaves were fed little and beaten often. Many slaves did not survive their journey to the new world.

Colonization

New Amsterdam – later renamed New York - New Amsterdam was founded in 1625 by the Netherlands. The majority of the population was Dutch. When England took New Amsterdam from the Netherlands, the British renamed it New York after the Duke of York.

Roanoke - The colony of Roanoke in North America was the first attempt by the British to establish a colony in North America. 112 settlers disappeared without a trace to their whereabouts. Many theories have been suggested regarding their disappearance.

Croatoan – a local Native American tribe on Roanoke Island. One theory suggests that the settlers left Roanoke settlement to live with the Croatoan tribe. This was believed because the word Croatoan was found carved in a tree when John White and his crew returned to the island.

Jamestown - Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in North America. It was founded in 1607 and served as the capital of the Virginia colony for over 80 years. The first year of settlement was hard and over half the settlers did not survive the first winter. John Smith introduced the “You don’t work, you don’t eat” policy.

Tobacco – When John Rolfe arrived at the Jamestown settlement, he suggested planting tobacco as a cash crop. A cash crop is a crop planted for the purpose of selling for profit instead of consumption by the grower. With the planting and sale of the tobacco, Jamestown became the first successful English settlement. Eventually the growth and sale of tobacco would represent the economy of the Southern region of the 13 colonies.

Colonial Regions – Characteristics/Features

Region

Geography

Economy

Region A

New England

Rhode Island

Connecticut

Massachusetts

New Hampshire

Cold Winters/mild summers

Thin, rocky soil

Short growing season

hills

Fishing

Trading

Manufacturing

Whaling

Timber

Could not develop into an agricultural society due to the rocky soil and short growing season

Region B

Middle

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Delaware

Mild winters/warm summers

Large farmers

River valleys

Longer growing seasons

Textiles

Farming

Wheat

Rye

Barley

Had a combination of features from both the New England and Southern region allowing for a mixed economy (Farming and Manufacturing)

Region C

Southern

Virginia

Maryland

North Carolina

South Carolina

Georgia

Warm, humid climate

Large plantations

Rich, fertile soil

Longest growing season

Plantation farming

Tobacco

Rice

Indigo

Cotton

Plantations will be the basis of the South’s economy

Slavery plays an important role in the economy of the South

Enduring Issue: Scarcity – When a region lacked certain goods, they exchanged goods with the other regions for the goods/resources they needed.

Colonial – Native American Relations

England – The English treated the Natives as inferior, believed they stood in the way of their God-given right to the land in America and tried to subject the Natives to their laws as they established their colonies.

French – The French were more concerned with controlling trade routes, with furs being the driving force. So instead of being competitors over living space, they were partners in trade. however the overhunting of the beaver caused an economic crisis for the Huron tribe and they were eventually defeated by the Iroquois tribe.

English-Native RelationsFrench-Native Relations

Name: ________________

____

_________________ Date: ________________ Period: ___________________

The Age o

f Explora

tion and

Colonizatio

n

Unit Exam

Study Guide

Enduring Issues

Enduring

Issue

–

An enduring issue is an issue that exists across time. It is one that many societies have

attempted to address with varying degrees of success.

Ex

amples

of En

during

Issues:

Power, Conflict and Scarcity

Power

–

The influence or control over the behavior of people. You can see the effects of power in your

relationships with your family and friends, and in schools, sports, business, and government.

Examples:

lack of access to power, unfair distribution of power, shifts in power and authority, power struggles,

relationship of ruler to ruled,

ability of the people to h

ave a voice in government

.

Conflict

–

A serious disagreement or argument. There can be conflict between individuals, groups of people,

and even nations.

Examples:

war, competition, armed struggle, resistance, invasions,

disputes over land

use,

disputes over

resources,

ethnic disputes, religious disputes, disputes between social classes

.

Scarc

ity

–

The state of not having enough of something. Everything we use in our daily life comes from the

Earth and there is a limited supply of resources on this planet.

Examples:

lack of food,

lack of natural resou

rces,

lack of housing/shelter, lack of clean water/water resources,

lack of arable land

.

Exploration

Motives for Exploration

–

reasons

European explorers went in search of the

“

New World

”

-

C

uriosity

-

Wealth

-

Search for new trade routes

-

Spread religious ideas

-

Fame

-

National Pride

-

Discovery of foreign goods

A

dvancements in Technology

–

these

advancement

s i

n n

avi

gation allowed for explo

rers to sail in

sea

rch of

undiscovered

lands.

-

Magnetic

Compass

-

Traverse board

-

Quadrant

-

Caravel

-

Astro

labe

-

Lateen sails

-

Accurate maps

“

Old World

”

–

Europe

“

New World

”

–

North

and

South America

Columbus

–

an

Italian explorer

who sail

ed

and claimed

“

discovered

”

land

for Spain.

Col

umbus

’

opinion

and

trea

tment of the

indigenous peoples i

s an example o

f the enduring issue of power.

As you can see by the exc

erpt

below,

Columbus v

iews the indigenous peoples as simple and non

-

threatening.

He view

ed the

Spanish as

a

more advanced

people ther

eby giving him the power to take over their lands and force th

em to do as he wished

.

Excerpt from Columbus

’

Diary, 1492 (Source: Medieval Sourcebook)

“

I do not, however, see the necessity of fortifying the place, as

the people here are simple in war

-

like matters

, as

your Highnesses will see by

those seven which I have ordered to be taken and ca

rried to Spain

in order to learn

our language and return, unless your Highnesses should choose to have them all transported to Castile, or held

captive in the island.

I could conquer the whole of them with fifty men, and govern them as I pleased

.

”

Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ___________________

The Age of Exploration and Colonization Unit Exam

Study Guide

Enduring Issues

Enduring Issue – An enduring issue is an issue that exists across time. It is one that many societies have

attempted to address with varying degrees of success.

Examples of Enduring Issues: Power, Conflict and Scarcity

Power – The influence or control over the behavior of people. You can see the effects of power in your

relationships with your family and friends, and in schools, sports, business, and government.

Examples: lack of access to power, unfair distribution of power, shifts in power and authority, power struggles,

relationship of ruler to ruled, ability of the people to have a voice in government.

Conflict – A serious disagreement or argument. There can be conflict between individuals, groups of people,

and even nations.

Examples: war, competition, armed struggle, resistance, invasions, disputes over land use, disputes over

resources, ethnic disputes, religious disputes, disputes between social classes.

Scarcity – The state of not having enough of something. Everything we use in our daily life comes from the

Earth and there is a limited supply of resources on this planet.

Examples: lack of food, lack of natural resources, lack of housing/shelter, lack of clean water/water resources,

lack of arable land.

Exploration

Motives for Exploration – reasons European explorers went in search of the “New World”

- Curiosity - Wealth - Search for new trade routes - Spread religious ideas

- Fame - National Pride - Discovery of foreign goods

Advancements in Technology – these advancements in navigation allowed for explorers to sail in search of

undiscovered lands.

- Magnetic Compass - Traverse board - Quadrant - Caravel

- Astrolabe - Lateen sails - Accurate maps

“Old World” – Europe

“New World” – North and South America

Columbus – an Italian explorer who sailed and claimed “discovered” land for Spain. Columbus’ opinion and

treatment of the indigenous peoples is an example of the enduring issue of power. As you can see by the excerpt

below, Columbus views the indigenous peoples as simple and non-threatening. He viewed the Spanish as a

more advanced people thereby giving him the power to take over their lands and force them to do as he wished.

Excerpt from Columbus’ Diary, 1492 (Source: Medieval Sourcebook)

“I do not, however, see the necessity of fortifying the place, as the people here are simple in war-like matters, as

your Highnesses will see by those seven which I have ordered to be taken and carried to Spain in order to learn

our language and return, unless your Highnesses should choose to have them all transported to Castile, or held

captive in the island. I could conquer the whole of them with fifty men, and govern them as I pleased.”