Bonding Key Revision Facts

Formation of ions

Ions are charged particle. They can be either positively or negatively charged, for example Na+ or Cl-.

When an element loses or gains electrons, it becomes an ion. Metals lose electrons to become positively charged. Non-metals gain electrons to become negatively charged. Group 1 and 2 elements lose electrons and group 6 and 7 elements gain

electrons.

Covalent bonding

Covalent bonding is the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms to gain a full outer shell. This occurs between non-metals only.

Simple covalent structures have low melting and boiling points – this is because the weak intermolecular forces that hold the molecules together break when a substance is heated, not the strong covalent bonds between atoms. They do not conduct electricity as they do not have any free delocalised electrons.

Dot and cross diagrams are useful to show the bonding in simple molecules. The outer electron shell of each atom is represented as a circle, the circles from each atom overlap to show where there is a covalent bond, and the electrons from each atom are either drawn as dots or crosses.

Ionic Bonding Ionic bonding occurs between a metal and a non-metal. Metals lose electrons to become positively charged.

Non-metals gain electrons to become negatively charged.

Opposite charges are attracted by electrostatic forces – an ionic bond. Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds form structures called giant lattices. There are strong electrostatic forces of attraction that act in all directions and act between the oppositely charged ions that make up the giant ionic lattice. Properties of Ionic Compounds

High melting point – lots of energy needed to overcome the electrostatic forces of attraction.

High boiling point Cannot conduct electricity in a solid as the ions are not free to move. Ionic compounds, when molten or in solution, can conduct electricity as the ions

are free to move and can carry the electrical current.

Metallic Bonding

Metallic bonding occurs between metals only. Positive metal ions are surrounded by a sea of

delocalised electrons. The ions are tightly packed and arranged in rows.

There are strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the positive metal ions and negatively charged electrons.

Pure metals are too soft for many uses and are often mixed with other metals to make alloys. The mixture of the metals introduces different- sized metal atoms. This distorts the layers and prevents them from sliding over one another. This makes it harder for alloys to be bent and shaped like pure metals.

Either colour each square Red, Amber or Green or put a tick in each row to indicate how confident you feel with each statement.

I can R A G

Describe how non-metals bond together

Describe how metals bond together

Describe how metals and non-metals bond together

Draw a dot and cross diagram for covalent bonding

Draw a dot and cross diagram for ionic bonding

Draw a dot and cross diagram for metallic bonding

Explain the properties of each type of bonding

Bonding Test Yourself 1AnagramsRearrange the letters to show the properties of metals:

acetolnv

acmelilt ereripstop darnferrets dasher

Periodic TableOn the periodic table below, shade the following parts:

Type of bonding What types of elements are involved

The movement of electrons

Covalent Shared

Metals and non-metals

Metallic Free

What type of bonding occurs in the following molecules? Why?

Water (H2O) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Table salt (NaCl) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Magnesium (Mg) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Copper Carbonate (CuCO3) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Methane (CH4) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Bonding Word Search

COVALENT ELECTROSTATIC IONIC

METAL NONMETAL METALLIC

Bonus words

__________________ (what happens to electrons in ionic bonding)

__________________ (what happens to electrons in covalent bonding)

__________________ (what happens to electrons in metallic bonding)

Bonding Test Yourself 2State symbolsIn chemical equations, the three states of matter are represented as symbols. Complete the table to show all four states and their state symbols.

State State symbol

s

liquid

g

aq

Aqueous solutions are those that are formed when a substance is dissolved in water.

Types of bonding match-upDraw lines to match up the key words with their definitions and explanations:

1.

Charges on ionsComplete the table to show all the charges on each group of the periodic table.

Group Charge on the ion

+ 1

2

3

+ 4 or -4

5

-2

Key word Definition Explanation

Ionic bonding

Covalent bonding

Metallic bonding Type of bonding

where a sea of free electrons is

created

Type of bonding where one atom

loses electrons and one atom gains

electrons

Type of bonding where atoms

share electrons with each other

Occurs between a metal and a non-

metal. Atoms become charged and are attracted to each

other.

Occurs between metal atoms.

Electrons become delocalised and are

free to move.

Usually occur between non-metal atoms.

Diatomic molecules are formed by this type of

bonding.

7

Do not form ions

Charges on ionsComplete the diagrams of a lithium atom and ion below. (don’t forget the brackets and charge for the ion!)

Complete the diagrams of the oxygen and magnesium atoms and ions.

Covalent Bonding Exam Style Questions

Covalent bonding

A particle of ammonia is represented by the formula NH3 or as:

How many different elements are there in a particle of ammonia? ______________

What are the different elements in a particle of ammonia? _________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. 

A particle of ammonia is called

an atom.an ion.

a molecule.

What group is nitrogen in? _________________________

How many electrons are in the outer shell of nitrogen? _________________________

How many electrons does nitrogen want in its outer shell? _________________________

How many electrons are in the outer shell of hydrogen? _________________________

How many electrons does hydrogen want in its outer shell? ________________________

Complete the dot and cross bonding diagram for ammonia.

Show only electrons in the outer energy shell of each atom.

 

Ionic Bonding Exam Style Questions

The ionic compound magnesium oxide is represented by the formula MgCl2 or as:

How many different elements are there in magnesium chloride? ________

What are the different elements in magnesium chloride? _________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. 

The structure of magnesium chloride is called

an ion.a lattice.a molecule.

What group is magnesium in? ______

How many electrons are in the outer shell of magnesium? _________________________

Magnesium will ___________ electrons to become a ___________ charged ion.

What group is chlorine in? ______

How many electrons are in the outer shell of chlorine? _________________________

Chlorine will ___________ electrons to become a ___________ charged chloride ion.

Complete the dot and cross bonding diagram for magnesium chloride.

Show only electrons in the outer energy shell of each atom.

Bonding Exam Style QuestionsDraw the structure of metallic bonding below.

Ion - an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the ___________ or ___________ of one or more electrons.

How iLs ionic bonding different to covalent bonding?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Figure 1 shows part of the structure of calcium oxide (CaO). 

What type of bonding is present in calcium oxide? Tick one box.

Covalent

Ionic

Macromolecular

Metallic

Figure 2 shows a particle of methane (CH4). 

What type of particle is present in Figure 2? Tick one box. 

An ion

A lattice

A molecule

A polymer

Which diagram shows the arrangement of outer shell electrons in a molecule of ammonia (NH3)? Tick one box.

What type of bonding is present in ammonia? Tick one box.

 Covalent

Ionic

Metallic

Ammonia is produced by reacting nitrogen and hydrogen. Balance the equation for the reaction.

N2 + 3H2 ⇌ ___NH3

Ammonia dissolves in water to form an alkaline solution. Ammonia solution reacts with an acid to produce a salt, ammonium nitrate.

Which acid is used to produce ammonium nitrate?

Tick one box. 

Citric acid

Hydrochloric acid

Nitric acid

Sulfuric acid

An argon atom can be represented as What does the number 40 represent in ?

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

How many protons does this atom of argon have? Tick one box. 

18

22

40

58

How many neutrons does this atom of argon have? Tick one box. 

18

22

40

58

The diagram below shows the energy levels (shells) in a neon atom. A neon atom has 10 electrons. Complete the diagram below to show the electronic structure of a neon atom. Use x to represent an electron.

The nucleus of a neon atom has a charge.

What is the charge? Tick one box.

Negative

Neutral

Positive

A neon atom has 10 protons, 10 electrons and 10 neutrons. Explain why there is no overall charge on a neon atom.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Neon is a gas. he states of matter can be shown by a simple particle model. Draw one line from each state of matter to the correct particle model. 

State of matter   Particle

model 

   

Gas     

    

Liquid     

    

Solid  A sodium atom and a fluorine atom react together to form an ionic compound. Figure 1 shows the electron arrangements in the atoms and the ionic compound.

Only the outer shell electrons are shown.

What type of force acts between the ions in an ionic compound? Tick one box.Electrostatic

Frictional

Gravitational

Magnetic

What are two properties of ionic compounds? Tick two boxes.Conducts electricity when molten

High melting point

Low boiling point

Small molecules

Weak bonds between particles

Describe what happens when a sodium atom reacts with a fluorine atom to form an ionic compound. Use Figure 1.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________