Baclelor in Information & Communication Technology Of EducationComputer Fundamentals & Programming.

(Course No: CSE 311) Contents

1. Background2. Introduction to Computer3. Memory Units4. Auxiliary Storage device5. Input device6. Output device7. Computer Software8. Operating System (OS)9. Programming Languages10. General Software Features & Trends11. Data processing12. Database Management System13. Introduction to Telecommunication14. Computer Networks15. Communication System16. Internet and World Wide Web (www)17. Electronic Mails18. Intranets19. Multimedia20. Computer Securities21. IT Policies and Cyber Laws22. History of Computer23. Impact of Computer in the society24. e-Technologies25. Number System & their Conversions

1. Introduction to computer system

1.1 IntroductionA computer is a programmable electronic calculating machine. Taking input it can process to produce output

as our requirement with in a second. The word computer is developed from the Latin word coputare which means “To Calculate or To Compute “. Therefore the machine which calculates is called a computer. At present computer technology have almost changed the world in short times. It becomes very essential tool in every walk of human life. Within a minute human can communicate through telephone, telex, tax e-mail etc from one place to other place worldwide. The primary purpose of using a computer is to make life easier. People are using it in schools office, airlines, business houses, banks etc.

Computer has following basic system and components devices to process data and gets the output. It has optional components too. A) System device

Baclelor in Information & Communication Technology Of Educationi) Input device - keyboard, mouse

ii) Processing device – Central Processing Unit (CPU)

iii) Output device – Monitor and Printer,

CPU – Consists motherboard, hard disk, floppy disk drive, sound card, power supply, modem, etc.B) Basic and optional component device

(i) Basic Components Capacity & functions1 Processor - 600 MHz, 1200 MHz, 1700 MHz2. Hard Disk - 40 GB, 100 GB, 160 GB, 200 GB, 2000 GB3 RAM - 28 GB, 256 MB, 512 MB, 1GB, 2GB4 Display /Video Card - 64 MB, 128MB, 512 MB, 1 GB5 Keyboard - 84 keys , 104 Keys, 124 Keys6. Hard disk drive - reads, writes on HD7 Floppy disk drive - reads, writes on floppy8 CD-ROM/DVD drive - reads, writes on CD-ROM, DVD-ROM9 Mouse - pointing & clicking device10 Monitor - Displaying device

A complete basic components set of these devices is called a computer. Computer may have optional devices too.

(ii) Optional Components Capacity & functions1 Printer 450ch/sec, 1-18 Pg/min, 4-24 Pg/min2 Scanner Flat bed type & Handheld type3 DVD drive Reads/writes on DVD4. Zip drive Reads/writes on Zip disk5 Pen drive Reads/writes on Pen drive6 Modem Internal & External type7. Speakers Throws sounds

1.1.2 Definition of ComputerA computer is an electronic machine that is used for data processing to produce information.

ORA computer is an electronic machine that can accept data; process it according to a set commands and then gives results.

1.1.3 Computer is said to be i) Electronic calculating machineii) Programmable machineiii) Data processing deviceiv) Networking devicev) Automatic system

1.2 Features of Computer i) High processing speed

Baclelor in Information & Communication Technology Of Educationii) Accuracy (100%)iii) Huge storing deviceiv) Diligence (Stay constant)v) Versatility (Simple to complicated jobs)vi) Automation (Automatic System)vii) World Wide Networking

1.2.1 Processing speed -i) 1 Milli second = 10-3 secondii) 1 Micro second = 10-6 secondiii) 1 Nano second = 10-9 secondiv) 1 Pico second = 10-12 secondv) 1 Fento second = 10-15 second

1.2.2 Huge Storing Capacityi) 1 Kilo byte = 1024 characters = 103 bytesii) 1 Mega byte = 1024x1024 ” = 106 bytesiii) 1 Giga byte = 1024x1024x1024 ” = 109 bytesiv) 1 Tera byte = 1024x1024x1024x1024 ” = 1012 bytes

NOTE: (8 bits = 1 byte)(1 byte = 1 character/1 Number/1 symbol)

1.3 Types of computeri) Volume wise - Mainframe, Mini, Micro computer, Laptop, Palmtopii) Job wise - Digital, Analog, Hydrideiii) Brand wise - IBM, Apple, Othersiv) Assemble wise - Branded and Assembled

1.4 Generations of Computer

Generation From ….to… Applied Chips/Techno Working speed

1st Generation 1946 to 1954 Vacuum Tubes Second

2ndGeneration 1955 to 1964 Transistors Mile Second

3rd Generation 1965 to 1980 Integrated circuit Micro Second

4th Generation 1981 to Now Micro Processors Nano Second

5th Generation from2000 trying Artificial Intelligence/Bio chips Pico Second

1.5 Computer architecture(Anatomy of computer), CPU, ALU, memory

i) Receive Input

Baclelor in Information & Communication Technology Of Educationii) Performs processingiii) Produce output

iv) Store InformationInside the CPU Box:

i) Computer System Unit contains – CPU, memory, ports, circuit boards, etcii) Central Processing Unit (CPU) contains – ALU registers, address and CU in a micro processor.iii) Control Unit (CU) controls-whole system sending signals of data, program and tells to process data

and to store in the right place.iv) ALU- Arithmetical & logical calculations.v) Memory- holds input data, programs and output data in the processing time.

Registers- They are additional storage locations to store data during processing time. They appear in between ALU and CU of CPUAddress- Character storage locations numbers in the main memory like a mail box numbers. Location numbers remains the same but the contents changes continuously.

A) COMPUTER MODEL:-

FIG 1

B) COMUTER FRONT VIEW:-

Baclelor in Information & Communication Technology Of EducationC) COMPUTER BACK VIEW:-

2.12 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES:-a) Advantages: - b) Disadvantages:- - Cheap - Depending - Reliable - No Security - Accurate - No control - Quick response - Creates jobless - Capable - Creates lazyness - Useful for routine jobs - Creates accidents - Variety of tasks

1.6. Working speed units of the computer.3. MEMORY UNITS:-

Memory Unit means internal storage area (chips) of the CPU. Main memory is like an array of empty boxes. (e.g. 1 MB capacity). They are registers of CPU.

Types of main memory:-i) RAM- Random Access Memory/ Read & write memory)

Volatile memory/ Primary memory(Computer writes on COMPASS offer reading ROM)

ii) ROM - Read only memory, holds small amount data and displays it during to start computer.iii) PROM - A program strong empty memory chip. Once stored a program, it is permanent. Therefore

PROM is non-volatile memory.iv) EPROM (Erasable PROM)- A chip, where the program can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet

light.

Baclelor in Information & Communication Technology Of Educationv) EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM) - Other type of EPROM, where the program can be erased

by exposing electrical charge. Types of RAM

i) Dynamic RAM- Very commonly used RAM. They are refreshed thousand times per sec. They are used everywhere like in printer.

ii) Static RAM- Special RAM. They are less often refreshed. They are costly than dynamic RAM.

FLASH MEMORY:-It is a special type of EEPROM, which can be re-programmed in block in stead of one byte at a time. Many modern PC’s have their BIOS (Basic IO System) stored on a flash memory chip so that it can easily be up date if necessary. They are used in modem too.

4. AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICE:- (Secondary Storage)Types of Auxiliary Storage Device:i) Sequential Access (Tape)ii) Random Access (Floppy, HD, CD, Pen drive etc.)

4.1) Types of Storage capacity :- Items Capacityi) Tape (Sequential Type) (60 MB-24 GB)ii) Floppy (Random Access Type) (720 KB-1.44 MB)iii) Zip Disk 100 MB- 250 MBiv) Jaz Disk (A cartridge) 2GBv) Super Disk (A cartridge) 120 MBvi) Optical Disk (CD) (A cartridge) (630 MB-1GB) (About 700 floppy/3,000,000 page

texts)vii)CD-R (Recordable) Drive

(A cartridge)It creates CD-ROM or Audio CDs to publish. It needs a CD-R software package. It can read CD-R and play Audio CDs.

viii) CD-RW Disk (A cartridge) It is a Re-Writable CD. (Many times rewrite)It is like a floppy disk of high storage capacity

ix) CD-R Disk (A cartridge) It is a one time writable CDx) Magneto-Optical Drive

(A cartridge)It is a special type of disk drive.It can read and write MO-Disk.It stores 200 MB faster than CD-ROM.

5. INPUT DEVICE:-

i) Keyboard - 101 keys, Alphanumeric key, Punctuation keys, Special keys, Arrow keys, etc.ii) Mouse - Curser or Pointer controller, developed in 1963 USA.iii) Track Ball - Pointer mover by your palm, or thumb press.iv) Joystick - Pointer mover leaver with two buttons (Triggers).v) Digitizing tablet - It is an electronic tablet. A stylus pen is used here to draw pictures and to operate

computer. They are called touch tabletvi) Scanner - It can read text and pictures to convert it into digitals form and store to print them.

It can print 600 dots per inch quality text or Images. There is single color or multiple colored scanners.There are page or full page scanner.

vii)Digital camera - It can manipulate, save, delete, and rotate the images. It sends as digitals input files to the computer.

Baclelor in Information & Communication Technology Of Educationviii) Magnetic ink character Reader (MICR):- MICR is direct entry method used in the banks. It is a special type of input device used in ATM.

viii) Optical character Reader (OCR):- It reads the page of text and converts images into ASC II codes to store into the computer. In the future it can print ditto for the user. All OCR system includes an optical scanner. It enables to take a book and save into a computer file.

ix) Optical Mark Reader (OMR):- OMR is also called mark sensing, which is a technology. It can sense the presence or absence of the pencil mark. OMR is used in the aptitude texts.

x) Bar code Reader:- Bar code reader is a photoelectric scanner that reads the bar code (Vertical Zebra Striped marks,) printed on the product. In the supermarket, you can find bar codes in ever items.

xi) Touch Screen:- It is a type of display screen that has the touch sensitive transparent panel covering the screen. As a mouse pointer, you can use your finger on screen. xii) Touch Pad:- On a portable PC you can find a small touch pad where you can use your finger along the pad.

xiii) Light Pen:- It is special pen, which uses light sensitive defector too select object on the screen display. This pen is also similar to mouse.

Type of Processor Generation (CPU) ****Today, there are many processor manufacturers AMD, Motorola and Intel. Final decision to buy a processor depends upon users need for example a home basic or basic user can by Intel Celeron or AMD processor.

Class CPU Speed Approx year (1970 starting)INTEL 4004 108 KHz 1970INTEL 8080 2 MHz 1974INTEL 8086/87 5 MHz, 8 MHz and 10 MHz 1976INTEL 8088 4.77 MHz and 8MHz 1979INTEL 20286/87 8 MHz, 10 MHz and 12 MHz 1982INTEL 20386 DX 16 MHz, 20MHz and 25 MHz, 33 MHz 1985INTEL 20386 SX/SL 16 MHz, 20MHz and 25 MHz, 33MHz 1989INTEL 20486 DX/SX 25 MHz, 33 MHz and 50 MHz 1991INTEL 20486 DX2 33 MHz and 66 MHz 1992INTEL PENTIUM 60 MHz to 200 MHz 1993INTEL PENTIUM MMX 166 200,233 MHz and 266 MHz 1997INTEL PENTIUM PRO 166 and higher 1997INTEL PENTIUM II 233 MHz to 450 MHz 1997INTEL PENTIUM III 500 MHz, 750 MHz 1999INTEL PENTIUM IV More than 1.1 GHz up to 2.0 GHz 2000-2007INTEL Dual Core 2.0 GHz 2008INTEL Core 2 Duo 3.4 GHz 2008

6. OUTPUT DEVICE:-6.11 MONITOR:-

There are six types of the monitor(a) Colour wise (i) colored monitor (ii) Monochrome monitor(b) Signal wise (i) Digital monitor (ii) Analog monitor(c) Design wise (i) Box type monitor (ii) Flat type monitor

Baclelor in Information & Communication Technology Of Education6.12 CHARCTER OF A MONITOR:-

i) Size = 14", 15", 17", 24"ii) Resolution= how densely pixels are packed?

For example:-VGA monitor = 640x480 pixels = 300,000 pixelsSVA monitor = 1024x 768 pixels = 800,000 pixelsColored monitor = 24 bits per pixels = 16 million colorHigh and monitor = 1600x1200 pixels = 2,000,000 pixels

6.2 PRINTER:-6.21 Types of the printer:-

i) Impact printer- Dot matrix & Line printer, Daisy wheel printer ii) Non- impact printer- Ink-jet, Laser, LCD printer, Thermal printerImpact printers – uses letter headed hammer, ink ribbon, paper.Non impact printers- uses.

i) Ink jet printer- Ionized ink spray, qualify print, diff. fonts.ii) Laser printer - Utilizes a leaser beam to produce image on the drum. 1200-2400 dpi

quality.iii) LCD& Led printer - Uses liquid crystal to produce image. - Uses light

emitting diods produce image.iv) Line printers - It is a high speed printer 3000 lines/min. It can print only font. No pictures.v) Thermal printer - Produces images by trashing electrically heated pins against special

paper.vi) Plotters - It draws only pictures using pen with continuous lines. Multi colour plotters use

different coloured pens. They are used in the engineering applications.vii) Sound cards & speakers - Sound card is compulsory in the modem computers where

speakers are used. Sound card enables the computer to output sound, to record input from a microphone connected to the computer and manipulate sound stored on a disk. Sound card translate digital data into analog sounds.

7. COMPUTER SOFTWARE:-Computer software means instructions or data, which are electronically stored on the storage device.Types of the software:-A) System softwareB) Application software

A) System Software: - It includes operating system and utilities software that enables computer to functions.

Baclelor in Information & Communication Technology Of EducationB) Application software: - It includes programs, which do real job for the user. Examples are word processing, spreadsheet, DBMS and other end user made programs.

FIGA) SYSTEM SOFTWARE:-

i) Operating System (OS):- It is a must to run a computer. OS performs basic tasks like recognizing impact from keyboard, sending output to display screen, keeping tracks o files and directories on the disk. Most commonly used OS are MS-Windows, DOS, XENIX, Mac OS, OS/2, UNIX, MVS etc. There are single user and multi-user operating systems.

ii) Utilities: - It performs very specific tasks, usually related to managing disk drives, printers and other devices, sorting or margin is done. A call up programs by OS. Transferring data from one I/O devices to another.

iii) Completers & Interpreters:- Complier is a program which converts source code into object code after looking whole part of the source code all at a time. But interpreter is different so that it converts source code into object code line by line. The advantage of the interpreters is that they can execute a program immediately. Some time compiler and interpreters are called language translator programs.

B) APPLICATION PACKAGE:-i) Word processing:- Creating, editing, formatting, previewing coloring line text, designing,

tabulating saving, deleting and coping line text. Users do disk top publishing using it.ii) Spreadsheet:- Creating, editing, formatting line mathematical tables in rows and columns. Using

arithmetical, algebraically, statistical, logical and graphical text documents. Users are the facilities here.

iii) Database Management System (DBMS):- It is a collection of record programs. Inserting, deleting, copying, updating and saving the records are the facilities here.

iv) Image processing:- It is a set of programs, which performs graphical pictures and animations. It has different facilities like enlarging rotating, coloring, zooming and many more.

v) Engineering Designing Software:- CAL, CAI, CAD, et. Computer Aided Designing (CAD) is a set o programs, which performs engineering calculations, picture designs, simulations and others.

Baclelor in Information & Communication Technology Of Educationvi) Accounting software:- It helps to solve the problems of the accountant. It is use to account

keeping properly having many facilities. Accounting package, Expackage and Tally are the examples of the accounting software.

vii) Statistical software:- It is a collection of programs which performs the statistical activities. It is a kind of powerful statistical tool. SPSS and macrosatat are the good examples.

viii) Any other tailor made software:- Locally made any type of software for any type of local institutes.

HUMAN WARE:-To run above computer hardware and software and the whole computer system in the big organization,

the different types of the technical personals are needed. Their types and post names are as given below. It is called human ware.

i) Data Entry Operator - Non officerii) Data Coder - Non officeriii) Data Supervisor - Non officeriv) Data Administrator - Officerv) Programmer - Officervi) System Analyst - Officervii) System Designer - Officerviii) Computer System Engineer - Officerix) Hardware Engineer - Officerx) Maintenance Engineer - Officerxi) Networking Engineer - Officerxii) Computer Operator - Non officerxiii) Computer Instructor - Officerxiv) Computer Consultants - Officer

8. OPERATING SYSTEM:-8.1 INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEM:-

An operating system (OS) is an integrated set of specialized programs that is used to manage the resources and overall operations of a computer. It is a most important program to run the computer. Every computer must have an OS to run other programs. The user communicator with OS, suppliers application programs and input data that are in a programming language and format acceptable to the OS and receives output results.

The complexity of the OS depends on the computer system's size and scope. For example OS of a micro computer is very simple to OS of mini or mainframe computer system. The primary purpose of the OS is to minimize the human intervention and to maximize the productivity of a computer system. Without OS in the computer you cannot load your program and input data system. All the time OS lies at the central position of the computer software system. Around it there will be number of utility programs, language translator programs (Compilers & Interpreters), and even some application programs. Therefore in such a condition, OS is called KERNEL.

Baclelor in Information & Communication Technology Of Education

FIG

Thus OS of Microcomputer, Minicomputer or Mainframe computer performs a number of resource management works. Those works includes job management, batch processing, on-line processing, data management, virtual storage, I/O management.

8.2 FUNCTIONS OF THE OS:-i) Job Management– To keep processing jobs in sequence, determining main memory,

secondary storage capability and their timing.ii) Batch Processing - Any big jobs are classified and grouped in some order, Batch wise

they can be processed. For example number wise or alphabetical wise or VDC wise or district wise, etc.

iii) Data Management – Data can be edited, updated and saved in any storage device. It can be retrieved and stored at any time any data.

iv) Virtual Storage – Some OS have a feature called virtual storage. Such OS can increase the capacity of the main memory without increasing its size, during processing time, when it is necessary.

v) I/O Management – For the smooth input data flow to the CPU and output data flow from the CPU, it can manage. In the big computer system also OS can handle very carefully and accurately. It can stop to handle the data to the unauthorized persons, so it can save data from the less.

8.3 CLASSIFICATION OF THE OS:-Classification of the OS are as follows.

i) Multi user:- Any OS, at the same time if more than user can use the OS that is called multi user OS. Some OS permits hundreds or thousands o your to use concurrently. The OS called MVS for the main frame and UNIX for the mini computer are the multi user OS.

Baclelor in Information & Communication Technology Of Educationii) Multi processing:- Multi processing OS permits many users to use different programs at

the same time. MVS and UNIX are two examples used as multi processing OS. Multi processing OS is more complicated than single process systems. Multi processing also refers to the utilizing of multiple CPU in a single computer system called parallel processing.

iii) Multi tasking:- Multi tasking permits more than one program to run currently. In multi tasking, only one CPU is involved, but it switches from one program to another so that it gives the appearance. Executing all the programs concurrently. There are two types of multi tasking

i) Preemptive - CPU time slices to each program.ii) Co-operative - Each program controls CPU as needed.If the program is not using CPU, however, it can allow another program to us it temporally. OS/2, Windows 95, Windows NT, Amiga and UNIX use preemptive multi tasking. But MS-Windows 3.x and the Multi Finder use co-operative multitasking.

iv) Multi threading:- Multi threading allows different parts of a single program to run currently. If is a ability of an operating system to execute different parts of a program called threads simultaneously, without interfering with each other.

v) Real time:- Real time system is an interactive processing system with severe time limitation. Several stations (PC's) can operate a database at the same time. The central input file are updated each time and inquires are answered correctly. Hotel reservation, Air lines ticket reservation and Car rental are the examples of real time system. But DOS and UNIX is not the examples real time system.

9. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE:-Programming language means a computer language. It is divided into two types.

i) Low level language. (means OS and 1s)ii) High level language. (means also to English)

If you want in detail, at present it can be dived into five levels which are as follows.i) Machine Language – 1st generation languageii) Assembly language – 2nd generation languageiii) Procedural language – 3rd generation languageiv) Problem Oriented language -4th generation languagev) Nature language -5th generation language.

i) Machine Language:- Machine language basically based at binary system like (On/OF), (Yes/No), (True/False), (Right/ wrong) and (1,0) etc. About 50/60 years back, the computers like ENIAC had used the language only by many switches ON/OFF. There were about 6000 switches for a single program. For the next program the switches had to reset. A process that might take weeks. Thus the programming were like 11110101, 11010011 00011010 etc. Which was very tedious. Such language is called machine language.

ii) Assembly language:- In 1950, to reduce programming complexity and provide some standardization, assembly language were developed. Assembly language is known as symbolic language use abbreviation or mnemonic code like.

PACK 210(8, 13), O2B (4, 7)When we provide such assembly language command to the compute, it converts into machine language then it performs the job.

iii) High level language:- It is compute language, which similar to broken English language. It is a logical language COBOL and FORTRAN is the example of high level language. High level language is called also third generation language.

MULTIPLY HOURS – WORKED BY PAY-RATE

Baclelor in Information & Communication Technology Of EducationGIVING GROSS – PAY ROUNDED.

Types of high level language:-a) Procedural – oriented - 3rd generation computer languageb) Problem- oriented - 4th generation computer languagec) Nature - 5th generation computer language

a) Procedural-oriented language: - General-purpose programming language like BASIC, PASCAL, COBOL o FOTRAN are called procedural-oriented language. They are designed to express the logic and procedure of the problem. All of them are called high level programming language or third generation language.

Advantages of the procedural oriented languagei) Program statements are very similarly to English languageii) Very easy to write program.iii) Less time consuming to write program.iv) Easier to understand and edit.v) The programming languages are machine independents.Disadvantagesi) Programs takes long time to execute.ii) The programming language does not look active.

b) Problem oriented language:- The fourth generation languages are called problem oriented language. They are high level language, which are used designed to solve specific problems like word processing, spreadsheet, database management system package program, etc.The fourth generation languages also are used to develope application tools as follows.

i. Personal computer application softwareii. Query language and report generator

iii. Design support systems and financial planning languageiv. Application generators.

i) Personal computer application software:-It means word processor, spreadsheet, DBMS, graphics, integrated packages, PowerPoint and

other tailor-made

ii) Query language and report generator:-It means query language allows people who are non programmer to search database using certain

selection commands. Example, Airlines ticket reservation, Room booking in hostel, MIS, School information system etc. Report generators are designed for people needing to prepare their reports easily, e.g.-QBE, SQL, HAL, Answer/Database, Data retrieve etc.

iii) Design support systems and financial planning language:-Decision support system (DSS) is made for managers or chief Execution officers to take decisions.

Financial planning language are also a kind of decision support system, that are employed or mathematical statistical and forecasting procedures.Example:- Macro Stat, SPSS, Accounting packages, Metaphor, STRATAGEM, etc.

iv) Application generators:-Application generators are a collection of set of program modules, preprogrammed for different

jobs. A non programmer uses this required report. Example the user inters his pass word and unique account code numbers, presenters as in ATM machine to get money.

There are other examples of application generators as: FOCUS, FUSION, SAS, SYSTEM, LINE II, RADID/3000 etc.

Baclelor in Information & Communication Technology Of Education

Different between 3GLs and 4GLs.

S.No Third-generation language Fourth generation language1. Use by programmer. Use by non-programmer.2. Requires specification of how to

perform task.Requires specification of what task is to be performs.

3. All alternatives must be specified Default alternatives are built in.4. Requires large number of procedural

instructions.Requires few instructions.

5. Code is difficult to read, understand and maintain.

Code is easy to understand because of English-like commands.

6. Language for batch operation. Language developed for on-line use.7. Difficult to learn. Easy to learn.8. Difficult to debug. Easy to debug.9. Typically file oriented. Typically database oriented.

v) NATURAL LANGUAGES:- There are still in developing stage. They will be using in AI and expert systems. They have two characteristics.

i) More human like speakingii) More smarter with remembering capacity.There popular natural language are LISP and PROLOG.

TRANSLATORSHigh level programming language to work on the computer it must be translated into machine language.

There are two types of translators like.i) Complier – reads whole program and converts into machine language.ii) Interpreters – reads a line and converts into machine language. Thus one statement at a time. Complier the whole program into machine language all at a time. The translation processor is called compilation. The programmer's program is called source code but its machine language code is called object code.

Interpreters translate each program statement into machine code just before the program statement is to be executed. This process continues till whole process completes.

But compiler language is better than interpreted language as they can be executed taster. Complier is used in COBOL, C,C++ and FORTRAN. On the other hand interpreter language in BASIC programming. Interpreter do not need object code and so usually easier to develop. (i.e. to code &test). Thus, there are code complier, C compiler and BASIC Interpreter.

Baclelor in Information & Communication Technology Of Education

The COMPILATION PROCESS:-

Source files are complied into object files, then through linkers object files using routine libraries it produces executable programs. Thus object codes pass through linkers. The linker combines modules and gives real values to all symbolic address.

Hence, the linker translates object files into executables program files.

10. GENERAL SOFTWARE FEATURES:-We know the series of instructions that performs a particular task in the computer is called a program.

There are two categories of programs like system software and application software.A system software means combination of operating system, control program, database management and

communication software. An application, software means any program that processes the data for the user. In short, the software tells hardware how to process the data.

At present, in the world software projects are becoming more and more complex in size, sophistication, and technologies used. Now most software products manage to millions of users in different shape and size. For example word processors, ERP packages and SCM tools, which run mainframes and client server systems; different versions of web browsers for the PC and MAC; we have DBMS that run on MVS, UNIX, Windows NT, Linux and so on. The competition and the advancements in technology are driving software.

Now computer and communication are becoming integral part of our lives. The driving force behind all these advancement is the computer software. They are becoming more and more complex. For example, the software is being used in controlling satellites, operating. Inter continental Ballistic Missiles, running banks, hospitals, airlines, hostels, etc, including door locking system and robotics.

Software may communicate via internet, using e-mail or videoconferencing technologies. Thus its development is in advance and changing very fastly. Now the general software features are given below.

i) EASE OF USE:-Presently, most of the software companies are producing more and more user’s friendly,

software's. The software developers are developing the software’s including facilities like user's interface, displaying error message, self leaning type etc. Thus software are becoming easier to use,

ii) GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)Now-a-days interface, most of the software applications are graphical user interface (GUI) brand.

That is software's are self learning type, which are very easier to use. In the software, there will be self

Baclelor in Information & Communication Technology Of Educationguided dialog box. Most of the tasks could be performed by mouse click. This almost software guided uses using icons, dialog boxes and other graphical elements.

iii) MORE FEATURES:In order to service the software companies they have to be constantly innovative and be always

ahead of the competition. So they are producing better producers for the end-users. That means new softwares will be coded by more features at affordable price. Micro-soft companies products could be the good examples for the more features in the new products every year.

iv) REQUITEMENT OF THE POWERUL HARDWARE:-As you know, as the facilities are increasing in the software, it wants more and more advanced

computers. About 10 years back there were 386 types of machines which can run only Windows95. Now-a-days users are running Windows XP on Pentium IV computers. Hence the new software wants more and more powerful computers. Otherwise the new software will not be able to run.

v) MULTI-PLATEFORM CAPABILITY:-Now-a-days, most of the application software supports multiplatform both hardware and software

platforms. There are software applications that support hardware platforms from PCs to mainframe and different software platforms like windows to UNIX, AIX, Solaris and MVS. Similarly other important feature of today's application software is that they support in many languages like Japanese, Arabic, Chinese and English. Like wise they support different national currencies too.

vi) NETWORK CAPABILITIES:-As the popularity of computers network increase, the demand of software that can run on the

computers connected on the network are increasing. The idea behind network computers is that many users who are connected to a network do not need all the computer power they get from a typical personal computers. Instead they can rely on the power of network server.

vii) COMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER SOFTWARE:-There are many software companies in the world market. Software vendors are battling for the

market share. It means that the users will get better products. To make salable software, vendors are making their software compatible with other competitors. For example, you can import WordPerfect documents, text documents, and HTML documents and so on into a MS-word document. Almost all vendors practice this technique to stay and service in the business. Similarly, most of the vendors maintain compatibility with easier version, as they release the new version. For example Ms-word 2000 supports all previous versions words, word97, and word95.

viii) OBJECT LINKING AND EMBEDDING:-While you are working in MS-word, you can open and link MS-Excel. If you want you can import

a table and a graphical picture from MS-Excel to your word document. To call a table and a picture from an external software to the running software is called linked and embedded object. Thus Micro soft company has developed a method to integrate external tool into an application using the Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) architecture. Now OLE is a compound document. If enables you to create objects with one application and then link or embed them in a second application changes made to the embedded object effort only the document that contents it. Support for OLE is built into the Windows and Macintosh Operating System. This embedding and linking of components enables applications to share components.

ix) GROUP WORK CAPBILITIES:-

Baclelor in Information & Communication Technology Of EducationTo work in a group using computer terminals sharing files, software tools and facilities of the

common file server are called group-ware and work flow automation. In another word groupware is an umbrella term describing the electronic technologies that support person-to-person collaboration. Groupware includes E-mail, Electronic Meeting System (EMS), Desktop Video Conferencing (DVC) as well as systems for work flow and Business Process Reengineering (BPR).

To-day software vendors are integrating collaboration technologies into their products. Groupware maximizes human interaction while minimizing technologies interference. The term 'Groupware' and ‘Collaborative Computing' are often used interchangeably when in fact they are different. Groupware is basically a subset of collaborative computing. Collaborative computing refers to the technology that is hardware, software and structures that support group working.

x) MAIL ENABLING:-As you know windows program has a "Send" command and windows 2000 has a "Send to"

command in its "File Menu". If you choose and click on "Send to" command of File Menu you will find mail recipient menu, Fax recipient, etc. When you click on mail recipient, then the document will be sent as an attachment using your default e-mail client to the address you specify. This is the new facilities added to the application software. This is an example of the advanced and more sophisticated mail enabled applications software. Mail enabled applications are designed to capitalize on e-mail.

xi) WEB ENABLING:-As you know to-day most of the information are available in the internet. Therefore software

vendors are adding the facilities into their product to link the internet and down load the required information. Most software applications are now web-enabled. During installation, most of the applications will automatically connect to the internet and to the vender's web site and will register their products.

For example, Word 2000 can now connect to the Microsoft's website and get clipart new images if the user wants to put in his computer, thus the options available to the user are more now. In the future also they will have more and more web enabling facilities in the new software.

11. DATA PROCESSING:-Data processing is defined as the processing of data to make it more usable and meaningful information.

Data means raw facts or observations in terms of any numerical numbers. It can be any words, numerical numbers, any codes or any mixture of numerical numbers and alphabets, similarly data could be voice, text, images or any numeric data too. Data means a file of records. A record means a set of fields. Data processing means to collect, manipulate and organize the data in a logical order. Then its content is analyzed, evaluated and placed it in a proper order for the end user. Thus the raw data is manipulated by calculating, sorting, comparing, classifying and summarizing to convert into the required information. The quality of the any data stored in an information system must also be maintained by editing and update time to time.

11.1 TYPES OF DATA PROCESSING:-There are two types of data processing as given below:a) File processingb) Database processing

a) FILE PROCESSING:- After collection data, it is processed in separate files. This process is called file processing. Again file processing can be divided into two categories like sequential and direct access.

i) SEQUENTIAL FILE PROCESSING:- Data stored in a tape is in a sequence order. If such data is processed that is called sequential data processing or sequential file processing. Some time there will be group wise data collection (batch wise e.g. district wise or date wise or others) in the different files. Those data files will be merged in a file. Then the master file will be

Baclelor in Information & Communication Technology Of Educationsorted in some sequence and lastly processed it. This type of processing is called sequential file processing.

ii) DIRECT- ACCESS FILE PROCESSING:- Nobody can have direct access in a data file stored in a tape. But except tape, anybody can have direct access into the data stored floppy disk, hard disk or compact disk (CD).For the direct access file processing, the data file must be organized for the direct access that means the data file must be created in the floppy or hard disk or CD with some unique codes or index numbers.

b) DATABASE PROCESSING:- A database means a self describing collection of integrated records. Most of the databases contain a directory of its contents. It can contain multiple related files. A file means a collection of records. A record consists of different fields. User define data fields and make entry of fields into records. Then they combine records to a file. Now users can manipulate and retrieve stored data in database in various ways to prepare reports and collect certain desired information arranged in some order.

In a relational database a file arranged in a tabular form. The table contains rows and column. Each column of a table represents fields and each row represents a record. The relational database management package has ability to manage data in more than one file. The data of one file is related to the data of another file through the use of common field. The database management packages have also data manipulating and data analyzing capability. It can also produce graphs from data in the database. All these activities are called database processing.

A number of database management packages are available such as dBASE, ORACLE, UNIFY, FOXBASE, SAYBASE and INFORMIX, etc. In database processing the database management system (DBMS) acts as an intermediary between user and the database.

12. INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS:-Information is the most important resource of the organization or knowledge. It helps managers to make

right decision for the future planning of the organization. Data, images, texts, documents and voice can be an input data to convert into information. The user receives the information and then makes a decision and takes an action. Information is power.

12.1 QUALITY OF INFORMATION:By any means the quality of information must be maintained. That means, the information must be accurate,

timely and relevant.

(a) ACCURACYAccuracy of information means error free information.

(b) TIME LINESTimelines means that the user can get the information when they need it. In fact it is prompt.

(C) RELEVANCY:Relevancy means the use of a piece of information for a particular person. It is very subjective and personal matter. Information relevant for a one person may not be relevant or useful for another.

12.2 WHAT IS DATABASE?

Baclelor in Information & Communication Technology Of EducationA collection of data designed to be used by different user is called database. In other word a database is an

organized collection of related information about particular subject or purpose. For example, the information regarding the price of a book or profile of an individual in any organization.

Another example, create a database of a library. The database is designed in such a fashion that the user can find out the price wise, edition wise, author wise or publication wise etc. at any time.

In computer a database is also like a box containing index cards. The only difference is that instead of index cards, a computer database is filled with records. While each index cards in a box contains information’s written in many lines, a record in a database contains all the information related to an item in just one line. Information in a database is stored in rows (records) and columns (fields) in a sequence of unique number.12.3 WHY DATABASE?

As you know, database is an organized collection of related data. It is an integrated collection of records which contains different fields like name, address and telephone number. The telephone directory could be a simple example to answer this question. The user Mr. A can use this database for finding telephone number of a particular person or Mr. B can use it for finding a person’s name of a particular telephone number and third user Mr. C can use the same diary to find a list of similar names and their telephone numbers within the same city code. Thus a telephone diary (a database) could be used in three ways or more. Therefore the database is created to fulfill user’s need for different purpose.

Similarly from a database of a library file, the user can find the list of books like edition wise, publisher wise, subject wise, or writer wise etc. But to find these four lists, the user must needs to process the database four times. Therefore, to run a database there must be software and a system to arrange the records within the database. Such system software is called database management system (DBMS). Without this software, if somebody creates the database, there will be many problems during the database preparation. The problems may be as follows until a final database is prepared.

Types of problems in creating a database:(i) Data repetition(ii) Data inconsistency(iii) Data security to maintain(iv) Wrong coding within the range(v) Wrongly entered data(vi) Data sharing may not be possible(vi) Data lost etc.

At last, the user prepares a final error free and clean database after facing all the above said problems. Then the characters of the data in a database should be as follows.

(i) SHARED - Among different users, the data in a database are shared.(ii) SECURITY - The data of the database is totally secured from the un authorized persons.(iii) CONSISTENCY - The data of the database is maintend the consistency.(iv)VALIDITY/CORRECTNESS - The data of the database is error

free. Using all the methods all the errors is already deleted.

12.4 WHAT IS A DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM?A database management system (DBMS) is a set of programs or a software which provides services for

accessing a database, while maintaining all the required features of the data. Some of the major services of a DBMS are as given below.(i) Transaction Management

Baclelor in Information & Communication Technology Of Education(ii) Security Management(iii) Recovery Management(iv) Programming Interface(v) Concurrency Control(vi) Storage Manager(vii) Application

Hence DBMS is a software that creates, manages, protects, and provides access to a database.

(i) TRANSACTION PROCESSING:A transaction of data means creating, updating, deleting one record or modifying a set of records in sequence.

Similarly transaction processing means daily processing of records in sequence. For example any accountant officer users computer for entering new records steps by steps and processor it accordingly.

(ii) CONCURRENCY MANAGEMENT:Concurrency management means co-ordinating the actions of database manipulations concurrently in the

shared data during data processing. For example if one user manipulates a record, the effect is distributed in the other shared records too.

Services provided by a DBMS

(iii) RECOVERY MANAGEMENT:Recovery management is a facility used in the DBMS. Recovery mechanisms in a DBMS make sure that the

database is returned to a consistent state after a transaction fails or aborts. For example a DBMS, if a record is incomplete or damaged the program skips it and does process again during processing time.

(iv) SECURITY MANAGEMENT:DBMS can make sure that only authorized users are given access to the data in the database. This is called the

security management or a protection of a database from the unauthorized persons.

(v) LANGUAGE INTERFACE MANAGEMENTThe DBMS provides support programming languages used for the definition and manipulation of the data in

the database. The data structures are created using the data definition language commands. The data manipulation is done using the data manipulation command. This is the example of language interface management of the DBMS.

(vi)DATA CATALOG (Data Dictionaries)

Baclelor in Information & Communication Technology Of EducationIn any type of DBMS there is a data catalog system. Data catalog or Data Dictionary is a system database that

contains the descriptions of data in the database. It contains information about data, relationship, constrains and the entire schema that organize these features into a unified database.

(vii) STOREAGE MANAGEMENTThe DBMS provides a facility of permanently storing of the data. The storage manager interfaces with the

operating system to access the physical storage. The internal schema defines how the data should be stored by the storage management mechanism.

12.5. WHY DBMS?A DBMS provides a secure and survivable medium for the permanent storage and retrieval of data. It can

provide many facilities like transaction processing, programming interface, security management, recovery management, concurrency management and storage management, etc. DBMS is very easy to use, access and manipulate the data in the database.

12.6 TYPE OF DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM:-There are five types of the database management system like (i) Hierarchical (ii) Network (iii) Relational (iv)

Object oriented and (v) Deductive. These are the five DBMS models, which are running in the world markets at present.

(i) HIERARCHICAL Hierarchical Model is running since 1950 AD. It is an oldest DBMS Model. It assumes that a tree structure is

the most frequently occurring relationship. This assumption is recognized today a misleading.For example, hierarchical model is similar to company’s organizational structure. At the top we have GM.

Under him there are 2, 3 deputi general managers (DGM). Just below DGM there are 6,7 department heads and so-on. Here the row position implies the relationship to each other from top to bottom. It looks like a tree structure.

(ii) NETWORK To-day, the hierarchical model is replaced by Network model. The Network model can be used in a book

distributor as an example. A book can have many attributes like. Title, Author, Publisher, Year of publication, distributor, cost etc. Similarly on the other hand, a distributor can have attributes like Name, Contact address, Discount and others. We can use these both examples in the network model.

(iii) RELATIONAL MODELA relational database organizes data in a table format consisting or related rows and columns. Each location

in a table contains a single piece of data, known as data item. Each column of a table represents a field, which consists of data items. A full set of data in any given row is called a record. The whole related records makeup a file. In a relational database a file is also called a relation. The relational model uses the rows and columns of tables to organize the data elements. The relational model is currently the most popular database mode.