Rishi Aurobindo Memorial Academy134 P K Guha Road DumDum Kol-28

Study Material of 2942020For Class Nursery to XII

Class NurserySubject Topic Execution

English Letter lsquoGrsquo The Hungry Parakeet (4 lines)

Write in copy Learn

Math Number lsquo7rsquo Write in copy Class KG I

Subject Topic ExecutionEnglish Work book ndash Pg 17 Write in bookMath Back counting 30 ndash 10 Write in copy

Bengali সাহিতয মকল Pg 16 17 খ) নীচের অকষর পরপর সাহিচে লেলখ- Write in book

Hindi गिनती ११ स २० तक Write in copy

Activity Finger printing Draw an apple and colour it with youe finger

tips (use drawing copy or A4 size paper)Class KG II

Subject Topic ExecutionEnglish Write 6 CVC words with lsquoOrsquo in

the middle Answer Log dog pot fox box mop (Write

in copy)Math Numbers Names Write number names of 41 ndash 50 in copy

Bengali সংখযা লেলখ ১ ndash ১০ Write in copy এক - ১ দই ndash ২helliphelliphelliphellip

Hindi इ की मातरा स 5 शबद Write in copy

Class ISubject Hindi वरण वरणमालासववरण-अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ए ऐ ओ औ अ अ

Subject ComputerChapter- 1 (INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS) COMPUTERS

It is a machine It is a non living thing It works very fast It needs electricity to run It makes our work easier

Machines Machines are man made things Machines make our work easy Machines work faster than human beings Machines are non living thing Some examples of machines are a watch a mobile phone a car a television set an iron a refrigerator etc

How does a machine help usA machine

Saves energy Saves time Makes our work easy

Subject Bengali১ অ লেচেক ঔ লেলচেখা -অ আ ই ঈউ ঊ ঋ

এ ঐ ও ঔ২ আমার নাম ___________(পরচেতযচেক বাংলা হিনচের নাচেমর বানান অভযাস করচেব)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IISubject- Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরপাঠndash৪কহিবতাndashবড়চেক কহিবndashঈশবরনদর গপত(পরম ার লাইন)

আপনাচেক বড় বচেল- বড় লেসই নলেলাচেক যাচেক বড় বচেল - বড় লেসই সংসাচের বড় ওা কঠিন বযাপার সংসাচের লেস বড় বড় গণ যার

বযাখযা - হিনচেচেক বড় বলচেলই লেস বড় না অনয লেলাচেক যাচেক বড় বচেল লেসই আসচেল বড় সহি7কাচেরর বড় মানষ ওা শকত ভাচেলা গণ আচে যার লেসই আসচেল বড় অlt - আপনাচেক = হিনচেচেক বড় = ভাচেলা সংসাচের = লেরাকার ীবচেন গন = ভাচেলা অভযাস

Subject ndashHindi Chapter तिरगा ( कतिा ) लहर लहर गितरा लहराए

शान-आन-मान हमारी बढाएर कसरी बलिलदान का

बलद नारा य दश परम कादशमनो को सबक लिसखाना

तम ना कभी पीठ दिदखानार सफद ह शागित का

परम भाईचार सदभाव काघरणा हिहसा दवष स बचना

गिवशव-शागित का दत तम बनना र हरा हरी-भरी धरा का

परतीक परदषरण रगिहत धरती कापयावररण को तम सवारना

मिमतरता का उसस पररण गिनभाना

Subject computerComputer-computer is a machine that runs on electricity it helps us to walk speedily and makes our work easier Uses of computera) Doing calculationsb) Solving sumsc) Playing gamesd) Making drawingsComputers and humansComputers are different from human beings they work much faster than human beings

A computer A human being

Does not have feelings Has feelings

Cannot think on its own Can think on his own

Does not make mistakes can make mistakes

Is fast and does large calculations in few seconds Is slower than a computer in doing calculations

works continuously needs rest after workgets tired

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Class IIISubject-ComputerChapter-1 (computer system)Computer systemA computer system is one that has the ability to take inputs process and produce output it consists of two main components -- hardware and softwareHardwareAll the parts of a computer that we can see and touch are called hardware in other words hardware are the physical parts of a computer The visible hardware units of a computer system are-a) Inputb) Outputc) Processingd) StorageInput devicesAn input device is a computer hardware unit which takes input from users and feeds it into the computer Example- keyboard mouse scanner joystick and etcOutput devicesAn output device is a computer hardware which gives us result for the output There are many output devices for example monitor printer speakers and etcThe processing deviceCPU is the processing device there are various components inside the cpu which include motherboard hard disk drive and cd-romStorage devicesThe function of storage devices is to store data and increase its storage capacityfor example cds dvdspen drives and etcComputer softwareSoftware is a set of programs or instructions that tell a computer what to do there are two types of software ---------application software and system softwareApplication softwareApplication software is the type of program that is designed to solve a specific task For example ms paint and Microsoft wordSystem softwareSystem software manages and controls a computer system it acts as an interface between a user and the hardwareThe three features of a computer aremdash

Computers work very fast and can do millions of calculations in seconds A computer never gets tired or bored A computer does not make mistakes

SUBJECT- BENGALIবই - বাংলা সাহিতয পহির পাঠ -৬ কহিবতা ndash lsquoকাচের লেলাকrsquo কহিব - নবকষণ ভটটাাযlt(পরম দটি সতবক )

লেমৌমাহি লেমৌমাহিলেকাা যাও নাহি নাহি

দা াড়াও না একবার ভাইওই ফল ফচেG বচেনযাই মধ আরচেণ

দা াড়াবার সম লেতা নাই

বযাখযা -একটি হিশশ লেমৌমাহিচেক লেJচেক হিজঞাসা করচে লেয লেস লেনচে লেনচে লেকাা যাচেL এবং তাচেক একবার তার সাচে দা াহিড়চে কা বলার নয অনচেরাধ কচেরচে লেমৌমাহি উ7চের তাচেক বচেলচে লেয তার দা াহিড়চে কা বলার সম লেনই কারণ বচেন এখন ফল ফচেGচে লেসই সকল ফচেলর মধ সংগর করচেত চেব তাই দা াহিড়চে কা বলার সম লেনই

অlt - লেমৌমাহি = পতঙগ লেকাা = লেকাা নাহি নাহি = লেনচে লেনচে উচেড় উচেড়

SUBJECT - HINDIChapter- सबस अचछी मिमठाई

एक दिदन सरदिदयो क मौसम म राजा कषरणदव राय तनालीराम तथा राजपरोगिहत सबह की म धप का आनद ल रह थ अचानक राजा न कहा ldquoमर गिवचार स शीत ऋत सभी ऋत म सबस जयादा अचछी होती ह कयोगिक इस ऋत म कछ भी खा कर परी तरह सवसथ रह सकत ह ldquoराजा क मख स खान की बात सनकर राजपरोगिहत क मह म पानी आ या उसन तरत राजा स कहा ldquoमहाराज मझ भी सरदिदया बहत पसद ह कयोगिक इस ऋत म तरह तरह क फल तथा मिमठाइया खान क लिलए मिमलती ह ldquoफल और मिमठाई की बात सनकर राजा न पछा ldquoजरा मझ यह बताओ गिक सरदिदयो की सबस अचछी मिमठाई कौनसी हrdquo ldquoमहाराज सरदिदयो की सबस अचछी मिमठाईया हलवा मालपआ तथा गिपसता बफX ह राजपरोगिहत न झट स कहाldquo राजा न तरत रसोइए को तीनो मिमठाइया लान का आदश दिदया तीनो मिमठाइया आ जान पर उनहोन राजपरोगिहत स कहा ldquoअब आप इन तीनो मिमठाइयो को खाकर बताओ गिक इनम स सबस अचछी मिमठाई कौन सी हrdquo राजा क कहन पर राजपरोगिहत न एक-एक करक सभी मिमठाइया खा ली परत उस सभी इतनी पसद आई गिक वह यह फसला नही कर पाया की सबस अचछी मिमठाई कौनसी ह गिफर राजा न यही परशन तनालीराम स पछा तनालीराम न कहा ldquoमहाराज म आपको सबस अचछी मिमठाई का नाम तो नही बता सकता ह हा खिखला अवशय सकता ह लगिकन इस खान क लिलए आप दोनो को मर साथ रात क समय चलना होा गिफर उस रात तीनो सबस अचछी मिमठाई खान क लिलए महल स बाहर चल पड तनालीराम उनह लकर नदी क गिकनार खतो क पास जा पहचा वहा कछ रीब गिकसान सद` स बचन क लिलए आ जलाकर उसक आसपास बठ थ तनालीराम न उनस कोई चीज लकर राजा और राजपरोगिहत को खान क लिलए दी उस खात ही दोनो एक साथ बोल उठ ldquoअर यह मिमठाई तो बहत ही अचछी ह यह कौन सी मिमठाई ह तनालीराम जरा इसका नाम तो बताओ तब तनालीराम उनह आ क पास ल जाकर कहन ला महाराज यह ड ह यह शरद ऋत की सबस अचछी तथा मीठी मिमठाई ह और यह ठड क मौसम म शरीर को माहट भी दती ह तनालीराम का उततर सनकर राजा मसकरान ल______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IVSubject ScienceCh 6 (Plants in the surroundings) Plants in the SurroundingsIntroductionWe see many plants around us They are of different sizes and shapes Some plants are tall some are short Most plants have two main parts root and shoot Roots grow below the ground and shoot grows above the ground The shoot consists of different parts such as stem branches leaves buds flowers and fruits Each part has their individual function

Root The part of the plant that grow below the ground is called root There are two types of roots Tap roots and fibrous roots There are two types of roots Tap root and Fibrous root Tap root is a long thick root that grows from the base of the stem for example carrots turnip radish and mango Fibrous root is made up of many small roots These small roots grow together like a bunch from the base of the stem for example grass wheat rice onion have this type of roots

Functions of roots 1 Roots hold the plant firmly in the soil 2 Roots absorb water and Minerals from the soil and send them to the other parts of the plant3 We eat the roots of plants such as carrot radish

Stem Stem grows above the ground Stems of plants can be hard or can be soft The stem of mango banyan peepal tree is very hard strong and woody It is called the trunk the trunk holds the tree upright Shrubs such as rose hibiscus have stems that are not very thick Stems of herbs such as tomato coriander are green soft and weak The stems of some plants are so weak that they cannot grow straight they need support to grow upright Climbers such as money plant need support to grow upright Creepers such as watermelon pumpkin grow along the ground

Function of stem1 A strong and Woody stem hold the plant straight2 Stem bears branches leaves and flowers 3 Stem carries water and food to the different parts of the plant We eat the stems of some plants such as potato sugarcane

Subject Hindi Chapter-1हम सब भारतवासी ह (सारश) भारत म जनम लिलए ह तो हम सब भारतवासी ह हम सभी को सतय बोलना चागिहए यही सचच मनषय की पहचान ह हम महनती होना चागिहए हम सभी स परम का भाव रखना चागिहए शबदाथndash बर-शतर (गिकसी भी वजह स एक दसर स शतरता नही करनी चागिहए)बजर-अनपजाऊ( जिजस मिमटटी म फसल नही हो पाती ह वहमिमटटी अनपजाऊ होती ह)परख- पवज(हमार माता गिपता क माता गिपता को पवज कहत ह)सतय-सच (हमशा हर इसान को सच बोलन चागिहए)पथ- रासता( जिजस पर हम लो सभी चलत ह उस रासता कहत ह परत इस कगिवता म रासत का मतलब ह सपरण जीवन को रासता बोला या ह)भागयndashतकदीर (अचानक कछ मिमल जाना कछ हो जाना इसी को तकदीर कहत ह)

Subject Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরপাঠndash২ কহিবতাndashসবার আহিম াতর কহিবndashসহিনমltল বস (পরম সতবক)

আকাশ আমা হিশকষা হিদল উদার চেত ভাইচের কমP বার মনতর আহিম বার কাচে পাই লের

পাাড় হিশখা তাার সমান ই লেযন ভাই লেমৌন-মান লেখালা মাচেঠর উপচেদচেশ হিদল লেখালা ই তাইচের

বযাখযা -কহিব হিনচের উহিকতচেত সমগর মানব াহিতর কা এই কহিবতা তচেল ধচেরচেন আকাশ কহিবচেক উদার ওার হিশকষা লেদ সবltদা বচে লা বা হিশকষা লেদ কমltমখী ওার পাাড় তার মত হিSর অঞচল বার হিশকষা লেদ হিদগনত হিবসতত লেখালা মাঠ হিদলচেখালা চেত লেশখাঅlt - উদার =বড় মচেনর অহিধকারী কমP = কমltমখী লেমৌন = হিনবltাক পাপ উপচেদশ = আচেদশসবltদা = সব সম অঞচল = লেয ঞচল ন হিবসতত = অচেনকদর ড়াচেনা______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VSubject Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সহিতয পহিরপাঠndash৬কহিবতাndashপরশনকহিবndashরবীনদরনা ঠাকরবযাখযা - একটি হিশশ তার মাচের কাচে টি লেচেচে তার মচেত লেস সকাল লেচেক অচেনক পচেড়চে আর তার খাতা বইচের পড়াচেশানা মন লেনই তার এখন মাচের কাচে বচেস পড়া পড়া লেখলা করচেত ইLা চেচে তচেব তার মা তাচেত রাহি ন মা বচেলচে এখন সচেব দপরহিশশটি তা লেমচেন হিনচেচে হিকনত তাও মার কাচে আবদার কচেরচে এক হিদনও হিক দপর লেবলা হিবচেকল মচেন কচের লেখলা শর কচের লেদওাযা না অlt - লেমলা = অচেনক পড়া পড়া লেখলা = পড়ার চেল লেখলাআবদার = আদচেরর বানা

SUBJECT ndash SCIENCECHAPTER- 1 (THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM)Circulatory System The organ system that transports oxygen digested food and water throughout our body is called circulatory system It consists of 3 part - Heart Blood and blood vesselsHeart Heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood to our bodyBlood vessels are three types ndash

a Arteries b Veins and c Capillaries

Arteries Arteries carry pure blood from heart to the different part of our bodyVeins Veins carry impure blood from the different parts of the body and take it to the heartCapillaries Capillaries is a network like structure that connects the arteries and veins

Blood circulation The process by which the pure blood is transported throughout our body and impure blood is carried out of the body called blood circulationHeart Beat Our heart continuously pumps blood by contracting and relaxing The contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle produces a sound which is known as heart beat The heart of a healthy person beats about 70 times in a minute Doctors use a stethoscope to listen to heartbeatPulse The sensation of rhythmic movement of blood in the arteries is called pulse To keep our heart healthy we should have ndash

Healthy food and Do regular exercise and yoga

Some important Yoga asanas are ndash 1 Tadasana2 Utthita Hastapadasana3 Veerabhadrasana4 Bhujangasana

Subject Hindi 2nd LangChapter 3 लोटा घर पानीसारश-इस कहानी स हम सीख मिमलती ह गिक गिकसी भी चीज को जीतन क लिलए पहल लकषय गिनधारिरत करना चागिहए अपन लकषय को पान क लिलए शलिk क साथ-साथ अदभत बजिm की भी जररत पडती ह| अहकार इसान क पतन का काररण बनता ह इसलिलए सफल होन का एक ही मतर ह अहकार का तयाशबदाथndashनीरततर- उततर न दन योगय- जिजसक पास गिकसी परशन का उततर नही रहता हतकनीक-नया तरीका सनकी-पाल - मसत मौला अपन ही मन का करन वालाकदिटया- लकडी पततो स बना हआ घर नासमझ- कोई भी बात जिजसको समझ म ना आएसरसरी- गिबना पलक झकाय एक टक गिकसी को ऊपर स नीच दखना अदाज़ा- अपन स कछ सोच लना

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VISUBJECT ndash CHEMISTRY CHAPTER ndash 1 (Introoduction to Chemistry) Chemistry Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the characteristics and composition of matter in our day to day life The uses of chemistry are so vast In the field of agriculture food processing clothing medicine transportation construction etc it has endless uses Chemistry plays an important and useful role towards the development and growth of a number of industries This includes industries like glass cement paper textile leather dye etc We also see huge applications of chemistry in industries like paints pigments petroleum sugar plastics PharmaceuticalsImportance of Chemistry in Everyday Life

1 Chemicals of Food in Everyday Life - In food materials following chemicals are widely used1 Colouring agents2 Artificial preservatives3 Flow stabilizers4 Binding substance5 Artificial sweetness6 Antioxidants7 Minerals8 Vitamins

Except vitamins remaining substances do not have nutritional value

2 Artificial Preservatives These prevent spoilage of food by stopping the growth of microorganism For example Sodium benzoate sodium Meta bisulphate

3 Artificial Sweetness These do not impart any calories to the body Since these substances are excreted through urine For example

1 Aspartame It is used in cool drinks and ice-creams2 Alitame It is 2000 times sweeter than sucrose

4 Antioxidants These prevent the spoilage of food by preventing the oxidation of food For example

1 Butylated hydroxyl tolerance (BHT)2 Butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA)

Dyes are coloured organic compounds that are used to impart colour to the various substrate including paper leather fur and hair drugs cosmetics Dyes are classified into Natural dyes and Synthetic Dyes

It has some harmful effects also Harmful effects of chemistry 1 Increase population 2 Depletion of natural resources 3 Destructive weapons

Air and inhalationWe take over 20000 breaths a day This number can be much higher for infants and children The chemicals and pollutants we inhale can end up in our lungs and blood stream Sometimes we can smell or taste harmful chemicals but it isnt always so easy Some chemicals like radon or carbon monoxide are odourless tasteless and invisible

Skin and eye contactYou can be exposed to chemicals by coming into contact with them through your skin and eyes These organs can be more sensitive to chemicals and may react more quickly than the rest of our bodies Wearing protective equipment such as gloves and eye goggles can protect you from direct exposure It can also prevent you from spreading substances onto other objects and people

Food water and ingestionMany chemicals can be found in both our food and water sources As we eat and drink we might swallow chemicals that can harm us However there are actions you can take to limit your exposure such as replacing older lead pipes or refraining from heating food in plastic containers not intended for that purpose You can also keep your community safe by disposing of hazardous chemicals according to your municipal guidelines

Chemistry laboratory A Chemistry laboratory is a place where experiments in chemistry are performed It is very important to take precautions while working in a chemical lab with chemical substances

Laboratory safety rules Wear sensible clothing including footwear Loose clothing should be secured so they do not get caught in a

flame or chemicals Do not taste or smell chemicals Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes when heating substances dissecting etc

Never point a test tube being heated at another student or yourself Never look into a test tube while you are heating it

Leave your work station clean and in good order before leaving the laboratory Follow all instructions given by your teacher

Some common Laboratory Apparatus are ndash Test tube Beaker Conical Flask Round bottom Flask Flat bottom Flask Measuring Cylinder Funnel Evaporating Dish Wire Gauze Bunsen Burner Tripod stand

Subject -Hindi 2ndLanguageChapter-1 lsquoइतनी शलिk हम दना दाताrsquo (कगिवता)इस कगिवता म भवान की वदना की ई ह परभ की शलिkयो का रणान गिकया या ह हर अजञानता क अधकार को दर कर जञान का परकाश भरन क लिलए हम सभी को ईशवर स पराथना करनी चागिहए

शबदाथndash दाता- भवान गिवशवासndashभरोसा कमजोर -गिबना शलिk कनक रासत परndash सही रासत ( भलाई क रासत पर चलना दसरो की मदद करना यही नक रासता ह)सहमा -सहमा ndash डरा हआ( अपनी कोई भी बात ना कह पाना)जलमndash अतयाचार( गिकसी क लिलए बरा सोचना या परशान करना ह अतयाचार ह)बबसीndash मजबर (गिकसी की मदद ना कर पाना ही मजबरी ह या लाचारी ह)ममता- पयार (जिजस तरह मा अपन बचचो को पयार करती ह) नक ndash भलाई करनाअजञानndash मखता (हर समय कोई ना कोई लती करना ही अजञानता ह)

SUBJECT-BENGALI (2ND Language)TOPIC-হিমালচের পচে ndashপরচেবাধ কমার সানযালপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ ndash ldquoহিরদবারhelliphelliphellipদঃচেখর পরীকষাrdquo আচেলায গলপটি একটি ভরমণ কাহিনী মলকহিবষবসত ndash লেলখক হিমালচে যাতরা পচের বণltনা হিদচেচেন হিরদবার লেচেক তাচেদর যাতরা শর পরম ারহিদন া াGার পর তারা লেদবপরাগ একটি লোচেGা পাাহিড় শচের লেপৌচেলন যাতরা পচের মাচেe পাাড় গহিল ঘন সব ঙগলম াহিরহিদচেক এত সনদর সনদর ফলচেফাচেG অ লেসইখাচেন এই লেসৌনদযlt লেভাগ করার মানষ লেনই লেদব পরাগ লেচেক ২৪ মাইল প যাওা পর রদর পরাগ নাচেম একটি লোG শচের লেলখকরা উপহিSত চেহিচেলন এই রদর পরাচেগ পGা দটি ভাচেগ ভাগ চে যা একটি প লেকদারনা পাাচেড়র হিদচেক আর অপরটি বদরীনাচের হিদচেক এই যাতরাপ অহিত কঠিন ও দরাচেরা হিমালচে ভরমণ করচেত লেগচেল মানষচেক অচেনক সাস ও শহিকত আর ধৈধচেযltর পরীকষা হিদচেত

শবদাlt ndashভরমণ কাহিনী- লেকাচেনা াগা ঘরচেত যাওার হিবসতাহিরত বণltনা লেদওাদশltন- লেকাচেনা হিক লেদখাঙগলম- াহিরহিদচেক ঘন সব বনলেভাগ- লেকান হিক হিনচের মত কচের উপচেভাগ (গরণ) করামাইল- দরতব মাপার একক কখনও লেকাাও যাওার সম লেসই পচের দরতব মাইল একক দবারা পরকাশ করা দরাচেরা- লেয পচে যাওা খবই কষটকরলেদবপরাগ রদরপরাগ লেকদারনা বদরীনা-এগহিলসবই ভারচেতর উ7রাখচেm অবহিSত াগার নাম

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIISubject -Hindi 2ndlangChapter-2 जीव दया क मसीहा

सारश-इस कहानी स हम यह सीख मिमलती ह गिक जिजस तरह लखक म सवा और दया धम था उसी तरह हमार अदर भी दया और सवा भाव होनी चागिहए दद को जब तक खद पर महसस नही कर तब तक हम गिकसी और की मदद दिदल स नही कर पाए जिजस तरह लखक न सवय भख रहकर दसरो क भख को समझा वह चाह इसान हो या जानवर जब तक हम इस दद को नही समझ तब तक गिकसी और की मदद नही कर पाए

शबदाथndash पादरी - इसका मतलब होता ह जिजस तरह हमार पजा पाठ करन क लिलए पगिडत होत ह उसी तरह चच म पादरी रहत ह पछाड ndash हरा दना गिकसी भी तरह की खलकद होती ह जिजसम हार होती ह उस पछाड ना कहत ह मजा चखाना - जस को तसा जवाब दना पछताना - परायशचिuत करना गिकसी भी बात क लिलए जिजस म लती हो जाए उसक लिलए परायशचिuत करना पराथना - गिनवदन करना जस हम ईशवर क आ हाथ जोडकर गिनवदन करत ह आuय - अचानक स कोई बात या घटना होना सीमिमत - सीमा क अदर जस सीता माता क लिलए लकषमरण न रखा खीची थी

SUBJECT ndash CHEMISTRYCHAPTER ndash1 (MATTER AND ITS COMPOSITION)

Matter Anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter Matter is made up of atoms and moleculesAtom Atoms are the smallest particles of matter which may or may not have independent existenceProperties of particles of matter-

Particles of matter have space in between them Particles of matter are in a continuous state of motion Particles as they have kinetic energy are

continuously moving This kind of movement is zigzag or random This movement goes up on heating Particles of matter attract each other Particles of matter attract each other with force this force could be inter-atomic inter molecular

States of matter Solids A solid has a definite shape and volume Examples of solids include ice (solid water) a bar of steel

and dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) Liquids A liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container Examples of liquids include water

and oil Gases A gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape Examples of gases are air oxygen and

helium Plasma Plasma is recognized as fourth state of matter

Interconversion of three states of matter1 Melting Change of substance from solid state to liquid state2 Evaporation or boiling Change of substance from liquid state to gaseous state Transpiration is the evaporation of water into the atmosphere from the leaves and stems of plants3 Condensation change of substance from gaseous state to liquid state4 Freezing or solidification change of substance from liquid state to solid stateWater has the capability to exist in three statesIn solid state it is exists as icein liquid state as water and in gaseous state as water vapour

Ever wondered the reason behind the change of state or what happens to the particles during the change of state Change in the states of matter mainly depends on temperature and pressure

Change in States of Matter

Subject- Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরপাঠndash৫ কহিবতাndashকহিল মর কহিবndashকাী নরল ইসলাম (পরমসতবক)

লেদহিখন লেসহিদন লেরচেলকহিল বচেল এক বাবসাব তাচের লেঠচেল হিদচেল নীচে লেফচেল

লোখ লেফচেG এল ল এমহিন কrsquoলের হিক গৎ হিড়া মার খাচেব দবltল

লেয দধীহিচেদর াড় হিদচে ঐ বাষপ-শকG চেলবাবসাব এচেস হিড়ল তাাচেত কহিলরা পহিড়ল তচেল

লেবতন হিদাচো পরও যত হিমযাবাদীর দল কত পাই হিদচে কহিলচেদর তই কত লেqার লেপহিল বল রাপচে তব হিলচে লেমাGর সাগচের াা চেল লেরলপচে চেল বাষপ-শকG লেদশ লেচে লেগল কচেল

বল এসব কাাচেদর দান লেতামার অটটাহিলকা কার খচেন রাঙা খচেল খচেল লেদচেখা পরহিতটি আচে লেলখা

তহিম াচেনা নাচেকা হিকনত পচে পরহিত ধহিলকণা াচেনঐ প ঐ াা শকG অটটাহিলকার মাচেন

বযাখযা-উহিsহিখত কহিবতাটিচেতকহিলচেলা দীন দহিরদর লেtণীর পরহিতভআর বাব সাব ল শাসক লেtণী লেরলচেuশচেনর একঘGনাচেক লেকনদর কচের কহিব শাসকচেtণীর হিনমltম অতযাাচেরর কা তচেল ধচেরচেন দধীহি মহিনর আতমতযাচেগর পচের তার াড় হিদচে ধৈতহির অচেwর দবারাই রাকষস ভরাতদববধ লেতমন tহিমক লেtণীর আতমতযাচেগর কা শাসক লেtণী মচেন রাখচেত া না তারা লেকবল ভাচেলা ফল লেভাগ কচের হিকনত হিনচেরা পরর লাভ কচেরও tহিমকচেদর লেদ যৎসামানয পাহিরtহিমক তাচেদর tচেমর মলয াচেন লেকবল তাচেদর ধৈতহির হিশলপঅlt-লেরচেল = লেরলচেuশচেন দধীহি = পরাণ লেtষঠ ঋহিষ বাষপ শকG = হিuম ইহিyনপাই = পসা লেqার = লেকাটি Gাকা ঠহিল = লোচেখর ওপর পদlt াকচেল = কারখানা অটটাহিলকা = বড়বাহিড় পরাসাদ

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIIISUBJECT CHEMISTRYCHAPTER Structure of atom

What is Atomic StructureThe atomic structure of an element refers to the constitution of its nucleus and the arrangement of the electrons around it Primarily the atomic structure of matter is made up of protons electrons and neutrons

The protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom which is surrounded by the electrons belonging to the atom The atomic number of an element describes the total number of protons in its nucleusNeutral atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons

Daltonrsquos Atomic TheoryThe English chemist John Dalton suggestedthe following are the postulates of his theory -

Every matter is made up of atoms Atoms are indivisible Specific elements have only one type of atoms in them Each atom has its own constant mass that varies from element to element Atoms undergo rearrangement during a chemical reaction Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another

Bohrrsquos Model of Atom

In 1913 Neil Bohr overcame the limitations of Rutherford model and proposed a model of atomic structureFollowing are the postulates

Electrons revolve around a centrally located heavy small and positively charged nucleus in certain discrete orbits

While revolving in discrete orbits the electrons do not radiate energy These discrete orbits or shells are called energy levels These orbitals or shells are represented by the letters

K L M Nhellip or the numbers n = 1 2 3 4hellip

Subatomic ParticlesProtons

Protons are positively charged subatomic particles The charge of a proton is 1e which corresponds to approximately 1602 times 10-19

The mass of a proton is approximately 1672 times 10-24

Protons are over 1800 times heavier than electrons The total number of protons in the atoms of an element is always equal to the atomic number of the

elementNeutrons

The mass of a neutron is almost the same as that of a proton ie 1674times10 -24

Neutrons are electrically neutral particles and carry no charge Different isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but vary in the number of neutrons

present in their respective nucleiElectrons

The charge of an electron is -1e which approximates to -1602 times 10 -19

The mass of an electron is approximately 91 times 10-31 Due to the relatively negligible mass of electrons they are ignored when calculating the mass of an atom

Atomic Structure of IsotopesThe isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutronsThe atomic structure of an isotope is described with the help of the chemical symbol of the element the atomic number of the element and the mass number of the isotope For example there exist three known naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen namely protium deuterium and tritium

Isotopes of Some Elements Hydrogen

The most abundant isotope of hydrogen on the planet Earth is protium The atomic number and the mass number of this isotope are 1 and 1 respectively

CarbonCarbon has two stable isotopes ndash 12C and 13C Of these isotopes 12C has an abundance of 989 It contains 6 protons 6 electrons and 6 neutrons

OxygenThere exist three stable isotopes of oxygen ndash 18O 17O and 16O However oxygen-16 is the most abundant isotope

Rutherford Atomic Theory

Rutherford a student of J J Thomson modified the atomic structure with the discovery of another subatomic particle called ldquoNucleusrdquo His atomic model is based on the Alpha ray scattering experiment

Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom

The nucleus is at the center of an atom where most of the charge and mass are concentrated Atomic structure is spherical Electrons revolve around the nucleus in a circular orbit similar to the way planets orbit the sun

Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model

If electrons have to revolve around the nucleus they will spend energy and that too against the strong force of attraction from the nucleus a lot of energy will be spent by the electrons and eventually they will lose all their energy and will fall into the nucleus so the stability of atom is not explained

If electrons continuously revolve around the lsquonucleus the type of spectrum expected is a continuous spectrum But in reality what we see is a line spectrum

Subject -Hindi 2ndlangChapter - 1 वह दश कौन सा हइस कगिवता म भारत दश क बार म वरणन गिकया या ह यहा की सदरता न चबी गिहमालय की चोदिटयो सार नदिदयो इसक बार म इस कगिवता म बताया या ह यह पराकगितक दमिw स अतयमिधक सदर ह भारत दश जसा मनमोगिहनी परकगित की मनोरम सदरता कही भी दखन को नही मिमलती ह सव क समान यहा सख पराकगितक सदरता लिसफ यही ह इसीलिलए यह दश सवशरषठ दश ह या हर जागित की लो पाए जात ह उनम अनकता म भी एकता का परगितहिबब दखन को मिमलता ह यहा पर भाईचारा ह सभी एक दसर स मिमलजल कर एक साथ रहन की कोलिशश म ल रहत हशबदाथ

मनमोगिहनी- मन को अचछी लन वाली कोई चीज परकगित ndashवातावररण जहा सदर-सदर हरिरयाली पड पौध होत ह चररणndashपर रतनश-समदर गिनरतर- हमशा सधा-अमत धारा-लहर जस नदिदयो की लहर आती ह और जाती ह सलोना- सदर

SUBJECT- BENGALITOPIC- রামচনদরের বিলাপ ndash ( কবি13াস ওঝা ) লাইন-(১-১৬)ldquoহিবলাপ কচেরন রামhelliphelliphelliphellip হিরচেলন পহিবী হিক আপন দহিতাrdquoপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ-আমাচেদর পরান রামাচেণ কহিত আচে ধৈকচেকীর লনা রামনদর রাযযত চে লকষণ ও সীতাচেক হিনচে লেৌদদ বচেরর নয বনবাচেস যান বনবাচেস তাচেদর ীবন ভালই হিল একহিদন বনবাচেসর সম রাবণ মারী লেসচে সীতাচেক রণ কচের লেসই সম কটীচের রামনদর ও লকষমণ লেকউ হিলনা এই সচেযাচেগ রাবণ সীতাচেক হিনচে তার লঙকারাচেয হিনচে যা কটিচের হিফচের রাম ও লকষণ সীতাচেক লেদখচেত না লেপচে াহিরহিদচেক খাচেত াচেকন হিকনত লেকাাও সীতা লেনই সীতাচেক নাচেপচে রামনদর লেশাচেক হিবহবল চে লকষচেণর কাচে মচেনর দঃখ পরকাশ কচেরন রামনদর মচেন মচেন ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা তা ার মন পরীকষা করার নয লেকাাও লেকাচেনা মহিন পতনীর সচেঙগ লহিকচে আচেন তচেব লেকাা লেগচেল হিতহিন সীতার লেদখা পাচেবন লেসই হিনতাই সদা রাচেমর মচেন াগহিরত রামনদর ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা লেগাদাবরী নদীরতীচের পদমবচেন ভরমণ করচেন লেসই সম লেদবী লকষমী সীতার পদমফচেলর মত সনদর মখ লেদচেখ ত পদম বচেন লহিকচে লেরচেখচেন আবার রামনদর ভাবচেন রাহ লেযমন গরচেণর সম া াদচেক গরাস কচের লেতমহিন সীতার া াচেদর মত মখ লেদচেখ রাহ নদরকলা লেভচেব গরাস কচেরচে হিকনা এই হিনতা রাম মচেন মচেন করচেন আরও ভাবচেন চেতা রাযযত চে বন বাস ীবচেনর দঃখ কষট সীতা চেতা সয করচেত পারচেনা এই লেভচেব পহিবী তার হিনচের কনযাচেক রণ কচেরচেশবদাlt-হিবলাপ- কাননা অন- লোG ভহিলচেত না পাহির- ভচেল না যাওা হিনরপণ- লেখাাা (লেকান হিক াহিরচে লেগচেল লেখাাা)ানকী- নক রাার কনযা অltাৎ সীতা মহিন পতনী- সননযাসী পতনী (wী) সহিত- সচেঙগ লেগাদাবরী- দহিকষন ভারচেতর একটি নদী কমল- পদম কমলমখী-পচেদমর মত সনদর মখ (আচেলায কহিবতা সীতার মখচেক বলা চেচে)পদমালা- লকষমী হিপপাহিসত- তষণাতlt পরাস- লেষটা রাহ- পরান বহিণltত রাকষস দহিতা- কনযানদরকলা- পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযার পচেরর হিদন অltাৎ পরহিত পদ লেচেক পচেরর পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযা পযltনত া াচেদর বাড়া বা কমা ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IXSubject- BiologyTopic- Ch-2 CellMicroscope

A piece of equipment that makes very small objects look big enough for you to be able to see them

Antony van Leeuwenhoek made simple microscope with one lens and one adjustment screw It had a magnifying power cope up to 200 times

Robert Hooke made compound microscope with two lenses and two adjustment serews It magnifies upto 2000 times He examined a thin slice of cork and obserwed box like compartment He said these are all ldquocellsrdquo

Electron microscope which gives us a magnification over 200000 times by using beams of electrons which are bent by magnets

Cell theorybull The cell is the smallest unit of structure of allliving thingsbull The cell is the unit of function of all living thingsbull All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Organism according to number of cellsbull Single-celled made up of one cell exyeast bacteria amoebabull Few-celled made up of a few hundred to few thousand cells ex Volvox Spirogyrabull Multi-celled made up of millions and billions of cells ex Human Mangobull Smallest cell - Bacteria 03- 50 micrometerbull Longest cell - Nerve cell - 135 micronmeterbull Largest cell ndash Ostrich egg - 20 cm in diameter

Types of cell shape according to their functionsRBCrsquos are biconcave in shape to carry Hb through blood vessel Neurone is long to carry nerve impulse from one place to another

CELL

Cell wall+Cell membrane+Protoplasm

Cytoplasm+Nucleus

Organelles+Inclusions

[Mitocondria] [lifeless

Lysosomes accumul

Etc] - ations-

eg

Pigment glycogenetc]

Cell Walli) Non-living rigid layerii) Made up of lipo-protieniii) Semi permeable in nature control the entry of solutes and ionsiv) Present only outside of plant cell

Cell Membranei) Very thin livingii) Composed of celluloseiii) Freely permeable in nature allows all to enter amp leaveiv) Present in outside of both cells

Cell Organelles Functionsi)Endoplasmic-recticulum

ii)Mitochondria

iii)Golgi Apparatus

iv)Ribosome

v)Lysosome

vi)Centrosome

vii)Plastid

a) Supportive framework for the cellb) Synthesis amp transport of protein amp fat

a)Release of energy in the form of ATP

a) Synthesis amp secretion of enzymes hormones etcb) Formation of lysosome amp vacuoles

a)Protein synthesis

a) Intracellular digestionb) Destroy foreign substances

a)Initiates and regulates cell division

a) Leucoplast ndash stores starchb) Chromoplast ndash Impart colours to flowers and fruitsc) Chloroplast ndash trap solar energy for photosynthesis

Subject ndashHindiChapter1बात अठननी की( सदशन)शबदाथndashजारा-जर करना तनखवाह-वतन सदह- शक (करना गिकसी बात को लकर)पशी -पहल दिदया जान वाला धन ऋरण-कज (उधार लना) अपमान-बइजजतीरकम-रपए र उड या-घबरा या (गिकसी बात को लकर डर जाना)लातो क भत बातो स नही मानत ndashदw वयलिk पर समझान का परभाव नही पडता आखो म खन उतर आया- बहत जयादा करोध आना धन बटोर ना-धन इकटठा करना इसाफ-नयाय

Subject- Bengali TOPIC-হিগহিনন-রবীনদরনাঠাকরপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ- ধৈশশচেব রবীনদর নাচের পাঠশালা হিশবনা নাচেম একন পহিmত হিচেলন লেগাাফ দাহিড় কামাচেণা মাা লোচেGা কচের ল া াGা একটি লোচেGা টিহিক আচে এই পহিmতচেক লেদচেখ সবাই ভ লেপত াতর শাসচেনর বযাপাচের হিতহিন অতযনত দকষ হিচেলন-লেযমন খব লেপGাচেতন লেতমহিন আtাবয গালা গাহিল করচেতন াতররা তা াচেক লেদবতা বা হিশকষচেকর নযা tদধা হিকংবা ভহিকত করত না তা ার আরণ ও মচেখর ভাষার সচেঙগ াতররা যমরাচের হিমল লেপত হিশবনা পহিmত াতরচেদর উপর লেযমন অতযাার করচেতন আবার নানারকচেমর অদভত নামকরণ করচেতন তাচেত াতররা মানহিসক আঘাত লেবাধ করত াতরচেদর নাম হিবকত করচেতন তাচেত লেবাeা যা লেয হিতহিন মানষ বসতর লেচেক অবসতচেক লেবহিশ মলয হিদচেতন তাই যখন পহিmত শশী লেশখরচেক তার লেদচের গঠন ও আকহিত সচেঙগ হিমহিলচে লেভGহিক নাচেম Jাচেকন তখন শশীচেশখর আঘাত পাশবদাlt ndash পহিmত ndashহিশকষক াতরবহি7 ndashাতরচেক পরদ7 আহিltক পরসকার বা লপাহিন পাওার কলাসহরসব- কম আতচেন লোG অনতরাতমা- মন হদহল- কীG পতচেঙগর আতমরকষার নয হিপচেনর হিদচেকর তীকষণ কা াGা অসর- অচেনক বহিষltত- বষltণকরাবাকযজবালা- বাকযবাচেন আচেকষপ- অনচেশানা ভহিকত-tদধা উচেপহিকষত- অবচেহিলতলেদবমহিমা-লেদবতার কীহিতlt উপদরব- eাচেমলা হিনচেকষপ-া চেড় লেদওা কামনা- ইLালেদবাল- মহিনদর বালাই- অমঙগল সরচেলাক বাসী- সবগltবাসী

Subject-PhysicsChapter Motion in 1D1 Scalar They are expressed only by their magnitudes Example mass speed2 Vector They are expressed by magnitude as well as direction Example force velocity3 A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its immediate surroundings

4 A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its immediate surroundings5 The shortest distance from the initial to the final position of the body is called the magnitude of displacement It is in the direction from the initial position to the final position Its SI unit is metre (m)6 The distance is the length of path travelled by the body so it is always positive Distance is a scalar quantity7 The speed of a body is the rate of change of distance with time Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)8 The velocity of a body is the distance travelled per second by the body in a specified direction Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)9 If a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time along a particular direction then the body is said to be moving with a uniform velocity However if a body travels unequal distances in a particular direction in equal intervals of time or it moves equal distances in equal intervals of time but its direction of motion does not remain same then the velocity of the body is said to be variable (or non-uniform)10 Average speed is the ratio of the total distance travelled by the body to the total time of journey it is never zero If the velocity of a body moving in a particular direction changes with time then the ratio of displacement to the time taken in entire journey is called its average velocity Average velocity of a body can be zero even if its average speed is not zero11 Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time Its SI unit is metresecond2 (ms2) Negative acceleration called retardation12 The acceleration is said to be uniform when equal changes in velocity take place in equal intervals of time but if the change in velocity is not the same in the same intervals of time the acceleration is said to be variable13 When a body falls freely under gravity the acceleration produced in the body due to the Earths gravitational acceleration is called the acceleration due to gravity (g) The average value of g is 98 ms214 Three equations of a uniformly accelerated motion arev = u + ats = ut + (12) at2v2 = u2 + 2as

NB One must go through the sums ( equation of motion and others) especially sums related to graphs of motion in one dimension

SUBJECT ENGLISH LANGUAGETOPIC PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONSKinds of prepositions

Simple preposition At by for from in of off on out through till to up with after under over since down etc Example

o He is going to Delhi by the nighto He came from Mumbai

Compound or double prepositions About above across along amidst among amongst around before behind below beneath beside Between beyond inside outside underneath within without etc Example

o His house is behind the shopo I shall go there within a week

Phrase preposition According to along with because of by means of by reason of in favour of etc Example

o Put this book in place of thato He is acting according to the advice of his father

Participle preposition Barring considering During Excepting excluding including etc Example

o Considering the quality the price is not mucho During the lesson he fainted

SUBJECT- HISTORYTOPIC- HARAPPAN CIVILIZATIONEXPLANATION OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS CIVILIZATION The term Civilization basically means the level of development at which people live together peacefully in communities They built cities and invented form of writing They learned to make pottery and use metals They domesticated animals and created social structures

FOUR CONTEMPORARY ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Mesopotamian civilizations Egyptian civilizations Harappa civilizations Chinese civilizations HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION Harappa was the first site that was excavated So it came to be known as the Harappa civilization Mohenjo ndash daro and Harappa were located in the valley of river Indus and its tributaries Hence it is known as the Indus Valley Civilization

MOHENJO-DARO Mohenjo-daro in the Sind language means lsquoMound of the Deadrsquo It is located in the Larkana district of Sind ( now in Pakistan)

HARAPPA Harappa was situated on the bank of river Ravi in the Montegomery district of West Punjab (now in Pakistan)

Other important sites were Chanhu Daro in Sind Lothal near Ahmedabad in Gujrat Kalibangan in Rajasthan Alamgirpur near Hastinapur in UP Ropar in Punjab

SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF THE HARAPPA CIVILIZATIONS

1 Archaeological remains2 Important seals3 Bearded man4 Dancing girl5 Dockyard6 Script

1 Archaeological remainsa) The Great Bath- It was discovered at Mohenjo-daro it was an open quadrangle with rooms and galleries

on three sides The pool might have been used on special occasionsb) The Citadel- The ruins of the citadel was found in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Probably the ruling class

people lived here It was a fortress overlooking a city2 Important Seals More than two thousands terracotta steatite or ivory made square or oblong seals have

been discovered They showed the culture and civilization of that period They mainly indicate dress ornaments hairstyle religious belief script trade and commercial relations some important Seals were the Pashupati Seals the Unicorn seal and the Bull Seal

3 Bearded Man A stone statue of bearded Man has been found both Harappa and Mohenjo ndashdaro He might have been a noble man or a priest or a respected leader

4 Dancing Girl A Bronze figure of a Dancing girl shows a high degree art of culture in metal Her right hand was on her hip and head slightly backwards shows her dancing posture It reveals that the people of Harappa were fond of singing and dancing

5 Dockyard The existence of Dockyard made it evident that trade was carried on by sea route with foreign countries

6 The Script The script was pictographic since its signs represent birds fish and varieties of the human forms The script was found inscribed on a number of seals made of Copper and terracotta etc

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Class X

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCommercial Studies

Advertising In last class we have discussed about the merits of advertising

Question 1) Explain the disadvantages of advertising

Besides having merits advertising have some demerits also

Today I am going to share the demerits of advertising

Answer) The disadvantages of advertising are as follows

I) Wastage of national resourcesDue to excessive use or proliferation of advertising valuable National resources are wasted In many cases companies undertake rigorous advertising efforts without specific needs

II)Impulsive buyingIt creates unnecessary needs People are emotionally forced to buy the products Sometimes it forced people to buy unnecessary products

III) High price toconsumersAdvertising increases cost of product Customers have to pay high price for the products heavily advertised IV) Mislead about theproductSome advertiserrsquos cleverly create misleading Impressions of their goods -they present a very Rosy picture of their products with object to increase their sales

Chemistry TopicChemical Bonding

Cause of chemical combination is the tendency of elements to acquire the nearest nobel gas configuration in their outermost orbit and become stable

A chemical bond may be defined as the force of attraction between any two atomsin a moleculeto maintain stability

Electrovalent compounds The chemical compounds formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from one atom of an element to one atom of another element are

Bond formed between metals and non-metals are ionic or electrovalent

Electrovalent compounds(i)Their constituent particle are ions(ii)They are hard solids consisting of ions

Boiling points and melting pointsThese are non-volatilewith high boiling and high melting points

Electricity conducting nature(i)They do not conduct electricity in the solid state(ii)They are good conductors of electricity in the fused or in aqueous state

Dissociation Electrovalent compounds are composed if ionsIn solutions these ions become mobile or in molten state these

Demerits Of AdvertisingWastage of national resources Impulsive buyingHigh price to consumerMislead about the product

called ionic compounds

Electrovalency The number of electrons that an atom of an element loses or gains to form a electrovalent bond is called its electrovalency

Condition for the formation of an electrovalent bondi)Low ionization potential if the ionization potential of a particular atom is lowit will lose electron easilyie a cation is formed easily

ii)High electron affinity if the electron affinity value highanion will be formed easilyie a higher electron affinity value favours ionic bonding

iii)large electronegativity difference if the difference in the electronegativities of two elements is higherthen the transfer of electrons will be easierThereforemore the difference in electronegativitymore will be the ionic nature of the resulting compound

ions dissociate

SolubiltyThese are solubile in water but insoluble in organic solvents

Rate of reaction They show rapid speed of chemical reactions in aqueous solutions

Physics

Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Prove thatMoment of couple = Force x Couple armSolutions

A O B

At A and B two forces each of magnitude F are applied which are equal and opposite forces The two forces rotate the bar in anticlockwise direction AB is the perpendicular distance between two forces which is called the couple arm

Moment of force F at the end A= F times OA (anticlockwise)Moment of force F at the end B= F times OB (anticlockwise)Total moment of couple = F times OA + F times OB= F times (OA + OB)= F times AB= F times d (anticlockwise)

= Either force times perpendicular distance between the two forces or couple armHence Moment of couple = Force times Couple armQuestion What do you mean by equilibrium of a body

Solutions When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of linear or rotational motion the body is said to be in equilibriumQuestion State the condition when a body is in (i) static (ii) dynamic equilibrium Give one example each of static and dynamic equilibriumSolutions(i) Static equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the state of rest under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in static equilibriumExample A book lying on a table is in static equilibrium(ii) Dynamic equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the same state of motion under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in dynamic equilibriumExample A rain drop reaches the earth surface with a constant velocity

English Literature

The Blue Bead

Answer the following questions-

1) Describe the blue beadAns - The blue bead glimmered in the water It was not a gem though it was sand Worn glass that had been rolling about in the river for a long time By chance it was perforated right through- the neck of a bottle perhaps

2) Describe Sibiarsquos homeAns- Sibia lived in a mud house which was the same colour as the ground

3) Describe SibiaAns- Sibia was a little girl a thin starving child dressed in an earth- Coloured rag straight white teeth With her ebony hair and great eyes and her skin of oiled brown cream she was a happy immature child- Woman about twelve years old Bare foot of course and often goosey- Cold on a winter morning and born to toil In all her life she had never owned even one anna- not a piece

ECONOMICS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Sub-topic- Capital

Now let us start the class by discussing the various types of capital

a Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capitalexample machinebuilding

b Circulating capital-It is used only onceexample raw materials

c Sunk capital-which is used only for a single purpose Example building of a factory

d Floating capital- which can e put to several uses example coal

e Production capital-Capital which helps in production

Questions1Using examples classify capital into fixed and circulating capitalAnswer Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capital it refers to those capital which can be used again and again example machine buildingWhere as Circulating capital-It is used only once in the production processexample raw materials such as cottonfuel

2 Distinguish between real capital and money capital Which of the two has greater significance in economic growthAnswerReal capital means capital goods such as properties machinesplantsetc Money capital on the other hand money (or cash in hand) which is utilized by the producers for the purchase of tools equipments and other kinds of goods needed for production

CWhat do you mean by working capitalAnswer Working capital refers to the stock of finished semi-finished goods and raw materials etcwhich is converted to final goods (finished

directlymachinestoolsetc

f Consumption capital-Capital which helps in production indirectlyexample residential buildings for factory purpose

g Personal capital-It refers to the personal abilities which cannot be transferred example surgeonrsquos skill

h Material capital- capital which is made of matter and has a form and shapeExample machines raw materials

i Money capital-capital which used for purchasing real capital( raw materials machines equipments which is needed by the producers for production)

j Debt capital-capital used for giving loans

k Social capital-Capital which helps in the growth of national outpit of the countryexample railwaysnational highways etc

l Private capital-capital which helps only to the owner to raise his income example private propertybusiness goodwill

m Real capital ndash It consists of the physical stock of goods which are used as inputs in the production processExample raw materialsmachines

consumer goods) in near future

Math Topic Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Shares and dividendsDate 29042020Study item Some solved sums from exercise 3Find the dividend received on 60 shares of Rs 20 each if 9 dividend is declaredSolution Number of shares = 60Face value of one share = Rs20 Rate of dividend = 9

Therefore the dividend received = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share = 60 times 9 times Rs20 = Rs 60 times 9100 times 20 = Rs 108A company declares 8 percent dividend to the shareholders If a man receives Rs2840 as his dividend find the nominal value of his sharesSolution Let the nominal value of shares be Rs xTotal dividend = 8 of Rs x = Rs(8100 )times (x) = Rs 8x100According to question 8x100 = 2840 Or 8x = 2840 times 100 Or x = (2840 times100)8 = 35500Therefore the nominal value of his shares = Rs35500 A man buys 200 ten-rupees shares at Rs12bull50 each and receives a dividend of 8 Find the amount invested by him and the dividend received by him in cashSolution Given face value of one share = Rs 10 And market value of one share = Rs 12bull50 Number of shares = 200Therefore investment = 200 times Rs 12bull50 = Rs 2500Total dividend = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share= 200 times 8 timesRs 10= 200 times 8100 timesRs 10= Rs 160

Computer Application

Java Programming(from ch 2)

Programming Questions1 Write a program to input the area of a square and find its perimeterAns import javautilclass Sol1static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double aspSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the area of a squarerdquo)a=scnextDouble()s=Mathsqrt(a)p=4sSystemoutprintln(ldquoPerimeter=rdquo+p)

2 Write a program to input the length and breadth of a rectangle and find its diagonalAns import javautilclass Sol2static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double lbdComputer Applications ndash X (ICSE Course) Answers 34Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the length and breadth of the rectanglerdquo)

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

এ ঐ ও ঔ২ আমার নাম ___________(পরচেতযচেক বাংলা হিনচের নাচেমর বানান অভযাস করচেব)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IISubject- Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরপাঠndash৪কহিবতাndashবড়চেক কহিবndashঈশবরনদর গপত(পরম ার লাইন)

আপনাচেক বড় বচেল- বড় লেসই নলেলাচেক যাচেক বড় বচেল - বড় লেসই সংসাচের বড় ওা কঠিন বযাপার সংসাচের লেস বড় বড় গণ যার

বযাখযা - হিনচেচেক বড় বলচেলই লেস বড় না অনয লেলাচেক যাচেক বড় বচেল লেসই আসচেল বড় সহি7কাচেরর বড় মানষ ওা শকত ভাচেলা গণ আচে যার লেসই আসচেল বড় অlt - আপনাচেক = হিনচেচেক বড় = ভাচেলা সংসাচের = লেরাকার ীবচেন গন = ভাচেলা অভযাস

Subject ndashHindi Chapter तिरगा ( कतिा ) लहर लहर गितरा लहराए

शान-आन-मान हमारी बढाएर कसरी बलिलदान का

बलद नारा य दश परम कादशमनो को सबक लिसखाना

तम ना कभी पीठ दिदखानार सफद ह शागित का

परम भाईचार सदभाव काघरणा हिहसा दवष स बचना

गिवशव-शागित का दत तम बनना र हरा हरी-भरी धरा का

परतीक परदषरण रगिहत धरती कापयावररण को तम सवारना

मिमतरता का उसस पररण गिनभाना

Subject computerComputer-computer is a machine that runs on electricity it helps us to walk speedily and makes our work easier Uses of computera) Doing calculationsb) Solving sumsc) Playing gamesd) Making drawingsComputers and humansComputers are different from human beings they work much faster than human beings

A computer A human being

Does not have feelings Has feelings

Cannot think on its own Can think on his own

Does not make mistakes can make mistakes

Is fast and does large calculations in few seconds Is slower than a computer in doing calculations

works continuously needs rest after workgets tired

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IIISubject-ComputerChapter-1 (computer system)Computer systemA computer system is one that has the ability to take inputs process and produce output it consists of two main components -- hardware and softwareHardwareAll the parts of a computer that we can see and touch are called hardware in other words hardware are the physical parts of a computer The visible hardware units of a computer system are-a) Inputb) Outputc) Processingd) StorageInput devicesAn input device is a computer hardware unit which takes input from users and feeds it into the computer Example- keyboard mouse scanner joystick and etcOutput devicesAn output device is a computer hardware which gives us result for the output There are many output devices for example monitor printer speakers and etcThe processing deviceCPU is the processing device there are various components inside the cpu which include motherboard hard disk drive and cd-romStorage devicesThe function of storage devices is to store data and increase its storage capacityfor example cds dvdspen drives and etcComputer softwareSoftware is a set of programs or instructions that tell a computer what to do there are two types of software ---------application software and system softwareApplication softwareApplication software is the type of program that is designed to solve a specific task For example ms paint and Microsoft wordSystem softwareSystem software manages and controls a computer system it acts as an interface between a user and the hardwareThe three features of a computer aremdash

Computers work very fast and can do millions of calculations in seconds A computer never gets tired or bored A computer does not make mistakes

SUBJECT- BENGALIবই - বাংলা সাহিতয পহির পাঠ -৬ কহিবতা ndash lsquoকাচের লেলাকrsquo কহিব - নবকষণ ভটটাাযlt(পরম দটি সতবক )

লেমৌমাহি লেমৌমাহিলেকাা যাও নাহি নাহি

দা াড়াও না একবার ভাইওই ফল ফচেG বচেনযাই মধ আরচেণ

দা াড়াবার সম লেতা নাই

বযাখযা -একটি হিশশ লেমৌমাহিচেক লেJচেক হিজঞাসা করচে লেয লেস লেনচে লেনচে লেকাা যাচেL এবং তাচেক একবার তার সাচে দা াহিড়চে কা বলার নয অনচেরাধ কচেরচে লেমৌমাহি উ7চের তাচেক বচেলচে লেয তার দা াহিড়চে কা বলার সম লেনই কারণ বচেন এখন ফল ফচেGচে লেসই সকল ফচেলর মধ সংগর করচেত চেব তাই দা াহিড়চে কা বলার সম লেনই

অlt - লেমৌমাহি = পতঙগ লেকাা = লেকাা নাহি নাহি = লেনচে লেনচে উচেড় উচেড়

SUBJECT - HINDIChapter- सबस अचछी मिमठाई

एक दिदन सरदिदयो क मौसम म राजा कषरणदव राय तनालीराम तथा राजपरोगिहत सबह की म धप का आनद ल रह थ अचानक राजा न कहा ldquoमर गिवचार स शीत ऋत सभी ऋत म सबस जयादा अचछी होती ह कयोगिक इस ऋत म कछ भी खा कर परी तरह सवसथ रह सकत ह ldquoराजा क मख स खान की बात सनकर राजपरोगिहत क मह म पानी आ या उसन तरत राजा स कहा ldquoमहाराज मझ भी सरदिदया बहत पसद ह कयोगिक इस ऋत म तरह तरह क फल तथा मिमठाइया खान क लिलए मिमलती ह ldquoफल और मिमठाई की बात सनकर राजा न पछा ldquoजरा मझ यह बताओ गिक सरदिदयो की सबस अचछी मिमठाई कौनसी हrdquo ldquoमहाराज सरदिदयो की सबस अचछी मिमठाईया हलवा मालपआ तथा गिपसता बफX ह राजपरोगिहत न झट स कहाldquo राजा न तरत रसोइए को तीनो मिमठाइया लान का आदश दिदया तीनो मिमठाइया आ जान पर उनहोन राजपरोगिहत स कहा ldquoअब आप इन तीनो मिमठाइयो को खाकर बताओ गिक इनम स सबस अचछी मिमठाई कौन सी हrdquo राजा क कहन पर राजपरोगिहत न एक-एक करक सभी मिमठाइया खा ली परत उस सभी इतनी पसद आई गिक वह यह फसला नही कर पाया की सबस अचछी मिमठाई कौनसी ह गिफर राजा न यही परशन तनालीराम स पछा तनालीराम न कहा ldquoमहाराज म आपको सबस अचछी मिमठाई का नाम तो नही बता सकता ह हा खिखला अवशय सकता ह लगिकन इस खान क लिलए आप दोनो को मर साथ रात क समय चलना होा गिफर उस रात तीनो सबस अचछी मिमठाई खान क लिलए महल स बाहर चल पड तनालीराम उनह लकर नदी क गिकनार खतो क पास जा पहचा वहा कछ रीब गिकसान सद` स बचन क लिलए आ जलाकर उसक आसपास बठ थ तनालीराम न उनस कोई चीज लकर राजा और राजपरोगिहत को खान क लिलए दी उस खात ही दोनो एक साथ बोल उठ ldquoअर यह मिमठाई तो बहत ही अचछी ह यह कौन सी मिमठाई ह तनालीराम जरा इसका नाम तो बताओ तब तनालीराम उनह आ क पास ल जाकर कहन ला महाराज यह ड ह यह शरद ऋत की सबस अचछी तथा मीठी मिमठाई ह और यह ठड क मौसम म शरीर को माहट भी दती ह तनालीराम का उततर सनकर राजा मसकरान ल______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IVSubject ScienceCh 6 (Plants in the surroundings) Plants in the SurroundingsIntroductionWe see many plants around us They are of different sizes and shapes Some plants are tall some are short Most plants have two main parts root and shoot Roots grow below the ground and shoot grows above the ground The shoot consists of different parts such as stem branches leaves buds flowers and fruits Each part has their individual function

Root The part of the plant that grow below the ground is called root There are two types of roots Tap roots and fibrous roots There are two types of roots Tap root and Fibrous root Tap root is a long thick root that grows from the base of the stem for example carrots turnip radish and mango Fibrous root is made up of many small roots These small roots grow together like a bunch from the base of the stem for example grass wheat rice onion have this type of roots

Functions of roots 1 Roots hold the plant firmly in the soil 2 Roots absorb water and Minerals from the soil and send them to the other parts of the plant3 We eat the roots of plants such as carrot radish

Stem Stem grows above the ground Stems of plants can be hard or can be soft The stem of mango banyan peepal tree is very hard strong and woody It is called the trunk the trunk holds the tree upright Shrubs such as rose hibiscus have stems that are not very thick Stems of herbs such as tomato coriander are green soft and weak The stems of some plants are so weak that they cannot grow straight they need support to grow upright Climbers such as money plant need support to grow upright Creepers such as watermelon pumpkin grow along the ground

Function of stem1 A strong and Woody stem hold the plant straight2 Stem bears branches leaves and flowers 3 Stem carries water and food to the different parts of the plant We eat the stems of some plants such as potato sugarcane

Subject Hindi Chapter-1हम सब भारतवासी ह (सारश) भारत म जनम लिलए ह तो हम सब भारतवासी ह हम सभी को सतय बोलना चागिहए यही सचच मनषय की पहचान ह हम महनती होना चागिहए हम सभी स परम का भाव रखना चागिहए शबदाथndash बर-शतर (गिकसी भी वजह स एक दसर स शतरता नही करनी चागिहए)बजर-अनपजाऊ( जिजस मिमटटी म फसल नही हो पाती ह वहमिमटटी अनपजाऊ होती ह)परख- पवज(हमार माता गिपता क माता गिपता को पवज कहत ह)सतय-सच (हमशा हर इसान को सच बोलन चागिहए)पथ- रासता( जिजस पर हम लो सभी चलत ह उस रासता कहत ह परत इस कगिवता म रासत का मतलब ह सपरण जीवन को रासता बोला या ह)भागयndashतकदीर (अचानक कछ मिमल जाना कछ हो जाना इसी को तकदीर कहत ह)

Subject Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরপাঠndash২ কহিবতাndashসবার আহিম াতর কহিবndashসহিনমltল বস (পরম সতবক)

আকাশ আমা হিশকষা হিদল উদার চেত ভাইচের কমP বার মনতর আহিম বার কাচে পাই লের

পাাড় হিশখা তাার সমান ই লেযন ভাই লেমৌন-মান লেখালা মাচেঠর উপচেদচেশ হিদল লেখালা ই তাইচের

বযাখযা -কহিব হিনচের উহিকতচেত সমগর মানব াহিতর কা এই কহিবতা তচেল ধচেরচেন আকাশ কহিবচেক উদার ওার হিশকষা লেদ সবltদা বচে লা বা হিশকষা লেদ কমltমখী ওার পাাড় তার মত হিSর অঞচল বার হিশকষা লেদ হিদগনত হিবসতত লেখালা মাঠ হিদলচেখালা চেত লেশখাঅlt - উদার =বড় মচেনর অহিধকারী কমP = কমltমখী লেমৌন = হিনবltাক পাপ উপচেদশ = আচেদশসবltদা = সব সম অঞচল = লেয ঞচল ন হিবসতত = অচেনকদর ড়াচেনা______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VSubject Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সহিতয পহিরপাঠndash৬কহিবতাndashপরশনকহিবndashরবীনদরনা ঠাকরবযাখযা - একটি হিশশ তার মাচের কাচে টি লেচেচে তার মচেত লেস সকাল লেচেক অচেনক পচেড়চে আর তার খাতা বইচের পড়াচেশানা মন লেনই তার এখন মাচের কাচে বচেস পড়া পড়া লেখলা করচেত ইLা চেচে তচেব তার মা তাচেত রাহি ন মা বচেলচে এখন সচেব দপরহিশশটি তা লেমচেন হিনচেচে হিকনত তাও মার কাচে আবদার কচেরচে এক হিদনও হিক দপর লেবলা হিবচেকল মচেন কচের লেখলা শর কচের লেদওাযা না অlt - লেমলা = অচেনক পড়া পড়া লেখলা = পড়ার চেল লেখলাআবদার = আদচেরর বানা

SUBJECT ndash SCIENCECHAPTER- 1 (THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM)Circulatory System The organ system that transports oxygen digested food and water throughout our body is called circulatory system It consists of 3 part - Heart Blood and blood vesselsHeart Heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood to our bodyBlood vessels are three types ndash

a Arteries b Veins and c Capillaries

Arteries Arteries carry pure blood from heart to the different part of our bodyVeins Veins carry impure blood from the different parts of the body and take it to the heartCapillaries Capillaries is a network like structure that connects the arteries and veins

Blood circulation The process by which the pure blood is transported throughout our body and impure blood is carried out of the body called blood circulationHeart Beat Our heart continuously pumps blood by contracting and relaxing The contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle produces a sound which is known as heart beat The heart of a healthy person beats about 70 times in a minute Doctors use a stethoscope to listen to heartbeatPulse The sensation of rhythmic movement of blood in the arteries is called pulse To keep our heart healthy we should have ndash

Healthy food and Do regular exercise and yoga

Some important Yoga asanas are ndash 1 Tadasana2 Utthita Hastapadasana3 Veerabhadrasana4 Bhujangasana

Subject Hindi 2nd LangChapter 3 लोटा घर पानीसारश-इस कहानी स हम सीख मिमलती ह गिक गिकसी भी चीज को जीतन क लिलए पहल लकषय गिनधारिरत करना चागिहए अपन लकषय को पान क लिलए शलिk क साथ-साथ अदभत बजिm की भी जररत पडती ह| अहकार इसान क पतन का काररण बनता ह इसलिलए सफल होन का एक ही मतर ह अहकार का तयाशबदाथndashनीरततर- उततर न दन योगय- जिजसक पास गिकसी परशन का उततर नही रहता हतकनीक-नया तरीका सनकी-पाल - मसत मौला अपन ही मन का करन वालाकदिटया- लकडी पततो स बना हआ घर नासमझ- कोई भी बात जिजसको समझ म ना आएसरसरी- गिबना पलक झकाय एक टक गिकसी को ऊपर स नीच दखना अदाज़ा- अपन स कछ सोच लना

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VISUBJECT ndash CHEMISTRY CHAPTER ndash 1 (Introoduction to Chemistry) Chemistry Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the characteristics and composition of matter in our day to day life The uses of chemistry are so vast In the field of agriculture food processing clothing medicine transportation construction etc it has endless uses Chemistry plays an important and useful role towards the development and growth of a number of industries This includes industries like glass cement paper textile leather dye etc We also see huge applications of chemistry in industries like paints pigments petroleum sugar plastics PharmaceuticalsImportance of Chemistry in Everyday Life

1 Chemicals of Food in Everyday Life - In food materials following chemicals are widely used1 Colouring agents2 Artificial preservatives3 Flow stabilizers4 Binding substance5 Artificial sweetness6 Antioxidants7 Minerals8 Vitamins

Except vitamins remaining substances do not have nutritional value

2 Artificial Preservatives These prevent spoilage of food by stopping the growth of microorganism For example Sodium benzoate sodium Meta bisulphate

3 Artificial Sweetness These do not impart any calories to the body Since these substances are excreted through urine For example

1 Aspartame It is used in cool drinks and ice-creams2 Alitame It is 2000 times sweeter than sucrose

4 Antioxidants These prevent the spoilage of food by preventing the oxidation of food For example

1 Butylated hydroxyl tolerance (BHT)2 Butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA)

Dyes are coloured organic compounds that are used to impart colour to the various substrate including paper leather fur and hair drugs cosmetics Dyes are classified into Natural dyes and Synthetic Dyes

It has some harmful effects also Harmful effects of chemistry 1 Increase population 2 Depletion of natural resources 3 Destructive weapons

Air and inhalationWe take over 20000 breaths a day This number can be much higher for infants and children The chemicals and pollutants we inhale can end up in our lungs and blood stream Sometimes we can smell or taste harmful chemicals but it isnt always so easy Some chemicals like radon or carbon monoxide are odourless tasteless and invisible

Skin and eye contactYou can be exposed to chemicals by coming into contact with them through your skin and eyes These organs can be more sensitive to chemicals and may react more quickly than the rest of our bodies Wearing protective equipment such as gloves and eye goggles can protect you from direct exposure It can also prevent you from spreading substances onto other objects and people

Food water and ingestionMany chemicals can be found in both our food and water sources As we eat and drink we might swallow chemicals that can harm us However there are actions you can take to limit your exposure such as replacing older lead pipes or refraining from heating food in plastic containers not intended for that purpose You can also keep your community safe by disposing of hazardous chemicals according to your municipal guidelines

Chemistry laboratory A Chemistry laboratory is a place where experiments in chemistry are performed It is very important to take precautions while working in a chemical lab with chemical substances

Laboratory safety rules Wear sensible clothing including footwear Loose clothing should be secured so they do not get caught in a

flame or chemicals Do not taste or smell chemicals Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes when heating substances dissecting etc

Never point a test tube being heated at another student or yourself Never look into a test tube while you are heating it

Leave your work station clean and in good order before leaving the laboratory Follow all instructions given by your teacher

Some common Laboratory Apparatus are ndash Test tube Beaker Conical Flask Round bottom Flask Flat bottom Flask Measuring Cylinder Funnel Evaporating Dish Wire Gauze Bunsen Burner Tripod stand

Subject -Hindi 2ndLanguageChapter-1 lsquoइतनी शलिk हम दना दाताrsquo (कगिवता)इस कगिवता म भवान की वदना की ई ह परभ की शलिkयो का रणान गिकया या ह हर अजञानता क अधकार को दर कर जञान का परकाश भरन क लिलए हम सभी को ईशवर स पराथना करनी चागिहए

शबदाथndash दाता- भवान गिवशवासndashभरोसा कमजोर -गिबना शलिk कनक रासत परndash सही रासत ( भलाई क रासत पर चलना दसरो की मदद करना यही नक रासता ह)सहमा -सहमा ndash डरा हआ( अपनी कोई भी बात ना कह पाना)जलमndash अतयाचार( गिकसी क लिलए बरा सोचना या परशान करना ह अतयाचार ह)बबसीndash मजबर (गिकसी की मदद ना कर पाना ही मजबरी ह या लाचारी ह)ममता- पयार (जिजस तरह मा अपन बचचो को पयार करती ह) नक ndash भलाई करनाअजञानndash मखता (हर समय कोई ना कोई लती करना ही अजञानता ह)

SUBJECT-BENGALI (2ND Language)TOPIC-হিমালচের পচে ndashপরচেবাধ কমার সানযালপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ ndash ldquoহিরদবারhelliphelliphellipদঃচেখর পরীকষাrdquo আচেলায গলপটি একটি ভরমণ কাহিনী মলকহিবষবসত ndash লেলখক হিমালচে যাতরা পচের বণltনা হিদচেচেন হিরদবার লেচেক তাচেদর যাতরা শর পরম ারহিদন া াGার পর তারা লেদবপরাগ একটি লোচেGা পাাহিড় শচের লেপৌচেলন যাতরা পচের মাচেe পাাড় গহিল ঘন সব ঙগলম াহিরহিদচেক এত সনদর সনদর ফলচেফাচেG অ লেসইখাচেন এই লেসৌনদযlt লেভাগ করার মানষ লেনই লেদব পরাগ লেচেক ২৪ মাইল প যাওা পর রদর পরাগ নাচেম একটি লোG শচের লেলখকরা উপহিSত চেহিচেলন এই রদর পরাচেগ পGা দটি ভাচেগ ভাগ চে যা একটি প লেকদারনা পাাচেড়র হিদচেক আর অপরটি বদরীনাচের হিদচেক এই যাতরাপ অহিত কঠিন ও দরাচেরা হিমালচে ভরমণ করচেত লেগচেল মানষচেক অচেনক সাস ও শহিকত আর ধৈধচেযltর পরীকষা হিদচেত

শবদাlt ndashভরমণ কাহিনী- লেকাচেনা াগা ঘরচেত যাওার হিবসতাহিরত বণltনা লেদওাদশltন- লেকাচেনা হিক লেদখাঙগলম- াহিরহিদচেক ঘন সব বনলেভাগ- লেকান হিক হিনচের মত কচের উপচেভাগ (গরণ) করামাইল- দরতব মাপার একক কখনও লেকাাও যাওার সম লেসই পচের দরতব মাইল একক দবারা পরকাশ করা দরাচেরা- লেয পচে যাওা খবই কষটকরলেদবপরাগ রদরপরাগ লেকদারনা বদরীনা-এগহিলসবই ভারচেতর উ7রাখচেm অবহিSত াগার নাম

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIISubject -Hindi 2ndlangChapter-2 जीव दया क मसीहा

सारश-इस कहानी स हम यह सीख मिमलती ह गिक जिजस तरह लखक म सवा और दया धम था उसी तरह हमार अदर भी दया और सवा भाव होनी चागिहए दद को जब तक खद पर महसस नही कर तब तक हम गिकसी और की मदद दिदल स नही कर पाए जिजस तरह लखक न सवय भख रहकर दसरो क भख को समझा वह चाह इसान हो या जानवर जब तक हम इस दद को नही समझ तब तक गिकसी और की मदद नही कर पाए

शबदाथndash पादरी - इसका मतलब होता ह जिजस तरह हमार पजा पाठ करन क लिलए पगिडत होत ह उसी तरह चच म पादरी रहत ह पछाड ndash हरा दना गिकसी भी तरह की खलकद होती ह जिजसम हार होती ह उस पछाड ना कहत ह मजा चखाना - जस को तसा जवाब दना पछताना - परायशचिuत करना गिकसी भी बात क लिलए जिजस म लती हो जाए उसक लिलए परायशचिuत करना पराथना - गिनवदन करना जस हम ईशवर क आ हाथ जोडकर गिनवदन करत ह आuय - अचानक स कोई बात या घटना होना सीमिमत - सीमा क अदर जस सीता माता क लिलए लकषमरण न रखा खीची थी

SUBJECT ndash CHEMISTRYCHAPTER ndash1 (MATTER AND ITS COMPOSITION)

Matter Anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter Matter is made up of atoms and moleculesAtom Atoms are the smallest particles of matter which may or may not have independent existenceProperties of particles of matter-

Particles of matter have space in between them Particles of matter are in a continuous state of motion Particles as they have kinetic energy are

continuously moving This kind of movement is zigzag or random This movement goes up on heating Particles of matter attract each other Particles of matter attract each other with force this force could be inter-atomic inter molecular

States of matter Solids A solid has a definite shape and volume Examples of solids include ice (solid water) a bar of steel

and dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) Liquids A liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container Examples of liquids include water

and oil Gases A gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape Examples of gases are air oxygen and

helium Plasma Plasma is recognized as fourth state of matter

Interconversion of three states of matter1 Melting Change of substance from solid state to liquid state2 Evaporation or boiling Change of substance from liquid state to gaseous state Transpiration is the evaporation of water into the atmosphere from the leaves and stems of plants3 Condensation change of substance from gaseous state to liquid state4 Freezing or solidification change of substance from liquid state to solid stateWater has the capability to exist in three statesIn solid state it is exists as icein liquid state as water and in gaseous state as water vapour

Ever wondered the reason behind the change of state or what happens to the particles during the change of state Change in the states of matter mainly depends on temperature and pressure

Change in States of Matter

Subject- Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরপাঠndash৫ কহিবতাndashকহিল মর কহিবndashকাী নরল ইসলাম (পরমসতবক)

লেদহিখন লেসহিদন লেরচেলকহিল বচেল এক বাবসাব তাচের লেঠচেল হিদচেল নীচে লেফচেল

লোখ লেফচেG এল ল এমহিন কrsquoলের হিক গৎ হিড়া মার খাচেব দবltল

লেয দধীহিচেদর াড় হিদচে ঐ বাষপ-শকG চেলবাবসাব এচেস হিড়ল তাাচেত কহিলরা পহিড়ল তচেল

লেবতন হিদাচো পরও যত হিমযাবাদীর দল কত পাই হিদচে কহিলচেদর তই কত লেqার লেপহিল বল রাপচে তব হিলচে লেমাGর সাগচের াা চেল লেরলপচে চেল বাষপ-শকG লেদশ লেচে লেগল কচেল

বল এসব কাাচেদর দান লেতামার অটটাহিলকা কার খচেন রাঙা খচেল খচেল লেদচেখা পরহিতটি আচে লেলখা

তহিম াচেনা নাচেকা হিকনত পচে পরহিত ধহিলকণা াচেনঐ প ঐ াা শকG অটটাহিলকার মাচেন

বযাখযা-উহিsহিখত কহিবতাটিচেতকহিলচেলা দীন দহিরদর লেtণীর পরহিতভআর বাব সাব ল শাসক লেtণী লেরলচেuশচেনর একঘGনাচেক লেকনদর কচের কহিব শাসকচেtণীর হিনমltম অতযাাচেরর কা তচেল ধচেরচেন দধীহি মহিনর আতমতযাচেগর পচের তার াড় হিদচে ধৈতহির অচেwর দবারাই রাকষস ভরাতদববধ লেতমন tহিমক লেtণীর আতমতযাচেগর কা শাসক লেtণী মচেন রাখচেত া না তারা লেকবল ভাচেলা ফল লেভাগ কচের হিকনত হিনচেরা পরর লাভ কচেরও tহিমকচেদর লেদ যৎসামানয পাহিরtহিমক তাচেদর tচেমর মলয াচেন লেকবল তাচেদর ধৈতহির হিশলপঅlt-লেরচেল = লেরলচেuশচেন দধীহি = পরাণ লেtষঠ ঋহিষ বাষপ শকG = হিuম ইহিyনপাই = পসা লেqার = লেকাটি Gাকা ঠহিল = লোচেখর ওপর পদlt াকচেল = কারখানা অটটাহিলকা = বড়বাহিড় পরাসাদ

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIIISUBJECT CHEMISTRYCHAPTER Structure of atom

What is Atomic StructureThe atomic structure of an element refers to the constitution of its nucleus and the arrangement of the electrons around it Primarily the atomic structure of matter is made up of protons electrons and neutrons

The protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom which is surrounded by the electrons belonging to the atom The atomic number of an element describes the total number of protons in its nucleusNeutral atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons

Daltonrsquos Atomic TheoryThe English chemist John Dalton suggestedthe following are the postulates of his theory -

Every matter is made up of atoms Atoms are indivisible Specific elements have only one type of atoms in them Each atom has its own constant mass that varies from element to element Atoms undergo rearrangement during a chemical reaction Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another

Bohrrsquos Model of Atom

In 1913 Neil Bohr overcame the limitations of Rutherford model and proposed a model of atomic structureFollowing are the postulates

Electrons revolve around a centrally located heavy small and positively charged nucleus in certain discrete orbits

While revolving in discrete orbits the electrons do not radiate energy These discrete orbits or shells are called energy levels These orbitals or shells are represented by the letters

K L M Nhellip or the numbers n = 1 2 3 4hellip

Subatomic ParticlesProtons

Protons are positively charged subatomic particles The charge of a proton is 1e which corresponds to approximately 1602 times 10-19

The mass of a proton is approximately 1672 times 10-24

Protons are over 1800 times heavier than electrons The total number of protons in the atoms of an element is always equal to the atomic number of the

elementNeutrons

The mass of a neutron is almost the same as that of a proton ie 1674times10 -24

Neutrons are electrically neutral particles and carry no charge Different isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but vary in the number of neutrons

present in their respective nucleiElectrons

The charge of an electron is -1e which approximates to -1602 times 10 -19

The mass of an electron is approximately 91 times 10-31 Due to the relatively negligible mass of electrons they are ignored when calculating the mass of an atom

Atomic Structure of IsotopesThe isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutronsThe atomic structure of an isotope is described with the help of the chemical symbol of the element the atomic number of the element and the mass number of the isotope For example there exist three known naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen namely protium deuterium and tritium

Isotopes of Some Elements Hydrogen

The most abundant isotope of hydrogen on the planet Earth is protium The atomic number and the mass number of this isotope are 1 and 1 respectively

CarbonCarbon has two stable isotopes ndash 12C and 13C Of these isotopes 12C has an abundance of 989 It contains 6 protons 6 electrons and 6 neutrons

OxygenThere exist three stable isotopes of oxygen ndash 18O 17O and 16O However oxygen-16 is the most abundant isotope

Rutherford Atomic Theory

Rutherford a student of J J Thomson modified the atomic structure with the discovery of another subatomic particle called ldquoNucleusrdquo His atomic model is based on the Alpha ray scattering experiment

Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom

The nucleus is at the center of an atom where most of the charge and mass are concentrated Atomic structure is spherical Electrons revolve around the nucleus in a circular orbit similar to the way planets orbit the sun

Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model

If electrons have to revolve around the nucleus they will spend energy and that too against the strong force of attraction from the nucleus a lot of energy will be spent by the electrons and eventually they will lose all their energy and will fall into the nucleus so the stability of atom is not explained

If electrons continuously revolve around the lsquonucleus the type of spectrum expected is a continuous spectrum But in reality what we see is a line spectrum

Subject -Hindi 2ndlangChapter - 1 वह दश कौन सा हइस कगिवता म भारत दश क बार म वरणन गिकया या ह यहा की सदरता न चबी गिहमालय की चोदिटयो सार नदिदयो इसक बार म इस कगिवता म बताया या ह यह पराकगितक दमिw स अतयमिधक सदर ह भारत दश जसा मनमोगिहनी परकगित की मनोरम सदरता कही भी दखन को नही मिमलती ह सव क समान यहा सख पराकगितक सदरता लिसफ यही ह इसीलिलए यह दश सवशरषठ दश ह या हर जागित की लो पाए जात ह उनम अनकता म भी एकता का परगितहिबब दखन को मिमलता ह यहा पर भाईचारा ह सभी एक दसर स मिमलजल कर एक साथ रहन की कोलिशश म ल रहत हशबदाथ

मनमोगिहनी- मन को अचछी लन वाली कोई चीज परकगित ndashवातावररण जहा सदर-सदर हरिरयाली पड पौध होत ह चररणndashपर रतनश-समदर गिनरतर- हमशा सधा-अमत धारा-लहर जस नदिदयो की लहर आती ह और जाती ह सलोना- सदर

SUBJECT- BENGALITOPIC- রামচনদরের বিলাপ ndash ( কবি13াস ওঝা ) লাইন-(১-১৬)ldquoহিবলাপ কচেরন রামhelliphelliphelliphellip হিরচেলন পহিবী হিক আপন দহিতাrdquoপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ-আমাচেদর পরান রামাচেণ কহিত আচে ধৈকচেকীর লনা রামনদর রাযযত চে লকষণ ও সীতাচেক হিনচে লেৌদদ বচেরর নয বনবাচেস যান বনবাচেস তাচেদর ীবন ভালই হিল একহিদন বনবাচেসর সম রাবণ মারী লেসচে সীতাচেক রণ কচের লেসই সম কটীচের রামনদর ও লকষমণ লেকউ হিলনা এই সচেযাচেগ রাবণ সীতাচেক হিনচে তার লঙকারাচেয হিনচে যা কটিচের হিফচের রাম ও লকষণ সীতাচেক লেদখচেত না লেপচে াহিরহিদচেক খাচেত াচেকন হিকনত লেকাাও সীতা লেনই সীতাচেক নাচেপচে রামনদর লেশাচেক হিবহবল চে লকষচেণর কাচে মচেনর দঃখ পরকাশ কচেরন রামনদর মচেন মচেন ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা তা ার মন পরীকষা করার নয লেকাাও লেকাচেনা মহিন পতনীর সচেঙগ লহিকচে আচেন তচেব লেকাা লেগচেল হিতহিন সীতার লেদখা পাচেবন লেসই হিনতাই সদা রাচেমর মচেন াগহিরত রামনদর ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা লেগাদাবরী নদীরতীচের পদমবচেন ভরমণ করচেন লেসই সম লেদবী লকষমী সীতার পদমফচেলর মত সনদর মখ লেদচেখ ত পদম বচেন লহিকচে লেরচেখচেন আবার রামনদর ভাবচেন রাহ লেযমন গরচেণর সম া াদচেক গরাস কচের লেতমহিন সীতার া াচেদর মত মখ লেদচেখ রাহ নদরকলা লেভচেব গরাস কচেরচে হিকনা এই হিনতা রাম মচেন মচেন করচেন আরও ভাবচেন চেতা রাযযত চে বন বাস ীবচেনর দঃখ কষট সীতা চেতা সয করচেত পারচেনা এই লেভচেব পহিবী তার হিনচের কনযাচেক রণ কচেরচেশবদাlt-হিবলাপ- কাননা অন- লোG ভহিলচেত না পাহির- ভচেল না যাওা হিনরপণ- লেখাাা (লেকান হিক াহিরচে লেগচেল লেখাাা)ানকী- নক রাার কনযা অltাৎ সীতা মহিন পতনী- সননযাসী পতনী (wী) সহিত- সচেঙগ লেগাদাবরী- দহিকষন ভারচেতর একটি নদী কমল- পদম কমলমখী-পচেদমর মত সনদর মখ (আচেলায কহিবতা সীতার মখচেক বলা চেচে)পদমালা- লকষমী হিপপাহিসত- তষণাতlt পরাস- লেষটা রাহ- পরান বহিণltত রাকষস দহিতা- কনযানদরকলা- পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযার পচেরর হিদন অltাৎ পরহিত পদ লেচেক পচেরর পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযা পযltনত া াচেদর বাড়া বা কমা ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IXSubject- BiologyTopic- Ch-2 CellMicroscope

A piece of equipment that makes very small objects look big enough for you to be able to see them

Antony van Leeuwenhoek made simple microscope with one lens and one adjustment screw It had a magnifying power cope up to 200 times

Robert Hooke made compound microscope with two lenses and two adjustment serews It magnifies upto 2000 times He examined a thin slice of cork and obserwed box like compartment He said these are all ldquocellsrdquo

Electron microscope which gives us a magnification over 200000 times by using beams of electrons which are bent by magnets

Cell theorybull The cell is the smallest unit of structure of allliving thingsbull The cell is the unit of function of all living thingsbull All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Organism according to number of cellsbull Single-celled made up of one cell exyeast bacteria amoebabull Few-celled made up of a few hundred to few thousand cells ex Volvox Spirogyrabull Multi-celled made up of millions and billions of cells ex Human Mangobull Smallest cell - Bacteria 03- 50 micrometerbull Longest cell - Nerve cell - 135 micronmeterbull Largest cell ndash Ostrich egg - 20 cm in diameter

Types of cell shape according to their functionsRBCrsquos are biconcave in shape to carry Hb through blood vessel Neurone is long to carry nerve impulse from one place to another

CELL

Cell wall+Cell membrane+Protoplasm

Cytoplasm+Nucleus

Organelles+Inclusions

[Mitocondria] [lifeless

Lysosomes accumul

Etc] - ations-

eg

Pigment glycogenetc]

Cell Walli) Non-living rigid layerii) Made up of lipo-protieniii) Semi permeable in nature control the entry of solutes and ionsiv) Present only outside of plant cell

Cell Membranei) Very thin livingii) Composed of celluloseiii) Freely permeable in nature allows all to enter amp leaveiv) Present in outside of both cells

Cell Organelles Functionsi)Endoplasmic-recticulum

ii)Mitochondria

iii)Golgi Apparatus

iv)Ribosome

v)Lysosome

vi)Centrosome

vii)Plastid

a) Supportive framework for the cellb) Synthesis amp transport of protein amp fat

a)Release of energy in the form of ATP

a) Synthesis amp secretion of enzymes hormones etcb) Formation of lysosome amp vacuoles

a)Protein synthesis

a) Intracellular digestionb) Destroy foreign substances

a)Initiates and regulates cell division

a) Leucoplast ndash stores starchb) Chromoplast ndash Impart colours to flowers and fruitsc) Chloroplast ndash trap solar energy for photosynthesis

Subject ndashHindiChapter1बात अठननी की( सदशन)शबदाथndashजारा-जर करना तनखवाह-वतन सदह- शक (करना गिकसी बात को लकर)पशी -पहल दिदया जान वाला धन ऋरण-कज (उधार लना) अपमान-बइजजतीरकम-रपए र उड या-घबरा या (गिकसी बात को लकर डर जाना)लातो क भत बातो स नही मानत ndashदw वयलिk पर समझान का परभाव नही पडता आखो म खन उतर आया- बहत जयादा करोध आना धन बटोर ना-धन इकटठा करना इसाफ-नयाय

Subject- Bengali TOPIC-হিগহিনন-রবীনদরনাঠাকরপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ- ধৈশশচেব রবীনদর নাচের পাঠশালা হিশবনা নাচেম একন পহিmত হিচেলন লেগাাফ দাহিড় কামাচেণা মাা লোচেGা কচের ল া াGা একটি লোচেGা টিহিক আচে এই পহিmতচেক লেদচেখ সবাই ভ লেপত াতর শাসচেনর বযাপাচের হিতহিন অতযনত দকষ হিচেলন-লেযমন খব লেপGাচেতন লেতমহিন আtাবয গালা গাহিল করচেতন াতররা তা াচেক লেদবতা বা হিশকষচেকর নযা tদধা হিকংবা ভহিকত করত না তা ার আরণ ও মচেখর ভাষার সচেঙগ াতররা যমরাচের হিমল লেপত হিশবনা পহিmত াতরচেদর উপর লেযমন অতযাার করচেতন আবার নানারকচেমর অদভত নামকরণ করচেতন তাচেত াতররা মানহিসক আঘাত লেবাধ করত াতরচেদর নাম হিবকত করচেতন তাচেত লেবাeা যা লেয হিতহিন মানষ বসতর লেচেক অবসতচেক লেবহিশ মলয হিদচেতন তাই যখন পহিmত শশী লেশখরচেক তার লেদচের গঠন ও আকহিত সচেঙগ হিমহিলচে লেভGহিক নাচেম Jাচেকন তখন শশীচেশখর আঘাত পাশবদাlt ndash পহিmত ndashহিশকষক াতরবহি7 ndashাতরচেক পরদ7 আহিltক পরসকার বা লপাহিন পাওার কলাসহরসব- কম আতচেন লোG অনতরাতমা- মন হদহল- কীG পতচেঙগর আতমরকষার নয হিপচেনর হিদচেকর তীকষণ কা াGা অসর- অচেনক বহিষltত- বষltণকরাবাকযজবালা- বাকযবাচেন আচেকষপ- অনচেশানা ভহিকত-tদধা উচেপহিকষত- অবচেহিলতলেদবমহিমা-লেদবতার কীহিতlt উপদরব- eাচেমলা হিনচেকষপ-া চেড় লেদওা কামনা- ইLালেদবাল- মহিনদর বালাই- অমঙগল সরচেলাক বাসী- সবগltবাসী

Subject-PhysicsChapter Motion in 1D1 Scalar They are expressed only by their magnitudes Example mass speed2 Vector They are expressed by magnitude as well as direction Example force velocity3 A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its immediate surroundings

4 A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its immediate surroundings5 The shortest distance from the initial to the final position of the body is called the magnitude of displacement It is in the direction from the initial position to the final position Its SI unit is metre (m)6 The distance is the length of path travelled by the body so it is always positive Distance is a scalar quantity7 The speed of a body is the rate of change of distance with time Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)8 The velocity of a body is the distance travelled per second by the body in a specified direction Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)9 If a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time along a particular direction then the body is said to be moving with a uniform velocity However if a body travels unequal distances in a particular direction in equal intervals of time or it moves equal distances in equal intervals of time but its direction of motion does not remain same then the velocity of the body is said to be variable (or non-uniform)10 Average speed is the ratio of the total distance travelled by the body to the total time of journey it is never zero If the velocity of a body moving in a particular direction changes with time then the ratio of displacement to the time taken in entire journey is called its average velocity Average velocity of a body can be zero even if its average speed is not zero11 Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time Its SI unit is metresecond2 (ms2) Negative acceleration called retardation12 The acceleration is said to be uniform when equal changes in velocity take place in equal intervals of time but if the change in velocity is not the same in the same intervals of time the acceleration is said to be variable13 When a body falls freely under gravity the acceleration produced in the body due to the Earths gravitational acceleration is called the acceleration due to gravity (g) The average value of g is 98 ms214 Three equations of a uniformly accelerated motion arev = u + ats = ut + (12) at2v2 = u2 + 2as

NB One must go through the sums ( equation of motion and others) especially sums related to graphs of motion in one dimension

SUBJECT ENGLISH LANGUAGETOPIC PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONSKinds of prepositions

Simple preposition At by for from in of off on out through till to up with after under over since down etc Example

o He is going to Delhi by the nighto He came from Mumbai

Compound or double prepositions About above across along amidst among amongst around before behind below beneath beside Between beyond inside outside underneath within without etc Example

o His house is behind the shopo I shall go there within a week

Phrase preposition According to along with because of by means of by reason of in favour of etc Example

o Put this book in place of thato He is acting according to the advice of his father

Participle preposition Barring considering During Excepting excluding including etc Example

o Considering the quality the price is not mucho During the lesson he fainted

SUBJECT- HISTORYTOPIC- HARAPPAN CIVILIZATIONEXPLANATION OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS CIVILIZATION The term Civilization basically means the level of development at which people live together peacefully in communities They built cities and invented form of writing They learned to make pottery and use metals They domesticated animals and created social structures

FOUR CONTEMPORARY ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Mesopotamian civilizations Egyptian civilizations Harappa civilizations Chinese civilizations HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION Harappa was the first site that was excavated So it came to be known as the Harappa civilization Mohenjo ndash daro and Harappa were located in the valley of river Indus and its tributaries Hence it is known as the Indus Valley Civilization

MOHENJO-DARO Mohenjo-daro in the Sind language means lsquoMound of the Deadrsquo It is located in the Larkana district of Sind ( now in Pakistan)

HARAPPA Harappa was situated on the bank of river Ravi in the Montegomery district of West Punjab (now in Pakistan)

Other important sites were Chanhu Daro in Sind Lothal near Ahmedabad in Gujrat Kalibangan in Rajasthan Alamgirpur near Hastinapur in UP Ropar in Punjab

SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF THE HARAPPA CIVILIZATIONS

1 Archaeological remains2 Important seals3 Bearded man4 Dancing girl5 Dockyard6 Script

1 Archaeological remainsa) The Great Bath- It was discovered at Mohenjo-daro it was an open quadrangle with rooms and galleries

on three sides The pool might have been used on special occasionsb) The Citadel- The ruins of the citadel was found in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Probably the ruling class

people lived here It was a fortress overlooking a city2 Important Seals More than two thousands terracotta steatite or ivory made square or oblong seals have

been discovered They showed the culture and civilization of that period They mainly indicate dress ornaments hairstyle religious belief script trade and commercial relations some important Seals were the Pashupati Seals the Unicorn seal and the Bull Seal

3 Bearded Man A stone statue of bearded Man has been found both Harappa and Mohenjo ndashdaro He might have been a noble man or a priest or a respected leader

4 Dancing Girl A Bronze figure of a Dancing girl shows a high degree art of culture in metal Her right hand was on her hip and head slightly backwards shows her dancing posture It reveals that the people of Harappa were fond of singing and dancing

5 Dockyard The existence of Dockyard made it evident that trade was carried on by sea route with foreign countries

6 The Script The script was pictographic since its signs represent birds fish and varieties of the human forms The script was found inscribed on a number of seals made of Copper and terracotta etc

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Class X

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCommercial Studies

Advertising In last class we have discussed about the merits of advertising

Question 1) Explain the disadvantages of advertising

Besides having merits advertising have some demerits also

Today I am going to share the demerits of advertising

Answer) The disadvantages of advertising are as follows

I) Wastage of national resourcesDue to excessive use or proliferation of advertising valuable National resources are wasted In many cases companies undertake rigorous advertising efforts without specific needs

II)Impulsive buyingIt creates unnecessary needs People are emotionally forced to buy the products Sometimes it forced people to buy unnecessary products

III) High price toconsumersAdvertising increases cost of product Customers have to pay high price for the products heavily advertised IV) Mislead about theproductSome advertiserrsquos cleverly create misleading Impressions of their goods -they present a very Rosy picture of their products with object to increase their sales

Chemistry TopicChemical Bonding

Cause of chemical combination is the tendency of elements to acquire the nearest nobel gas configuration in their outermost orbit and become stable

A chemical bond may be defined as the force of attraction between any two atomsin a moleculeto maintain stability

Electrovalent compounds The chemical compounds formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from one atom of an element to one atom of another element are

Bond formed between metals and non-metals are ionic or electrovalent

Electrovalent compounds(i)Their constituent particle are ions(ii)They are hard solids consisting of ions

Boiling points and melting pointsThese are non-volatilewith high boiling and high melting points

Electricity conducting nature(i)They do not conduct electricity in the solid state(ii)They are good conductors of electricity in the fused or in aqueous state

Dissociation Electrovalent compounds are composed if ionsIn solutions these ions become mobile or in molten state these

Demerits Of AdvertisingWastage of national resources Impulsive buyingHigh price to consumerMislead about the product

called ionic compounds

Electrovalency The number of electrons that an atom of an element loses or gains to form a electrovalent bond is called its electrovalency

Condition for the formation of an electrovalent bondi)Low ionization potential if the ionization potential of a particular atom is lowit will lose electron easilyie a cation is formed easily

ii)High electron affinity if the electron affinity value highanion will be formed easilyie a higher electron affinity value favours ionic bonding

iii)large electronegativity difference if the difference in the electronegativities of two elements is higherthen the transfer of electrons will be easierThereforemore the difference in electronegativitymore will be the ionic nature of the resulting compound

ions dissociate

SolubiltyThese are solubile in water but insoluble in organic solvents

Rate of reaction They show rapid speed of chemical reactions in aqueous solutions

Physics

Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Prove thatMoment of couple = Force x Couple armSolutions

A O B

At A and B two forces each of magnitude F are applied which are equal and opposite forces The two forces rotate the bar in anticlockwise direction AB is the perpendicular distance between two forces which is called the couple arm

Moment of force F at the end A= F times OA (anticlockwise)Moment of force F at the end B= F times OB (anticlockwise)Total moment of couple = F times OA + F times OB= F times (OA + OB)= F times AB= F times d (anticlockwise)

= Either force times perpendicular distance between the two forces or couple armHence Moment of couple = Force times Couple armQuestion What do you mean by equilibrium of a body

Solutions When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of linear or rotational motion the body is said to be in equilibriumQuestion State the condition when a body is in (i) static (ii) dynamic equilibrium Give one example each of static and dynamic equilibriumSolutions(i) Static equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the state of rest under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in static equilibriumExample A book lying on a table is in static equilibrium(ii) Dynamic equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the same state of motion under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in dynamic equilibriumExample A rain drop reaches the earth surface with a constant velocity

English Literature

The Blue Bead

Answer the following questions-

1) Describe the blue beadAns - The blue bead glimmered in the water It was not a gem though it was sand Worn glass that had been rolling about in the river for a long time By chance it was perforated right through- the neck of a bottle perhaps

2) Describe Sibiarsquos homeAns- Sibia lived in a mud house which was the same colour as the ground

3) Describe SibiaAns- Sibia was a little girl a thin starving child dressed in an earth- Coloured rag straight white teeth With her ebony hair and great eyes and her skin of oiled brown cream she was a happy immature child- Woman about twelve years old Bare foot of course and often goosey- Cold on a winter morning and born to toil In all her life she had never owned even one anna- not a piece

ECONOMICS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Sub-topic- Capital

Now let us start the class by discussing the various types of capital

a Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capitalexample machinebuilding

b Circulating capital-It is used only onceexample raw materials

c Sunk capital-which is used only for a single purpose Example building of a factory

d Floating capital- which can e put to several uses example coal

e Production capital-Capital which helps in production

Questions1Using examples classify capital into fixed and circulating capitalAnswer Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capital it refers to those capital which can be used again and again example machine buildingWhere as Circulating capital-It is used only once in the production processexample raw materials such as cottonfuel

2 Distinguish between real capital and money capital Which of the two has greater significance in economic growthAnswerReal capital means capital goods such as properties machinesplantsetc Money capital on the other hand money (or cash in hand) which is utilized by the producers for the purchase of tools equipments and other kinds of goods needed for production

CWhat do you mean by working capitalAnswer Working capital refers to the stock of finished semi-finished goods and raw materials etcwhich is converted to final goods (finished

directlymachinestoolsetc

f Consumption capital-Capital which helps in production indirectlyexample residential buildings for factory purpose

g Personal capital-It refers to the personal abilities which cannot be transferred example surgeonrsquos skill

h Material capital- capital which is made of matter and has a form and shapeExample machines raw materials

i Money capital-capital which used for purchasing real capital( raw materials machines equipments which is needed by the producers for production)

j Debt capital-capital used for giving loans

k Social capital-Capital which helps in the growth of national outpit of the countryexample railwaysnational highways etc

l Private capital-capital which helps only to the owner to raise his income example private propertybusiness goodwill

m Real capital ndash It consists of the physical stock of goods which are used as inputs in the production processExample raw materialsmachines

consumer goods) in near future

Math Topic Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Shares and dividendsDate 29042020Study item Some solved sums from exercise 3Find the dividend received on 60 shares of Rs 20 each if 9 dividend is declaredSolution Number of shares = 60Face value of one share = Rs20 Rate of dividend = 9

Therefore the dividend received = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share = 60 times 9 times Rs20 = Rs 60 times 9100 times 20 = Rs 108A company declares 8 percent dividend to the shareholders If a man receives Rs2840 as his dividend find the nominal value of his sharesSolution Let the nominal value of shares be Rs xTotal dividend = 8 of Rs x = Rs(8100 )times (x) = Rs 8x100According to question 8x100 = 2840 Or 8x = 2840 times 100 Or x = (2840 times100)8 = 35500Therefore the nominal value of his shares = Rs35500 A man buys 200 ten-rupees shares at Rs12bull50 each and receives a dividend of 8 Find the amount invested by him and the dividend received by him in cashSolution Given face value of one share = Rs 10 And market value of one share = Rs 12bull50 Number of shares = 200Therefore investment = 200 times Rs 12bull50 = Rs 2500Total dividend = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share= 200 times 8 timesRs 10= 200 times 8100 timesRs 10= Rs 160

Computer Application

Java Programming(from ch 2)

Programming Questions1 Write a program to input the area of a square and find its perimeterAns import javautilclass Sol1static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double aspSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the area of a squarerdquo)a=scnextDouble()s=Mathsqrt(a)p=4sSystemoutprintln(ldquoPerimeter=rdquo+p)

2 Write a program to input the length and breadth of a rectangle and find its diagonalAns import javautilclass Sol2static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double lbdComputer Applications ndash X (ICSE Course) Answers 34Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the length and breadth of the rectanglerdquo)

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

Is fast and does large calculations in few seconds Is slower than a computer in doing calculations

works continuously needs rest after workgets tired

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IIISubject-ComputerChapter-1 (computer system)Computer systemA computer system is one that has the ability to take inputs process and produce output it consists of two main components -- hardware and softwareHardwareAll the parts of a computer that we can see and touch are called hardware in other words hardware are the physical parts of a computer The visible hardware units of a computer system are-a) Inputb) Outputc) Processingd) StorageInput devicesAn input device is a computer hardware unit which takes input from users and feeds it into the computer Example- keyboard mouse scanner joystick and etcOutput devicesAn output device is a computer hardware which gives us result for the output There are many output devices for example monitor printer speakers and etcThe processing deviceCPU is the processing device there are various components inside the cpu which include motherboard hard disk drive and cd-romStorage devicesThe function of storage devices is to store data and increase its storage capacityfor example cds dvdspen drives and etcComputer softwareSoftware is a set of programs or instructions that tell a computer what to do there are two types of software ---------application software and system softwareApplication softwareApplication software is the type of program that is designed to solve a specific task For example ms paint and Microsoft wordSystem softwareSystem software manages and controls a computer system it acts as an interface between a user and the hardwareThe three features of a computer aremdash

Computers work very fast and can do millions of calculations in seconds A computer never gets tired or bored A computer does not make mistakes

SUBJECT- BENGALIবই - বাংলা সাহিতয পহির পাঠ -৬ কহিবতা ndash lsquoকাচের লেলাকrsquo কহিব - নবকষণ ভটটাাযlt(পরম দটি সতবক )

লেমৌমাহি লেমৌমাহিলেকাা যাও নাহি নাহি

দা াড়াও না একবার ভাইওই ফল ফচেG বচেনযাই মধ আরচেণ

দা াড়াবার সম লেতা নাই

বযাখযা -একটি হিশশ লেমৌমাহিচেক লেJচেক হিজঞাসা করচে লেয লেস লেনচে লেনচে লেকাা যাচেL এবং তাচেক একবার তার সাচে দা াহিড়চে কা বলার নয অনচেরাধ কচেরচে লেমৌমাহি উ7চের তাচেক বচেলচে লেয তার দা াহিড়চে কা বলার সম লেনই কারণ বচেন এখন ফল ফচেGচে লেসই সকল ফচেলর মধ সংগর করচেত চেব তাই দা াহিড়চে কা বলার সম লেনই

অlt - লেমৌমাহি = পতঙগ লেকাা = লেকাা নাহি নাহি = লেনচে লেনচে উচেড় উচেড়

SUBJECT - HINDIChapter- सबस अचछी मिमठाई

एक दिदन सरदिदयो क मौसम म राजा कषरणदव राय तनालीराम तथा राजपरोगिहत सबह की म धप का आनद ल रह थ अचानक राजा न कहा ldquoमर गिवचार स शीत ऋत सभी ऋत म सबस जयादा अचछी होती ह कयोगिक इस ऋत म कछ भी खा कर परी तरह सवसथ रह सकत ह ldquoराजा क मख स खान की बात सनकर राजपरोगिहत क मह म पानी आ या उसन तरत राजा स कहा ldquoमहाराज मझ भी सरदिदया बहत पसद ह कयोगिक इस ऋत म तरह तरह क फल तथा मिमठाइया खान क लिलए मिमलती ह ldquoफल और मिमठाई की बात सनकर राजा न पछा ldquoजरा मझ यह बताओ गिक सरदिदयो की सबस अचछी मिमठाई कौनसी हrdquo ldquoमहाराज सरदिदयो की सबस अचछी मिमठाईया हलवा मालपआ तथा गिपसता बफX ह राजपरोगिहत न झट स कहाldquo राजा न तरत रसोइए को तीनो मिमठाइया लान का आदश दिदया तीनो मिमठाइया आ जान पर उनहोन राजपरोगिहत स कहा ldquoअब आप इन तीनो मिमठाइयो को खाकर बताओ गिक इनम स सबस अचछी मिमठाई कौन सी हrdquo राजा क कहन पर राजपरोगिहत न एक-एक करक सभी मिमठाइया खा ली परत उस सभी इतनी पसद आई गिक वह यह फसला नही कर पाया की सबस अचछी मिमठाई कौनसी ह गिफर राजा न यही परशन तनालीराम स पछा तनालीराम न कहा ldquoमहाराज म आपको सबस अचछी मिमठाई का नाम तो नही बता सकता ह हा खिखला अवशय सकता ह लगिकन इस खान क लिलए आप दोनो को मर साथ रात क समय चलना होा गिफर उस रात तीनो सबस अचछी मिमठाई खान क लिलए महल स बाहर चल पड तनालीराम उनह लकर नदी क गिकनार खतो क पास जा पहचा वहा कछ रीब गिकसान सद` स बचन क लिलए आ जलाकर उसक आसपास बठ थ तनालीराम न उनस कोई चीज लकर राजा और राजपरोगिहत को खान क लिलए दी उस खात ही दोनो एक साथ बोल उठ ldquoअर यह मिमठाई तो बहत ही अचछी ह यह कौन सी मिमठाई ह तनालीराम जरा इसका नाम तो बताओ तब तनालीराम उनह आ क पास ल जाकर कहन ला महाराज यह ड ह यह शरद ऋत की सबस अचछी तथा मीठी मिमठाई ह और यह ठड क मौसम म शरीर को माहट भी दती ह तनालीराम का उततर सनकर राजा मसकरान ल______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IVSubject ScienceCh 6 (Plants in the surroundings) Plants in the SurroundingsIntroductionWe see many plants around us They are of different sizes and shapes Some plants are tall some are short Most plants have two main parts root and shoot Roots grow below the ground and shoot grows above the ground The shoot consists of different parts such as stem branches leaves buds flowers and fruits Each part has their individual function

Root The part of the plant that grow below the ground is called root There are two types of roots Tap roots and fibrous roots There are two types of roots Tap root and Fibrous root Tap root is a long thick root that grows from the base of the stem for example carrots turnip radish and mango Fibrous root is made up of many small roots These small roots grow together like a bunch from the base of the stem for example grass wheat rice onion have this type of roots

Functions of roots 1 Roots hold the plant firmly in the soil 2 Roots absorb water and Minerals from the soil and send them to the other parts of the plant3 We eat the roots of plants such as carrot radish

Stem Stem grows above the ground Stems of plants can be hard or can be soft The stem of mango banyan peepal tree is very hard strong and woody It is called the trunk the trunk holds the tree upright Shrubs such as rose hibiscus have stems that are not very thick Stems of herbs such as tomato coriander are green soft and weak The stems of some plants are so weak that they cannot grow straight they need support to grow upright Climbers such as money plant need support to grow upright Creepers such as watermelon pumpkin grow along the ground

Function of stem1 A strong and Woody stem hold the plant straight2 Stem bears branches leaves and flowers 3 Stem carries water and food to the different parts of the plant We eat the stems of some plants such as potato sugarcane

Subject Hindi Chapter-1हम सब भारतवासी ह (सारश) भारत म जनम लिलए ह तो हम सब भारतवासी ह हम सभी को सतय बोलना चागिहए यही सचच मनषय की पहचान ह हम महनती होना चागिहए हम सभी स परम का भाव रखना चागिहए शबदाथndash बर-शतर (गिकसी भी वजह स एक दसर स शतरता नही करनी चागिहए)बजर-अनपजाऊ( जिजस मिमटटी म फसल नही हो पाती ह वहमिमटटी अनपजाऊ होती ह)परख- पवज(हमार माता गिपता क माता गिपता को पवज कहत ह)सतय-सच (हमशा हर इसान को सच बोलन चागिहए)पथ- रासता( जिजस पर हम लो सभी चलत ह उस रासता कहत ह परत इस कगिवता म रासत का मतलब ह सपरण जीवन को रासता बोला या ह)भागयndashतकदीर (अचानक कछ मिमल जाना कछ हो जाना इसी को तकदीर कहत ह)

Subject Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরপাঠndash২ কহিবতাndashসবার আহিম াতর কহিবndashসহিনমltল বস (পরম সতবক)

আকাশ আমা হিশকষা হিদল উদার চেত ভাইচের কমP বার মনতর আহিম বার কাচে পাই লের

পাাড় হিশখা তাার সমান ই লেযন ভাই লেমৌন-মান লেখালা মাচেঠর উপচেদচেশ হিদল লেখালা ই তাইচের

বযাখযা -কহিব হিনচের উহিকতচেত সমগর মানব াহিতর কা এই কহিবতা তচেল ধচেরচেন আকাশ কহিবচেক উদার ওার হিশকষা লেদ সবltদা বচে লা বা হিশকষা লেদ কমltমখী ওার পাাড় তার মত হিSর অঞচল বার হিশকষা লেদ হিদগনত হিবসতত লেখালা মাঠ হিদলচেখালা চেত লেশখাঅlt - উদার =বড় মচেনর অহিধকারী কমP = কমltমখী লেমৌন = হিনবltাক পাপ উপচেদশ = আচেদশসবltদা = সব সম অঞচল = লেয ঞচল ন হিবসতত = অচেনকদর ড়াচেনা______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VSubject Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সহিতয পহিরপাঠndash৬কহিবতাndashপরশনকহিবndashরবীনদরনা ঠাকরবযাখযা - একটি হিশশ তার মাচের কাচে টি লেচেচে তার মচেত লেস সকাল লেচেক অচেনক পচেড়চে আর তার খাতা বইচের পড়াচেশানা মন লেনই তার এখন মাচের কাচে বচেস পড়া পড়া লেখলা করচেত ইLা চেচে তচেব তার মা তাচেত রাহি ন মা বচেলচে এখন সচেব দপরহিশশটি তা লেমচেন হিনচেচে হিকনত তাও মার কাচে আবদার কচেরচে এক হিদনও হিক দপর লেবলা হিবচেকল মচেন কচের লেখলা শর কচের লেদওাযা না অlt - লেমলা = অচেনক পড়া পড়া লেখলা = পড়ার চেল লেখলাআবদার = আদচেরর বানা

SUBJECT ndash SCIENCECHAPTER- 1 (THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM)Circulatory System The organ system that transports oxygen digested food and water throughout our body is called circulatory system It consists of 3 part - Heart Blood and blood vesselsHeart Heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood to our bodyBlood vessels are three types ndash

a Arteries b Veins and c Capillaries

Arteries Arteries carry pure blood from heart to the different part of our bodyVeins Veins carry impure blood from the different parts of the body and take it to the heartCapillaries Capillaries is a network like structure that connects the arteries and veins

Blood circulation The process by which the pure blood is transported throughout our body and impure blood is carried out of the body called blood circulationHeart Beat Our heart continuously pumps blood by contracting and relaxing The contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle produces a sound which is known as heart beat The heart of a healthy person beats about 70 times in a minute Doctors use a stethoscope to listen to heartbeatPulse The sensation of rhythmic movement of blood in the arteries is called pulse To keep our heart healthy we should have ndash

Healthy food and Do regular exercise and yoga

Some important Yoga asanas are ndash 1 Tadasana2 Utthita Hastapadasana3 Veerabhadrasana4 Bhujangasana

Subject Hindi 2nd LangChapter 3 लोटा घर पानीसारश-इस कहानी स हम सीख मिमलती ह गिक गिकसी भी चीज को जीतन क लिलए पहल लकषय गिनधारिरत करना चागिहए अपन लकषय को पान क लिलए शलिk क साथ-साथ अदभत बजिm की भी जररत पडती ह| अहकार इसान क पतन का काररण बनता ह इसलिलए सफल होन का एक ही मतर ह अहकार का तयाशबदाथndashनीरततर- उततर न दन योगय- जिजसक पास गिकसी परशन का उततर नही रहता हतकनीक-नया तरीका सनकी-पाल - मसत मौला अपन ही मन का करन वालाकदिटया- लकडी पततो स बना हआ घर नासमझ- कोई भी बात जिजसको समझ म ना आएसरसरी- गिबना पलक झकाय एक टक गिकसी को ऊपर स नीच दखना अदाज़ा- अपन स कछ सोच लना

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VISUBJECT ndash CHEMISTRY CHAPTER ndash 1 (Introoduction to Chemistry) Chemistry Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the characteristics and composition of matter in our day to day life The uses of chemistry are so vast In the field of agriculture food processing clothing medicine transportation construction etc it has endless uses Chemistry plays an important and useful role towards the development and growth of a number of industries This includes industries like glass cement paper textile leather dye etc We also see huge applications of chemistry in industries like paints pigments petroleum sugar plastics PharmaceuticalsImportance of Chemistry in Everyday Life

1 Chemicals of Food in Everyday Life - In food materials following chemicals are widely used1 Colouring agents2 Artificial preservatives3 Flow stabilizers4 Binding substance5 Artificial sweetness6 Antioxidants7 Minerals8 Vitamins

Except vitamins remaining substances do not have nutritional value

2 Artificial Preservatives These prevent spoilage of food by stopping the growth of microorganism For example Sodium benzoate sodium Meta bisulphate

3 Artificial Sweetness These do not impart any calories to the body Since these substances are excreted through urine For example

1 Aspartame It is used in cool drinks and ice-creams2 Alitame It is 2000 times sweeter than sucrose

4 Antioxidants These prevent the spoilage of food by preventing the oxidation of food For example

1 Butylated hydroxyl tolerance (BHT)2 Butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA)

Dyes are coloured organic compounds that are used to impart colour to the various substrate including paper leather fur and hair drugs cosmetics Dyes are classified into Natural dyes and Synthetic Dyes

It has some harmful effects also Harmful effects of chemistry 1 Increase population 2 Depletion of natural resources 3 Destructive weapons

Air and inhalationWe take over 20000 breaths a day This number can be much higher for infants and children The chemicals and pollutants we inhale can end up in our lungs and blood stream Sometimes we can smell or taste harmful chemicals but it isnt always so easy Some chemicals like radon or carbon monoxide are odourless tasteless and invisible

Skin and eye contactYou can be exposed to chemicals by coming into contact with them through your skin and eyes These organs can be more sensitive to chemicals and may react more quickly than the rest of our bodies Wearing protective equipment such as gloves and eye goggles can protect you from direct exposure It can also prevent you from spreading substances onto other objects and people

Food water and ingestionMany chemicals can be found in both our food and water sources As we eat and drink we might swallow chemicals that can harm us However there are actions you can take to limit your exposure such as replacing older lead pipes or refraining from heating food in plastic containers not intended for that purpose You can also keep your community safe by disposing of hazardous chemicals according to your municipal guidelines

Chemistry laboratory A Chemistry laboratory is a place where experiments in chemistry are performed It is very important to take precautions while working in a chemical lab with chemical substances

Laboratory safety rules Wear sensible clothing including footwear Loose clothing should be secured so they do not get caught in a

flame or chemicals Do not taste or smell chemicals Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes when heating substances dissecting etc

Never point a test tube being heated at another student or yourself Never look into a test tube while you are heating it

Leave your work station clean and in good order before leaving the laboratory Follow all instructions given by your teacher

Some common Laboratory Apparatus are ndash Test tube Beaker Conical Flask Round bottom Flask Flat bottom Flask Measuring Cylinder Funnel Evaporating Dish Wire Gauze Bunsen Burner Tripod stand

Subject -Hindi 2ndLanguageChapter-1 lsquoइतनी शलिk हम दना दाताrsquo (कगिवता)इस कगिवता म भवान की वदना की ई ह परभ की शलिkयो का रणान गिकया या ह हर अजञानता क अधकार को दर कर जञान का परकाश भरन क लिलए हम सभी को ईशवर स पराथना करनी चागिहए

शबदाथndash दाता- भवान गिवशवासndashभरोसा कमजोर -गिबना शलिk कनक रासत परndash सही रासत ( भलाई क रासत पर चलना दसरो की मदद करना यही नक रासता ह)सहमा -सहमा ndash डरा हआ( अपनी कोई भी बात ना कह पाना)जलमndash अतयाचार( गिकसी क लिलए बरा सोचना या परशान करना ह अतयाचार ह)बबसीndash मजबर (गिकसी की मदद ना कर पाना ही मजबरी ह या लाचारी ह)ममता- पयार (जिजस तरह मा अपन बचचो को पयार करती ह) नक ndash भलाई करनाअजञानndash मखता (हर समय कोई ना कोई लती करना ही अजञानता ह)

SUBJECT-BENGALI (2ND Language)TOPIC-হিমালচের পচে ndashপরচেবাধ কমার সানযালপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ ndash ldquoহিরদবারhelliphelliphellipদঃচেখর পরীকষাrdquo আচেলায গলপটি একটি ভরমণ কাহিনী মলকহিবষবসত ndash লেলখক হিমালচে যাতরা পচের বণltনা হিদচেচেন হিরদবার লেচেক তাচেদর যাতরা শর পরম ারহিদন া াGার পর তারা লেদবপরাগ একটি লোচেGা পাাহিড় শচের লেপৌচেলন যাতরা পচের মাচেe পাাড় গহিল ঘন সব ঙগলম াহিরহিদচেক এত সনদর সনদর ফলচেফাচেG অ লেসইখাচেন এই লেসৌনদযlt লেভাগ করার মানষ লেনই লেদব পরাগ লেচেক ২৪ মাইল প যাওা পর রদর পরাগ নাচেম একটি লোG শচের লেলখকরা উপহিSত চেহিচেলন এই রদর পরাচেগ পGা দটি ভাচেগ ভাগ চে যা একটি প লেকদারনা পাাচেড়র হিদচেক আর অপরটি বদরীনাচের হিদচেক এই যাতরাপ অহিত কঠিন ও দরাচেরা হিমালচে ভরমণ করচেত লেগচেল মানষচেক অচেনক সাস ও শহিকত আর ধৈধচেযltর পরীকষা হিদচেত

শবদাlt ndashভরমণ কাহিনী- লেকাচেনা াগা ঘরচেত যাওার হিবসতাহিরত বণltনা লেদওাদশltন- লেকাচেনা হিক লেদখাঙগলম- াহিরহিদচেক ঘন সব বনলেভাগ- লেকান হিক হিনচের মত কচের উপচেভাগ (গরণ) করামাইল- দরতব মাপার একক কখনও লেকাাও যাওার সম লেসই পচের দরতব মাইল একক দবারা পরকাশ করা দরাচেরা- লেয পচে যাওা খবই কষটকরলেদবপরাগ রদরপরাগ লেকদারনা বদরীনা-এগহিলসবই ভারচেতর উ7রাখচেm অবহিSত াগার নাম

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIISubject -Hindi 2ndlangChapter-2 जीव दया क मसीहा

सारश-इस कहानी स हम यह सीख मिमलती ह गिक जिजस तरह लखक म सवा और दया धम था उसी तरह हमार अदर भी दया और सवा भाव होनी चागिहए दद को जब तक खद पर महसस नही कर तब तक हम गिकसी और की मदद दिदल स नही कर पाए जिजस तरह लखक न सवय भख रहकर दसरो क भख को समझा वह चाह इसान हो या जानवर जब तक हम इस दद को नही समझ तब तक गिकसी और की मदद नही कर पाए

शबदाथndash पादरी - इसका मतलब होता ह जिजस तरह हमार पजा पाठ करन क लिलए पगिडत होत ह उसी तरह चच म पादरी रहत ह पछाड ndash हरा दना गिकसी भी तरह की खलकद होती ह जिजसम हार होती ह उस पछाड ना कहत ह मजा चखाना - जस को तसा जवाब दना पछताना - परायशचिuत करना गिकसी भी बात क लिलए जिजस म लती हो जाए उसक लिलए परायशचिuत करना पराथना - गिनवदन करना जस हम ईशवर क आ हाथ जोडकर गिनवदन करत ह आuय - अचानक स कोई बात या घटना होना सीमिमत - सीमा क अदर जस सीता माता क लिलए लकषमरण न रखा खीची थी

SUBJECT ndash CHEMISTRYCHAPTER ndash1 (MATTER AND ITS COMPOSITION)

Matter Anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter Matter is made up of atoms and moleculesAtom Atoms are the smallest particles of matter which may or may not have independent existenceProperties of particles of matter-

Particles of matter have space in between them Particles of matter are in a continuous state of motion Particles as they have kinetic energy are

continuously moving This kind of movement is zigzag or random This movement goes up on heating Particles of matter attract each other Particles of matter attract each other with force this force could be inter-atomic inter molecular

States of matter Solids A solid has a definite shape and volume Examples of solids include ice (solid water) a bar of steel

and dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) Liquids A liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container Examples of liquids include water

and oil Gases A gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape Examples of gases are air oxygen and

helium Plasma Plasma is recognized as fourth state of matter

Interconversion of three states of matter1 Melting Change of substance from solid state to liquid state2 Evaporation or boiling Change of substance from liquid state to gaseous state Transpiration is the evaporation of water into the atmosphere from the leaves and stems of plants3 Condensation change of substance from gaseous state to liquid state4 Freezing or solidification change of substance from liquid state to solid stateWater has the capability to exist in three statesIn solid state it is exists as icein liquid state as water and in gaseous state as water vapour

Ever wondered the reason behind the change of state or what happens to the particles during the change of state Change in the states of matter mainly depends on temperature and pressure

Change in States of Matter

Subject- Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরপাঠndash৫ কহিবতাndashকহিল মর কহিবndashকাী নরল ইসলাম (পরমসতবক)

লেদহিখন লেসহিদন লেরচেলকহিল বচেল এক বাবসাব তাচের লেঠচেল হিদচেল নীচে লেফচেল

লোখ লেফচেG এল ল এমহিন কrsquoলের হিক গৎ হিড়া মার খাচেব দবltল

লেয দধীহিচেদর াড় হিদচে ঐ বাষপ-শকG চেলবাবসাব এচেস হিড়ল তাাচেত কহিলরা পহিড়ল তচেল

লেবতন হিদাচো পরও যত হিমযাবাদীর দল কত পাই হিদচে কহিলচেদর তই কত লেqার লেপহিল বল রাপচে তব হিলচে লেমাGর সাগচের াা চেল লেরলপচে চেল বাষপ-শকG লেদশ লেচে লেগল কচেল

বল এসব কাাচেদর দান লেতামার অটটাহিলকা কার খচেন রাঙা খচেল খচেল লেদচেখা পরহিতটি আচে লেলখা

তহিম াচেনা নাচেকা হিকনত পচে পরহিত ধহিলকণা াচেনঐ প ঐ াা শকG অটটাহিলকার মাচেন

বযাখযা-উহিsহিখত কহিবতাটিচেতকহিলচেলা দীন দহিরদর লেtণীর পরহিতভআর বাব সাব ল শাসক লেtণী লেরলচেuশচেনর একঘGনাচেক লেকনদর কচের কহিব শাসকচেtণীর হিনমltম অতযাাচেরর কা তচেল ধচেরচেন দধীহি মহিনর আতমতযাচেগর পচের তার াড় হিদচে ধৈতহির অচেwর দবারাই রাকষস ভরাতদববধ লেতমন tহিমক লেtণীর আতমতযাচেগর কা শাসক লেtণী মচেন রাখচেত া না তারা লেকবল ভাচেলা ফল লেভাগ কচের হিকনত হিনচেরা পরর লাভ কচেরও tহিমকচেদর লেদ যৎসামানয পাহিরtহিমক তাচেদর tচেমর মলয াচেন লেকবল তাচেদর ধৈতহির হিশলপঅlt-লেরচেল = লেরলচেuশচেন দধীহি = পরাণ লেtষঠ ঋহিষ বাষপ শকG = হিuম ইহিyনপাই = পসা লেqার = লেকাটি Gাকা ঠহিল = লোচেখর ওপর পদlt াকচেল = কারখানা অটটাহিলকা = বড়বাহিড় পরাসাদ

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIIISUBJECT CHEMISTRYCHAPTER Structure of atom

What is Atomic StructureThe atomic structure of an element refers to the constitution of its nucleus and the arrangement of the electrons around it Primarily the atomic structure of matter is made up of protons electrons and neutrons

The protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom which is surrounded by the electrons belonging to the atom The atomic number of an element describes the total number of protons in its nucleusNeutral atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons

Daltonrsquos Atomic TheoryThe English chemist John Dalton suggestedthe following are the postulates of his theory -

Every matter is made up of atoms Atoms are indivisible Specific elements have only one type of atoms in them Each atom has its own constant mass that varies from element to element Atoms undergo rearrangement during a chemical reaction Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another

Bohrrsquos Model of Atom

In 1913 Neil Bohr overcame the limitations of Rutherford model and proposed a model of atomic structureFollowing are the postulates

Electrons revolve around a centrally located heavy small and positively charged nucleus in certain discrete orbits

While revolving in discrete orbits the electrons do not radiate energy These discrete orbits or shells are called energy levels These orbitals or shells are represented by the letters

K L M Nhellip or the numbers n = 1 2 3 4hellip

Subatomic ParticlesProtons

Protons are positively charged subatomic particles The charge of a proton is 1e which corresponds to approximately 1602 times 10-19

The mass of a proton is approximately 1672 times 10-24

Protons are over 1800 times heavier than electrons The total number of protons in the atoms of an element is always equal to the atomic number of the

elementNeutrons

The mass of a neutron is almost the same as that of a proton ie 1674times10 -24

Neutrons are electrically neutral particles and carry no charge Different isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but vary in the number of neutrons

present in their respective nucleiElectrons

The charge of an electron is -1e which approximates to -1602 times 10 -19

The mass of an electron is approximately 91 times 10-31 Due to the relatively negligible mass of electrons they are ignored when calculating the mass of an atom

Atomic Structure of IsotopesThe isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutronsThe atomic structure of an isotope is described with the help of the chemical symbol of the element the atomic number of the element and the mass number of the isotope For example there exist three known naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen namely protium deuterium and tritium

Isotopes of Some Elements Hydrogen

The most abundant isotope of hydrogen on the planet Earth is protium The atomic number and the mass number of this isotope are 1 and 1 respectively

CarbonCarbon has two stable isotopes ndash 12C and 13C Of these isotopes 12C has an abundance of 989 It contains 6 protons 6 electrons and 6 neutrons

OxygenThere exist three stable isotopes of oxygen ndash 18O 17O and 16O However oxygen-16 is the most abundant isotope

Rutherford Atomic Theory

Rutherford a student of J J Thomson modified the atomic structure with the discovery of another subatomic particle called ldquoNucleusrdquo His atomic model is based on the Alpha ray scattering experiment

Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom

The nucleus is at the center of an atom where most of the charge and mass are concentrated Atomic structure is spherical Electrons revolve around the nucleus in a circular orbit similar to the way planets orbit the sun

Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model

If electrons have to revolve around the nucleus they will spend energy and that too against the strong force of attraction from the nucleus a lot of energy will be spent by the electrons and eventually they will lose all their energy and will fall into the nucleus so the stability of atom is not explained

If electrons continuously revolve around the lsquonucleus the type of spectrum expected is a continuous spectrum But in reality what we see is a line spectrum

Subject -Hindi 2ndlangChapter - 1 वह दश कौन सा हइस कगिवता म भारत दश क बार म वरणन गिकया या ह यहा की सदरता न चबी गिहमालय की चोदिटयो सार नदिदयो इसक बार म इस कगिवता म बताया या ह यह पराकगितक दमिw स अतयमिधक सदर ह भारत दश जसा मनमोगिहनी परकगित की मनोरम सदरता कही भी दखन को नही मिमलती ह सव क समान यहा सख पराकगितक सदरता लिसफ यही ह इसीलिलए यह दश सवशरषठ दश ह या हर जागित की लो पाए जात ह उनम अनकता म भी एकता का परगितहिबब दखन को मिमलता ह यहा पर भाईचारा ह सभी एक दसर स मिमलजल कर एक साथ रहन की कोलिशश म ल रहत हशबदाथ

मनमोगिहनी- मन को अचछी लन वाली कोई चीज परकगित ndashवातावररण जहा सदर-सदर हरिरयाली पड पौध होत ह चररणndashपर रतनश-समदर गिनरतर- हमशा सधा-अमत धारा-लहर जस नदिदयो की लहर आती ह और जाती ह सलोना- सदर

SUBJECT- BENGALITOPIC- রামচনদরের বিলাপ ndash ( কবি13াস ওঝা ) লাইন-(১-১৬)ldquoহিবলাপ কচেরন রামhelliphelliphelliphellip হিরচেলন পহিবী হিক আপন দহিতাrdquoপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ-আমাচেদর পরান রামাচেণ কহিত আচে ধৈকচেকীর লনা রামনদর রাযযত চে লকষণ ও সীতাচেক হিনচে লেৌদদ বচেরর নয বনবাচেস যান বনবাচেস তাচেদর ীবন ভালই হিল একহিদন বনবাচেসর সম রাবণ মারী লেসচে সীতাচেক রণ কচের লেসই সম কটীচের রামনদর ও লকষমণ লেকউ হিলনা এই সচেযাচেগ রাবণ সীতাচেক হিনচে তার লঙকারাচেয হিনচে যা কটিচের হিফচের রাম ও লকষণ সীতাচেক লেদখচেত না লেপচে াহিরহিদচেক খাচেত াচেকন হিকনত লেকাাও সীতা লেনই সীতাচেক নাচেপচে রামনদর লেশাচেক হিবহবল চে লকষচেণর কাচে মচেনর দঃখ পরকাশ কচেরন রামনদর মচেন মচেন ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা তা ার মন পরীকষা করার নয লেকাাও লেকাচেনা মহিন পতনীর সচেঙগ লহিকচে আচেন তচেব লেকাা লেগচেল হিতহিন সীতার লেদখা পাচেবন লেসই হিনতাই সদা রাচেমর মচেন াগহিরত রামনদর ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা লেগাদাবরী নদীরতীচের পদমবচেন ভরমণ করচেন লেসই সম লেদবী লকষমী সীতার পদমফচেলর মত সনদর মখ লেদচেখ ত পদম বচেন লহিকচে লেরচেখচেন আবার রামনদর ভাবচেন রাহ লেযমন গরচেণর সম া াদচেক গরাস কচের লেতমহিন সীতার া াচেদর মত মখ লেদচেখ রাহ নদরকলা লেভচেব গরাস কচেরচে হিকনা এই হিনতা রাম মচেন মচেন করচেন আরও ভাবচেন চেতা রাযযত চে বন বাস ীবচেনর দঃখ কষট সীতা চেতা সয করচেত পারচেনা এই লেভচেব পহিবী তার হিনচের কনযাচেক রণ কচেরচেশবদাlt-হিবলাপ- কাননা অন- লোG ভহিলচেত না পাহির- ভচেল না যাওা হিনরপণ- লেখাাা (লেকান হিক াহিরচে লেগচেল লেখাাা)ানকী- নক রাার কনযা অltাৎ সীতা মহিন পতনী- সননযাসী পতনী (wী) সহিত- সচেঙগ লেগাদাবরী- দহিকষন ভারচেতর একটি নদী কমল- পদম কমলমখী-পচেদমর মত সনদর মখ (আচেলায কহিবতা সীতার মখচেক বলা চেচে)পদমালা- লকষমী হিপপাহিসত- তষণাতlt পরাস- লেষটা রাহ- পরান বহিণltত রাকষস দহিতা- কনযানদরকলা- পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযার পচেরর হিদন অltাৎ পরহিত পদ লেচেক পচেরর পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযা পযltনত া াচেদর বাড়া বা কমা ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IXSubject- BiologyTopic- Ch-2 CellMicroscope

A piece of equipment that makes very small objects look big enough for you to be able to see them

Antony van Leeuwenhoek made simple microscope with one lens and one adjustment screw It had a magnifying power cope up to 200 times

Robert Hooke made compound microscope with two lenses and two adjustment serews It magnifies upto 2000 times He examined a thin slice of cork and obserwed box like compartment He said these are all ldquocellsrdquo

Electron microscope which gives us a magnification over 200000 times by using beams of electrons which are bent by magnets

Cell theorybull The cell is the smallest unit of structure of allliving thingsbull The cell is the unit of function of all living thingsbull All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Organism according to number of cellsbull Single-celled made up of one cell exyeast bacteria amoebabull Few-celled made up of a few hundred to few thousand cells ex Volvox Spirogyrabull Multi-celled made up of millions and billions of cells ex Human Mangobull Smallest cell - Bacteria 03- 50 micrometerbull Longest cell - Nerve cell - 135 micronmeterbull Largest cell ndash Ostrich egg - 20 cm in diameter

Types of cell shape according to their functionsRBCrsquos are biconcave in shape to carry Hb through blood vessel Neurone is long to carry nerve impulse from one place to another

CELL

Cell wall+Cell membrane+Protoplasm

Cytoplasm+Nucleus

Organelles+Inclusions

[Mitocondria] [lifeless

Lysosomes accumul

Etc] - ations-

eg

Pigment glycogenetc]

Cell Walli) Non-living rigid layerii) Made up of lipo-protieniii) Semi permeable in nature control the entry of solutes and ionsiv) Present only outside of plant cell

Cell Membranei) Very thin livingii) Composed of celluloseiii) Freely permeable in nature allows all to enter amp leaveiv) Present in outside of both cells

Cell Organelles Functionsi)Endoplasmic-recticulum

ii)Mitochondria

iii)Golgi Apparatus

iv)Ribosome

v)Lysosome

vi)Centrosome

vii)Plastid

a) Supportive framework for the cellb) Synthesis amp transport of protein amp fat

a)Release of energy in the form of ATP

a) Synthesis amp secretion of enzymes hormones etcb) Formation of lysosome amp vacuoles

a)Protein synthesis

a) Intracellular digestionb) Destroy foreign substances

a)Initiates and regulates cell division

a) Leucoplast ndash stores starchb) Chromoplast ndash Impart colours to flowers and fruitsc) Chloroplast ndash trap solar energy for photosynthesis

Subject ndashHindiChapter1बात अठननी की( सदशन)शबदाथndashजारा-जर करना तनखवाह-वतन सदह- शक (करना गिकसी बात को लकर)पशी -पहल दिदया जान वाला धन ऋरण-कज (उधार लना) अपमान-बइजजतीरकम-रपए र उड या-घबरा या (गिकसी बात को लकर डर जाना)लातो क भत बातो स नही मानत ndashदw वयलिk पर समझान का परभाव नही पडता आखो म खन उतर आया- बहत जयादा करोध आना धन बटोर ना-धन इकटठा करना इसाफ-नयाय

Subject- Bengali TOPIC-হিগহিনন-রবীনদরনাঠাকরপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ- ধৈশশচেব রবীনদর নাচের পাঠশালা হিশবনা নাচেম একন পহিmত হিচেলন লেগাাফ দাহিড় কামাচেণা মাা লোচেGা কচের ল া াGা একটি লোচেGা টিহিক আচে এই পহিmতচেক লেদচেখ সবাই ভ লেপত াতর শাসচেনর বযাপাচের হিতহিন অতযনত দকষ হিচেলন-লেযমন খব লেপGাচেতন লেতমহিন আtাবয গালা গাহিল করচেতন াতররা তা াচেক লেদবতা বা হিশকষচেকর নযা tদধা হিকংবা ভহিকত করত না তা ার আরণ ও মচেখর ভাষার সচেঙগ াতররা যমরাচের হিমল লেপত হিশবনা পহিmত াতরচেদর উপর লেযমন অতযাার করচেতন আবার নানারকচেমর অদভত নামকরণ করচেতন তাচেত াতররা মানহিসক আঘাত লেবাধ করত াতরচেদর নাম হিবকত করচেতন তাচেত লেবাeা যা লেয হিতহিন মানষ বসতর লেচেক অবসতচেক লেবহিশ মলয হিদচেতন তাই যখন পহিmত শশী লেশখরচেক তার লেদচের গঠন ও আকহিত সচেঙগ হিমহিলচে লেভGহিক নাচেম Jাচেকন তখন শশীচেশখর আঘাত পাশবদাlt ndash পহিmত ndashহিশকষক াতরবহি7 ndashাতরচেক পরদ7 আহিltক পরসকার বা লপাহিন পাওার কলাসহরসব- কম আতচেন লোG অনতরাতমা- মন হদহল- কীG পতচেঙগর আতমরকষার নয হিপচেনর হিদচেকর তীকষণ কা াGা অসর- অচেনক বহিষltত- বষltণকরাবাকযজবালা- বাকযবাচেন আচেকষপ- অনচেশানা ভহিকত-tদধা উচেপহিকষত- অবচেহিলতলেদবমহিমা-লেদবতার কীহিতlt উপদরব- eাচেমলা হিনচেকষপ-া চেড় লেদওা কামনা- ইLালেদবাল- মহিনদর বালাই- অমঙগল সরচেলাক বাসী- সবগltবাসী

Subject-PhysicsChapter Motion in 1D1 Scalar They are expressed only by their magnitudes Example mass speed2 Vector They are expressed by magnitude as well as direction Example force velocity3 A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its immediate surroundings

4 A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its immediate surroundings5 The shortest distance from the initial to the final position of the body is called the magnitude of displacement It is in the direction from the initial position to the final position Its SI unit is metre (m)6 The distance is the length of path travelled by the body so it is always positive Distance is a scalar quantity7 The speed of a body is the rate of change of distance with time Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)8 The velocity of a body is the distance travelled per second by the body in a specified direction Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)9 If a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time along a particular direction then the body is said to be moving with a uniform velocity However if a body travels unequal distances in a particular direction in equal intervals of time or it moves equal distances in equal intervals of time but its direction of motion does not remain same then the velocity of the body is said to be variable (or non-uniform)10 Average speed is the ratio of the total distance travelled by the body to the total time of journey it is never zero If the velocity of a body moving in a particular direction changes with time then the ratio of displacement to the time taken in entire journey is called its average velocity Average velocity of a body can be zero even if its average speed is not zero11 Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time Its SI unit is metresecond2 (ms2) Negative acceleration called retardation12 The acceleration is said to be uniform when equal changes in velocity take place in equal intervals of time but if the change in velocity is not the same in the same intervals of time the acceleration is said to be variable13 When a body falls freely under gravity the acceleration produced in the body due to the Earths gravitational acceleration is called the acceleration due to gravity (g) The average value of g is 98 ms214 Three equations of a uniformly accelerated motion arev = u + ats = ut + (12) at2v2 = u2 + 2as

NB One must go through the sums ( equation of motion and others) especially sums related to graphs of motion in one dimension

SUBJECT ENGLISH LANGUAGETOPIC PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONSKinds of prepositions

Simple preposition At by for from in of off on out through till to up with after under over since down etc Example

o He is going to Delhi by the nighto He came from Mumbai

Compound or double prepositions About above across along amidst among amongst around before behind below beneath beside Between beyond inside outside underneath within without etc Example

o His house is behind the shopo I shall go there within a week

Phrase preposition According to along with because of by means of by reason of in favour of etc Example

o Put this book in place of thato He is acting according to the advice of his father

Participle preposition Barring considering During Excepting excluding including etc Example

o Considering the quality the price is not mucho During the lesson he fainted

SUBJECT- HISTORYTOPIC- HARAPPAN CIVILIZATIONEXPLANATION OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS CIVILIZATION The term Civilization basically means the level of development at which people live together peacefully in communities They built cities and invented form of writing They learned to make pottery and use metals They domesticated animals and created social structures

FOUR CONTEMPORARY ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Mesopotamian civilizations Egyptian civilizations Harappa civilizations Chinese civilizations HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION Harappa was the first site that was excavated So it came to be known as the Harappa civilization Mohenjo ndash daro and Harappa were located in the valley of river Indus and its tributaries Hence it is known as the Indus Valley Civilization

MOHENJO-DARO Mohenjo-daro in the Sind language means lsquoMound of the Deadrsquo It is located in the Larkana district of Sind ( now in Pakistan)

HARAPPA Harappa was situated on the bank of river Ravi in the Montegomery district of West Punjab (now in Pakistan)

Other important sites were Chanhu Daro in Sind Lothal near Ahmedabad in Gujrat Kalibangan in Rajasthan Alamgirpur near Hastinapur in UP Ropar in Punjab

SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF THE HARAPPA CIVILIZATIONS

1 Archaeological remains2 Important seals3 Bearded man4 Dancing girl5 Dockyard6 Script

1 Archaeological remainsa) The Great Bath- It was discovered at Mohenjo-daro it was an open quadrangle with rooms and galleries

on three sides The pool might have been used on special occasionsb) The Citadel- The ruins of the citadel was found in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Probably the ruling class

people lived here It was a fortress overlooking a city2 Important Seals More than two thousands terracotta steatite or ivory made square or oblong seals have

been discovered They showed the culture and civilization of that period They mainly indicate dress ornaments hairstyle religious belief script trade and commercial relations some important Seals were the Pashupati Seals the Unicorn seal and the Bull Seal

3 Bearded Man A stone statue of bearded Man has been found both Harappa and Mohenjo ndashdaro He might have been a noble man or a priest or a respected leader

4 Dancing Girl A Bronze figure of a Dancing girl shows a high degree art of culture in metal Her right hand was on her hip and head slightly backwards shows her dancing posture It reveals that the people of Harappa were fond of singing and dancing

5 Dockyard The existence of Dockyard made it evident that trade was carried on by sea route with foreign countries

6 The Script The script was pictographic since its signs represent birds fish and varieties of the human forms The script was found inscribed on a number of seals made of Copper and terracotta etc

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Class X

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCommercial Studies

Advertising In last class we have discussed about the merits of advertising

Question 1) Explain the disadvantages of advertising

Besides having merits advertising have some demerits also

Today I am going to share the demerits of advertising

Answer) The disadvantages of advertising are as follows

I) Wastage of national resourcesDue to excessive use or proliferation of advertising valuable National resources are wasted In many cases companies undertake rigorous advertising efforts without specific needs

II)Impulsive buyingIt creates unnecessary needs People are emotionally forced to buy the products Sometimes it forced people to buy unnecessary products

III) High price toconsumersAdvertising increases cost of product Customers have to pay high price for the products heavily advertised IV) Mislead about theproductSome advertiserrsquos cleverly create misleading Impressions of their goods -they present a very Rosy picture of their products with object to increase their sales

Chemistry TopicChemical Bonding

Cause of chemical combination is the tendency of elements to acquire the nearest nobel gas configuration in their outermost orbit and become stable

A chemical bond may be defined as the force of attraction between any two atomsin a moleculeto maintain stability

Electrovalent compounds The chemical compounds formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from one atom of an element to one atom of another element are

Bond formed between metals and non-metals are ionic or electrovalent

Electrovalent compounds(i)Their constituent particle are ions(ii)They are hard solids consisting of ions

Boiling points and melting pointsThese are non-volatilewith high boiling and high melting points

Electricity conducting nature(i)They do not conduct electricity in the solid state(ii)They are good conductors of electricity in the fused or in aqueous state

Dissociation Electrovalent compounds are composed if ionsIn solutions these ions become mobile or in molten state these

Demerits Of AdvertisingWastage of national resources Impulsive buyingHigh price to consumerMislead about the product

called ionic compounds

Electrovalency The number of electrons that an atom of an element loses or gains to form a electrovalent bond is called its electrovalency

Condition for the formation of an electrovalent bondi)Low ionization potential if the ionization potential of a particular atom is lowit will lose electron easilyie a cation is formed easily

ii)High electron affinity if the electron affinity value highanion will be formed easilyie a higher electron affinity value favours ionic bonding

iii)large electronegativity difference if the difference in the electronegativities of two elements is higherthen the transfer of electrons will be easierThereforemore the difference in electronegativitymore will be the ionic nature of the resulting compound

ions dissociate

SolubiltyThese are solubile in water but insoluble in organic solvents

Rate of reaction They show rapid speed of chemical reactions in aqueous solutions

Physics

Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Prove thatMoment of couple = Force x Couple armSolutions

A O B

At A and B two forces each of magnitude F are applied which are equal and opposite forces The two forces rotate the bar in anticlockwise direction AB is the perpendicular distance between two forces which is called the couple arm

Moment of force F at the end A= F times OA (anticlockwise)Moment of force F at the end B= F times OB (anticlockwise)Total moment of couple = F times OA + F times OB= F times (OA + OB)= F times AB= F times d (anticlockwise)

= Either force times perpendicular distance between the two forces or couple armHence Moment of couple = Force times Couple armQuestion What do you mean by equilibrium of a body

Solutions When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of linear or rotational motion the body is said to be in equilibriumQuestion State the condition when a body is in (i) static (ii) dynamic equilibrium Give one example each of static and dynamic equilibriumSolutions(i) Static equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the state of rest under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in static equilibriumExample A book lying on a table is in static equilibrium(ii) Dynamic equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the same state of motion under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in dynamic equilibriumExample A rain drop reaches the earth surface with a constant velocity

English Literature

The Blue Bead

Answer the following questions-

1) Describe the blue beadAns - The blue bead glimmered in the water It was not a gem though it was sand Worn glass that had been rolling about in the river for a long time By chance it was perforated right through- the neck of a bottle perhaps

2) Describe Sibiarsquos homeAns- Sibia lived in a mud house which was the same colour as the ground

3) Describe SibiaAns- Sibia was a little girl a thin starving child dressed in an earth- Coloured rag straight white teeth With her ebony hair and great eyes and her skin of oiled brown cream she was a happy immature child- Woman about twelve years old Bare foot of course and often goosey- Cold on a winter morning and born to toil In all her life she had never owned even one anna- not a piece

ECONOMICS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Sub-topic- Capital

Now let us start the class by discussing the various types of capital

a Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capitalexample machinebuilding

b Circulating capital-It is used only onceexample raw materials

c Sunk capital-which is used only for a single purpose Example building of a factory

d Floating capital- which can e put to several uses example coal

e Production capital-Capital which helps in production

Questions1Using examples classify capital into fixed and circulating capitalAnswer Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capital it refers to those capital which can be used again and again example machine buildingWhere as Circulating capital-It is used only once in the production processexample raw materials such as cottonfuel

2 Distinguish between real capital and money capital Which of the two has greater significance in economic growthAnswerReal capital means capital goods such as properties machinesplantsetc Money capital on the other hand money (or cash in hand) which is utilized by the producers for the purchase of tools equipments and other kinds of goods needed for production

CWhat do you mean by working capitalAnswer Working capital refers to the stock of finished semi-finished goods and raw materials etcwhich is converted to final goods (finished

directlymachinestoolsetc

f Consumption capital-Capital which helps in production indirectlyexample residential buildings for factory purpose

g Personal capital-It refers to the personal abilities which cannot be transferred example surgeonrsquos skill

h Material capital- capital which is made of matter and has a form and shapeExample machines raw materials

i Money capital-capital which used for purchasing real capital( raw materials machines equipments which is needed by the producers for production)

j Debt capital-capital used for giving loans

k Social capital-Capital which helps in the growth of national outpit of the countryexample railwaysnational highways etc

l Private capital-capital which helps only to the owner to raise his income example private propertybusiness goodwill

m Real capital ndash It consists of the physical stock of goods which are used as inputs in the production processExample raw materialsmachines

consumer goods) in near future

Math Topic Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Shares and dividendsDate 29042020Study item Some solved sums from exercise 3Find the dividend received on 60 shares of Rs 20 each if 9 dividend is declaredSolution Number of shares = 60Face value of one share = Rs20 Rate of dividend = 9

Therefore the dividend received = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share = 60 times 9 times Rs20 = Rs 60 times 9100 times 20 = Rs 108A company declares 8 percent dividend to the shareholders If a man receives Rs2840 as his dividend find the nominal value of his sharesSolution Let the nominal value of shares be Rs xTotal dividend = 8 of Rs x = Rs(8100 )times (x) = Rs 8x100According to question 8x100 = 2840 Or 8x = 2840 times 100 Or x = (2840 times100)8 = 35500Therefore the nominal value of his shares = Rs35500 A man buys 200 ten-rupees shares at Rs12bull50 each and receives a dividend of 8 Find the amount invested by him and the dividend received by him in cashSolution Given face value of one share = Rs 10 And market value of one share = Rs 12bull50 Number of shares = 200Therefore investment = 200 times Rs 12bull50 = Rs 2500Total dividend = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share= 200 times 8 timesRs 10= 200 times 8100 timesRs 10= Rs 160

Computer Application

Java Programming(from ch 2)

Programming Questions1 Write a program to input the area of a square and find its perimeterAns import javautilclass Sol1static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double aspSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the area of a squarerdquo)a=scnextDouble()s=Mathsqrt(a)p=4sSystemoutprintln(ldquoPerimeter=rdquo+p)

2 Write a program to input the length and breadth of a rectangle and find its diagonalAns import javautilclass Sol2static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double lbdComputer Applications ndash X (ICSE Course) Answers 34Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the length and breadth of the rectanglerdquo)

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

বযাখযা -একটি হিশশ লেমৌমাহিচেক লেJচেক হিজঞাসা করচে লেয লেস লেনচে লেনচে লেকাা যাচেL এবং তাচেক একবার তার সাচে দা াহিড়চে কা বলার নয অনচেরাধ কচেরচে লেমৌমাহি উ7চের তাচেক বচেলচে লেয তার দা াহিড়চে কা বলার সম লেনই কারণ বচেন এখন ফল ফচেGচে লেসই সকল ফচেলর মধ সংগর করচেত চেব তাই দা াহিড়চে কা বলার সম লেনই

অlt - লেমৌমাহি = পতঙগ লেকাা = লেকাা নাহি নাহি = লেনচে লেনচে উচেড় উচেড়

SUBJECT - HINDIChapter- सबस अचछी मिमठाई

एक दिदन सरदिदयो क मौसम म राजा कषरणदव राय तनालीराम तथा राजपरोगिहत सबह की म धप का आनद ल रह थ अचानक राजा न कहा ldquoमर गिवचार स शीत ऋत सभी ऋत म सबस जयादा अचछी होती ह कयोगिक इस ऋत म कछ भी खा कर परी तरह सवसथ रह सकत ह ldquoराजा क मख स खान की बात सनकर राजपरोगिहत क मह म पानी आ या उसन तरत राजा स कहा ldquoमहाराज मझ भी सरदिदया बहत पसद ह कयोगिक इस ऋत म तरह तरह क फल तथा मिमठाइया खान क लिलए मिमलती ह ldquoफल और मिमठाई की बात सनकर राजा न पछा ldquoजरा मझ यह बताओ गिक सरदिदयो की सबस अचछी मिमठाई कौनसी हrdquo ldquoमहाराज सरदिदयो की सबस अचछी मिमठाईया हलवा मालपआ तथा गिपसता बफX ह राजपरोगिहत न झट स कहाldquo राजा न तरत रसोइए को तीनो मिमठाइया लान का आदश दिदया तीनो मिमठाइया आ जान पर उनहोन राजपरोगिहत स कहा ldquoअब आप इन तीनो मिमठाइयो को खाकर बताओ गिक इनम स सबस अचछी मिमठाई कौन सी हrdquo राजा क कहन पर राजपरोगिहत न एक-एक करक सभी मिमठाइया खा ली परत उस सभी इतनी पसद आई गिक वह यह फसला नही कर पाया की सबस अचछी मिमठाई कौनसी ह गिफर राजा न यही परशन तनालीराम स पछा तनालीराम न कहा ldquoमहाराज म आपको सबस अचछी मिमठाई का नाम तो नही बता सकता ह हा खिखला अवशय सकता ह लगिकन इस खान क लिलए आप दोनो को मर साथ रात क समय चलना होा गिफर उस रात तीनो सबस अचछी मिमठाई खान क लिलए महल स बाहर चल पड तनालीराम उनह लकर नदी क गिकनार खतो क पास जा पहचा वहा कछ रीब गिकसान सद` स बचन क लिलए आ जलाकर उसक आसपास बठ थ तनालीराम न उनस कोई चीज लकर राजा और राजपरोगिहत को खान क लिलए दी उस खात ही दोनो एक साथ बोल उठ ldquoअर यह मिमठाई तो बहत ही अचछी ह यह कौन सी मिमठाई ह तनालीराम जरा इसका नाम तो बताओ तब तनालीराम उनह आ क पास ल जाकर कहन ला महाराज यह ड ह यह शरद ऋत की सबस अचछी तथा मीठी मिमठाई ह और यह ठड क मौसम म शरीर को माहट भी दती ह तनालीराम का उततर सनकर राजा मसकरान ल______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IVSubject ScienceCh 6 (Plants in the surroundings) Plants in the SurroundingsIntroductionWe see many plants around us They are of different sizes and shapes Some plants are tall some are short Most plants have two main parts root and shoot Roots grow below the ground and shoot grows above the ground The shoot consists of different parts such as stem branches leaves buds flowers and fruits Each part has their individual function

Root The part of the plant that grow below the ground is called root There are two types of roots Tap roots and fibrous roots There are two types of roots Tap root and Fibrous root Tap root is a long thick root that grows from the base of the stem for example carrots turnip radish and mango Fibrous root is made up of many small roots These small roots grow together like a bunch from the base of the stem for example grass wheat rice onion have this type of roots

Functions of roots 1 Roots hold the plant firmly in the soil 2 Roots absorb water and Minerals from the soil and send them to the other parts of the plant3 We eat the roots of plants such as carrot radish

Stem Stem grows above the ground Stems of plants can be hard or can be soft The stem of mango banyan peepal tree is very hard strong and woody It is called the trunk the trunk holds the tree upright Shrubs such as rose hibiscus have stems that are not very thick Stems of herbs such as tomato coriander are green soft and weak The stems of some plants are so weak that they cannot grow straight they need support to grow upright Climbers such as money plant need support to grow upright Creepers such as watermelon pumpkin grow along the ground

Function of stem1 A strong and Woody stem hold the plant straight2 Stem bears branches leaves and flowers 3 Stem carries water and food to the different parts of the plant We eat the stems of some plants such as potato sugarcane

Subject Hindi Chapter-1हम सब भारतवासी ह (सारश) भारत म जनम लिलए ह तो हम सब भारतवासी ह हम सभी को सतय बोलना चागिहए यही सचच मनषय की पहचान ह हम महनती होना चागिहए हम सभी स परम का भाव रखना चागिहए शबदाथndash बर-शतर (गिकसी भी वजह स एक दसर स शतरता नही करनी चागिहए)बजर-अनपजाऊ( जिजस मिमटटी म फसल नही हो पाती ह वहमिमटटी अनपजाऊ होती ह)परख- पवज(हमार माता गिपता क माता गिपता को पवज कहत ह)सतय-सच (हमशा हर इसान को सच बोलन चागिहए)पथ- रासता( जिजस पर हम लो सभी चलत ह उस रासता कहत ह परत इस कगिवता म रासत का मतलब ह सपरण जीवन को रासता बोला या ह)भागयndashतकदीर (अचानक कछ मिमल जाना कछ हो जाना इसी को तकदीर कहत ह)

Subject Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরপাঠndash২ কহিবতাndashসবার আহিম াতর কহিবndashসহিনমltল বস (পরম সতবক)

আকাশ আমা হিশকষা হিদল উদার চেত ভাইচের কমP বার মনতর আহিম বার কাচে পাই লের

পাাড় হিশখা তাার সমান ই লেযন ভাই লেমৌন-মান লেখালা মাচেঠর উপচেদচেশ হিদল লেখালা ই তাইচের

বযাখযা -কহিব হিনচের উহিকতচেত সমগর মানব াহিতর কা এই কহিবতা তচেল ধচেরচেন আকাশ কহিবচেক উদার ওার হিশকষা লেদ সবltদা বচে লা বা হিশকষা লেদ কমltমখী ওার পাাড় তার মত হিSর অঞচল বার হিশকষা লেদ হিদগনত হিবসতত লেখালা মাঠ হিদলচেখালা চেত লেশখাঅlt - উদার =বড় মচেনর অহিধকারী কমP = কমltমখী লেমৌন = হিনবltাক পাপ উপচেদশ = আচেদশসবltদা = সব সম অঞচল = লেয ঞচল ন হিবসতত = অচেনকদর ড়াচেনা______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VSubject Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সহিতয পহিরপাঠndash৬কহিবতাndashপরশনকহিবndashরবীনদরনা ঠাকরবযাখযা - একটি হিশশ তার মাচের কাচে টি লেচেচে তার মচেত লেস সকাল লেচেক অচেনক পচেড়চে আর তার খাতা বইচের পড়াচেশানা মন লেনই তার এখন মাচের কাচে বচেস পড়া পড়া লেখলা করচেত ইLা চেচে তচেব তার মা তাচেত রাহি ন মা বচেলচে এখন সচেব দপরহিশশটি তা লেমচেন হিনচেচে হিকনত তাও মার কাচে আবদার কচেরচে এক হিদনও হিক দপর লেবলা হিবচেকল মচেন কচের লেখলা শর কচের লেদওাযা না অlt - লেমলা = অচেনক পড়া পড়া লেখলা = পড়ার চেল লেখলাআবদার = আদচেরর বানা

SUBJECT ndash SCIENCECHAPTER- 1 (THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM)Circulatory System The organ system that transports oxygen digested food and water throughout our body is called circulatory system It consists of 3 part - Heart Blood and blood vesselsHeart Heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood to our bodyBlood vessels are three types ndash

a Arteries b Veins and c Capillaries

Arteries Arteries carry pure blood from heart to the different part of our bodyVeins Veins carry impure blood from the different parts of the body and take it to the heartCapillaries Capillaries is a network like structure that connects the arteries and veins

Blood circulation The process by which the pure blood is transported throughout our body and impure blood is carried out of the body called blood circulationHeart Beat Our heart continuously pumps blood by contracting and relaxing The contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle produces a sound which is known as heart beat The heart of a healthy person beats about 70 times in a minute Doctors use a stethoscope to listen to heartbeatPulse The sensation of rhythmic movement of blood in the arteries is called pulse To keep our heart healthy we should have ndash

Healthy food and Do regular exercise and yoga

Some important Yoga asanas are ndash 1 Tadasana2 Utthita Hastapadasana3 Veerabhadrasana4 Bhujangasana

Subject Hindi 2nd LangChapter 3 लोटा घर पानीसारश-इस कहानी स हम सीख मिमलती ह गिक गिकसी भी चीज को जीतन क लिलए पहल लकषय गिनधारिरत करना चागिहए अपन लकषय को पान क लिलए शलिk क साथ-साथ अदभत बजिm की भी जररत पडती ह| अहकार इसान क पतन का काररण बनता ह इसलिलए सफल होन का एक ही मतर ह अहकार का तयाशबदाथndashनीरततर- उततर न दन योगय- जिजसक पास गिकसी परशन का उततर नही रहता हतकनीक-नया तरीका सनकी-पाल - मसत मौला अपन ही मन का करन वालाकदिटया- लकडी पततो स बना हआ घर नासमझ- कोई भी बात जिजसको समझ म ना आएसरसरी- गिबना पलक झकाय एक टक गिकसी को ऊपर स नीच दखना अदाज़ा- अपन स कछ सोच लना

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VISUBJECT ndash CHEMISTRY CHAPTER ndash 1 (Introoduction to Chemistry) Chemistry Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the characteristics and composition of matter in our day to day life The uses of chemistry are so vast In the field of agriculture food processing clothing medicine transportation construction etc it has endless uses Chemistry plays an important and useful role towards the development and growth of a number of industries This includes industries like glass cement paper textile leather dye etc We also see huge applications of chemistry in industries like paints pigments petroleum sugar plastics PharmaceuticalsImportance of Chemistry in Everyday Life

1 Chemicals of Food in Everyday Life - In food materials following chemicals are widely used1 Colouring agents2 Artificial preservatives3 Flow stabilizers4 Binding substance5 Artificial sweetness6 Antioxidants7 Minerals8 Vitamins

Except vitamins remaining substances do not have nutritional value

2 Artificial Preservatives These prevent spoilage of food by stopping the growth of microorganism For example Sodium benzoate sodium Meta bisulphate

3 Artificial Sweetness These do not impart any calories to the body Since these substances are excreted through urine For example

1 Aspartame It is used in cool drinks and ice-creams2 Alitame It is 2000 times sweeter than sucrose

4 Antioxidants These prevent the spoilage of food by preventing the oxidation of food For example

1 Butylated hydroxyl tolerance (BHT)2 Butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA)

Dyes are coloured organic compounds that are used to impart colour to the various substrate including paper leather fur and hair drugs cosmetics Dyes are classified into Natural dyes and Synthetic Dyes

It has some harmful effects also Harmful effects of chemistry 1 Increase population 2 Depletion of natural resources 3 Destructive weapons

Air and inhalationWe take over 20000 breaths a day This number can be much higher for infants and children The chemicals and pollutants we inhale can end up in our lungs and blood stream Sometimes we can smell or taste harmful chemicals but it isnt always so easy Some chemicals like radon or carbon monoxide are odourless tasteless and invisible

Skin and eye contactYou can be exposed to chemicals by coming into contact with them through your skin and eyes These organs can be more sensitive to chemicals and may react more quickly than the rest of our bodies Wearing protective equipment such as gloves and eye goggles can protect you from direct exposure It can also prevent you from spreading substances onto other objects and people

Food water and ingestionMany chemicals can be found in both our food and water sources As we eat and drink we might swallow chemicals that can harm us However there are actions you can take to limit your exposure such as replacing older lead pipes or refraining from heating food in plastic containers not intended for that purpose You can also keep your community safe by disposing of hazardous chemicals according to your municipal guidelines

Chemistry laboratory A Chemistry laboratory is a place where experiments in chemistry are performed It is very important to take precautions while working in a chemical lab with chemical substances

Laboratory safety rules Wear sensible clothing including footwear Loose clothing should be secured so they do not get caught in a

flame or chemicals Do not taste or smell chemicals Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes when heating substances dissecting etc

Never point a test tube being heated at another student or yourself Never look into a test tube while you are heating it

Leave your work station clean and in good order before leaving the laboratory Follow all instructions given by your teacher

Some common Laboratory Apparatus are ndash Test tube Beaker Conical Flask Round bottom Flask Flat bottom Flask Measuring Cylinder Funnel Evaporating Dish Wire Gauze Bunsen Burner Tripod stand

Subject -Hindi 2ndLanguageChapter-1 lsquoइतनी शलिk हम दना दाताrsquo (कगिवता)इस कगिवता म भवान की वदना की ई ह परभ की शलिkयो का रणान गिकया या ह हर अजञानता क अधकार को दर कर जञान का परकाश भरन क लिलए हम सभी को ईशवर स पराथना करनी चागिहए

शबदाथndash दाता- भवान गिवशवासndashभरोसा कमजोर -गिबना शलिk कनक रासत परndash सही रासत ( भलाई क रासत पर चलना दसरो की मदद करना यही नक रासता ह)सहमा -सहमा ndash डरा हआ( अपनी कोई भी बात ना कह पाना)जलमndash अतयाचार( गिकसी क लिलए बरा सोचना या परशान करना ह अतयाचार ह)बबसीndash मजबर (गिकसी की मदद ना कर पाना ही मजबरी ह या लाचारी ह)ममता- पयार (जिजस तरह मा अपन बचचो को पयार करती ह) नक ndash भलाई करनाअजञानndash मखता (हर समय कोई ना कोई लती करना ही अजञानता ह)

SUBJECT-BENGALI (2ND Language)TOPIC-হিমালচের পচে ndashপরচেবাধ কমার সানযালপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ ndash ldquoহিরদবারhelliphelliphellipদঃচেখর পরীকষাrdquo আচেলায গলপটি একটি ভরমণ কাহিনী মলকহিবষবসত ndash লেলখক হিমালচে যাতরা পচের বণltনা হিদচেচেন হিরদবার লেচেক তাচেদর যাতরা শর পরম ারহিদন া াGার পর তারা লেদবপরাগ একটি লোচেGা পাাহিড় শচের লেপৌচেলন যাতরা পচের মাচেe পাাড় গহিল ঘন সব ঙগলম াহিরহিদচেক এত সনদর সনদর ফলচেফাচেG অ লেসইখাচেন এই লেসৌনদযlt লেভাগ করার মানষ লেনই লেদব পরাগ লেচেক ২৪ মাইল প যাওা পর রদর পরাগ নাচেম একটি লোG শচের লেলখকরা উপহিSত চেহিচেলন এই রদর পরাচেগ পGা দটি ভাচেগ ভাগ চে যা একটি প লেকদারনা পাাচেড়র হিদচেক আর অপরটি বদরীনাচের হিদচেক এই যাতরাপ অহিত কঠিন ও দরাচেরা হিমালচে ভরমণ করচেত লেগচেল মানষচেক অচেনক সাস ও শহিকত আর ধৈধচেযltর পরীকষা হিদচেত

শবদাlt ndashভরমণ কাহিনী- লেকাচেনা াগা ঘরচেত যাওার হিবসতাহিরত বণltনা লেদওাদশltন- লেকাচেনা হিক লেদখাঙগলম- াহিরহিদচেক ঘন সব বনলেভাগ- লেকান হিক হিনচের মত কচের উপচেভাগ (গরণ) করামাইল- দরতব মাপার একক কখনও লেকাাও যাওার সম লেসই পচের দরতব মাইল একক দবারা পরকাশ করা দরাচেরা- লেয পচে যাওা খবই কষটকরলেদবপরাগ রদরপরাগ লেকদারনা বদরীনা-এগহিলসবই ভারচেতর উ7রাখচেm অবহিSত াগার নাম

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIISubject -Hindi 2ndlangChapter-2 जीव दया क मसीहा

सारश-इस कहानी स हम यह सीख मिमलती ह गिक जिजस तरह लखक म सवा और दया धम था उसी तरह हमार अदर भी दया और सवा भाव होनी चागिहए दद को जब तक खद पर महसस नही कर तब तक हम गिकसी और की मदद दिदल स नही कर पाए जिजस तरह लखक न सवय भख रहकर दसरो क भख को समझा वह चाह इसान हो या जानवर जब तक हम इस दद को नही समझ तब तक गिकसी और की मदद नही कर पाए

शबदाथndash पादरी - इसका मतलब होता ह जिजस तरह हमार पजा पाठ करन क लिलए पगिडत होत ह उसी तरह चच म पादरी रहत ह पछाड ndash हरा दना गिकसी भी तरह की खलकद होती ह जिजसम हार होती ह उस पछाड ना कहत ह मजा चखाना - जस को तसा जवाब दना पछताना - परायशचिuत करना गिकसी भी बात क लिलए जिजस म लती हो जाए उसक लिलए परायशचिuत करना पराथना - गिनवदन करना जस हम ईशवर क आ हाथ जोडकर गिनवदन करत ह आuय - अचानक स कोई बात या घटना होना सीमिमत - सीमा क अदर जस सीता माता क लिलए लकषमरण न रखा खीची थी

SUBJECT ndash CHEMISTRYCHAPTER ndash1 (MATTER AND ITS COMPOSITION)

Matter Anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter Matter is made up of atoms and moleculesAtom Atoms are the smallest particles of matter which may or may not have independent existenceProperties of particles of matter-

Particles of matter have space in between them Particles of matter are in a continuous state of motion Particles as they have kinetic energy are

continuously moving This kind of movement is zigzag or random This movement goes up on heating Particles of matter attract each other Particles of matter attract each other with force this force could be inter-atomic inter molecular

States of matter Solids A solid has a definite shape and volume Examples of solids include ice (solid water) a bar of steel

and dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) Liquids A liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container Examples of liquids include water

and oil Gases A gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape Examples of gases are air oxygen and

helium Plasma Plasma is recognized as fourth state of matter

Interconversion of three states of matter1 Melting Change of substance from solid state to liquid state2 Evaporation or boiling Change of substance from liquid state to gaseous state Transpiration is the evaporation of water into the atmosphere from the leaves and stems of plants3 Condensation change of substance from gaseous state to liquid state4 Freezing or solidification change of substance from liquid state to solid stateWater has the capability to exist in three statesIn solid state it is exists as icein liquid state as water and in gaseous state as water vapour

Ever wondered the reason behind the change of state or what happens to the particles during the change of state Change in the states of matter mainly depends on temperature and pressure

Change in States of Matter

Subject- Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরপাঠndash৫ কহিবতাndashকহিল মর কহিবndashকাী নরল ইসলাম (পরমসতবক)

লেদহিখন লেসহিদন লেরচেলকহিল বচেল এক বাবসাব তাচের লেঠচেল হিদচেল নীচে লেফচেল

লোখ লেফচেG এল ল এমহিন কrsquoলের হিক গৎ হিড়া মার খাচেব দবltল

লেয দধীহিচেদর াড় হিদচে ঐ বাষপ-শকG চেলবাবসাব এচেস হিড়ল তাাচেত কহিলরা পহিড়ল তচেল

লেবতন হিদাচো পরও যত হিমযাবাদীর দল কত পাই হিদচে কহিলচেদর তই কত লেqার লেপহিল বল রাপচে তব হিলচে লেমাGর সাগচের াা চেল লেরলপচে চেল বাষপ-শকG লেদশ লেচে লেগল কচেল

বল এসব কাাচেদর দান লেতামার অটটাহিলকা কার খচেন রাঙা খচেল খচেল লেদচেখা পরহিতটি আচে লেলখা

তহিম াচেনা নাচেকা হিকনত পচে পরহিত ধহিলকণা াচেনঐ প ঐ াা শকG অটটাহিলকার মাচেন

বযাখযা-উহিsহিখত কহিবতাটিচেতকহিলচেলা দীন দহিরদর লেtণীর পরহিতভআর বাব সাব ল শাসক লেtণী লেরলচেuশচেনর একঘGনাচেক লেকনদর কচের কহিব শাসকচেtণীর হিনমltম অতযাাচেরর কা তচেল ধচেরচেন দধীহি মহিনর আতমতযাচেগর পচের তার াড় হিদচে ধৈতহির অচেwর দবারাই রাকষস ভরাতদববধ লেতমন tহিমক লেtণীর আতমতযাচেগর কা শাসক লেtণী মচেন রাখচেত া না তারা লেকবল ভাচেলা ফল লেভাগ কচের হিকনত হিনচেরা পরর লাভ কচেরও tহিমকচেদর লেদ যৎসামানয পাহিরtহিমক তাচেদর tচেমর মলয াচেন লেকবল তাচেদর ধৈতহির হিশলপঅlt-লেরচেল = লেরলচেuশচেন দধীহি = পরাণ লেtষঠ ঋহিষ বাষপ শকG = হিuম ইহিyনপাই = পসা লেqার = লেকাটি Gাকা ঠহিল = লোচেখর ওপর পদlt াকচেল = কারখানা অটটাহিলকা = বড়বাহিড় পরাসাদ

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIIISUBJECT CHEMISTRYCHAPTER Structure of atom

What is Atomic StructureThe atomic structure of an element refers to the constitution of its nucleus and the arrangement of the electrons around it Primarily the atomic structure of matter is made up of protons electrons and neutrons

The protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom which is surrounded by the electrons belonging to the atom The atomic number of an element describes the total number of protons in its nucleusNeutral atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons

Daltonrsquos Atomic TheoryThe English chemist John Dalton suggestedthe following are the postulates of his theory -

Every matter is made up of atoms Atoms are indivisible Specific elements have only one type of atoms in them Each atom has its own constant mass that varies from element to element Atoms undergo rearrangement during a chemical reaction Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another

Bohrrsquos Model of Atom

In 1913 Neil Bohr overcame the limitations of Rutherford model and proposed a model of atomic structureFollowing are the postulates

Electrons revolve around a centrally located heavy small and positively charged nucleus in certain discrete orbits

While revolving in discrete orbits the electrons do not radiate energy These discrete orbits or shells are called energy levels These orbitals or shells are represented by the letters

K L M Nhellip or the numbers n = 1 2 3 4hellip

Subatomic ParticlesProtons

Protons are positively charged subatomic particles The charge of a proton is 1e which corresponds to approximately 1602 times 10-19

The mass of a proton is approximately 1672 times 10-24

Protons are over 1800 times heavier than electrons The total number of protons in the atoms of an element is always equal to the atomic number of the

elementNeutrons

The mass of a neutron is almost the same as that of a proton ie 1674times10 -24

Neutrons are electrically neutral particles and carry no charge Different isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but vary in the number of neutrons

present in their respective nucleiElectrons

The charge of an electron is -1e which approximates to -1602 times 10 -19

The mass of an electron is approximately 91 times 10-31 Due to the relatively negligible mass of electrons they are ignored when calculating the mass of an atom

Atomic Structure of IsotopesThe isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutronsThe atomic structure of an isotope is described with the help of the chemical symbol of the element the atomic number of the element and the mass number of the isotope For example there exist three known naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen namely protium deuterium and tritium

Isotopes of Some Elements Hydrogen

The most abundant isotope of hydrogen on the planet Earth is protium The atomic number and the mass number of this isotope are 1 and 1 respectively

CarbonCarbon has two stable isotopes ndash 12C and 13C Of these isotopes 12C has an abundance of 989 It contains 6 protons 6 electrons and 6 neutrons

OxygenThere exist three stable isotopes of oxygen ndash 18O 17O and 16O However oxygen-16 is the most abundant isotope

Rutherford Atomic Theory

Rutherford a student of J J Thomson modified the atomic structure with the discovery of another subatomic particle called ldquoNucleusrdquo His atomic model is based on the Alpha ray scattering experiment

Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom

The nucleus is at the center of an atom where most of the charge and mass are concentrated Atomic structure is spherical Electrons revolve around the nucleus in a circular orbit similar to the way planets orbit the sun

Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model

If electrons have to revolve around the nucleus they will spend energy and that too against the strong force of attraction from the nucleus a lot of energy will be spent by the electrons and eventually they will lose all their energy and will fall into the nucleus so the stability of atom is not explained

If electrons continuously revolve around the lsquonucleus the type of spectrum expected is a continuous spectrum But in reality what we see is a line spectrum

Subject -Hindi 2ndlangChapter - 1 वह दश कौन सा हइस कगिवता म भारत दश क बार म वरणन गिकया या ह यहा की सदरता न चबी गिहमालय की चोदिटयो सार नदिदयो इसक बार म इस कगिवता म बताया या ह यह पराकगितक दमिw स अतयमिधक सदर ह भारत दश जसा मनमोगिहनी परकगित की मनोरम सदरता कही भी दखन को नही मिमलती ह सव क समान यहा सख पराकगितक सदरता लिसफ यही ह इसीलिलए यह दश सवशरषठ दश ह या हर जागित की लो पाए जात ह उनम अनकता म भी एकता का परगितहिबब दखन को मिमलता ह यहा पर भाईचारा ह सभी एक दसर स मिमलजल कर एक साथ रहन की कोलिशश म ल रहत हशबदाथ

मनमोगिहनी- मन को अचछी लन वाली कोई चीज परकगित ndashवातावररण जहा सदर-सदर हरिरयाली पड पौध होत ह चररणndashपर रतनश-समदर गिनरतर- हमशा सधा-अमत धारा-लहर जस नदिदयो की लहर आती ह और जाती ह सलोना- सदर

SUBJECT- BENGALITOPIC- রামচনদরের বিলাপ ndash ( কবি13াস ওঝা ) লাইন-(১-১৬)ldquoহিবলাপ কচেরন রামhelliphelliphelliphellip হিরচেলন পহিবী হিক আপন দহিতাrdquoপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ-আমাচেদর পরান রামাচেণ কহিত আচে ধৈকচেকীর লনা রামনদর রাযযত চে লকষণ ও সীতাচেক হিনচে লেৌদদ বচেরর নয বনবাচেস যান বনবাচেস তাচেদর ীবন ভালই হিল একহিদন বনবাচেসর সম রাবণ মারী লেসচে সীতাচেক রণ কচের লেসই সম কটীচের রামনদর ও লকষমণ লেকউ হিলনা এই সচেযাচেগ রাবণ সীতাচেক হিনচে তার লঙকারাচেয হিনচে যা কটিচের হিফচের রাম ও লকষণ সীতাচেক লেদখচেত না লেপচে াহিরহিদচেক খাচেত াচেকন হিকনত লেকাাও সীতা লেনই সীতাচেক নাচেপচে রামনদর লেশাচেক হিবহবল চে লকষচেণর কাচে মচেনর দঃখ পরকাশ কচেরন রামনদর মচেন মচেন ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা তা ার মন পরীকষা করার নয লেকাাও লেকাচেনা মহিন পতনীর সচেঙগ লহিকচে আচেন তচেব লেকাা লেগচেল হিতহিন সীতার লেদখা পাচেবন লেসই হিনতাই সদা রাচেমর মচেন াগহিরত রামনদর ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা লেগাদাবরী নদীরতীচের পদমবচেন ভরমণ করচেন লেসই সম লেদবী লকষমী সীতার পদমফচেলর মত সনদর মখ লেদচেখ ত পদম বচেন লহিকচে লেরচেখচেন আবার রামনদর ভাবচেন রাহ লেযমন গরচেণর সম া াদচেক গরাস কচের লেতমহিন সীতার া াচেদর মত মখ লেদচেখ রাহ নদরকলা লেভচেব গরাস কচেরচে হিকনা এই হিনতা রাম মচেন মচেন করচেন আরও ভাবচেন চেতা রাযযত চে বন বাস ীবচেনর দঃখ কষট সীতা চেতা সয করচেত পারচেনা এই লেভচেব পহিবী তার হিনচের কনযাচেক রণ কচেরচেশবদাlt-হিবলাপ- কাননা অন- লোG ভহিলচেত না পাহির- ভচেল না যাওা হিনরপণ- লেখাাা (লেকান হিক াহিরচে লেগচেল লেখাাা)ানকী- নক রাার কনযা অltাৎ সীতা মহিন পতনী- সননযাসী পতনী (wী) সহিত- সচেঙগ লেগাদাবরী- দহিকষন ভারচেতর একটি নদী কমল- পদম কমলমখী-পচেদমর মত সনদর মখ (আচেলায কহিবতা সীতার মখচেক বলা চেচে)পদমালা- লকষমী হিপপাহিসত- তষণাতlt পরাস- লেষটা রাহ- পরান বহিণltত রাকষস দহিতা- কনযানদরকলা- পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযার পচেরর হিদন অltাৎ পরহিত পদ লেচেক পচেরর পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযা পযltনত া াচেদর বাড়া বা কমা ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IXSubject- BiologyTopic- Ch-2 CellMicroscope

A piece of equipment that makes very small objects look big enough for you to be able to see them

Antony van Leeuwenhoek made simple microscope with one lens and one adjustment screw It had a magnifying power cope up to 200 times

Robert Hooke made compound microscope with two lenses and two adjustment serews It magnifies upto 2000 times He examined a thin slice of cork and obserwed box like compartment He said these are all ldquocellsrdquo

Electron microscope which gives us a magnification over 200000 times by using beams of electrons which are bent by magnets

Cell theorybull The cell is the smallest unit of structure of allliving thingsbull The cell is the unit of function of all living thingsbull All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Organism according to number of cellsbull Single-celled made up of one cell exyeast bacteria amoebabull Few-celled made up of a few hundred to few thousand cells ex Volvox Spirogyrabull Multi-celled made up of millions and billions of cells ex Human Mangobull Smallest cell - Bacteria 03- 50 micrometerbull Longest cell - Nerve cell - 135 micronmeterbull Largest cell ndash Ostrich egg - 20 cm in diameter

Types of cell shape according to their functionsRBCrsquos are biconcave in shape to carry Hb through blood vessel Neurone is long to carry nerve impulse from one place to another

CELL

Cell wall+Cell membrane+Protoplasm

Cytoplasm+Nucleus

Organelles+Inclusions

[Mitocondria] [lifeless

Lysosomes accumul

Etc] - ations-

eg

Pigment glycogenetc]

Cell Walli) Non-living rigid layerii) Made up of lipo-protieniii) Semi permeable in nature control the entry of solutes and ionsiv) Present only outside of plant cell

Cell Membranei) Very thin livingii) Composed of celluloseiii) Freely permeable in nature allows all to enter amp leaveiv) Present in outside of both cells

Cell Organelles Functionsi)Endoplasmic-recticulum

ii)Mitochondria

iii)Golgi Apparatus

iv)Ribosome

v)Lysosome

vi)Centrosome

vii)Plastid

a) Supportive framework for the cellb) Synthesis amp transport of protein amp fat

a)Release of energy in the form of ATP

a) Synthesis amp secretion of enzymes hormones etcb) Formation of lysosome amp vacuoles

a)Protein synthesis

a) Intracellular digestionb) Destroy foreign substances

a)Initiates and regulates cell division

a) Leucoplast ndash stores starchb) Chromoplast ndash Impart colours to flowers and fruitsc) Chloroplast ndash trap solar energy for photosynthesis

Subject ndashHindiChapter1बात अठननी की( सदशन)शबदाथndashजारा-जर करना तनखवाह-वतन सदह- शक (करना गिकसी बात को लकर)पशी -पहल दिदया जान वाला धन ऋरण-कज (उधार लना) अपमान-बइजजतीरकम-रपए र उड या-घबरा या (गिकसी बात को लकर डर जाना)लातो क भत बातो स नही मानत ndashदw वयलिk पर समझान का परभाव नही पडता आखो म खन उतर आया- बहत जयादा करोध आना धन बटोर ना-धन इकटठा करना इसाफ-नयाय

Subject- Bengali TOPIC-হিগহিনন-রবীনদরনাঠাকরপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ- ধৈশশচেব রবীনদর নাচের পাঠশালা হিশবনা নাচেম একন পহিmত হিচেলন লেগাাফ দাহিড় কামাচেণা মাা লোচেGা কচের ল া াGা একটি লোচেGা টিহিক আচে এই পহিmতচেক লেদচেখ সবাই ভ লেপত াতর শাসচেনর বযাপাচের হিতহিন অতযনত দকষ হিচেলন-লেযমন খব লেপGাচেতন লেতমহিন আtাবয গালা গাহিল করচেতন াতররা তা াচেক লেদবতা বা হিশকষচেকর নযা tদধা হিকংবা ভহিকত করত না তা ার আরণ ও মচেখর ভাষার সচেঙগ াতররা যমরাচের হিমল লেপত হিশবনা পহিmত াতরচেদর উপর লেযমন অতযাার করচেতন আবার নানারকচেমর অদভত নামকরণ করচেতন তাচেত াতররা মানহিসক আঘাত লেবাধ করত াতরচেদর নাম হিবকত করচেতন তাচেত লেবাeা যা লেয হিতহিন মানষ বসতর লেচেক অবসতচেক লেবহিশ মলয হিদচেতন তাই যখন পহিmত শশী লেশখরচেক তার লেদচের গঠন ও আকহিত সচেঙগ হিমহিলচে লেভGহিক নাচেম Jাচেকন তখন শশীচেশখর আঘাত পাশবদাlt ndash পহিmত ndashহিশকষক াতরবহি7 ndashাতরচেক পরদ7 আহিltক পরসকার বা লপাহিন পাওার কলাসহরসব- কম আতচেন লোG অনতরাতমা- মন হদহল- কীG পতচেঙগর আতমরকষার নয হিপচেনর হিদচেকর তীকষণ কা াGা অসর- অচেনক বহিষltত- বষltণকরাবাকযজবালা- বাকযবাচেন আচেকষপ- অনচেশানা ভহিকত-tদধা উচেপহিকষত- অবচেহিলতলেদবমহিমা-লেদবতার কীহিতlt উপদরব- eাচেমলা হিনচেকষপ-া চেড় লেদওা কামনা- ইLালেদবাল- মহিনদর বালাই- অমঙগল সরচেলাক বাসী- সবগltবাসী

Subject-PhysicsChapter Motion in 1D1 Scalar They are expressed only by their magnitudes Example mass speed2 Vector They are expressed by magnitude as well as direction Example force velocity3 A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its immediate surroundings

4 A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its immediate surroundings5 The shortest distance from the initial to the final position of the body is called the magnitude of displacement It is in the direction from the initial position to the final position Its SI unit is metre (m)6 The distance is the length of path travelled by the body so it is always positive Distance is a scalar quantity7 The speed of a body is the rate of change of distance with time Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)8 The velocity of a body is the distance travelled per second by the body in a specified direction Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)9 If a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time along a particular direction then the body is said to be moving with a uniform velocity However if a body travels unequal distances in a particular direction in equal intervals of time or it moves equal distances in equal intervals of time but its direction of motion does not remain same then the velocity of the body is said to be variable (or non-uniform)10 Average speed is the ratio of the total distance travelled by the body to the total time of journey it is never zero If the velocity of a body moving in a particular direction changes with time then the ratio of displacement to the time taken in entire journey is called its average velocity Average velocity of a body can be zero even if its average speed is not zero11 Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time Its SI unit is metresecond2 (ms2) Negative acceleration called retardation12 The acceleration is said to be uniform when equal changes in velocity take place in equal intervals of time but if the change in velocity is not the same in the same intervals of time the acceleration is said to be variable13 When a body falls freely under gravity the acceleration produced in the body due to the Earths gravitational acceleration is called the acceleration due to gravity (g) The average value of g is 98 ms214 Three equations of a uniformly accelerated motion arev = u + ats = ut + (12) at2v2 = u2 + 2as

NB One must go through the sums ( equation of motion and others) especially sums related to graphs of motion in one dimension

SUBJECT ENGLISH LANGUAGETOPIC PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONSKinds of prepositions

Simple preposition At by for from in of off on out through till to up with after under over since down etc Example

o He is going to Delhi by the nighto He came from Mumbai

Compound or double prepositions About above across along amidst among amongst around before behind below beneath beside Between beyond inside outside underneath within without etc Example

o His house is behind the shopo I shall go there within a week

Phrase preposition According to along with because of by means of by reason of in favour of etc Example

o Put this book in place of thato He is acting according to the advice of his father

Participle preposition Barring considering During Excepting excluding including etc Example

o Considering the quality the price is not mucho During the lesson he fainted

SUBJECT- HISTORYTOPIC- HARAPPAN CIVILIZATIONEXPLANATION OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS CIVILIZATION The term Civilization basically means the level of development at which people live together peacefully in communities They built cities and invented form of writing They learned to make pottery and use metals They domesticated animals and created social structures

FOUR CONTEMPORARY ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Mesopotamian civilizations Egyptian civilizations Harappa civilizations Chinese civilizations HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION Harappa was the first site that was excavated So it came to be known as the Harappa civilization Mohenjo ndash daro and Harappa were located in the valley of river Indus and its tributaries Hence it is known as the Indus Valley Civilization

MOHENJO-DARO Mohenjo-daro in the Sind language means lsquoMound of the Deadrsquo It is located in the Larkana district of Sind ( now in Pakistan)

HARAPPA Harappa was situated on the bank of river Ravi in the Montegomery district of West Punjab (now in Pakistan)

Other important sites were Chanhu Daro in Sind Lothal near Ahmedabad in Gujrat Kalibangan in Rajasthan Alamgirpur near Hastinapur in UP Ropar in Punjab

SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF THE HARAPPA CIVILIZATIONS

1 Archaeological remains2 Important seals3 Bearded man4 Dancing girl5 Dockyard6 Script

1 Archaeological remainsa) The Great Bath- It was discovered at Mohenjo-daro it was an open quadrangle with rooms and galleries

on three sides The pool might have been used on special occasionsb) The Citadel- The ruins of the citadel was found in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Probably the ruling class

people lived here It was a fortress overlooking a city2 Important Seals More than two thousands terracotta steatite or ivory made square or oblong seals have

been discovered They showed the culture and civilization of that period They mainly indicate dress ornaments hairstyle religious belief script trade and commercial relations some important Seals were the Pashupati Seals the Unicorn seal and the Bull Seal

3 Bearded Man A stone statue of bearded Man has been found both Harappa and Mohenjo ndashdaro He might have been a noble man or a priest or a respected leader

4 Dancing Girl A Bronze figure of a Dancing girl shows a high degree art of culture in metal Her right hand was on her hip and head slightly backwards shows her dancing posture It reveals that the people of Harappa were fond of singing and dancing

5 Dockyard The existence of Dockyard made it evident that trade was carried on by sea route with foreign countries

6 The Script The script was pictographic since its signs represent birds fish and varieties of the human forms The script was found inscribed on a number of seals made of Copper and terracotta etc

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Class X

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCommercial Studies

Advertising In last class we have discussed about the merits of advertising

Question 1) Explain the disadvantages of advertising

Besides having merits advertising have some demerits also

Today I am going to share the demerits of advertising

Answer) The disadvantages of advertising are as follows

I) Wastage of national resourcesDue to excessive use or proliferation of advertising valuable National resources are wasted In many cases companies undertake rigorous advertising efforts without specific needs

II)Impulsive buyingIt creates unnecessary needs People are emotionally forced to buy the products Sometimes it forced people to buy unnecessary products

III) High price toconsumersAdvertising increases cost of product Customers have to pay high price for the products heavily advertised IV) Mislead about theproductSome advertiserrsquos cleverly create misleading Impressions of their goods -they present a very Rosy picture of their products with object to increase their sales

Chemistry TopicChemical Bonding

Cause of chemical combination is the tendency of elements to acquire the nearest nobel gas configuration in their outermost orbit and become stable

A chemical bond may be defined as the force of attraction between any two atomsin a moleculeto maintain stability

Electrovalent compounds The chemical compounds formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from one atom of an element to one atom of another element are

Bond formed between metals and non-metals are ionic or electrovalent

Electrovalent compounds(i)Their constituent particle are ions(ii)They are hard solids consisting of ions

Boiling points and melting pointsThese are non-volatilewith high boiling and high melting points

Electricity conducting nature(i)They do not conduct electricity in the solid state(ii)They are good conductors of electricity in the fused or in aqueous state

Dissociation Electrovalent compounds are composed if ionsIn solutions these ions become mobile or in molten state these

Demerits Of AdvertisingWastage of national resources Impulsive buyingHigh price to consumerMislead about the product

called ionic compounds

Electrovalency The number of electrons that an atom of an element loses or gains to form a electrovalent bond is called its electrovalency

Condition for the formation of an electrovalent bondi)Low ionization potential if the ionization potential of a particular atom is lowit will lose electron easilyie a cation is formed easily

ii)High electron affinity if the electron affinity value highanion will be formed easilyie a higher electron affinity value favours ionic bonding

iii)large electronegativity difference if the difference in the electronegativities of two elements is higherthen the transfer of electrons will be easierThereforemore the difference in electronegativitymore will be the ionic nature of the resulting compound

ions dissociate

SolubiltyThese are solubile in water but insoluble in organic solvents

Rate of reaction They show rapid speed of chemical reactions in aqueous solutions

Physics

Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Prove thatMoment of couple = Force x Couple armSolutions

A O B

At A and B two forces each of magnitude F are applied which are equal and opposite forces The two forces rotate the bar in anticlockwise direction AB is the perpendicular distance between two forces which is called the couple arm

Moment of force F at the end A= F times OA (anticlockwise)Moment of force F at the end B= F times OB (anticlockwise)Total moment of couple = F times OA + F times OB= F times (OA + OB)= F times AB= F times d (anticlockwise)

= Either force times perpendicular distance between the two forces or couple armHence Moment of couple = Force times Couple armQuestion What do you mean by equilibrium of a body

Solutions When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of linear or rotational motion the body is said to be in equilibriumQuestion State the condition when a body is in (i) static (ii) dynamic equilibrium Give one example each of static and dynamic equilibriumSolutions(i) Static equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the state of rest under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in static equilibriumExample A book lying on a table is in static equilibrium(ii) Dynamic equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the same state of motion under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in dynamic equilibriumExample A rain drop reaches the earth surface with a constant velocity

English Literature

The Blue Bead

Answer the following questions-

1) Describe the blue beadAns - The blue bead glimmered in the water It was not a gem though it was sand Worn glass that had been rolling about in the river for a long time By chance it was perforated right through- the neck of a bottle perhaps

2) Describe Sibiarsquos homeAns- Sibia lived in a mud house which was the same colour as the ground

3) Describe SibiaAns- Sibia was a little girl a thin starving child dressed in an earth- Coloured rag straight white teeth With her ebony hair and great eyes and her skin of oiled brown cream she was a happy immature child- Woman about twelve years old Bare foot of course and often goosey- Cold on a winter morning and born to toil In all her life she had never owned even one anna- not a piece

ECONOMICS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Sub-topic- Capital

Now let us start the class by discussing the various types of capital

a Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capitalexample machinebuilding

b Circulating capital-It is used only onceexample raw materials

c Sunk capital-which is used only for a single purpose Example building of a factory

d Floating capital- which can e put to several uses example coal

e Production capital-Capital which helps in production

Questions1Using examples classify capital into fixed and circulating capitalAnswer Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capital it refers to those capital which can be used again and again example machine buildingWhere as Circulating capital-It is used only once in the production processexample raw materials such as cottonfuel

2 Distinguish between real capital and money capital Which of the two has greater significance in economic growthAnswerReal capital means capital goods such as properties machinesplantsetc Money capital on the other hand money (or cash in hand) which is utilized by the producers for the purchase of tools equipments and other kinds of goods needed for production

CWhat do you mean by working capitalAnswer Working capital refers to the stock of finished semi-finished goods and raw materials etcwhich is converted to final goods (finished

directlymachinestoolsetc

f Consumption capital-Capital which helps in production indirectlyexample residential buildings for factory purpose

g Personal capital-It refers to the personal abilities which cannot be transferred example surgeonrsquos skill

h Material capital- capital which is made of matter and has a form and shapeExample machines raw materials

i Money capital-capital which used for purchasing real capital( raw materials machines equipments which is needed by the producers for production)

j Debt capital-capital used for giving loans

k Social capital-Capital which helps in the growth of national outpit of the countryexample railwaysnational highways etc

l Private capital-capital which helps only to the owner to raise his income example private propertybusiness goodwill

m Real capital ndash It consists of the physical stock of goods which are used as inputs in the production processExample raw materialsmachines

consumer goods) in near future

Math Topic Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Shares and dividendsDate 29042020Study item Some solved sums from exercise 3Find the dividend received on 60 shares of Rs 20 each if 9 dividend is declaredSolution Number of shares = 60Face value of one share = Rs20 Rate of dividend = 9

Therefore the dividend received = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share = 60 times 9 times Rs20 = Rs 60 times 9100 times 20 = Rs 108A company declares 8 percent dividend to the shareholders If a man receives Rs2840 as his dividend find the nominal value of his sharesSolution Let the nominal value of shares be Rs xTotal dividend = 8 of Rs x = Rs(8100 )times (x) = Rs 8x100According to question 8x100 = 2840 Or 8x = 2840 times 100 Or x = (2840 times100)8 = 35500Therefore the nominal value of his shares = Rs35500 A man buys 200 ten-rupees shares at Rs12bull50 each and receives a dividend of 8 Find the amount invested by him and the dividend received by him in cashSolution Given face value of one share = Rs 10 And market value of one share = Rs 12bull50 Number of shares = 200Therefore investment = 200 times Rs 12bull50 = Rs 2500Total dividend = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share= 200 times 8 timesRs 10= 200 times 8100 timesRs 10= Rs 160

Computer Application

Java Programming(from ch 2)

Programming Questions1 Write a program to input the area of a square and find its perimeterAns import javautilclass Sol1static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double aspSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the area of a squarerdquo)a=scnextDouble()s=Mathsqrt(a)p=4sSystemoutprintln(ldquoPerimeter=rdquo+p)

2 Write a program to input the length and breadth of a rectangle and find its diagonalAns import javautilclass Sol2static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double lbdComputer Applications ndash X (ICSE Course) Answers 34Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the length and breadth of the rectanglerdquo)

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

Stem Stem grows above the ground Stems of plants can be hard or can be soft The stem of mango banyan peepal tree is very hard strong and woody It is called the trunk the trunk holds the tree upright Shrubs such as rose hibiscus have stems that are not very thick Stems of herbs such as tomato coriander are green soft and weak The stems of some plants are so weak that they cannot grow straight they need support to grow upright Climbers such as money plant need support to grow upright Creepers such as watermelon pumpkin grow along the ground

Function of stem1 A strong and Woody stem hold the plant straight2 Stem bears branches leaves and flowers 3 Stem carries water and food to the different parts of the plant We eat the stems of some plants such as potato sugarcane

Subject Hindi Chapter-1हम सब भारतवासी ह (सारश) भारत म जनम लिलए ह तो हम सब भारतवासी ह हम सभी को सतय बोलना चागिहए यही सचच मनषय की पहचान ह हम महनती होना चागिहए हम सभी स परम का भाव रखना चागिहए शबदाथndash बर-शतर (गिकसी भी वजह स एक दसर स शतरता नही करनी चागिहए)बजर-अनपजाऊ( जिजस मिमटटी म फसल नही हो पाती ह वहमिमटटी अनपजाऊ होती ह)परख- पवज(हमार माता गिपता क माता गिपता को पवज कहत ह)सतय-सच (हमशा हर इसान को सच बोलन चागिहए)पथ- रासता( जिजस पर हम लो सभी चलत ह उस रासता कहत ह परत इस कगिवता म रासत का मतलब ह सपरण जीवन को रासता बोला या ह)भागयndashतकदीर (अचानक कछ मिमल जाना कछ हो जाना इसी को तकदीर कहत ह)

Subject Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরপাঠndash২ কহিবতাndashসবার আহিম াতর কহিবndashসহিনমltল বস (পরম সতবক)

আকাশ আমা হিশকষা হিদল উদার চেত ভাইচের কমP বার মনতর আহিম বার কাচে পাই লের

পাাড় হিশখা তাার সমান ই লেযন ভাই লেমৌন-মান লেখালা মাচেঠর উপচেদচেশ হিদল লেখালা ই তাইচের

বযাখযা -কহিব হিনচের উহিকতচেত সমগর মানব াহিতর কা এই কহিবতা তচেল ধচেরচেন আকাশ কহিবচেক উদার ওার হিশকষা লেদ সবltদা বচে লা বা হিশকষা লেদ কমltমখী ওার পাাড় তার মত হিSর অঞচল বার হিশকষা লেদ হিদগনত হিবসতত লেখালা মাঠ হিদলচেখালা চেত লেশখাঅlt - উদার =বড় মচেনর অহিধকারী কমP = কমltমখী লেমৌন = হিনবltাক পাপ উপচেদশ = আচেদশসবltদা = সব সম অঞচল = লেয ঞচল ন হিবসতত = অচেনকদর ড়াচেনা______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VSubject Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সহিতয পহিরপাঠndash৬কহিবতাndashপরশনকহিবndashরবীনদরনা ঠাকরবযাখযা - একটি হিশশ তার মাচের কাচে টি লেচেচে তার মচেত লেস সকাল লেচেক অচেনক পচেড়চে আর তার খাতা বইচের পড়াচেশানা মন লেনই তার এখন মাচের কাচে বচেস পড়া পড়া লেখলা করচেত ইLা চেচে তচেব তার মা তাচেত রাহি ন মা বচেলচে এখন সচেব দপরহিশশটি তা লেমচেন হিনচেচে হিকনত তাও মার কাচে আবদার কচেরচে এক হিদনও হিক দপর লেবলা হিবচেকল মচেন কচের লেখলা শর কচের লেদওাযা না অlt - লেমলা = অচেনক পড়া পড়া লেখলা = পড়ার চেল লেখলাআবদার = আদচেরর বানা

SUBJECT ndash SCIENCECHAPTER- 1 (THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM)Circulatory System The organ system that transports oxygen digested food and water throughout our body is called circulatory system It consists of 3 part - Heart Blood and blood vesselsHeart Heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood to our bodyBlood vessels are three types ndash

a Arteries b Veins and c Capillaries

Arteries Arteries carry pure blood from heart to the different part of our bodyVeins Veins carry impure blood from the different parts of the body and take it to the heartCapillaries Capillaries is a network like structure that connects the arteries and veins

Blood circulation The process by which the pure blood is transported throughout our body and impure blood is carried out of the body called blood circulationHeart Beat Our heart continuously pumps blood by contracting and relaxing The contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle produces a sound which is known as heart beat The heart of a healthy person beats about 70 times in a minute Doctors use a stethoscope to listen to heartbeatPulse The sensation of rhythmic movement of blood in the arteries is called pulse To keep our heart healthy we should have ndash

Healthy food and Do regular exercise and yoga

Some important Yoga asanas are ndash 1 Tadasana2 Utthita Hastapadasana3 Veerabhadrasana4 Bhujangasana

Subject Hindi 2nd LangChapter 3 लोटा घर पानीसारश-इस कहानी स हम सीख मिमलती ह गिक गिकसी भी चीज को जीतन क लिलए पहल लकषय गिनधारिरत करना चागिहए अपन लकषय को पान क लिलए शलिk क साथ-साथ अदभत बजिm की भी जररत पडती ह| अहकार इसान क पतन का काररण बनता ह इसलिलए सफल होन का एक ही मतर ह अहकार का तयाशबदाथndashनीरततर- उततर न दन योगय- जिजसक पास गिकसी परशन का उततर नही रहता हतकनीक-नया तरीका सनकी-पाल - मसत मौला अपन ही मन का करन वालाकदिटया- लकडी पततो स बना हआ घर नासमझ- कोई भी बात जिजसको समझ म ना आएसरसरी- गिबना पलक झकाय एक टक गिकसी को ऊपर स नीच दखना अदाज़ा- अपन स कछ सोच लना

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VISUBJECT ndash CHEMISTRY CHAPTER ndash 1 (Introoduction to Chemistry) Chemistry Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the characteristics and composition of matter in our day to day life The uses of chemistry are so vast In the field of agriculture food processing clothing medicine transportation construction etc it has endless uses Chemistry plays an important and useful role towards the development and growth of a number of industries This includes industries like glass cement paper textile leather dye etc We also see huge applications of chemistry in industries like paints pigments petroleum sugar plastics PharmaceuticalsImportance of Chemistry in Everyday Life

1 Chemicals of Food in Everyday Life - In food materials following chemicals are widely used1 Colouring agents2 Artificial preservatives3 Flow stabilizers4 Binding substance5 Artificial sweetness6 Antioxidants7 Minerals8 Vitamins

Except vitamins remaining substances do not have nutritional value

2 Artificial Preservatives These prevent spoilage of food by stopping the growth of microorganism For example Sodium benzoate sodium Meta bisulphate

3 Artificial Sweetness These do not impart any calories to the body Since these substances are excreted through urine For example

1 Aspartame It is used in cool drinks and ice-creams2 Alitame It is 2000 times sweeter than sucrose

4 Antioxidants These prevent the spoilage of food by preventing the oxidation of food For example

1 Butylated hydroxyl tolerance (BHT)2 Butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA)

Dyes are coloured organic compounds that are used to impart colour to the various substrate including paper leather fur and hair drugs cosmetics Dyes are classified into Natural dyes and Synthetic Dyes

It has some harmful effects also Harmful effects of chemistry 1 Increase population 2 Depletion of natural resources 3 Destructive weapons

Air and inhalationWe take over 20000 breaths a day This number can be much higher for infants and children The chemicals and pollutants we inhale can end up in our lungs and blood stream Sometimes we can smell or taste harmful chemicals but it isnt always so easy Some chemicals like radon or carbon monoxide are odourless tasteless and invisible

Skin and eye contactYou can be exposed to chemicals by coming into contact with them through your skin and eyes These organs can be more sensitive to chemicals and may react more quickly than the rest of our bodies Wearing protective equipment such as gloves and eye goggles can protect you from direct exposure It can also prevent you from spreading substances onto other objects and people

Food water and ingestionMany chemicals can be found in both our food and water sources As we eat and drink we might swallow chemicals that can harm us However there are actions you can take to limit your exposure such as replacing older lead pipes or refraining from heating food in plastic containers not intended for that purpose You can also keep your community safe by disposing of hazardous chemicals according to your municipal guidelines

Chemistry laboratory A Chemistry laboratory is a place where experiments in chemistry are performed It is very important to take precautions while working in a chemical lab with chemical substances

Laboratory safety rules Wear sensible clothing including footwear Loose clothing should be secured so they do not get caught in a

flame or chemicals Do not taste or smell chemicals Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes when heating substances dissecting etc

Never point a test tube being heated at another student or yourself Never look into a test tube while you are heating it

Leave your work station clean and in good order before leaving the laboratory Follow all instructions given by your teacher

Some common Laboratory Apparatus are ndash Test tube Beaker Conical Flask Round bottom Flask Flat bottom Flask Measuring Cylinder Funnel Evaporating Dish Wire Gauze Bunsen Burner Tripod stand

Subject -Hindi 2ndLanguageChapter-1 lsquoइतनी शलिk हम दना दाताrsquo (कगिवता)इस कगिवता म भवान की वदना की ई ह परभ की शलिkयो का रणान गिकया या ह हर अजञानता क अधकार को दर कर जञान का परकाश भरन क लिलए हम सभी को ईशवर स पराथना करनी चागिहए

शबदाथndash दाता- भवान गिवशवासndashभरोसा कमजोर -गिबना शलिk कनक रासत परndash सही रासत ( भलाई क रासत पर चलना दसरो की मदद करना यही नक रासता ह)सहमा -सहमा ndash डरा हआ( अपनी कोई भी बात ना कह पाना)जलमndash अतयाचार( गिकसी क लिलए बरा सोचना या परशान करना ह अतयाचार ह)बबसीndash मजबर (गिकसी की मदद ना कर पाना ही मजबरी ह या लाचारी ह)ममता- पयार (जिजस तरह मा अपन बचचो को पयार करती ह) नक ndash भलाई करनाअजञानndash मखता (हर समय कोई ना कोई लती करना ही अजञानता ह)

SUBJECT-BENGALI (2ND Language)TOPIC-হিমালচের পচে ndashপরচেবাধ কমার সানযালপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ ndash ldquoহিরদবারhelliphelliphellipদঃচেখর পরীকষাrdquo আচেলায গলপটি একটি ভরমণ কাহিনী মলকহিবষবসত ndash লেলখক হিমালচে যাতরা পচের বণltনা হিদচেচেন হিরদবার লেচেক তাচেদর যাতরা শর পরম ারহিদন া াGার পর তারা লেদবপরাগ একটি লোচেGা পাাহিড় শচের লেপৌচেলন যাতরা পচের মাচেe পাাড় গহিল ঘন সব ঙগলম াহিরহিদচেক এত সনদর সনদর ফলচেফাচেG অ লেসইখাচেন এই লেসৌনদযlt লেভাগ করার মানষ লেনই লেদব পরাগ লেচেক ২৪ মাইল প যাওা পর রদর পরাগ নাচেম একটি লোG শচের লেলখকরা উপহিSত চেহিচেলন এই রদর পরাচেগ পGা দটি ভাচেগ ভাগ চে যা একটি প লেকদারনা পাাচেড়র হিদচেক আর অপরটি বদরীনাচের হিদচেক এই যাতরাপ অহিত কঠিন ও দরাচেরা হিমালচে ভরমণ করচেত লেগচেল মানষচেক অচেনক সাস ও শহিকত আর ধৈধচেযltর পরীকষা হিদচেত

শবদাlt ndashভরমণ কাহিনী- লেকাচেনা াগা ঘরচেত যাওার হিবসতাহিরত বণltনা লেদওাদশltন- লেকাচেনা হিক লেদখাঙগলম- াহিরহিদচেক ঘন সব বনলেভাগ- লেকান হিক হিনচের মত কচের উপচেভাগ (গরণ) করামাইল- দরতব মাপার একক কখনও লেকাাও যাওার সম লেসই পচের দরতব মাইল একক দবারা পরকাশ করা দরাচেরা- লেয পচে যাওা খবই কষটকরলেদবপরাগ রদরপরাগ লেকদারনা বদরীনা-এগহিলসবই ভারচেতর উ7রাখচেm অবহিSত াগার নাম

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIISubject -Hindi 2ndlangChapter-2 जीव दया क मसीहा

सारश-इस कहानी स हम यह सीख मिमलती ह गिक जिजस तरह लखक म सवा और दया धम था उसी तरह हमार अदर भी दया और सवा भाव होनी चागिहए दद को जब तक खद पर महसस नही कर तब तक हम गिकसी और की मदद दिदल स नही कर पाए जिजस तरह लखक न सवय भख रहकर दसरो क भख को समझा वह चाह इसान हो या जानवर जब तक हम इस दद को नही समझ तब तक गिकसी और की मदद नही कर पाए

शबदाथndash पादरी - इसका मतलब होता ह जिजस तरह हमार पजा पाठ करन क लिलए पगिडत होत ह उसी तरह चच म पादरी रहत ह पछाड ndash हरा दना गिकसी भी तरह की खलकद होती ह जिजसम हार होती ह उस पछाड ना कहत ह मजा चखाना - जस को तसा जवाब दना पछताना - परायशचिuत करना गिकसी भी बात क लिलए जिजस म लती हो जाए उसक लिलए परायशचिuत करना पराथना - गिनवदन करना जस हम ईशवर क आ हाथ जोडकर गिनवदन करत ह आuय - अचानक स कोई बात या घटना होना सीमिमत - सीमा क अदर जस सीता माता क लिलए लकषमरण न रखा खीची थी

SUBJECT ndash CHEMISTRYCHAPTER ndash1 (MATTER AND ITS COMPOSITION)

Matter Anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter Matter is made up of atoms and moleculesAtom Atoms are the smallest particles of matter which may or may not have independent existenceProperties of particles of matter-

Particles of matter have space in between them Particles of matter are in a continuous state of motion Particles as they have kinetic energy are

continuously moving This kind of movement is zigzag or random This movement goes up on heating Particles of matter attract each other Particles of matter attract each other with force this force could be inter-atomic inter molecular

States of matter Solids A solid has a definite shape and volume Examples of solids include ice (solid water) a bar of steel

and dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) Liquids A liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container Examples of liquids include water

and oil Gases A gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape Examples of gases are air oxygen and

helium Plasma Plasma is recognized as fourth state of matter

Interconversion of three states of matter1 Melting Change of substance from solid state to liquid state2 Evaporation or boiling Change of substance from liquid state to gaseous state Transpiration is the evaporation of water into the atmosphere from the leaves and stems of plants3 Condensation change of substance from gaseous state to liquid state4 Freezing or solidification change of substance from liquid state to solid stateWater has the capability to exist in three statesIn solid state it is exists as icein liquid state as water and in gaseous state as water vapour

Ever wondered the reason behind the change of state or what happens to the particles during the change of state Change in the states of matter mainly depends on temperature and pressure

Change in States of Matter

Subject- Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরপাঠndash৫ কহিবতাndashকহিল মর কহিবndashকাী নরল ইসলাম (পরমসতবক)

লেদহিখন লেসহিদন লেরচেলকহিল বচেল এক বাবসাব তাচের লেঠচেল হিদচেল নীচে লেফচেল

লোখ লেফচেG এল ল এমহিন কrsquoলের হিক গৎ হিড়া মার খাচেব দবltল

লেয দধীহিচেদর াড় হিদচে ঐ বাষপ-শকG চেলবাবসাব এচেস হিড়ল তাাচেত কহিলরা পহিড়ল তচেল

লেবতন হিদাচো পরও যত হিমযাবাদীর দল কত পাই হিদচে কহিলচেদর তই কত লেqার লেপহিল বল রাপচে তব হিলচে লেমাGর সাগচের াা চেল লেরলপচে চেল বাষপ-শকG লেদশ লেচে লেগল কচেল

বল এসব কাাচেদর দান লেতামার অটটাহিলকা কার খচেন রাঙা খচেল খচেল লেদচেখা পরহিতটি আচে লেলখা

তহিম াচেনা নাচেকা হিকনত পচে পরহিত ধহিলকণা াচেনঐ প ঐ াা শকG অটটাহিলকার মাচেন

বযাখযা-উহিsহিখত কহিবতাটিচেতকহিলচেলা দীন দহিরদর লেtণীর পরহিতভআর বাব সাব ল শাসক লেtণী লেরলচেuশচেনর একঘGনাচেক লেকনদর কচের কহিব শাসকচেtণীর হিনমltম অতযাাচেরর কা তচেল ধচেরচেন দধীহি মহিনর আতমতযাচেগর পচের তার াড় হিদচে ধৈতহির অচেwর দবারাই রাকষস ভরাতদববধ লেতমন tহিমক লেtণীর আতমতযাচেগর কা শাসক লেtণী মচেন রাখচেত া না তারা লেকবল ভাচেলা ফল লেভাগ কচের হিকনত হিনচেরা পরর লাভ কচেরও tহিমকচেদর লেদ যৎসামানয পাহিরtহিমক তাচেদর tচেমর মলয াচেন লেকবল তাচেদর ধৈতহির হিশলপঅlt-লেরচেল = লেরলচেuশচেন দধীহি = পরাণ লেtষঠ ঋহিষ বাষপ শকG = হিuম ইহিyনপাই = পসা লেqার = লেকাটি Gাকা ঠহিল = লোচেখর ওপর পদlt াকচেল = কারখানা অটটাহিলকা = বড়বাহিড় পরাসাদ

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIIISUBJECT CHEMISTRYCHAPTER Structure of atom

What is Atomic StructureThe atomic structure of an element refers to the constitution of its nucleus and the arrangement of the electrons around it Primarily the atomic structure of matter is made up of protons electrons and neutrons

The protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom which is surrounded by the electrons belonging to the atom The atomic number of an element describes the total number of protons in its nucleusNeutral atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons

Daltonrsquos Atomic TheoryThe English chemist John Dalton suggestedthe following are the postulates of his theory -

Every matter is made up of atoms Atoms are indivisible Specific elements have only one type of atoms in them Each atom has its own constant mass that varies from element to element Atoms undergo rearrangement during a chemical reaction Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another

Bohrrsquos Model of Atom

In 1913 Neil Bohr overcame the limitations of Rutherford model and proposed a model of atomic structureFollowing are the postulates

Electrons revolve around a centrally located heavy small and positively charged nucleus in certain discrete orbits

While revolving in discrete orbits the electrons do not radiate energy These discrete orbits or shells are called energy levels These orbitals or shells are represented by the letters

K L M Nhellip or the numbers n = 1 2 3 4hellip

Subatomic ParticlesProtons

Protons are positively charged subatomic particles The charge of a proton is 1e which corresponds to approximately 1602 times 10-19

The mass of a proton is approximately 1672 times 10-24

Protons are over 1800 times heavier than electrons The total number of protons in the atoms of an element is always equal to the atomic number of the

elementNeutrons

The mass of a neutron is almost the same as that of a proton ie 1674times10 -24

Neutrons are electrically neutral particles and carry no charge Different isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but vary in the number of neutrons

present in their respective nucleiElectrons

The charge of an electron is -1e which approximates to -1602 times 10 -19

The mass of an electron is approximately 91 times 10-31 Due to the relatively negligible mass of electrons they are ignored when calculating the mass of an atom

Atomic Structure of IsotopesThe isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutronsThe atomic structure of an isotope is described with the help of the chemical symbol of the element the atomic number of the element and the mass number of the isotope For example there exist three known naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen namely protium deuterium and tritium

Isotopes of Some Elements Hydrogen

The most abundant isotope of hydrogen on the planet Earth is protium The atomic number and the mass number of this isotope are 1 and 1 respectively

CarbonCarbon has two stable isotopes ndash 12C and 13C Of these isotopes 12C has an abundance of 989 It contains 6 protons 6 electrons and 6 neutrons

OxygenThere exist three stable isotopes of oxygen ndash 18O 17O and 16O However oxygen-16 is the most abundant isotope

Rutherford Atomic Theory

Rutherford a student of J J Thomson modified the atomic structure with the discovery of another subatomic particle called ldquoNucleusrdquo His atomic model is based on the Alpha ray scattering experiment

Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom

The nucleus is at the center of an atom where most of the charge and mass are concentrated Atomic structure is spherical Electrons revolve around the nucleus in a circular orbit similar to the way planets orbit the sun

Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model

If electrons have to revolve around the nucleus they will spend energy and that too against the strong force of attraction from the nucleus a lot of energy will be spent by the electrons and eventually they will lose all their energy and will fall into the nucleus so the stability of atom is not explained

If electrons continuously revolve around the lsquonucleus the type of spectrum expected is a continuous spectrum But in reality what we see is a line spectrum

Subject -Hindi 2ndlangChapter - 1 वह दश कौन सा हइस कगिवता म भारत दश क बार म वरणन गिकया या ह यहा की सदरता न चबी गिहमालय की चोदिटयो सार नदिदयो इसक बार म इस कगिवता म बताया या ह यह पराकगितक दमिw स अतयमिधक सदर ह भारत दश जसा मनमोगिहनी परकगित की मनोरम सदरता कही भी दखन को नही मिमलती ह सव क समान यहा सख पराकगितक सदरता लिसफ यही ह इसीलिलए यह दश सवशरषठ दश ह या हर जागित की लो पाए जात ह उनम अनकता म भी एकता का परगितहिबब दखन को मिमलता ह यहा पर भाईचारा ह सभी एक दसर स मिमलजल कर एक साथ रहन की कोलिशश म ल रहत हशबदाथ

मनमोगिहनी- मन को अचछी लन वाली कोई चीज परकगित ndashवातावररण जहा सदर-सदर हरिरयाली पड पौध होत ह चररणndashपर रतनश-समदर गिनरतर- हमशा सधा-अमत धारा-लहर जस नदिदयो की लहर आती ह और जाती ह सलोना- सदर

SUBJECT- BENGALITOPIC- রামচনদরের বিলাপ ndash ( কবি13াস ওঝা ) লাইন-(১-১৬)ldquoহিবলাপ কচেরন রামhelliphelliphelliphellip হিরচেলন পহিবী হিক আপন দহিতাrdquoপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ-আমাচেদর পরান রামাচেণ কহিত আচে ধৈকচেকীর লনা রামনদর রাযযত চে লকষণ ও সীতাচেক হিনচে লেৌদদ বচেরর নয বনবাচেস যান বনবাচেস তাচেদর ীবন ভালই হিল একহিদন বনবাচেসর সম রাবণ মারী লেসচে সীতাচেক রণ কচের লেসই সম কটীচের রামনদর ও লকষমণ লেকউ হিলনা এই সচেযাচেগ রাবণ সীতাচেক হিনচে তার লঙকারাচেয হিনচে যা কটিচের হিফচের রাম ও লকষণ সীতাচেক লেদখচেত না লেপচে াহিরহিদচেক খাচেত াচেকন হিকনত লেকাাও সীতা লেনই সীতাচেক নাচেপচে রামনদর লেশাচেক হিবহবল চে লকষচেণর কাচে মচেনর দঃখ পরকাশ কচেরন রামনদর মচেন মচেন ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা তা ার মন পরীকষা করার নয লেকাাও লেকাচেনা মহিন পতনীর সচেঙগ লহিকচে আচেন তচেব লেকাা লেগচেল হিতহিন সীতার লেদখা পাচেবন লেসই হিনতাই সদা রাচেমর মচেন াগহিরত রামনদর ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা লেগাদাবরী নদীরতীচের পদমবচেন ভরমণ করচেন লেসই সম লেদবী লকষমী সীতার পদমফচেলর মত সনদর মখ লেদচেখ ত পদম বচেন লহিকচে লেরচেখচেন আবার রামনদর ভাবচেন রাহ লেযমন গরচেণর সম া াদচেক গরাস কচের লেতমহিন সীতার া াচেদর মত মখ লেদচেখ রাহ নদরকলা লেভচেব গরাস কচেরচে হিকনা এই হিনতা রাম মচেন মচেন করচেন আরও ভাবচেন চেতা রাযযত চে বন বাস ীবচেনর দঃখ কষট সীতা চেতা সয করচেত পারচেনা এই লেভচেব পহিবী তার হিনচের কনযাচেক রণ কচেরচেশবদাlt-হিবলাপ- কাননা অন- লোG ভহিলচেত না পাহির- ভচেল না যাওা হিনরপণ- লেখাাা (লেকান হিক াহিরচে লেগচেল লেখাাা)ানকী- নক রাার কনযা অltাৎ সীতা মহিন পতনী- সননযাসী পতনী (wী) সহিত- সচেঙগ লেগাদাবরী- দহিকষন ভারচেতর একটি নদী কমল- পদম কমলমখী-পচেদমর মত সনদর মখ (আচেলায কহিবতা সীতার মখচেক বলা চেচে)পদমালা- লকষমী হিপপাহিসত- তষণাতlt পরাস- লেষটা রাহ- পরান বহিণltত রাকষস দহিতা- কনযানদরকলা- পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযার পচেরর হিদন অltাৎ পরহিত পদ লেচেক পচেরর পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযা পযltনত া াচেদর বাড়া বা কমা ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IXSubject- BiologyTopic- Ch-2 CellMicroscope

A piece of equipment that makes very small objects look big enough for you to be able to see them

Antony van Leeuwenhoek made simple microscope with one lens and one adjustment screw It had a magnifying power cope up to 200 times

Robert Hooke made compound microscope with two lenses and two adjustment serews It magnifies upto 2000 times He examined a thin slice of cork and obserwed box like compartment He said these are all ldquocellsrdquo

Electron microscope which gives us a magnification over 200000 times by using beams of electrons which are bent by magnets

Cell theorybull The cell is the smallest unit of structure of allliving thingsbull The cell is the unit of function of all living thingsbull All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Organism according to number of cellsbull Single-celled made up of one cell exyeast bacteria amoebabull Few-celled made up of a few hundred to few thousand cells ex Volvox Spirogyrabull Multi-celled made up of millions and billions of cells ex Human Mangobull Smallest cell - Bacteria 03- 50 micrometerbull Longest cell - Nerve cell - 135 micronmeterbull Largest cell ndash Ostrich egg - 20 cm in diameter

Types of cell shape according to their functionsRBCrsquos are biconcave in shape to carry Hb through blood vessel Neurone is long to carry nerve impulse from one place to another

CELL

Cell wall+Cell membrane+Protoplasm

Cytoplasm+Nucleus

Organelles+Inclusions

[Mitocondria] [lifeless

Lysosomes accumul

Etc] - ations-

eg

Pigment glycogenetc]

Cell Walli) Non-living rigid layerii) Made up of lipo-protieniii) Semi permeable in nature control the entry of solutes and ionsiv) Present only outside of plant cell

Cell Membranei) Very thin livingii) Composed of celluloseiii) Freely permeable in nature allows all to enter amp leaveiv) Present in outside of both cells

Cell Organelles Functionsi)Endoplasmic-recticulum

ii)Mitochondria

iii)Golgi Apparatus

iv)Ribosome

v)Lysosome

vi)Centrosome

vii)Plastid

a) Supportive framework for the cellb) Synthesis amp transport of protein amp fat

a)Release of energy in the form of ATP

a) Synthesis amp secretion of enzymes hormones etcb) Formation of lysosome amp vacuoles

a)Protein synthesis

a) Intracellular digestionb) Destroy foreign substances

a)Initiates and regulates cell division

a) Leucoplast ndash stores starchb) Chromoplast ndash Impart colours to flowers and fruitsc) Chloroplast ndash trap solar energy for photosynthesis

Subject ndashHindiChapter1बात अठननी की( सदशन)शबदाथndashजारा-जर करना तनखवाह-वतन सदह- शक (करना गिकसी बात को लकर)पशी -पहल दिदया जान वाला धन ऋरण-कज (उधार लना) अपमान-बइजजतीरकम-रपए र उड या-घबरा या (गिकसी बात को लकर डर जाना)लातो क भत बातो स नही मानत ndashदw वयलिk पर समझान का परभाव नही पडता आखो म खन उतर आया- बहत जयादा करोध आना धन बटोर ना-धन इकटठा करना इसाफ-नयाय

Subject- Bengali TOPIC-হিগহিনন-রবীনদরনাঠাকরপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ- ধৈশশচেব রবীনদর নাচের পাঠশালা হিশবনা নাচেম একন পহিmত হিচেলন লেগাাফ দাহিড় কামাচেণা মাা লোচেGা কচের ল া াGা একটি লোচেGা টিহিক আচে এই পহিmতচেক লেদচেখ সবাই ভ লেপত াতর শাসচেনর বযাপাচের হিতহিন অতযনত দকষ হিচেলন-লেযমন খব লেপGাচেতন লেতমহিন আtাবয গালা গাহিল করচেতন াতররা তা াচেক লেদবতা বা হিশকষচেকর নযা tদধা হিকংবা ভহিকত করত না তা ার আরণ ও মচেখর ভাষার সচেঙগ াতররা যমরাচের হিমল লেপত হিশবনা পহিmত াতরচেদর উপর লেযমন অতযাার করচেতন আবার নানারকচেমর অদভত নামকরণ করচেতন তাচেত াতররা মানহিসক আঘাত লেবাধ করত াতরচেদর নাম হিবকত করচেতন তাচেত লেবাeা যা লেয হিতহিন মানষ বসতর লেচেক অবসতচেক লেবহিশ মলয হিদচেতন তাই যখন পহিmত শশী লেশখরচেক তার লেদচের গঠন ও আকহিত সচেঙগ হিমহিলচে লেভGহিক নাচেম Jাচেকন তখন শশীচেশখর আঘাত পাশবদাlt ndash পহিmত ndashহিশকষক াতরবহি7 ndashাতরচেক পরদ7 আহিltক পরসকার বা লপাহিন পাওার কলাসহরসব- কম আতচেন লোG অনতরাতমা- মন হদহল- কীG পতচেঙগর আতমরকষার নয হিপচেনর হিদচেকর তীকষণ কা াGা অসর- অচেনক বহিষltত- বষltণকরাবাকযজবালা- বাকযবাচেন আচেকষপ- অনচেশানা ভহিকত-tদধা উচেপহিকষত- অবচেহিলতলেদবমহিমা-লেদবতার কীহিতlt উপদরব- eাচেমলা হিনচেকষপ-া চেড় লেদওা কামনা- ইLালেদবাল- মহিনদর বালাই- অমঙগল সরচেলাক বাসী- সবগltবাসী

Subject-PhysicsChapter Motion in 1D1 Scalar They are expressed only by their magnitudes Example mass speed2 Vector They are expressed by magnitude as well as direction Example force velocity3 A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its immediate surroundings

4 A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its immediate surroundings5 The shortest distance from the initial to the final position of the body is called the magnitude of displacement It is in the direction from the initial position to the final position Its SI unit is metre (m)6 The distance is the length of path travelled by the body so it is always positive Distance is a scalar quantity7 The speed of a body is the rate of change of distance with time Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)8 The velocity of a body is the distance travelled per second by the body in a specified direction Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)9 If a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time along a particular direction then the body is said to be moving with a uniform velocity However if a body travels unequal distances in a particular direction in equal intervals of time or it moves equal distances in equal intervals of time but its direction of motion does not remain same then the velocity of the body is said to be variable (or non-uniform)10 Average speed is the ratio of the total distance travelled by the body to the total time of journey it is never zero If the velocity of a body moving in a particular direction changes with time then the ratio of displacement to the time taken in entire journey is called its average velocity Average velocity of a body can be zero even if its average speed is not zero11 Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time Its SI unit is metresecond2 (ms2) Negative acceleration called retardation12 The acceleration is said to be uniform when equal changes in velocity take place in equal intervals of time but if the change in velocity is not the same in the same intervals of time the acceleration is said to be variable13 When a body falls freely under gravity the acceleration produced in the body due to the Earths gravitational acceleration is called the acceleration due to gravity (g) The average value of g is 98 ms214 Three equations of a uniformly accelerated motion arev = u + ats = ut + (12) at2v2 = u2 + 2as

NB One must go through the sums ( equation of motion and others) especially sums related to graphs of motion in one dimension

SUBJECT ENGLISH LANGUAGETOPIC PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONSKinds of prepositions

Simple preposition At by for from in of off on out through till to up with after under over since down etc Example

o He is going to Delhi by the nighto He came from Mumbai

Compound or double prepositions About above across along amidst among amongst around before behind below beneath beside Between beyond inside outside underneath within without etc Example

o His house is behind the shopo I shall go there within a week

Phrase preposition According to along with because of by means of by reason of in favour of etc Example

o Put this book in place of thato He is acting according to the advice of his father

Participle preposition Barring considering During Excepting excluding including etc Example

o Considering the quality the price is not mucho During the lesson he fainted

SUBJECT- HISTORYTOPIC- HARAPPAN CIVILIZATIONEXPLANATION OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS CIVILIZATION The term Civilization basically means the level of development at which people live together peacefully in communities They built cities and invented form of writing They learned to make pottery and use metals They domesticated animals and created social structures

FOUR CONTEMPORARY ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Mesopotamian civilizations Egyptian civilizations Harappa civilizations Chinese civilizations HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION Harappa was the first site that was excavated So it came to be known as the Harappa civilization Mohenjo ndash daro and Harappa were located in the valley of river Indus and its tributaries Hence it is known as the Indus Valley Civilization

MOHENJO-DARO Mohenjo-daro in the Sind language means lsquoMound of the Deadrsquo It is located in the Larkana district of Sind ( now in Pakistan)

HARAPPA Harappa was situated on the bank of river Ravi in the Montegomery district of West Punjab (now in Pakistan)

Other important sites were Chanhu Daro in Sind Lothal near Ahmedabad in Gujrat Kalibangan in Rajasthan Alamgirpur near Hastinapur in UP Ropar in Punjab

SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF THE HARAPPA CIVILIZATIONS

1 Archaeological remains2 Important seals3 Bearded man4 Dancing girl5 Dockyard6 Script

1 Archaeological remainsa) The Great Bath- It was discovered at Mohenjo-daro it was an open quadrangle with rooms and galleries

on three sides The pool might have been used on special occasionsb) The Citadel- The ruins of the citadel was found in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Probably the ruling class

people lived here It was a fortress overlooking a city2 Important Seals More than two thousands terracotta steatite or ivory made square or oblong seals have

been discovered They showed the culture and civilization of that period They mainly indicate dress ornaments hairstyle religious belief script trade and commercial relations some important Seals were the Pashupati Seals the Unicorn seal and the Bull Seal

3 Bearded Man A stone statue of bearded Man has been found both Harappa and Mohenjo ndashdaro He might have been a noble man or a priest or a respected leader

4 Dancing Girl A Bronze figure of a Dancing girl shows a high degree art of culture in metal Her right hand was on her hip and head slightly backwards shows her dancing posture It reveals that the people of Harappa were fond of singing and dancing

5 Dockyard The existence of Dockyard made it evident that trade was carried on by sea route with foreign countries

6 The Script The script was pictographic since its signs represent birds fish and varieties of the human forms The script was found inscribed on a number of seals made of Copper and terracotta etc

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Class X

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCommercial Studies

Advertising In last class we have discussed about the merits of advertising

Question 1) Explain the disadvantages of advertising

Besides having merits advertising have some demerits also

Today I am going to share the demerits of advertising

Answer) The disadvantages of advertising are as follows

I) Wastage of national resourcesDue to excessive use or proliferation of advertising valuable National resources are wasted In many cases companies undertake rigorous advertising efforts without specific needs

II)Impulsive buyingIt creates unnecessary needs People are emotionally forced to buy the products Sometimes it forced people to buy unnecessary products

III) High price toconsumersAdvertising increases cost of product Customers have to pay high price for the products heavily advertised IV) Mislead about theproductSome advertiserrsquos cleverly create misleading Impressions of their goods -they present a very Rosy picture of their products with object to increase their sales

Chemistry TopicChemical Bonding

Cause of chemical combination is the tendency of elements to acquire the nearest nobel gas configuration in their outermost orbit and become stable

A chemical bond may be defined as the force of attraction between any two atomsin a moleculeto maintain stability

Electrovalent compounds The chemical compounds formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from one atom of an element to one atom of another element are

Bond formed between metals and non-metals are ionic or electrovalent

Electrovalent compounds(i)Their constituent particle are ions(ii)They are hard solids consisting of ions

Boiling points and melting pointsThese are non-volatilewith high boiling and high melting points

Electricity conducting nature(i)They do not conduct electricity in the solid state(ii)They are good conductors of electricity in the fused or in aqueous state

Dissociation Electrovalent compounds are composed if ionsIn solutions these ions become mobile or in molten state these

Demerits Of AdvertisingWastage of national resources Impulsive buyingHigh price to consumerMislead about the product

called ionic compounds

Electrovalency The number of electrons that an atom of an element loses or gains to form a electrovalent bond is called its electrovalency

Condition for the formation of an electrovalent bondi)Low ionization potential if the ionization potential of a particular atom is lowit will lose electron easilyie a cation is formed easily

ii)High electron affinity if the electron affinity value highanion will be formed easilyie a higher electron affinity value favours ionic bonding

iii)large electronegativity difference if the difference in the electronegativities of two elements is higherthen the transfer of electrons will be easierThereforemore the difference in electronegativitymore will be the ionic nature of the resulting compound

ions dissociate

SolubiltyThese are solubile in water but insoluble in organic solvents

Rate of reaction They show rapid speed of chemical reactions in aqueous solutions

Physics

Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Prove thatMoment of couple = Force x Couple armSolutions

A O B

At A and B two forces each of magnitude F are applied which are equal and opposite forces The two forces rotate the bar in anticlockwise direction AB is the perpendicular distance between two forces which is called the couple arm

Moment of force F at the end A= F times OA (anticlockwise)Moment of force F at the end B= F times OB (anticlockwise)Total moment of couple = F times OA + F times OB= F times (OA + OB)= F times AB= F times d (anticlockwise)

= Either force times perpendicular distance between the two forces or couple armHence Moment of couple = Force times Couple armQuestion What do you mean by equilibrium of a body

Solutions When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of linear or rotational motion the body is said to be in equilibriumQuestion State the condition when a body is in (i) static (ii) dynamic equilibrium Give one example each of static and dynamic equilibriumSolutions(i) Static equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the state of rest under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in static equilibriumExample A book lying on a table is in static equilibrium(ii) Dynamic equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the same state of motion under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in dynamic equilibriumExample A rain drop reaches the earth surface with a constant velocity

English Literature

The Blue Bead

Answer the following questions-

1) Describe the blue beadAns - The blue bead glimmered in the water It was not a gem though it was sand Worn glass that had been rolling about in the river for a long time By chance it was perforated right through- the neck of a bottle perhaps

2) Describe Sibiarsquos homeAns- Sibia lived in a mud house which was the same colour as the ground

3) Describe SibiaAns- Sibia was a little girl a thin starving child dressed in an earth- Coloured rag straight white teeth With her ebony hair and great eyes and her skin of oiled brown cream she was a happy immature child- Woman about twelve years old Bare foot of course and often goosey- Cold on a winter morning and born to toil In all her life she had never owned even one anna- not a piece

ECONOMICS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Sub-topic- Capital

Now let us start the class by discussing the various types of capital

a Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capitalexample machinebuilding

b Circulating capital-It is used only onceexample raw materials

c Sunk capital-which is used only for a single purpose Example building of a factory

d Floating capital- which can e put to several uses example coal

e Production capital-Capital which helps in production

Questions1Using examples classify capital into fixed and circulating capitalAnswer Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capital it refers to those capital which can be used again and again example machine buildingWhere as Circulating capital-It is used only once in the production processexample raw materials such as cottonfuel

2 Distinguish between real capital and money capital Which of the two has greater significance in economic growthAnswerReal capital means capital goods such as properties machinesplantsetc Money capital on the other hand money (or cash in hand) which is utilized by the producers for the purchase of tools equipments and other kinds of goods needed for production

CWhat do you mean by working capitalAnswer Working capital refers to the stock of finished semi-finished goods and raw materials etcwhich is converted to final goods (finished

directlymachinestoolsetc

f Consumption capital-Capital which helps in production indirectlyexample residential buildings for factory purpose

g Personal capital-It refers to the personal abilities which cannot be transferred example surgeonrsquos skill

h Material capital- capital which is made of matter and has a form and shapeExample machines raw materials

i Money capital-capital which used for purchasing real capital( raw materials machines equipments which is needed by the producers for production)

j Debt capital-capital used for giving loans

k Social capital-Capital which helps in the growth of national outpit of the countryexample railwaysnational highways etc

l Private capital-capital which helps only to the owner to raise his income example private propertybusiness goodwill

m Real capital ndash It consists of the physical stock of goods which are used as inputs in the production processExample raw materialsmachines

consumer goods) in near future

Math Topic Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Shares and dividendsDate 29042020Study item Some solved sums from exercise 3Find the dividend received on 60 shares of Rs 20 each if 9 dividend is declaredSolution Number of shares = 60Face value of one share = Rs20 Rate of dividend = 9

Therefore the dividend received = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share = 60 times 9 times Rs20 = Rs 60 times 9100 times 20 = Rs 108A company declares 8 percent dividend to the shareholders If a man receives Rs2840 as his dividend find the nominal value of his sharesSolution Let the nominal value of shares be Rs xTotal dividend = 8 of Rs x = Rs(8100 )times (x) = Rs 8x100According to question 8x100 = 2840 Or 8x = 2840 times 100 Or x = (2840 times100)8 = 35500Therefore the nominal value of his shares = Rs35500 A man buys 200 ten-rupees shares at Rs12bull50 each and receives a dividend of 8 Find the amount invested by him and the dividend received by him in cashSolution Given face value of one share = Rs 10 And market value of one share = Rs 12bull50 Number of shares = 200Therefore investment = 200 times Rs 12bull50 = Rs 2500Total dividend = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share= 200 times 8 timesRs 10= 200 times 8100 timesRs 10= Rs 160

Computer Application

Java Programming(from ch 2)

Programming Questions1 Write a program to input the area of a square and find its perimeterAns import javautilclass Sol1static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double aspSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the area of a squarerdquo)a=scnextDouble()s=Mathsqrt(a)p=4sSystemoutprintln(ldquoPerimeter=rdquo+p)

2 Write a program to input the length and breadth of a rectangle and find its diagonalAns import javautilclass Sol2static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double lbdComputer Applications ndash X (ICSE Course) Answers 34Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the length and breadth of the rectanglerdquo)

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

SUBJECT ndash SCIENCECHAPTER- 1 (THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM)Circulatory System The organ system that transports oxygen digested food and water throughout our body is called circulatory system It consists of 3 part - Heart Blood and blood vesselsHeart Heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood to our bodyBlood vessels are three types ndash

a Arteries b Veins and c Capillaries

Arteries Arteries carry pure blood from heart to the different part of our bodyVeins Veins carry impure blood from the different parts of the body and take it to the heartCapillaries Capillaries is a network like structure that connects the arteries and veins

Blood circulation The process by which the pure blood is transported throughout our body and impure blood is carried out of the body called blood circulationHeart Beat Our heart continuously pumps blood by contracting and relaxing The contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle produces a sound which is known as heart beat The heart of a healthy person beats about 70 times in a minute Doctors use a stethoscope to listen to heartbeatPulse The sensation of rhythmic movement of blood in the arteries is called pulse To keep our heart healthy we should have ndash

Healthy food and Do regular exercise and yoga

Some important Yoga asanas are ndash 1 Tadasana2 Utthita Hastapadasana3 Veerabhadrasana4 Bhujangasana

Subject Hindi 2nd LangChapter 3 लोटा घर पानीसारश-इस कहानी स हम सीख मिमलती ह गिक गिकसी भी चीज को जीतन क लिलए पहल लकषय गिनधारिरत करना चागिहए अपन लकषय को पान क लिलए शलिk क साथ-साथ अदभत बजिm की भी जररत पडती ह| अहकार इसान क पतन का काररण बनता ह इसलिलए सफल होन का एक ही मतर ह अहकार का तयाशबदाथndashनीरततर- उततर न दन योगय- जिजसक पास गिकसी परशन का उततर नही रहता हतकनीक-नया तरीका सनकी-पाल - मसत मौला अपन ही मन का करन वालाकदिटया- लकडी पततो स बना हआ घर नासमझ- कोई भी बात जिजसको समझ म ना आएसरसरी- गिबना पलक झकाय एक टक गिकसी को ऊपर स नीच दखना अदाज़ा- अपन स कछ सोच लना

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VISUBJECT ndash CHEMISTRY CHAPTER ndash 1 (Introoduction to Chemistry) Chemistry Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the characteristics and composition of matter in our day to day life The uses of chemistry are so vast In the field of agriculture food processing clothing medicine transportation construction etc it has endless uses Chemistry plays an important and useful role towards the development and growth of a number of industries This includes industries like glass cement paper textile leather dye etc We also see huge applications of chemistry in industries like paints pigments petroleum sugar plastics PharmaceuticalsImportance of Chemistry in Everyday Life

1 Chemicals of Food in Everyday Life - In food materials following chemicals are widely used1 Colouring agents2 Artificial preservatives3 Flow stabilizers4 Binding substance5 Artificial sweetness6 Antioxidants7 Minerals8 Vitamins

Except vitamins remaining substances do not have nutritional value

2 Artificial Preservatives These prevent spoilage of food by stopping the growth of microorganism For example Sodium benzoate sodium Meta bisulphate

3 Artificial Sweetness These do not impart any calories to the body Since these substances are excreted through urine For example

1 Aspartame It is used in cool drinks and ice-creams2 Alitame It is 2000 times sweeter than sucrose

4 Antioxidants These prevent the spoilage of food by preventing the oxidation of food For example

1 Butylated hydroxyl tolerance (BHT)2 Butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA)

Dyes are coloured organic compounds that are used to impart colour to the various substrate including paper leather fur and hair drugs cosmetics Dyes are classified into Natural dyes and Synthetic Dyes

It has some harmful effects also Harmful effects of chemistry 1 Increase population 2 Depletion of natural resources 3 Destructive weapons

Air and inhalationWe take over 20000 breaths a day This number can be much higher for infants and children The chemicals and pollutants we inhale can end up in our lungs and blood stream Sometimes we can smell or taste harmful chemicals but it isnt always so easy Some chemicals like radon or carbon monoxide are odourless tasteless and invisible

Skin and eye contactYou can be exposed to chemicals by coming into contact with them through your skin and eyes These organs can be more sensitive to chemicals and may react more quickly than the rest of our bodies Wearing protective equipment such as gloves and eye goggles can protect you from direct exposure It can also prevent you from spreading substances onto other objects and people

Food water and ingestionMany chemicals can be found in both our food and water sources As we eat and drink we might swallow chemicals that can harm us However there are actions you can take to limit your exposure such as replacing older lead pipes or refraining from heating food in plastic containers not intended for that purpose You can also keep your community safe by disposing of hazardous chemicals according to your municipal guidelines

Chemistry laboratory A Chemistry laboratory is a place where experiments in chemistry are performed It is very important to take precautions while working in a chemical lab with chemical substances

Laboratory safety rules Wear sensible clothing including footwear Loose clothing should be secured so they do not get caught in a

flame or chemicals Do not taste or smell chemicals Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes when heating substances dissecting etc

Never point a test tube being heated at another student or yourself Never look into a test tube while you are heating it

Leave your work station clean and in good order before leaving the laboratory Follow all instructions given by your teacher

Some common Laboratory Apparatus are ndash Test tube Beaker Conical Flask Round bottom Flask Flat bottom Flask Measuring Cylinder Funnel Evaporating Dish Wire Gauze Bunsen Burner Tripod stand

Subject -Hindi 2ndLanguageChapter-1 lsquoइतनी शलिk हम दना दाताrsquo (कगिवता)इस कगिवता म भवान की वदना की ई ह परभ की शलिkयो का रणान गिकया या ह हर अजञानता क अधकार को दर कर जञान का परकाश भरन क लिलए हम सभी को ईशवर स पराथना करनी चागिहए

शबदाथndash दाता- भवान गिवशवासndashभरोसा कमजोर -गिबना शलिk कनक रासत परndash सही रासत ( भलाई क रासत पर चलना दसरो की मदद करना यही नक रासता ह)सहमा -सहमा ndash डरा हआ( अपनी कोई भी बात ना कह पाना)जलमndash अतयाचार( गिकसी क लिलए बरा सोचना या परशान करना ह अतयाचार ह)बबसीndash मजबर (गिकसी की मदद ना कर पाना ही मजबरी ह या लाचारी ह)ममता- पयार (जिजस तरह मा अपन बचचो को पयार करती ह) नक ndash भलाई करनाअजञानndash मखता (हर समय कोई ना कोई लती करना ही अजञानता ह)

SUBJECT-BENGALI (2ND Language)TOPIC-হিমালচের পচে ndashপরচেবাধ কমার সানযালপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ ndash ldquoহিরদবারhelliphelliphellipদঃচেখর পরীকষাrdquo আচেলায গলপটি একটি ভরমণ কাহিনী মলকহিবষবসত ndash লেলখক হিমালচে যাতরা পচের বণltনা হিদচেচেন হিরদবার লেচেক তাচেদর যাতরা শর পরম ারহিদন া াGার পর তারা লেদবপরাগ একটি লোচেGা পাাহিড় শচের লেপৌচেলন যাতরা পচের মাচেe পাাড় গহিল ঘন সব ঙগলম াহিরহিদচেক এত সনদর সনদর ফলচেফাচেG অ লেসইখাচেন এই লেসৌনদযlt লেভাগ করার মানষ লেনই লেদব পরাগ লেচেক ২৪ মাইল প যাওা পর রদর পরাগ নাচেম একটি লোG শচের লেলখকরা উপহিSত চেহিচেলন এই রদর পরাচেগ পGা দটি ভাচেগ ভাগ চে যা একটি প লেকদারনা পাাচেড়র হিদচেক আর অপরটি বদরীনাচের হিদচেক এই যাতরাপ অহিত কঠিন ও দরাচেরা হিমালচে ভরমণ করচেত লেগচেল মানষচেক অচেনক সাস ও শহিকত আর ধৈধচেযltর পরীকষা হিদচেত

শবদাlt ndashভরমণ কাহিনী- লেকাচেনা াগা ঘরচেত যাওার হিবসতাহিরত বণltনা লেদওাদশltন- লেকাচেনা হিক লেদখাঙগলম- াহিরহিদচেক ঘন সব বনলেভাগ- লেকান হিক হিনচের মত কচের উপচেভাগ (গরণ) করামাইল- দরতব মাপার একক কখনও লেকাাও যাওার সম লেসই পচের দরতব মাইল একক দবারা পরকাশ করা দরাচেরা- লেয পচে যাওা খবই কষটকরলেদবপরাগ রদরপরাগ লেকদারনা বদরীনা-এগহিলসবই ভারচেতর উ7রাখচেm অবহিSত াগার নাম

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIISubject -Hindi 2ndlangChapter-2 जीव दया क मसीहा

सारश-इस कहानी स हम यह सीख मिमलती ह गिक जिजस तरह लखक म सवा और दया धम था उसी तरह हमार अदर भी दया और सवा भाव होनी चागिहए दद को जब तक खद पर महसस नही कर तब तक हम गिकसी और की मदद दिदल स नही कर पाए जिजस तरह लखक न सवय भख रहकर दसरो क भख को समझा वह चाह इसान हो या जानवर जब तक हम इस दद को नही समझ तब तक गिकसी और की मदद नही कर पाए

शबदाथndash पादरी - इसका मतलब होता ह जिजस तरह हमार पजा पाठ करन क लिलए पगिडत होत ह उसी तरह चच म पादरी रहत ह पछाड ndash हरा दना गिकसी भी तरह की खलकद होती ह जिजसम हार होती ह उस पछाड ना कहत ह मजा चखाना - जस को तसा जवाब दना पछताना - परायशचिuत करना गिकसी भी बात क लिलए जिजस म लती हो जाए उसक लिलए परायशचिuत करना पराथना - गिनवदन करना जस हम ईशवर क आ हाथ जोडकर गिनवदन करत ह आuय - अचानक स कोई बात या घटना होना सीमिमत - सीमा क अदर जस सीता माता क लिलए लकषमरण न रखा खीची थी

SUBJECT ndash CHEMISTRYCHAPTER ndash1 (MATTER AND ITS COMPOSITION)

Matter Anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter Matter is made up of atoms and moleculesAtom Atoms are the smallest particles of matter which may or may not have independent existenceProperties of particles of matter-

Particles of matter have space in between them Particles of matter are in a continuous state of motion Particles as they have kinetic energy are

continuously moving This kind of movement is zigzag or random This movement goes up on heating Particles of matter attract each other Particles of matter attract each other with force this force could be inter-atomic inter molecular

States of matter Solids A solid has a definite shape and volume Examples of solids include ice (solid water) a bar of steel

and dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) Liquids A liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container Examples of liquids include water

and oil Gases A gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape Examples of gases are air oxygen and

helium Plasma Plasma is recognized as fourth state of matter

Interconversion of three states of matter1 Melting Change of substance from solid state to liquid state2 Evaporation or boiling Change of substance from liquid state to gaseous state Transpiration is the evaporation of water into the atmosphere from the leaves and stems of plants3 Condensation change of substance from gaseous state to liquid state4 Freezing or solidification change of substance from liquid state to solid stateWater has the capability to exist in three statesIn solid state it is exists as icein liquid state as water and in gaseous state as water vapour

Ever wondered the reason behind the change of state or what happens to the particles during the change of state Change in the states of matter mainly depends on temperature and pressure

Change in States of Matter

Subject- Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরপাঠndash৫ কহিবতাndashকহিল মর কহিবndashকাী নরল ইসলাম (পরমসতবক)

লেদহিখন লেসহিদন লেরচেলকহিল বচেল এক বাবসাব তাচের লেঠচেল হিদচেল নীচে লেফচেল

লোখ লেফচেG এল ল এমহিন কrsquoলের হিক গৎ হিড়া মার খাচেব দবltল

লেয দধীহিচেদর াড় হিদচে ঐ বাষপ-শকG চেলবাবসাব এচেস হিড়ল তাাচেত কহিলরা পহিড়ল তচেল

লেবতন হিদাচো পরও যত হিমযাবাদীর দল কত পাই হিদচে কহিলচেদর তই কত লেqার লেপহিল বল রাপচে তব হিলচে লেমাGর সাগচের াা চেল লেরলপচে চেল বাষপ-শকG লেদশ লেচে লেগল কচেল

বল এসব কাাচেদর দান লেতামার অটটাহিলকা কার খচেন রাঙা খচেল খচেল লেদচেখা পরহিতটি আচে লেলখা

তহিম াচেনা নাচেকা হিকনত পচে পরহিত ধহিলকণা াচেনঐ প ঐ াা শকG অটটাহিলকার মাচেন

বযাখযা-উহিsহিখত কহিবতাটিচেতকহিলচেলা দীন দহিরদর লেtণীর পরহিতভআর বাব সাব ল শাসক লেtণী লেরলচেuশচেনর একঘGনাচেক লেকনদর কচের কহিব শাসকচেtণীর হিনমltম অতযাাচেরর কা তচেল ধচেরচেন দধীহি মহিনর আতমতযাচেগর পচের তার াড় হিদচে ধৈতহির অচেwর দবারাই রাকষস ভরাতদববধ লেতমন tহিমক লেtণীর আতমতযাচেগর কা শাসক লেtণী মচেন রাখচেত া না তারা লেকবল ভাচেলা ফল লেভাগ কচের হিকনত হিনচেরা পরর লাভ কচেরও tহিমকচেদর লেদ যৎসামানয পাহিরtহিমক তাচেদর tচেমর মলয াচেন লেকবল তাচেদর ধৈতহির হিশলপঅlt-লেরচেল = লেরলচেuশচেন দধীহি = পরাণ লেtষঠ ঋহিষ বাষপ শকG = হিuম ইহিyনপাই = পসা লেqার = লেকাটি Gাকা ঠহিল = লোচেখর ওপর পদlt াকচেল = কারখানা অটটাহিলকা = বড়বাহিড় পরাসাদ

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIIISUBJECT CHEMISTRYCHAPTER Structure of atom

What is Atomic StructureThe atomic structure of an element refers to the constitution of its nucleus and the arrangement of the electrons around it Primarily the atomic structure of matter is made up of protons electrons and neutrons

The protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom which is surrounded by the electrons belonging to the atom The atomic number of an element describes the total number of protons in its nucleusNeutral atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons

Daltonrsquos Atomic TheoryThe English chemist John Dalton suggestedthe following are the postulates of his theory -

Every matter is made up of atoms Atoms are indivisible Specific elements have only one type of atoms in them Each atom has its own constant mass that varies from element to element Atoms undergo rearrangement during a chemical reaction Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another

Bohrrsquos Model of Atom

In 1913 Neil Bohr overcame the limitations of Rutherford model and proposed a model of atomic structureFollowing are the postulates

Electrons revolve around a centrally located heavy small and positively charged nucleus in certain discrete orbits

While revolving in discrete orbits the electrons do not radiate energy These discrete orbits or shells are called energy levels These orbitals or shells are represented by the letters

K L M Nhellip or the numbers n = 1 2 3 4hellip

Subatomic ParticlesProtons

Protons are positively charged subatomic particles The charge of a proton is 1e which corresponds to approximately 1602 times 10-19

The mass of a proton is approximately 1672 times 10-24

Protons are over 1800 times heavier than electrons The total number of protons in the atoms of an element is always equal to the atomic number of the

elementNeutrons

The mass of a neutron is almost the same as that of a proton ie 1674times10 -24

Neutrons are electrically neutral particles and carry no charge Different isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but vary in the number of neutrons

present in their respective nucleiElectrons

The charge of an electron is -1e which approximates to -1602 times 10 -19

The mass of an electron is approximately 91 times 10-31 Due to the relatively negligible mass of electrons they are ignored when calculating the mass of an atom

Atomic Structure of IsotopesThe isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutronsThe atomic structure of an isotope is described with the help of the chemical symbol of the element the atomic number of the element and the mass number of the isotope For example there exist three known naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen namely protium deuterium and tritium

Isotopes of Some Elements Hydrogen

The most abundant isotope of hydrogen on the planet Earth is protium The atomic number and the mass number of this isotope are 1 and 1 respectively

CarbonCarbon has two stable isotopes ndash 12C and 13C Of these isotopes 12C has an abundance of 989 It contains 6 protons 6 electrons and 6 neutrons

OxygenThere exist three stable isotopes of oxygen ndash 18O 17O and 16O However oxygen-16 is the most abundant isotope

Rutherford Atomic Theory

Rutherford a student of J J Thomson modified the atomic structure with the discovery of another subatomic particle called ldquoNucleusrdquo His atomic model is based on the Alpha ray scattering experiment

Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom

The nucleus is at the center of an atom where most of the charge and mass are concentrated Atomic structure is spherical Electrons revolve around the nucleus in a circular orbit similar to the way planets orbit the sun

Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model

If electrons have to revolve around the nucleus they will spend energy and that too against the strong force of attraction from the nucleus a lot of energy will be spent by the electrons and eventually they will lose all their energy and will fall into the nucleus so the stability of atom is not explained

If electrons continuously revolve around the lsquonucleus the type of spectrum expected is a continuous spectrum But in reality what we see is a line spectrum

Subject -Hindi 2ndlangChapter - 1 वह दश कौन सा हइस कगिवता म भारत दश क बार म वरणन गिकया या ह यहा की सदरता न चबी गिहमालय की चोदिटयो सार नदिदयो इसक बार म इस कगिवता म बताया या ह यह पराकगितक दमिw स अतयमिधक सदर ह भारत दश जसा मनमोगिहनी परकगित की मनोरम सदरता कही भी दखन को नही मिमलती ह सव क समान यहा सख पराकगितक सदरता लिसफ यही ह इसीलिलए यह दश सवशरषठ दश ह या हर जागित की लो पाए जात ह उनम अनकता म भी एकता का परगितहिबब दखन को मिमलता ह यहा पर भाईचारा ह सभी एक दसर स मिमलजल कर एक साथ रहन की कोलिशश म ल रहत हशबदाथ

मनमोगिहनी- मन को अचछी लन वाली कोई चीज परकगित ndashवातावररण जहा सदर-सदर हरिरयाली पड पौध होत ह चररणndashपर रतनश-समदर गिनरतर- हमशा सधा-अमत धारा-लहर जस नदिदयो की लहर आती ह और जाती ह सलोना- सदर

SUBJECT- BENGALITOPIC- রামচনদরের বিলাপ ndash ( কবি13াস ওঝা ) লাইন-(১-১৬)ldquoহিবলাপ কচেরন রামhelliphelliphelliphellip হিরচেলন পহিবী হিক আপন দহিতাrdquoপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ-আমাচেদর পরান রামাচেণ কহিত আচে ধৈকচেকীর লনা রামনদর রাযযত চে লকষণ ও সীতাচেক হিনচে লেৌদদ বচেরর নয বনবাচেস যান বনবাচেস তাচেদর ীবন ভালই হিল একহিদন বনবাচেসর সম রাবণ মারী লেসচে সীতাচেক রণ কচের লেসই সম কটীচের রামনদর ও লকষমণ লেকউ হিলনা এই সচেযাচেগ রাবণ সীতাচেক হিনচে তার লঙকারাচেয হিনচে যা কটিচের হিফচের রাম ও লকষণ সীতাচেক লেদখচেত না লেপচে াহিরহিদচেক খাচেত াচেকন হিকনত লেকাাও সীতা লেনই সীতাচেক নাচেপচে রামনদর লেশাচেক হিবহবল চে লকষচেণর কাচে মচেনর দঃখ পরকাশ কচেরন রামনদর মচেন মচেন ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা তা ার মন পরীকষা করার নয লেকাাও লেকাচেনা মহিন পতনীর সচেঙগ লহিকচে আচেন তচেব লেকাা লেগচেল হিতহিন সীতার লেদখা পাচেবন লেসই হিনতাই সদা রাচেমর মচেন াগহিরত রামনদর ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা লেগাদাবরী নদীরতীচের পদমবচেন ভরমণ করচেন লেসই সম লেদবী লকষমী সীতার পদমফচেলর মত সনদর মখ লেদচেখ ত পদম বচেন লহিকচে লেরচেখচেন আবার রামনদর ভাবচেন রাহ লেযমন গরচেণর সম া াদচেক গরাস কচের লেতমহিন সীতার া াচেদর মত মখ লেদচেখ রাহ নদরকলা লেভচেব গরাস কচেরচে হিকনা এই হিনতা রাম মচেন মচেন করচেন আরও ভাবচেন চেতা রাযযত চে বন বাস ীবচেনর দঃখ কষট সীতা চেতা সয করচেত পারচেনা এই লেভচেব পহিবী তার হিনচের কনযাচেক রণ কচেরচেশবদাlt-হিবলাপ- কাননা অন- লোG ভহিলচেত না পাহির- ভচেল না যাওা হিনরপণ- লেখাাা (লেকান হিক াহিরচে লেগচেল লেখাাা)ানকী- নক রাার কনযা অltাৎ সীতা মহিন পতনী- সননযাসী পতনী (wী) সহিত- সচেঙগ লেগাদাবরী- দহিকষন ভারচেতর একটি নদী কমল- পদম কমলমখী-পচেদমর মত সনদর মখ (আচেলায কহিবতা সীতার মখচেক বলা চেচে)পদমালা- লকষমী হিপপাহিসত- তষণাতlt পরাস- লেষটা রাহ- পরান বহিণltত রাকষস দহিতা- কনযানদরকলা- পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযার পচেরর হিদন অltাৎ পরহিত পদ লেচেক পচেরর পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযা পযltনত া াচেদর বাড়া বা কমা ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IXSubject- BiologyTopic- Ch-2 CellMicroscope

A piece of equipment that makes very small objects look big enough for you to be able to see them

Antony van Leeuwenhoek made simple microscope with one lens and one adjustment screw It had a magnifying power cope up to 200 times

Robert Hooke made compound microscope with two lenses and two adjustment serews It magnifies upto 2000 times He examined a thin slice of cork and obserwed box like compartment He said these are all ldquocellsrdquo

Electron microscope which gives us a magnification over 200000 times by using beams of electrons which are bent by magnets

Cell theorybull The cell is the smallest unit of structure of allliving thingsbull The cell is the unit of function of all living thingsbull All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Organism according to number of cellsbull Single-celled made up of one cell exyeast bacteria amoebabull Few-celled made up of a few hundred to few thousand cells ex Volvox Spirogyrabull Multi-celled made up of millions and billions of cells ex Human Mangobull Smallest cell - Bacteria 03- 50 micrometerbull Longest cell - Nerve cell - 135 micronmeterbull Largest cell ndash Ostrich egg - 20 cm in diameter

Types of cell shape according to their functionsRBCrsquos are biconcave in shape to carry Hb through blood vessel Neurone is long to carry nerve impulse from one place to another

CELL

Cell wall+Cell membrane+Protoplasm

Cytoplasm+Nucleus

Organelles+Inclusions

[Mitocondria] [lifeless

Lysosomes accumul

Etc] - ations-

eg

Pigment glycogenetc]

Cell Walli) Non-living rigid layerii) Made up of lipo-protieniii) Semi permeable in nature control the entry of solutes and ionsiv) Present only outside of plant cell

Cell Membranei) Very thin livingii) Composed of celluloseiii) Freely permeable in nature allows all to enter amp leaveiv) Present in outside of both cells

Cell Organelles Functionsi)Endoplasmic-recticulum

ii)Mitochondria

iii)Golgi Apparatus

iv)Ribosome

v)Lysosome

vi)Centrosome

vii)Plastid

a) Supportive framework for the cellb) Synthesis amp transport of protein amp fat

a)Release of energy in the form of ATP

a) Synthesis amp secretion of enzymes hormones etcb) Formation of lysosome amp vacuoles

a)Protein synthesis

a) Intracellular digestionb) Destroy foreign substances

a)Initiates and regulates cell division

a) Leucoplast ndash stores starchb) Chromoplast ndash Impart colours to flowers and fruitsc) Chloroplast ndash trap solar energy for photosynthesis

Subject ndashHindiChapter1बात अठननी की( सदशन)शबदाथndashजारा-जर करना तनखवाह-वतन सदह- शक (करना गिकसी बात को लकर)पशी -पहल दिदया जान वाला धन ऋरण-कज (उधार लना) अपमान-बइजजतीरकम-रपए र उड या-घबरा या (गिकसी बात को लकर डर जाना)लातो क भत बातो स नही मानत ndashदw वयलिk पर समझान का परभाव नही पडता आखो म खन उतर आया- बहत जयादा करोध आना धन बटोर ना-धन इकटठा करना इसाफ-नयाय

Subject- Bengali TOPIC-হিগহিনন-রবীনদরনাঠাকরপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ- ধৈশশচেব রবীনদর নাচের পাঠশালা হিশবনা নাচেম একন পহিmত হিচেলন লেগাাফ দাহিড় কামাচেণা মাা লোচেGা কচের ল া াGা একটি লোচেGা টিহিক আচে এই পহিmতচেক লেদচেখ সবাই ভ লেপত াতর শাসচেনর বযাপাচের হিতহিন অতযনত দকষ হিচেলন-লেযমন খব লেপGাচেতন লেতমহিন আtাবয গালা গাহিল করচেতন াতররা তা াচেক লেদবতা বা হিশকষচেকর নযা tদধা হিকংবা ভহিকত করত না তা ার আরণ ও মচেখর ভাষার সচেঙগ াতররা যমরাচের হিমল লেপত হিশবনা পহিmত াতরচেদর উপর লেযমন অতযাার করচেতন আবার নানারকচেমর অদভত নামকরণ করচেতন তাচেত াতররা মানহিসক আঘাত লেবাধ করত াতরচেদর নাম হিবকত করচেতন তাচেত লেবাeা যা লেয হিতহিন মানষ বসতর লেচেক অবসতচেক লেবহিশ মলয হিদচেতন তাই যখন পহিmত শশী লেশখরচেক তার লেদচের গঠন ও আকহিত সচেঙগ হিমহিলচে লেভGহিক নাচেম Jাচেকন তখন শশীচেশখর আঘাত পাশবদাlt ndash পহিmত ndashহিশকষক াতরবহি7 ndashাতরচেক পরদ7 আহিltক পরসকার বা লপাহিন পাওার কলাসহরসব- কম আতচেন লোG অনতরাতমা- মন হদহল- কীG পতচেঙগর আতমরকষার নয হিপচেনর হিদচেকর তীকষণ কা াGা অসর- অচেনক বহিষltত- বষltণকরাবাকযজবালা- বাকযবাচেন আচেকষপ- অনচেশানা ভহিকত-tদধা উচেপহিকষত- অবচেহিলতলেদবমহিমা-লেদবতার কীহিতlt উপদরব- eাচেমলা হিনচেকষপ-া চেড় লেদওা কামনা- ইLালেদবাল- মহিনদর বালাই- অমঙগল সরচেলাক বাসী- সবগltবাসী

Subject-PhysicsChapter Motion in 1D1 Scalar They are expressed only by their magnitudes Example mass speed2 Vector They are expressed by magnitude as well as direction Example force velocity3 A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its immediate surroundings

4 A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its immediate surroundings5 The shortest distance from the initial to the final position of the body is called the magnitude of displacement It is in the direction from the initial position to the final position Its SI unit is metre (m)6 The distance is the length of path travelled by the body so it is always positive Distance is a scalar quantity7 The speed of a body is the rate of change of distance with time Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)8 The velocity of a body is the distance travelled per second by the body in a specified direction Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)9 If a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time along a particular direction then the body is said to be moving with a uniform velocity However if a body travels unequal distances in a particular direction in equal intervals of time or it moves equal distances in equal intervals of time but its direction of motion does not remain same then the velocity of the body is said to be variable (or non-uniform)10 Average speed is the ratio of the total distance travelled by the body to the total time of journey it is never zero If the velocity of a body moving in a particular direction changes with time then the ratio of displacement to the time taken in entire journey is called its average velocity Average velocity of a body can be zero even if its average speed is not zero11 Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time Its SI unit is metresecond2 (ms2) Negative acceleration called retardation12 The acceleration is said to be uniform when equal changes in velocity take place in equal intervals of time but if the change in velocity is not the same in the same intervals of time the acceleration is said to be variable13 When a body falls freely under gravity the acceleration produced in the body due to the Earths gravitational acceleration is called the acceleration due to gravity (g) The average value of g is 98 ms214 Three equations of a uniformly accelerated motion arev = u + ats = ut + (12) at2v2 = u2 + 2as

NB One must go through the sums ( equation of motion and others) especially sums related to graphs of motion in one dimension

SUBJECT ENGLISH LANGUAGETOPIC PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONSKinds of prepositions

Simple preposition At by for from in of off on out through till to up with after under over since down etc Example

o He is going to Delhi by the nighto He came from Mumbai

Compound or double prepositions About above across along amidst among amongst around before behind below beneath beside Between beyond inside outside underneath within without etc Example

o His house is behind the shopo I shall go there within a week

Phrase preposition According to along with because of by means of by reason of in favour of etc Example

o Put this book in place of thato He is acting according to the advice of his father

Participle preposition Barring considering During Excepting excluding including etc Example

o Considering the quality the price is not mucho During the lesson he fainted

SUBJECT- HISTORYTOPIC- HARAPPAN CIVILIZATIONEXPLANATION OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS CIVILIZATION The term Civilization basically means the level of development at which people live together peacefully in communities They built cities and invented form of writing They learned to make pottery and use metals They domesticated animals and created social structures

FOUR CONTEMPORARY ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Mesopotamian civilizations Egyptian civilizations Harappa civilizations Chinese civilizations HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION Harappa was the first site that was excavated So it came to be known as the Harappa civilization Mohenjo ndash daro and Harappa were located in the valley of river Indus and its tributaries Hence it is known as the Indus Valley Civilization

MOHENJO-DARO Mohenjo-daro in the Sind language means lsquoMound of the Deadrsquo It is located in the Larkana district of Sind ( now in Pakistan)

HARAPPA Harappa was situated on the bank of river Ravi in the Montegomery district of West Punjab (now in Pakistan)

Other important sites were Chanhu Daro in Sind Lothal near Ahmedabad in Gujrat Kalibangan in Rajasthan Alamgirpur near Hastinapur in UP Ropar in Punjab

SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF THE HARAPPA CIVILIZATIONS

1 Archaeological remains2 Important seals3 Bearded man4 Dancing girl5 Dockyard6 Script

1 Archaeological remainsa) The Great Bath- It was discovered at Mohenjo-daro it was an open quadrangle with rooms and galleries

on three sides The pool might have been used on special occasionsb) The Citadel- The ruins of the citadel was found in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Probably the ruling class

people lived here It was a fortress overlooking a city2 Important Seals More than two thousands terracotta steatite or ivory made square or oblong seals have

been discovered They showed the culture and civilization of that period They mainly indicate dress ornaments hairstyle religious belief script trade and commercial relations some important Seals were the Pashupati Seals the Unicorn seal and the Bull Seal

3 Bearded Man A stone statue of bearded Man has been found both Harappa and Mohenjo ndashdaro He might have been a noble man or a priest or a respected leader

4 Dancing Girl A Bronze figure of a Dancing girl shows a high degree art of culture in metal Her right hand was on her hip and head slightly backwards shows her dancing posture It reveals that the people of Harappa were fond of singing and dancing

5 Dockyard The existence of Dockyard made it evident that trade was carried on by sea route with foreign countries

6 The Script The script was pictographic since its signs represent birds fish and varieties of the human forms The script was found inscribed on a number of seals made of Copper and terracotta etc

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Class X

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCommercial Studies

Advertising In last class we have discussed about the merits of advertising

Question 1) Explain the disadvantages of advertising

Besides having merits advertising have some demerits also

Today I am going to share the demerits of advertising

Answer) The disadvantages of advertising are as follows

I) Wastage of national resourcesDue to excessive use or proliferation of advertising valuable National resources are wasted In many cases companies undertake rigorous advertising efforts without specific needs

II)Impulsive buyingIt creates unnecessary needs People are emotionally forced to buy the products Sometimes it forced people to buy unnecessary products

III) High price toconsumersAdvertising increases cost of product Customers have to pay high price for the products heavily advertised IV) Mislead about theproductSome advertiserrsquos cleverly create misleading Impressions of their goods -they present a very Rosy picture of their products with object to increase their sales

Chemistry TopicChemical Bonding

Cause of chemical combination is the tendency of elements to acquire the nearest nobel gas configuration in their outermost orbit and become stable

A chemical bond may be defined as the force of attraction between any two atomsin a moleculeto maintain stability

Electrovalent compounds The chemical compounds formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from one atom of an element to one atom of another element are

Bond formed between metals and non-metals are ionic or electrovalent

Electrovalent compounds(i)Their constituent particle are ions(ii)They are hard solids consisting of ions

Boiling points and melting pointsThese are non-volatilewith high boiling and high melting points

Electricity conducting nature(i)They do not conduct electricity in the solid state(ii)They are good conductors of electricity in the fused or in aqueous state

Dissociation Electrovalent compounds are composed if ionsIn solutions these ions become mobile or in molten state these

Demerits Of AdvertisingWastage of national resources Impulsive buyingHigh price to consumerMislead about the product

called ionic compounds

Electrovalency The number of electrons that an atom of an element loses or gains to form a electrovalent bond is called its electrovalency

Condition for the formation of an electrovalent bondi)Low ionization potential if the ionization potential of a particular atom is lowit will lose electron easilyie a cation is formed easily

ii)High electron affinity if the electron affinity value highanion will be formed easilyie a higher electron affinity value favours ionic bonding

iii)large electronegativity difference if the difference in the electronegativities of two elements is higherthen the transfer of electrons will be easierThereforemore the difference in electronegativitymore will be the ionic nature of the resulting compound

ions dissociate

SolubiltyThese are solubile in water but insoluble in organic solvents

Rate of reaction They show rapid speed of chemical reactions in aqueous solutions

Physics

Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Prove thatMoment of couple = Force x Couple armSolutions

A O B

At A and B two forces each of magnitude F are applied which are equal and opposite forces The two forces rotate the bar in anticlockwise direction AB is the perpendicular distance between two forces which is called the couple arm

Moment of force F at the end A= F times OA (anticlockwise)Moment of force F at the end B= F times OB (anticlockwise)Total moment of couple = F times OA + F times OB= F times (OA + OB)= F times AB= F times d (anticlockwise)

= Either force times perpendicular distance between the two forces or couple armHence Moment of couple = Force times Couple armQuestion What do you mean by equilibrium of a body

Solutions When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of linear or rotational motion the body is said to be in equilibriumQuestion State the condition when a body is in (i) static (ii) dynamic equilibrium Give one example each of static and dynamic equilibriumSolutions(i) Static equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the state of rest under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in static equilibriumExample A book lying on a table is in static equilibrium(ii) Dynamic equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the same state of motion under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in dynamic equilibriumExample A rain drop reaches the earth surface with a constant velocity

English Literature

The Blue Bead

Answer the following questions-

1) Describe the blue beadAns - The blue bead glimmered in the water It was not a gem though it was sand Worn glass that had been rolling about in the river for a long time By chance it was perforated right through- the neck of a bottle perhaps

2) Describe Sibiarsquos homeAns- Sibia lived in a mud house which was the same colour as the ground

3) Describe SibiaAns- Sibia was a little girl a thin starving child dressed in an earth- Coloured rag straight white teeth With her ebony hair and great eyes and her skin of oiled brown cream she was a happy immature child- Woman about twelve years old Bare foot of course and often goosey- Cold on a winter morning and born to toil In all her life she had never owned even one anna- not a piece

ECONOMICS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Sub-topic- Capital

Now let us start the class by discussing the various types of capital

a Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capitalexample machinebuilding

b Circulating capital-It is used only onceexample raw materials

c Sunk capital-which is used only for a single purpose Example building of a factory

d Floating capital- which can e put to several uses example coal

e Production capital-Capital which helps in production

Questions1Using examples classify capital into fixed and circulating capitalAnswer Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capital it refers to those capital which can be used again and again example machine buildingWhere as Circulating capital-It is used only once in the production processexample raw materials such as cottonfuel

2 Distinguish between real capital and money capital Which of the two has greater significance in economic growthAnswerReal capital means capital goods such as properties machinesplantsetc Money capital on the other hand money (or cash in hand) which is utilized by the producers for the purchase of tools equipments and other kinds of goods needed for production

CWhat do you mean by working capitalAnswer Working capital refers to the stock of finished semi-finished goods and raw materials etcwhich is converted to final goods (finished

directlymachinestoolsetc

f Consumption capital-Capital which helps in production indirectlyexample residential buildings for factory purpose

g Personal capital-It refers to the personal abilities which cannot be transferred example surgeonrsquos skill

h Material capital- capital which is made of matter and has a form and shapeExample machines raw materials

i Money capital-capital which used for purchasing real capital( raw materials machines equipments which is needed by the producers for production)

j Debt capital-capital used for giving loans

k Social capital-Capital which helps in the growth of national outpit of the countryexample railwaysnational highways etc

l Private capital-capital which helps only to the owner to raise his income example private propertybusiness goodwill

m Real capital ndash It consists of the physical stock of goods which are used as inputs in the production processExample raw materialsmachines

consumer goods) in near future

Math Topic Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Shares and dividendsDate 29042020Study item Some solved sums from exercise 3Find the dividend received on 60 shares of Rs 20 each if 9 dividend is declaredSolution Number of shares = 60Face value of one share = Rs20 Rate of dividend = 9

Therefore the dividend received = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share = 60 times 9 times Rs20 = Rs 60 times 9100 times 20 = Rs 108A company declares 8 percent dividend to the shareholders If a man receives Rs2840 as his dividend find the nominal value of his sharesSolution Let the nominal value of shares be Rs xTotal dividend = 8 of Rs x = Rs(8100 )times (x) = Rs 8x100According to question 8x100 = 2840 Or 8x = 2840 times 100 Or x = (2840 times100)8 = 35500Therefore the nominal value of his shares = Rs35500 A man buys 200 ten-rupees shares at Rs12bull50 each and receives a dividend of 8 Find the amount invested by him and the dividend received by him in cashSolution Given face value of one share = Rs 10 And market value of one share = Rs 12bull50 Number of shares = 200Therefore investment = 200 times Rs 12bull50 = Rs 2500Total dividend = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share= 200 times 8 timesRs 10= 200 times 8100 timesRs 10= Rs 160

Computer Application

Java Programming(from ch 2)

Programming Questions1 Write a program to input the area of a square and find its perimeterAns import javautilclass Sol1static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double aspSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the area of a squarerdquo)a=scnextDouble()s=Mathsqrt(a)p=4sSystemoutprintln(ldquoPerimeter=rdquo+p)

2 Write a program to input the length and breadth of a rectangle and find its diagonalAns import javautilclass Sol2static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double lbdComputer Applications ndash X (ICSE Course) Answers 34Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the length and breadth of the rectanglerdquo)

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

1 Chemicals of Food in Everyday Life - In food materials following chemicals are widely used1 Colouring agents2 Artificial preservatives3 Flow stabilizers4 Binding substance5 Artificial sweetness6 Antioxidants7 Minerals8 Vitamins

Except vitamins remaining substances do not have nutritional value

2 Artificial Preservatives These prevent spoilage of food by stopping the growth of microorganism For example Sodium benzoate sodium Meta bisulphate

3 Artificial Sweetness These do not impart any calories to the body Since these substances are excreted through urine For example

1 Aspartame It is used in cool drinks and ice-creams2 Alitame It is 2000 times sweeter than sucrose

4 Antioxidants These prevent the spoilage of food by preventing the oxidation of food For example

1 Butylated hydroxyl tolerance (BHT)2 Butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA)

Dyes are coloured organic compounds that are used to impart colour to the various substrate including paper leather fur and hair drugs cosmetics Dyes are classified into Natural dyes and Synthetic Dyes

It has some harmful effects also Harmful effects of chemistry 1 Increase population 2 Depletion of natural resources 3 Destructive weapons

Air and inhalationWe take over 20000 breaths a day This number can be much higher for infants and children The chemicals and pollutants we inhale can end up in our lungs and blood stream Sometimes we can smell or taste harmful chemicals but it isnt always so easy Some chemicals like radon or carbon monoxide are odourless tasteless and invisible

Skin and eye contactYou can be exposed to chemicals by coming into contact with them through your skin and eyes These organs can be more sensitive to chemicals and may react more quickly than the rest of our bodies Wearing protective equipment such as gloves and eye goggles can protect you from direct exposure It can also prevent you from spreading substances onto other objects and people

Food water and ingestionMany chemicals can be found in both our food and water sources As we eat and drink we might swallow chemicals that can harm us However there are actions you can take to limit your exposure such as replacing older lead pipes or refraining from heating food in plastic containers not intended for that purpose You can also keep your community safe by disposing of hazardous chemicals according to your municipal guidelines

Chemistry laboratory A Chemistry laboratory is a place where experiments in chemistry are performed It is very important to take precautions while working in a chemical lab with chemical substances

Laboratory safety rules Wear sensible clothing including footwear Loose clothing should be secured so they do not get caught in a

flame or chemicals Do not taste or smell chemicals Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes when heating substances dissecting etc

Never point a test tube being heated at another student or yourself Never look into a test tube while you are heating it

Leave your work station clean and in good order before leaving the laboratory Follow all instructions given by your teacher

Some common Laboratory Apparatus are ndash Test tube Beaker Conical Flask Round bottom Flask Flat bottom Flask Measuring Cylinder Funnel Evaporating Dish Wire Gauze Bunsen Burner Tripod stand

Subject -Hindi 2ndLanguageChapter-1 lsquoइतनी शलिk हम दना दाताrsquo (कगिवता)इस कगिवता म भवान की वदना की ई ह परभ की शलिkयो का रणान गिकया या ह हर अजञानता क अधकार को दर कर जञान का परकाश भरन क लिलए हम सभी को ईशवर स पराथना करनी चागिहए

शबदाथndash दाता- भवान गिवशवासndashभरोसा कमजोर -गिबना शलिk कनक रासत परndash सही रासत ( भलाई क रासत पर चलना दसरो की मदद करना यही नक रासता ह)सहमा -सहमा ndash डरा हआ( अपनी कोई भी बात ना कह पाना)जलमndash अतयाचार( गिकसी क लिलए बरा सोचना या परशान करना ह अतयाचार ह)बबसीndash मजबर (गिकसी की मदद ना कर पाना ही मजबरी ह या लाचारी ह)ममता- पयार (जिजस तरह मा अपन बचचो को पयार करती ह) नक ndash भलाई करनाअजञानndash मखता (हर समय कोई ना कोई लती करना ही अजञानता ह)

SUBJECT-BENGALI (2ND Language)TOPIC-হিমালচের পচে ndashপরচেবাধ কমার সানযালপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ ndash ldquoহিরদবারhelliphelliphellipদঃচেখর পরীকষাrdquo আচেলায গলপটি একটি ভরমণ কাহিনী মলকহিবষবসত ndash লেলখক হিমালচে যাতরা পচের বণltনা হিদচেচেন হিরদবার লেচেক তাচেদর যাতরা শর পরম ারহিদন া াGার পর তারা লেদবপরাগ একটি লোচেGা পাাহিড় শচের লেপৌচেলন যাতরা পচের মাচেe পাাড় গহিল ঘন সব ঙগলম াহিরহিদচেক এত সনদর সনদর ফলচেফাচেG অ লেসইখাচেন এই লেসৌনদযlt লেভাগ করার মানষ লেনই লেদব পরাগ লেচেক ২৪ মাইল প যাওা পর রদর পরাগ নাচেম একটি লোG শচের লেলখকরা উপহিSত চেহিচেলন এই রদর পরাচেগ পGা দটি ভাচেগ ভাগ চে যা একটি প লেকদারনা পাাচেড়র হিদচেক আর অপরটি বদরীনাচের হিদচেক এই যাতরাপ অহিত কঠিন ও দরাচেরা হিমালচে ভরমণ করচেত লেগচেল মানষচেক অচেনক সাস ও শহিকত আর ধৈধচেযltর পরীকষা হিদচেত

শবদাlt ndashভরমণ কাহিনী- লেকাচেনা াগা ঘরচেত যাওার হিবসতাহিরত বণltনা লেদওাদশltন- লেকাচেনা হিক লেদখাঙগলম- াহিরহিদচেক ঘন সব বনলেভাগ- লেকান হিক হিনচের মত কচের উপচেভাগ (গরণ) করামাইল- দরতব মাপার একক কখনও লেকাাও যাওার সম লেসই পচের দরতব মাইল একক দবারা পরকাশ করা দরাচেরা- লেয পচে যাওা খবই কষটকরলেদবপরাগ রদরপরাগ লেকদারনা বদরীনা-এগহিলসবই ভারচেতর উ7রাখচেm অবহিSত াগার নাম

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIISubject -Hindi 2ndlangChapter-2 जीव दया क मसीहा

सारश-इस कहानी स हम यह सीख मिमलती ह गिक जिजस तरह लखक म सवा और दया धम था उसी तरह हमार अदर भी दया और सवा भाव होनी चागिहए दद को जब तक खद पर महसस नही कर तब तक हम गिकसी और की मदद दिदल स नही कर पाए जिजस तरह लखक न सवय भख रहकर दसरो क भख को समझा वह चाह इसान हो या जानवर जब तक हम इस दद को नही समझ तब तक गिकसी और की मदद नही कर पाए

शबदाथndash पादरी - इसका मतलब होता ह जिजस तरह हमार पजा पाठ करन क लिलए पगिडत होत ह उसी तरह चच म पादरी रहत ह पछाड ndash हरा दना गिकसी भी तरह की खलकद होती ह जिजसम हार होती ह उस पछाड ना कहत ह मजा चखाना - जस को तसा जवाब दना पछताना - परायशचिuत करना गिकसी भी बात क लिलए जिजस म लती हो जाए उसक लिलए परायशचिuत करना पराथना - गिनवदन करना जस हम ईशवर क आ हाथ जोडकर गिनवदन करत ह आuय - अचानक स कोई बात या घटना होना सीमिमत - सीमा क अदर जस सीता माता क लिलए लकषमरण न रखा खीची थी

SUBJECT ndash CHEMISTRYCHAPTER ndash1 (MATTER AND ITS COMPOSITION)

Matter Anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter Matter is made up of atoms and moleculesAtom Atoms are the smallest particles of matter which may or may not have independent existenceProperties of particles of matter-

Particles of matter have space in between them Particles of matter are in a continuous state of motion Particles as they have kinetic energy are

continuously moving This kind of movement is zigzag or random This movement goes up on heating Particles of matter attract each other Particles of matter attract each other with force this force could be inter-atomic inter molecular

States of matter Solids A solid has a definite shape and volume Examples of solids include ice (solid water) a bar of steel

and dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) Liquids A liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container Examples of liquids include water

and oil Gases A gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape Examples of gases are air oxygen and

helium Plasma Plasma is recognized as fourth state of matter

Interconversion of three states of matter1 Melting Change of substance from solid state to liquid state2 Evaporation or boiling Change of substance from liquid state to gaseous state Transpiration is the evaporation of water into the atmosphere from the leaves and stems of plants3 Condensation change of substance from gaseous state to liquid state4 Freezing or solidification change of substance from liquid state to solid stateWater has the capability to exist in three statesIn solid state it is exists as icein liquid state as water and in gaseous state as water vapour

Ever wondered the reason behind the change of state or what happens to the particles during the change of state Change in the states of matter mainly depends on temperature and pressure

Change in States of Matter

Subject- Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরপাঠndash৫ কহিবতাndashকহিল মর কহিবndashকাী নরল ইসলাম (পরমসতবক)

লেদহিখন লেসহিদন লেরচেলকহিল বচেল এক বাবসাব তাচের লেঠচেল হিদচেল নীচে লেফচেল

লোখ লেফচেG এল ল এমহিন কrsquoলের হিক গৎ হিড়া মার খাচেব দবltল

লেয দধীহিচেদর াড় হিদচে ঐ বাষপ-শকG চেলবাবসাব এচেস হিড়ল তাাচেত কহিলরা পহিড়ল তচেল

লেবতন হিদাচো পরও যত হিমযাবাদীর দল কত পাই হিদচে কহিলচেদর তই কত লেqার লেপহিল বল রাপচে তব হিলচে লেমাGর সাগচের াা চেল লেরলপচে চেল বাষপ-শকG লেদশ লেচে লেগল কচেল

বল এসব কাাচেদর দান লেতামার অটটাহিলকা কার খচেন রাঙা খচেল খচেল লেদচেখা পরহিতটি আচে লেলখা

তহিম াচেনা নাচেকা হিকনত পচে পরহিত ধহিলকণা াচেনঐ প ঐ াা শকG অটটাহিলকার মাচেন

বযাখযা-উহিsহিখত কহিবতাটিচেতকহিলচেলা দীন দহিরদর লেtণীর পরহিতভআর বাব সাব ল শাসক লেtণী লেরলচেuশচেনর একঘGনাচেক লেকনদর কচের কহিব শাসকচেtণীর হিনমltম অতযাাচেরর কা তচেল ধচেরচেন দধীহি মহিনর আতমতযাচেগর পচের তার াড় হিদচে ধৈতহির অচেwর দবারাই রাকষস ভরাতদববধ লেতমন tহিমক লেtণীর আতমতযাচেগর কা শাসক লেtণী মচেন রাখচেত া না তারা লেকবল ভাচেলা ফল লেভাগ কচের হিকনত হিনচেরা পরর লাভ কচেরও tহিমকচেদর লেদ যৎসামানয পাহিরtহিমক তাচেদর tচেমর মলয াচেন লেকবল তাচেদর ধৈতহির হিশলপঅlt-লেরচেল = লেরলচেuশচেন দধীহি = পরাণ লেtষঠ ঋহিষ বাষপ শকG = হিuম ইহিyনপাই = পসা লেqার = লেকাটি Gাকা ঠহিল = লোচেখর ওপর পদlt াকচেল = কারখানা অটটাহিলকা = বড়বাহিড় পরাসাদ

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIIISUBJECT CHEMISTRYCHAPTER Structure of atom

What is Atomic StructureThe atomic structure of an element refers to the constitution of its nucleus and the arrangement of the electrons around it Primarily the atomic structure of matter is made up of protons electrons and neutrons

The protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom which is surrounded by the electrons belonging to the atom The atomic number of an element describes the total number of protons in its nucleusNeutral atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons

Daltonrsquos Atomic TheoryThe English chemist John Dalton suggestedthe following are the postulates of his theory -

Every matter is made up of atoms Atoms are indivisible Specific elements have only one type of atoms in them Each atom has its own constant mass that varies from element to element Atoms undergo rearrangement during a chemical reaction Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another

Bohrrsquos Model of Atom

In 1913 Neil Bohr overcame the limitations of Rutherford model and proposed a model of atomic structureFollowing are the postulates

Electrons revolve around a centrally located heavy small and positively charged nucleus in certain discrete orbits

While revolving in discrete orbits the electrons do not radiate energy These discrete orbits or shells are called energy levels These orbitals or shells are represented by the letters

K L M Nhellip or the numbers n = 1 2 3 4hellip

Subatomic ParticlesProtons

Protons are positively charged subatomic particles The charge of a proton is 1e which corresponds to approximately 1602 times 10-19

The mass of a proton is approximately 1672 times 10-24

Protons are over 1800 times heavier than electrons The total number of protons in the atoms of an element is always equal to the atomic number of the

elementNeutrons

The mass of a neutron is almost the same as that of a proton ie 1674times10 -24

Neutrons are electrically neutral particles and carry no charge Different isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but vary in the number of neutrons

present in their respective nucleiElectrons

The charge of an electron is -1e which approximates to -1602 times 10 -19

The mass of an electron is approximately 91 times 10-31 Due to the relatively negligible mass of electrons they are ignored when calculating the mass of an atom

Atomic Structure of IsotopesThe isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutronsThe atomic structure of an isotope is described with the help of the chemical symbol of the element the atomic number of the element and the mass number of the isotope For example there exist three known naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen namely protium deuterium and tritium

Isotopes of Some Elements Hydrogen

The most abundant isotope of hydrogen on the planet Earth is protium The atomic number and the mass number of this isotope are 1 and 1 respectively

CarbonCarbon has two stable isotopes ndash 12C and 13C Of these isotopes 12C has an abundance of 989 It contains 6 protons 6 electrons and 6 neutrons

OxygenThere exist three stable isotopes of oxygen ndash 18O 17O and 16O However oxygen-16 is the most abundant isotope

Rutherford Atomic Theory

Rutherford a student of J J Thomson modified the atomic structure with the discovery of another subatomic particle called ldquoNucleusrdquo His atomic model is based on the Alpha ray scattering experiment

Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom

The nucleus is at the center of an atom where most of the charge and mass are concentrated Atomic structure is spherical Electrons revolve around the nucleus in a circular orbit similar to the way planets orbit the sun

Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model

If electrons have to revolve around the nucleus they will spend energy and that too against the strong force of attraction from the nucleus a lot of energy will be spent by the electrons and eventually they will lose all their energy and will fall into the nucleus so the stability of atom is not explained

If electrons continuously revolve around the lsquonucleus the type of spectrum expected is a continuous spectrum But in reality what we see is a line spectrum

Subject -Hindi 2ndlangChapter - 1 वह दश कौन सा हइस कगिवता म भारत दश क बार म वरणन गिकया या ह यहा की सदरता न चबी गिहमालय की चोदिटयो सार नदिदयो इसक बार म इस कगिवता म बताया या ह यह पराकगितक दमिw स अतयमिधक सदर ह भारत दश जसा मनमोगिहनी परकगित की मनोरम सदरता कही भी दखन को नही मिमलती ह सव क समान यहा सख पराकगितक सदरता लिसफ यही ह इसीलिलए यह दश सवशरषठ दश ह या हर जागित की लो पाए जात ह उनम अनकता म भी एकता का परगितहिबब दखन को मिमलता ह यहा पर भाईचारा ह सभी एक दसर स मिमलजल कर एक साथ रहन की कोलिशश म ल रहत हशबदाथ

मनमोगिहनी- मन को अचछी लन वाली कोई चीज परकगित ndashवातावररण जहा सदर-सदर हरिरयाली पड पौध होत ह चररणndashपर रतनश-समदर गिनरतर- हमशा सधा-अमत धारा-लहर जस नदिदयो की लहर आती ह और जाती ह सलोना- सदर

SUBJECT- BENGALITOPIC- রামচনদরের বিলাপ ndash ( কবি13াস ওঝা ) লাইন-(১-১৬)ldquoহিবলাপ কচেরন রামhelliphelliphelliphellip হিরচেলন পহিবী হিক আপন দহিতাrdquoপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ-আমাচেদর পরান রামাচেণ কহিত আচে ধৈকচেকীর লনা রামনদর রাযযত চে লকষণ ও সীতাচেক হিনচে লেৌদদ বচেরর নয বনবাচেস যান বনবাচেস তাচেদর ীবন ভালই হিল একহিদন বনবাচেসর সম রাবণ মারী লেসচে সীতাচেক রণ কচের লেসই সম কটীচের রামনদর ও লকষমণ লেকউ হিলনা এই সচেযাচেগ রাবণ সীতাচেক হিনচে তার লঙকারাচেয হিনচে যা কটিচের হিফচের রাম ও লকষণ সীতাচেক লেদখচেত না লেপচে াহিরহিদচেক খাচেত াচেকন হিকনত লেকাাও সীতা লেনই সীতাচেক নাচেপচে রামনদর লেশাচেক হিবহবল চে লকষচেণর কাচে মচেনর দঃখ পরকাশ কচেরন রামনদর মচেন মচেন ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা তা ার মন পরীকষা করার নয লেকাাও লেকাচেনা মহিন পতনীর সচেঙগ লহিকচে আচেন তচেব লেকাা লেগচেল হিতহিন সীতার লেদখা পাচেবন লেসই হিনতাই সদা রাচেমর মচেন াগহিরত রামনদর ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা লেগাদাবরী নদীরতীচের পদমবচেন ভরমণ করচেন লেসই সম লেদবী লকষমী সীতার পদমফচেলর মত সনদর মখ লেদচেখ ত পদম বচেন লহিকচে লেরচেখচেন আবার রামনদর ভাবচেন রাহ লেযমন গরচেণর সম া াদচেক গরাস কচের লেতমহিন সীতার া াচেদর মত মখ লেদচেখ রাহ নদরকলা লেভচেব গরাস কচেরচে হিকনা এই হিনতা রাম মচেন মচেন করচেন আরও ভাবচেন চেতা রাযযত চে বন বাস ীবচেনর দঃখ কষট সীতা চেতা সয করচেত পারচেনা এই লেভচেব পহিবী তার হিনচের কনযাচেক রণ কচেরচেশবদাlt-হিবলাপ- কাননা অন- লোG ভহিলচেত না পাহির- ভচেল না যাওা হিনরপণ- লেখাাা (লেকান হিক াহিরচে লেগচেল লেখাাা)ানকী- নক রাার কনযা অltাৎ সীতা মহিন পতনী- সননযাসী পতনী (wী) সহিত- সচেঙগ লেগাদাবরী- দহিকষন ভারচেতর একটি নদী কমল- পদম কমলমখী-পচেদমর মত সনদর মখ (আচেলায কহিবতা সীতার মখচেক বলা চেচে)পদমালা- লকষমী হিপপাহিসত- তষণাতlt পরাস- লেষটা রাহ- পরান বহিণltত রাকষস দহিতা- কনযানদরকলা- পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযার পচেরর হিদন অltাৎ পরহিত পদ লেচেক পচেরর পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযা পযltনত া াচেদর বাড়া বা কমা ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IXSubject- BiologyTopic- Ch-2 CellMicroscope

A piece of equipment that makes very small objects look big enough for you to be able to see them

Antony van Leeuwenhoek made simple microscope with one lens and one adjustment screw It had a magnifying power cope up to 200 times

Robert Hooke made compound microscope with two lenses and two adjustment serews It magnifies upto 2000 times He examined a thin slice of cork and obserwed box like compartment He said these are all ldquocellsrdquo

Electron microscope which gives us a magnification over 200000 times by using beams of electrons which are bent by magnets

Cell theorybull The cell is the smallest unit of structure of allliving thingsbull The cell is the unit of function of all living thingsbull All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Organism according to number of cellsbull Single-celled made up of one cell exyeast bacteria amoebabull Few-celled made up of a few hundred to few thousand cells ex Volvox Spirogyrabull Multi-celled made up of millions and billions of cells ex Human Mangobull Smallest cell - Bacteria 03- 50 micrometerbull Longest cell - Nerve cell - 135 micronmeterbull Largest cell ndash Ostrich egg - 20 cm in diameter

Types of cell shape according to their functionsRBCrsquos are biconcave in shape to carry Hb through blood vessel Neurone is long to carry nerve impulse from one place to another

CELL

Cell wall+Cell membrane+Protoplasm

Cytoplasm+Nucleus

Organelles+Inclusions

[Mitocondria] [lifeless

Lysosomes accumul

Etc] - ations-

eg

Pigment glycogenetc]

Cell Walli) Non-living rigid layerii) Made up of lipo-protieniii) Semi permeable in nature control the entry of solutes and ionsiv) Present only outside of plant cell

Cell Membranei) Very thin livingii) Composed of celluloseiii) Freely permeable in nature allows all to enter amp leaveiv) Present in outside of both cells

Cell Organelles Functionsi)Endoplasmic-recticulum

ii)Mitochondria

iii)Golgi Apparatus

iv)Ribosome

v)Lysosome

vi)Centrosome

vii)Plastid

a) Supportive framework for the cellb) Synthesis amp transport of protein amp fat

a)Release of energy in the form of ATP

a) Synthesis amp secretion of enzymes hormones etcb) Formation of lysosome amp vacuoles

a)Protein synthesis

a) Intracellular digestionb) Destroy foreign substances

a)Initiates and regulates cell division

a) Leucoplast ndash stores starchb) Chromoplast ndash Impart colours to flowers and fruitsc) Chloroplast ndash trap solar energy for photosynthesis

Subject ndashHindiChapter1बात अठननी की( सदशन)शबदाथndashजारा-जर करना तनखवाह-वतन सदह- शक (करना गिकसी बात को लकर)पशी -पहल दिदया जान वाला धन ऋरण-कज (उधार लना) अपमान-बइजजतीरकम-रपए र उड या-घबरा या (गिकसी बात को लकर डर जाना)लातो क भत बातो स नही मानत ndashदw वयलिk पर समझान का परभाव नही पडता आखो म खन उतर आया- बहत जयादा करोध आना धन बटोर ना-धन इकटठा करना इसाफ-नयाय

Subject- Bengali TOPIC-হিগহিনন-রবীনদরনাঠাকরপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ- ধৈশশচেব রবীনদর নাচের পাঠশালা হিশবনা নাচেম একন পহিmত হিচেলন লেগাাফ দাহিড় কামাচেণা মাা লোচেGা কচের ল া াGা একটি লোচেGা টিহিক আচে এই পহিmতচেক লেদচেখ সবাই ভ লেপত াতর শাসচেনর বযাপাচের হিতহিন অতযনত দকষ হিচেলন-লেযমন খব লেপGাচেতন লেতমহিন আtাবয গালা গাহিল করচেতন াতররা তা াচেক লেদবতা বা হিশকষচেকর নযা tদধা হিকংবা ভহিকত করত না তা ার আরণ ও মচেখর ভাষার সচেঙগ াতররা যমরাচের হিমল লেপত হিশবনা পহিmত াতরচেদর উপর লেযমন অতযাার করচেতন আবার নানারকচেমর অদভত নামকরণ করচেতন তাচেত াতররা মানহিসক আঘাত লেবাধ করত াতরচেদর নাম হিবকত করচেতন তাচেত লেবাeা যা লেয হিতহিন মানষ বসতর লেচেক অবসতচেক লেবহিশ মলয হিদচেতন তাই যখন পহিmত শশী লেশখরচেক তার লেদচের গঠন ও আকহিত সচেঙগ হিমহিলচে লেভGহিক নাচেম Jাচেকন তখন শশীচেশখর আঘাত পাশবদাlt ndash পহিmত ndashহিশকষক াতরবহি7 ndashাতরচেক পরদ7 আহিltক পরসকার বা লপাহিন পাওার কলাসহরসব- কম আতচেন লোG অনতরাতমা- মন হদহল- কীG পতচেঙগর আতমরকষার নয হিপচেনর হিদচেকর তীকষণ কা াGা অসর- অচেনক বহিষltত- বষltণকরাবাকযজবালা- বাকযবাচেন আচেকষপ- অনচেশানা ভহিকত-tদধা উচেপহিকষত- অবচেহিলতলেদবমহিমা-লেদবতার কীহিতlt উপদরব- eাচেমলা হিনচেকষপ-া চেড় লেদওা কামনা- ইLালেদবাল- মহিনদর বালাই- অমঙগল সরচেলাক বাসী- সবগltবাসী

Subject-PhysicsChapter Motion in 1D1 Scalar They are expressed only by their magnitudes Example mass speed2 Vector They are expressed by magnitude as well as direction Example force velocity3 A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its immediate surroundings

4 A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its immediate surroundings5 The shortest distance from the initial to the final position of the body is called the magnitude of displacement It is in the direction from the initial position to the final position Its SI unit is metre (m)6 The distance is the length of path travelled by the body so it is always positive Distance is a scalar quantity7 The speed of a body is the rate of change of distance with time Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)8 The velocity of a body is the distance travelled per second by the body in a specified direction Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)9 If a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time along a particular direction then the body is said to be moving with a uniform velocity However if a body travels unequal distances in a particular direction in equal intervals of time or it moves equal distances in equal intervals of time but its direction of motion does not remain same then the velocity of the body is said to be variable (or non-uniform)10 Average speed is the ratio of the total distance travelled by the body to the total time of journey it is never zero If the velocity of a body moving in a particular direction changes with time then the ratio of displacement to the time taken in entire journey is called its average velocity Average velocity of a body can be zero even if its average speed is not zero11 Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time Its SI unit is metresecond2 (ms2) Negative acceleration called retardation12 The acceleration is said to be uniform when equal changes in velocity take place in equal intervals of time but if the change in velocity is not the same in the same intervals of time the acceleration is said to be variable13 When a body falls freely under gravity the acceleration produced in the body due to the Earths gravitational acceleration is called the acceleration due to gravity (g) The average value of g is 98 ms214 Three equations of a uniformly accelerated motion arev = u + ats = ut + (12) at2v2 = u2 + 2as

NB One must go through the sums ( equation of motion and others) especially sums related to graphs of motion in one dimension

SUBJECT ENGLISH LANGUAGETOPIC PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONSKinds of prepositions

Simple preposition At by for from in of off on out through till to up with after under over since down etc Example

o He is going to Delhi by the nighto He came from Mumbai

Compound or double prepositions About above across along amidst among amongst around before behind below beneath beside Between beyond inside outside underneath within without etc Example

o His house is behind the shopo I shall go there within a week

Phrase preposition According to along with because of by means of by reason of in favour of etc Example

o Put this book in place of thato He is acting according to the advice of his father

Participle preposition Barring considering During Excepting excluding including etc Example

o Considering the quality the price is not mucho During the lesson he fainted

SUBJECT- HISTORYTOPIC- HARAPPAN CIVILIZATIONEXPLANATION OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS CIVILIZATION The term Civilization basically means the level of development at which people live together peacefully in communities They built cities and invented form of writing They learned to make pottery and use metals They domesticated animals and created social structures

FOUR CONTEMPORARY ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Mesopotamian civilizations Egyptian civilizations Harappa civilizations Chinese civilizations HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION Harappa was the first site that was excavated So it came to be known as the Harappa civilization Mohenjo ndash daro and Harappa were located in the valley of river Indus and its tributaries Hence it is known as the Indus Valley Civilization

MOHENJO-DARO Mohenjo-daro in the Sind language means lsquoMound of the Deadrsquo It is located in the Larkana district of Sind ( now in Pakistan)

HARAPPA Harappa was situated on the bank of river Ravi in the Montegomery district of West Punjab (now in Pakistan)

Other important sites were Chanhu Daro in Sind Lothal near Ahmedabad in Gujrat Kalibangan in Rajasthan Alamgirpur near Hastinapur in UP Ropar in Punjab

SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF THE HARAPPA CIVILIZATIONS

1 Archaeological remains2 Important seals3 Bearded man4 Dancing girl5 Dockyard6 Script

1 Archaeological remainsa) The Great Bath- It was discovered at Mohenjo-daro it was an open quadrangle with rooms and galleries

on three sides The pool might have been used on special occasionsb) The Citadel- The ruins of the citadel was found in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Probably the ruling class

people lived here It was a fortress overlooking a city2 Important Seals More than two thousands terracotta steatite or ivory made square or oblong seals have

been discovered They showed the culture and civilization of that period They mainly indicate dress ornaments hairstyle religious belief script trade and commercial relations some important Seals were the Pashupati Seals the Unicorn seal and the Bull Seal

3 Bearded Man A stone statue of bearded Man has been found both Harappa and Mohenjo ndashdaro He might have been a noble man or a priest or a respected leader

4 Dancing Girl A Bronze figure of a Dancing girl shows a high degree art of culture in metal Her right hand was on her hip and head slightly backwards shows her dancing posture It reveals that the people of Harappa were fond of singing and dancing

5 Dockyard The existence of Dockyard made it evident that trade was carried on by sea route with foreign countries

6 The Script The script was pictographic since its signs represent birds fish and varieties of the human forms The script was found inscribed on a number of seals made of Copper and terracotta etc

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Class X

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCommercial Studies

Advertising In last class we have discussed about the merits of advertising

Question 1) Explain the disadvantages of advertising

Besides having merits advertising have some demerits also

Today I am going to share the demerits of advertising

Answer) The disadvantages of advertising are as follows

I) Wastage of national resourcesDue to excessive use or proliferation of advertising valuable National resources are wasted In many cases companies undertake rigorous advertising efforts without specific needs

II)Impulsive buyingIt creates unnecessary needs People are emotionally forced to buy the products Sometimes it forced people to buy unnecessary products

III) High price toconsumersAdvertising increases cost of product Customers have to pay high price for the products heavily advertised IV) Mislead about theproductSome advertiserrsquos cleverly create misleading Impressions of their goods -they present a very Rosy picture of their products with object to increase their sales

Chemistry TopicChemical Bonding

Cause of chemical combination is the tendency of elements to acquire the nearest nobel gas configuration in their outermost orbit and become stable

A chemical bond may be defined as the force of attraction between any two atomsin a moleculeto maintain stability

Electrovalent compounds The chemical compounds formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from one atom of an element to one atom of another element are

Bond formed between metals and non-metals are ionic or electrovalent

Electrovalent compounds(i)Their constituent particle are ions(ii)They are hard solids consisting of ions

Boiling points and melting pointsThese are non-volatilewith high boiling and high melting points

Electricity conducting nature(i)They do not conduct electricity in the solid state(ii)They are good conductors of electricity in the fused or in aqueous state

Dissociation Electrovalent compounds are composed if ionsIn solutions these ions become mobile or in molten state these

Demerits Of AdvertisingWastage of national resources Impulsive buyingHigh price to consumerMislead about the product

called ionic compounds

Electrovalency The number of electrons that an atom of an element loses or gains to form a electrovalent bond is called its electrovalency

Condition for the formation of an electrovalent bondi)Low ionization potential if the ionization potential of a particular atom is lowit will lose electron easilyie a cation is formed easily

ii)High electron affinity if the electron affinity value highanion will be formed easilyie a higher electron affinity value favours ionic bonding

iii)large electronegativity difference if the difference in the electronegativities of two elements is higherthen the transfer of electrons will be easierThereforemore the difference in electronegativitymore will be the ionic nature of the resulting compound

ions dissociate

SolubiltyThese are solubile in water but insoluble in organic solvents

Rate of reaction They show rapid speed of chemical reactions in aqueous solutions

Physics

Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Prove thatMoment of couple = Force x Couple armSolutions

A O B

At A and B two forces each of magnitude F are applied which are equal and opposite forces The two forces rotate the bar in anticlockwise direction AB is the perpendicular distance between two forces which is called the couple arm

Moment of force F at the end A= F times OA (anticlockwise)Moment of force F at the end B= F times OB (anticlockwise)Total moment of couple = F times OA + F times OB= F times (OA + OB)= F times AB= F times d (anticlockwise)

= Either force times perpendicular distance between the two forces or couple armHence Moment of couple = Force times Couple armQuestion What do you mean by equilibrium of a body

Solutions When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of linear or rotational motion the body is said to be in equilibriumQuestion State the condition when a body is in (i) static (ii) dynamic equilibrium Give one example each of static and dynamic equilibriumSolutions(i) Static equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the state of rest under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in static equilibriumExample A book lying on a table is in static equilibrium(ii) Dynamic equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the same state of motion under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in dynamic equilibriumExample A rain drop reaches the earth surface with a constant velocity

English Literature

The Blue Bead

Answer the following questions-

1) Describe the blue beadAns - The blue bead glimmered in the water It was not a gem though it was sand Worn glass that had been rolling about in the river for a long time By chance it was perforated right through- the neck of a bottle perhaps

2) Describe Sibiarsquos homeAns- Sibia lived in a mud house which was the same colour as the ground

3) Describe SibiaAns- Sibia was a little girl a thin starving child dressed in an earth- Coloured rag straight white teeth With her ebony hair and great eyes and her skin of oiled brown cream she was a happy immature child- Woman about twelve years old Bare foot of course and often goosey- Cold on a winter morning and born to toil In all her life she had never owned even one anna- not a piece

ECONOMICS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Sub-topic- Capital

Now let us start the class by discussing the various types of capital

a Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capitalexample machinebuilding

b Circulating capital-It is used only onceexample raw materials

c Sunk capital-which is used only for a single purpose Example building of a factory

d Floating capital- which can e put to several uses example coal

e Production capital-Capital which helps in production

Questions1Using examples classify capital into fixed and circulating capitalAnswer Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capital it refers to those capital which can be used again and again example machine buildingWhere as Circulating capital-It is used only once in the production processexample raw materials such as cottonfuel

2 Distinguish between real capital and money capital Which of the two has greater significance in economic growthAnswerReal capital means capital goods such as properties machinesplantsetc Money capital on the other hand money (or cash in hand) which is utilized by the producers for the purchase of tools equipments and other kinds of goods needed for production

CWhat do you mean by working capitalAnswer Working capital refers to the stock of finished semi-finished goods and raw materials etcwhich is converted to final goods (finished

directlymachinestoolsetc

f Consumption capital-Capital which helps in production indirectlyexample residential buildings for factory purpose

g Personal capital-It refers to the personal abilities which cannot be transferred example surgeonrsquos skill

h Material capital- capital which is made of matter and has a form and shapeExample machines raw materials

i Money capital-capital which used for purchasing real capital( raw materials machines equipments which is needed by the producers for production)

j Debt capital-capital used for giving loans

k Social capital-Capital which helps in the growth of national outpit of the countryexample railwaysnational highways etc

l Private capital-capital which helps only to the owner to raise his income example private propertybusiness goodwill

m Real capital ndash It consists of the physical stock of goods which are used as inputs in the production processExample raw materialsmachines

consumer goods) in near future

Math Topic Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Shares and dividendsDate 29042020Study item Some solved sums from exercise 3Find the dividend received on 60 shares of Rs 20 each if 9 dividend is declaredSolution Number of shares = 60Face value of one share = Rs20 Rate of dividend = 9

Therefore the dividend received = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share = 60 times 9 times Rs20 = Rs 60 times 9100 times 20 = Rs 108A company declares 8 percent dividend to the shareholders If a man receives Rs2840 as his dividend find the nominal value of his sharesSolution Let the nominal value of shares be Rs xTotal dividend = 8 of Rs x = Rs(8100 )times (x) = Rs 8x100According to question 8x100 = 2840 Or 8x = 2840 times 100 Or x = (2840 times100)8 = 35500Therefore the nominal value of his shares = Rs35500 A man buys 200 ten-rupees shares at Rs12bull50 each and receives a dividend of 8 Find the amount invested by him and the dividend received by him in cashSolution Given face value of one share = Rs 10 And market value of one share = Rs 12bull50 Number of shares = 200Therefore investment = 200 times Rs 12bull50 = Rs 2500Total dividend = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share= 200 times 8 timesRs 10= 200 times 8100 timesRs 10= Rs 160

Computer Application

Java Programming(from ch 2)

Programming Questions1 Write a program to input the area of a square and find its perimeterAns import javautilclass Sol1static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double aspSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the area of a squarerdquo)a=scnextDouble()s=Mathsqrt(a)p=4sSystemoutprintln(ldquoPerimeter=rdquo+p)

2 Write a program to input the length and breadth of a rectangle and find its diagonalAns import javautilclass Sol2static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double lbdComputer Applications ndash X (ICSE Course) Answers 34Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the length and breadth of the rectanglerdquo)

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

Never point a test tube being heated at another student or yourself Never look into a test tube while you are heating it

Leave your work station clean and in good order before leaving the laboratory Follow all instructions given by your teacher

Some common Laboratory Apparatus are ndash Test tube Beaker Conical Flask Round bottom Flask Flat bottom Flask Measuring Cylinder Funnel Evaporating Dish Wire Gauze Bunsen Burner Tripod stand

Subject -Hindi 2ndLanguageChapter-1 lsquoइतनी शलिk हम दना दाताrsquo (कगिवता)इस कगिवता म भवान की वदना की ई ह परभ की शलिkयो का रणान गिकया या ह हर अजञानता क अधकार को दर कर जञान का परकाश भरन क लिलए हम सभी को ईशवर स पराथना करनी चागिहए

शबदाथndash दाता- भवान गिवशवासndashभरोसा कमजोर -गिबना शलिk कनक रासत परndash सही रासत ( भलाई क रासत पर चलना दसरो की मदद करना यही नक रासता ह)सहमा -सहमा ndash डरा हआ( अपनी कोई भी बात ना कह पाना)जलमndash अतयाचार( गिकसी क लिलए बरा सोचना या परशान करना ह अतयाचार ह)बबसीndash मजबर (गिकसी की मदद ना कर पाना ही मजबरी ह या लाचारी ह)ममता- पयार (जिजस तरह मा अपन बचचो को पयार करती ह) नक ndash भलाई करनाअजञानndash मखता (हर समय कोई ना कोई लती करना ही अजञानता ह)

SUBJECT-BENGALI (2ND Language)TOPIC-হিমালচের পচে ndashপরচেবাধ কমার সানযালপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ ndash ldquoহিরদবারhelliphelliphellipদঃচেখর পরীকষাrdquo আচেলায গলপটি একটি ভরমণ কাহিনী মলকহিবষবসত ndash লেলখক হিমালচে যাতরা পচের বণltনা হিদচেচেন হিরদবার লেচেক তাচেদর যাতরা শর পরম ারহিদন া াGার পর তারা লেদবপরাগ একটি লোচেGা পাাহিড় শচের লেপৌচেলন যাতরা পচের মাচেe পাাড় গহিল ঘন সব ঙগলম াহিরহিদচেক এত সনদর সনদর ফলচেফাচেG অ লেসইখাচেন এই লেসৌনদযlt লেভাগ করার মানষ লেনই লেদব পরাগ লেচেক ২৪ মাইল প যাওা পর রদর পরাগ নাচেম একটি লোG শচের লেলখকরা উপহিSত চেহিচেলন এই রদর পরাচেগ পGা দটি ভাচেগ ভাগ চে যা একটি প লেকদারনা পাাচেড়র হিদচেক আর অপরটি বদরীনাচের হিদচেক এই যাতরাপ অহিত কঠিন ও দরাচেরা হিমালচে ভরমণ করচেত লেগচেল মানষচেক অচেনক সাস ও শহিকত আর ধৈধচেযltর পরীকষা হিদচেত

শবদাlt ndashভরমণ কাহিনী- লেকাচেনা াগা ঘরচেত যাওার হিবসতাহিরত বণltনা লেদওাদশltন- লেকাচেনা হিক লেদখাঙগলম- াহিরহিদচেক ঘন সব বনলেভাগ- লেকান হিক হিনচের মত কচের উপচেভাগ (গরণ) করামাইল- দরতব মাপার একক কখনও লেকাাও যাওার সম লেসই পচের দরতব মাইল একক দবারা পরকাশ করা দরাচেরা- লেয পচে যাওা খবই কষটকরলেদবপরাগ রদরপরাগ লেকদারনা বদরীনা-এগহিলসবই ভারচেতর উ7রাখচেm অবহিSত াগার নাম

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIISubject -Hindi 2ndlangChapter-2 जीव दया क मसीहा

सारश-इस कहानी स हम यह सीख मिमलती ह गिक जिजस तरह लखक म सवा और दया धम था उसी तरह हमार अदर भी दया और सवा भाव होनी चागिहए दद को जब तक खद पर महसस नही कर तब तक हम गिकसी और की मदद दिदल स नही कर पाए जिजस तरह लखक न सवय भख रहकर दसरो क भख को समझा वह चाह इसान हो या जानवर जब तक हम इस दद को नही समझ तब तक गिकसी और की मदद नही कर पाए

शबदाथndash पादरी - इसका मतलब होता ह जिजस तरह हमार पजा पाठ करन क लिलए पगिडत होत ह उसी तरह चच म पादरी रहत ह पछाड ndash हरा दना गिकसी भी तरह की खलकद होती ह जिजसम हार होती ह उस पछाड ना कहत ह मजा चखाना - जस को तसा जवाब दना पछताना - परायशचिuत करना गिकसी भी बात क लिलए जिजस म लती हो जाए उसक लिलए परायशचिuत करना पराथना - गिनवदन करना जस हम ईशवर क आ हाथ जोडकर गिनवदन करत ह आuय - अचानक स कोई बात या घटना होना सीमिमत - सीमा क अदर जस सीता माता क लिलए लकषमरण न रखा खीची थी

SUBJECT ndash CHEMISTRYCHAPTER ndash1 (MATTER AND ITS COMPOSITION)

Matter Anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter Matter is made up of atoms and moleculesAtom Atoms are the smallest particles of matter which may or may not have independent existenceProperties of particles of matter-

Particles of matter have space in between them Particles of matter are in a continuous state of motion Particles as they have kinetic energy are

continuously moving This kind of movement is zigzag or random This movement goes up on heating Particles of matter attract each other Particles of matter attract each other with force this force could be inter-atomic inter molecular

States of matter Solids A solid has a definite shape and volume Examples of solids include ice (solid water) a bar of steel

and dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) Liquids A liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container Examples of liquids include water

and oil Gases A gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape Examples of gases are air oxygen and

helium Plasma Plasma is recognized as fourth state of matter

Interconversion of three states of matter1 Melting Change of substance from solid state to liquid state2 Evaporation or boiling Change of substance from liquid state to gaseous state Transpiration is the evaporation of water into the atmosphere from the leaves and stems of plants3 Condensation change of substance from gaseous state to liquid state4 Freezing or solidification change of substance from liquid state to solid stateWater has the capability to exist in three statesIn solid state it is exists as icein liquid state as water and in gaseous state as water vapour

Ever wondered the reason behind the change of state or what happens to the particles during the change of state Change in the states of matter mainly depends on temperature and pressure

Change in States of Matter

Subject- Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরপাঠndash৫ কহিবতাndashকহিল মর কহিবndashকাী নরল ইসলাম (পরমসতবক)

লেদহিখন লেসহিদন লেরচেলকহিল বচেল এক বাবসাব তাচের লেঠচেল হিদচেল নীচে লেফচেল

লোখ লেফচেG এল ল এমহিন কrsquoলের হিক গৎ হিড়া মার খাচেব দবltল

লেয দধীহিচেদর াড় হিদচে ঐ বাষপ-শকG চেলবাবসাব এচেস হিড়ল তাাচেত কহিলরা পহিড়ল তচেল

লেবতন হিদাচো পরও যত হিমযাবাদীর দল কত পাই হিদচে কহিলচেদর তই কত লেqার লেপহিল বল রাপচে তব হিলচে লেমাGর সাগচের াা চেল লেরলপচে চেল বাষপ-শকG লেদশ লেচে লেগল কচেল

বল এসব কাাচেদর দান লেতামার অটটাহিলকা কার খচেন রাঙা খচেল খচেল লেদচেখা পরহিতটি আচে লেলখা

তহিম াচেনা নাচেকা হিকনত পচে পরহিত ধহিলকণা াচেনঐ প ঐ াা শকG অটটাহিলকার মাচেন

বযাখযা-উহিsহিখত কহিবতাটিচেতকহিলচেলা দীন দহিরদর লেtণীর পরহিতভআর বাব সাব ল শাসক লেtণী লেরলচেuশচেনর একঘGনাচেক লেকনদর কচের কহিব শাসকচেtণীর হিনমltম অতযাাচেরর কা তচেল ধচেরচেন দধীহি মহিনর আতমতযাচেগর পচের তার াড় হিদচে ধৈতহির অচেwর দবারাই রাকষস ভরাতদববধ লেতমন tহিমক লেtণীর আতমতযাচেগর কা শাসক লেtণী মচেন রাখচেত া না তারা লেকবল ভাচেলা ফল লেভাগ কচের হিকনত হিনচেরা পরর লাভ কচেরও tহিমকচেদর লেদ যৎসামানয পাহিরtহিমক তাচেদর tচেমর মলয াচেন লেকবল তাচেদর ধৈতহির হিশলপঅlt-লেরচেল = লেরলচেuশচেন দধীহি = পরাণ লেtষঠ ঋহিষ বাষপ শকG = হিuম ইহিyনপাই = পসা লেqার = লেকাটি Gাকা ঠহিল = লোচেখর ওপর পদlt াকচেল = কারখানা অটটাহিলকা = বড়বাহিড় পরাসাদ

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIIISUBJECT CHEMISTRYCHAPTER Structure of atom

What is Atomic StructureThe atomic structure of an element refers to the constitution of its nucleus and the arrangement of the electrons around it Primarily the atomic structure of matter is made up of protons electrons and neutrons

The protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom which is surrounded by the electrons belonging to the atom The atomic number of an element describes the total number of protons in its nucleusNeutral atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons

Daltonrsquos Atomic TheoryThe English chemist John Dalton suggestedthe following are the postulates of his theory -

Every matter is made up of atoms Atoms are indivisible Specific elements have only one type of atoms in them Each atom has its own constant mass that varies from element to element Atoms undergo rearrangement during a chemical reaction Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another

Bohrrsquos Model of Atom

In 1913 Neil Bohr overcame the limitations of Rutherford model and proposed a model of atomic structureFollowing are the postulates

Electrons revolve around a centrally located heavy small and positively charged nucleus in certain discrete orbits

While revolving in discrete orbits the electrons do not radiate energy These discrete orbits or shells are called energy levels These orbitals or shells are represented by the letters

K L M Nhellip or the numbers n = 1 2 3 4hellip

Subatomic ParticlesProtons

Protons are positively charged subatomic particles The charge of a proton is 1e which corresponds to approximately 1602 times 10-19

The mass of a proton is approximately 1672 times 10-24

Protons are over 1800 times heavier than electrons The total number of protons in the atoms of an element is always equal to the atomic number of the

elementNeutrons

The mass of a neutron is almost the same as that of a proton ie 1674times10 -24

Neutrons are electrically neutral particles and carry no charge Different isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but vary in the number of neutrons

present in their respective nucleiElectrons

The charge of an electron is -1e which approximates to -1602 times 10 -19

The mass of an electron is approximately 91 times 10-31 Due to the relatively negligible mass of electrons they are ignored when calculating the mass of an atom

Atomic Structure of IsotopesThe isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutronsThe atomic structure of an isotope is described with the help of the chemical symbol of the element the atomic number of the element and the mass number of the isotope For example there exist three known naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen namely protium deuterium and tritium

Isotopes of Some Elements Hydrogen

The most abundant isotope of hydrogen on the planet Earth is protium The atomic number and the mass number of this isotope are 1 and 1 respectively

CarbonCarbon has two stable isotopes ndash 12C and 13C Of these isotopes 12C has an abundance of 989 It contains 6 protons 6 electrons and 6 neutrons

OxygenThere exist three stable isotopes of oxygen ndash 18O 17O and 16O However oxygen-16 is the most abundant isotope

Rutherford Atomic Theory

Rutherford a student of J J Thomson modified the atomic structure with the discovery of another subatomic particle called ldquoNucleusrdquo His atomic model is based on the Alpha ray scattering experiment

Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom

The nucleus is at the center of an atom where most of the charge and mass are concentrated Atomic structure is spherical Electrons revolve around the nucleus in a circular orbit similar to the way planets orbit the sun

Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model

If electrons have to revolve around the nucleus they will spend energy and that too against the strong force of attraction from the nucleus a lot of energy will be spent by the electrons and eventually they will lose all their energy and will fall into the nucleus so the stability of atom is not explained

If electrons continuously revolve around the lsquonucleus the type of spectrum expected is a continuous spectrum But in reality what we see is a line spectrum

Subject -Hindi 2ndlangChapter - 1 वह दश कौन सा हइस कगिवता म भारत दश क बार म वरणन गिकया या ह यहा की सदरता न चबी गिहमालय की चोदिटयो सार नदिदयो इसक बार म इस कगिवता म बताया या ह यह पराकगितक दमिw स अतयमिधक सदर ह भारत दश जसा मनमोगिहनी परकगित की मनोरम सदरता कही भी दखन को नही मिमलती ह सव क समान यहा सख पराकगितक सदरता लिसफ यही ह इसीलिलए यह दश सवशरषठ दश ह या हर जागित की लो पाए जात ह उनम अनकता म भी एकता का परगितहिबब दखन को मिमलता ह यहा पर भाईचारा ह सभी एक दसर स मिमलजल कर एक साथ रहन की कोलिशश म ल रहत हशबदाथ

मनमोगिहनी- मन को अचछी लन वाली कोई चीज परकगित ndashवातावररण जहा सदर-सदर हरिरयाली पड पौध होत ह चररणndashपर रतनश-समदर गिनरतर- हमशा सधा-अमत धारा-लहर जस नदिदयो की लहर आती ह और जाती ह सलोना- सदर

SUBJECT- BENGALITOPIC- রামচনদরের বিলাপ ndash ( কবি13াস ওঝা ) লাইন-(১-১৬)ldquoহিবলাপ কচেরন রামhelliphelliphelliphellip হিরচেলন পহিবী হিক আপন দহিতাrdquoপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ-আমাচেদর পরান রামাচেণ কহিত আচে ধৈকচেকীর লনা রামনদর রাযযত চে লকষণ ও সীতাচেক হিনচে লেৌদদ বচেরর নয বনবাচেস যান বনবাচেস তাচেদর ীবন ভালই হিল একহিদন বনবাচেসর সম রাবণ মারী লেসচে সীতাচেক রণ কচের লেসই সম কটীচের রামনদর ও লকষমণ লেকউ হিলনা এই সচেযাচেগ রাবণ সীতাচেক হিনচে তার লঙকারাচেয হিনচে যা কটিচের হিফচের রাম ও লকষণ সীতাচেক লেদখচেত না লেপচে াহিরহিদচেক খাচেত াচেকন হিকনত লেকাাও সীতা লেনই সীতাচেক নাচেপচে রামনদর লেশাচেক হিবহবল চে লকষচেণর কাচে মচেনর দঃখ পরকাশ কচেরন রামনদর মচেন মচেন ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা তা ার মন পরীকষা করার নয লেকাাও লেকাচেনা মহিন পতনীর সচেঙগ লহিকচে আচেন তচেব লেকাা লেগচেল হিতহিন সীতার লেদখা পাচেবন লেসই হিনতাই সদা রাচেমর মচেন াগহিরত রামনদর ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা লেগাদাবরী নদীরতীচের পদমবচেন ভরমণ করচেন লেসই সম লেদবী লকষমী সীতার পদমফচেলর মত সনদর মখ লেদচেখ ত পদম বচেন লহিকচে লেরচেখচেন আবার রামনদর ভাবচেন রাহ লেযমন গরচেণর সম া াদচেক গরাস কচের লেতমহিন সীতার া াচেদর মত মখ লেদচেখ রাহ নদরকলা লেভচেব গরাস কচেরচে হিকনা এই হিনতা রাম মচেন মচেন করচেন আরও ভাবচেন চেতা রাযযত চে বন বাস ীবচেনর দঃখ কষট সীতা চেতা সয করচেত পারচেনা এই লেভচেব পহিবী তার হিনচের কনযাচেক রণ কচেরচেশবদাlt-হিবলাপ- কাননা অন- লোG ভহিলচেত না পাহির- ভচেল না যাওা হিনরপণ- লেখাাা (লেকান হিক াহিরচে লেগচেল লেখাাা)ানকী- নক রাার কনযা অltাৎ সীতা মহিন পতনী- সননযাসী পতনী (wী) সহিত- সচেঙগ লেগাদাবরী- দহিকষন ভারচেতর একটি নদী কমল- পদম কমলমখী-পচেদমর মত সনদর মখ (আচেলায কহিবতা সীতার মখচেক বলা চেচে)পদমালা- লকষমী হিপপাহিসত- তষণাতlt পরাস- লেষটা রাহ- পরান বহিণltত রাকষস দহিতা- কনযানদরকলা- পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযার পচেরর হিদন অltাৎ পরহিত পদ লেচেক পচেরর পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযা পযltনত া াচেদর বাড়া বা কমা ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IXSubject- BiologyTopic- Ch-2 CellMicroscope

A piece of equipment that makes very small objects look big enough for you to be able to see them

Antony van Leeuwenhoek made simple microscope with one lens and one adjustment screw It had a magnifying power cope up to 200 times

Robert Hooke made compound microscope with two lenses and two adjustment serews It magnifies upto 2000 times He examined a thin slice of cork and obserwed box like compartment He said these are all ldquocellsrdquo

Electron microscope which gives us a magnification over 200000 times by using beams of electrons which are bent by magnets

Cell theorybull The cell is the smallest unit of structure of allliving thingsbull The cell is the unit of function of all living thingsbull All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Organism according to number of cellsbull Single-celled made up of one cell exyeast bacteria amoebabull Few-celled made up of a few hundred to few thousand cells ex Volvox Spirogyrabull Multi-celled made up of millions and billions of cells ex Human Mangobull Smallest cell - Bacteria 03- 50 micrometerbull Longest cell - Nerve cell - 135 micronmeterbull Largest cell ndash Ostrich egg - 20 cm in diameter

Types of cell shape according to their functionsRBCrsquos are biconcave in shape to carry Hb through blood vessel Neurone is long to carry nerve impulse from one place to another

CELL

Cell wall+Cell membrane+Protoplasm

Cytoplasm+Nucleus

Organelles+Inclusions

[Mitocondria] [lifeless

Lysosomes accumul

Etc] - ations-

eg

Pigment glycogenetc]

Cell Walli) Non-living rigid layerii) Made up of lipo-protieniii) Semi permeable in nature control the entry of solutes and ionsiv) Present only outside of plant cell

Cell Membranei) Very thin livingii) Composed of celluloseiii) Freely permeable in nature allows all to enter amp leaveiv) Present in outside of both cells

Cell Organelles Functionsi)Endoplasmic-recticulum

ii)Mitochondria

iii)Golgi Apparatus

iv)Ribosome

v)Lysosome

vi)Centrosome

vii)Plastid

a) Supportive framework for the cellb) Synthesis amp transport of protein amp fat

a)Release of energy in the form of ATP

a) Synthesis amp secretion of enzymes hormones etcb) Formation of lysosome amp vacuoles

a)Protein synthesis

a) Intracellular digestionb) Destroy foreign substances

a)Initiates and regulates cell division

a) Leucoplast ndash stores starchb) Chromoplast ndash Impart colours to flowers and fruitsc) Chloroplast ndash trap solar energy for photosynthesis

Subject ndashHindiChapter1बात अठननी की( सदशन)शबदाथndashजारा-जर करना तनखवाह-वतन सदह- शक (करना गिकसी बात को लकर)पशी -पहल दिदया जान वाला धन ऋरण-कज (उधार लना) अपमान-बइजजतीरकम-रपए र उड या-घबरा या (गिकसी बात को लकर डर जाना)लातो क भत बातो स नही मानत ndashदw वयलिk पर समझान का परभाव नही पडता आखो म खन उतर आया- बहत जयादा करोध आना धन बटोर ना-धन इकटठा करना इसाफ-नयाय

Subject- Bengali TOPIC-হিগহিনন-রবীনদরনাঠাকরপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ- ধৈশশচেব রবীনদর নাচের পাঠশালা হিশবনা নাচেম একন পহিmত হিচেলন লেগাাফ দাহিড় কামাচেণা মাা লোচেGা কচের ল া াGা একটি লোচেGা টিহিক আচে এই পহিmতচেক লেদচেখ সবাই ভ লেপত াতর শাসচেনর বযাপাচের হিতহিন অতযনত দকষ হিচেলন-লেযমন খব লেপGাচেতন লেতমহিন আtাবয গালা গাহিল করচেতন াতররা তা াচেক লেদবতা বা হিশকষচেকর নযা tদধা হিকংবা ভহিকত করত না তা ার আরণ ও মচেখর ভাষার সচেঙগ াতররা যমরাচের হিমল লেপত হিশবনা পহিmত াতরচেদর উপর লেযমন অতযাার করচেতন আবার নানারকচেমর অদভত নামকরণ করচেতন তাচেত াতররা মানহিসক আঘাত লেবাধ করত াতরচেদর নাম হিবকত করচেতন তাচেত লেবাeা যা লেয হিতহিন মানষ বসতর লেচেক অবসতচেক লেবহিশ মলয হিদচেতন তাই যখন পহিmত শশী লেশখরচেক তার লেদচের গঠন ও আকহিত সচেঙগ হিমহিলচে লেভGহিক নাচেম Jাচেকন তখন শশীচেশখর আঘাত পাশবদাlt ndash পহিmত ndashহিশকষক াতরবহি7 ndashাতরচেক পরদ7 আহিltক পরসকার বা লপাহিন পাওার কলাসহরসব- কম আতচেন লোG অনতরাতমা- মন হদহল- কীG পতচেঙগর আতমরকষার নয হিপচেনর হিদচেকর তীকষণ কা াGা অসর- অচেনক বহিষltত- বষltণকরাবাকযজবালা- বাকযবাচেন আচেকষপ- অনচেশানা ভহিকত-tদধা উচেপহিকষত- অবচেহিলতলেদবমহিমা-লেদবতার কীহিতlt উপদরব- eাচেমলা হিনচেকষপ-া চেড় লেদওা কামনা- ইLালেদবাল- মহিনদর বালাই- অমঙগল সরচেলাক বাসী- সবগltবাসী

Subject-PhysicsChapter Motion in 1D1 Scalar They are expressed only by their magnitudes Example mass speed2 Vector They are expressed by magnitude as well as direction Example force velocity3 A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its immediate surroundings

4 A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its immediate surroundings5 The shortest distance from the initial to the final position of the body is called the magnitude of displacement It is in the direction from the initial position to the final position Its SI unit is metre (m)6 The distance is the length of path travelled by the body so it is always positive Distance is a scalar quantity7 The speed of a body is the rate of change of distance with time Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)8 The velocity of a body is the distance travelled per second by the body in a specified direction Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)9 If a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time along a particular direction then the body is said to be moving with a uniform velocity However if a body travels unequal distances in a particular direction in equal intervals of time or it moves equal distances in equal intervals of time but its direction of motion does not remain same then the velocity of the body is said to be variable (or non-uniform)10 Average speed is the ratio of the total distance travelled by the body to the total time of journey it is never zero If the velocity of a body moving in a particular direction changes with time then the ratio of displacement to the time taken in entire journey is called its average velocity Average velocity of a body can be zero even if its average speed is not zero11 Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time Its SI unit is metresecond2 (ms2) Negative acceleration called retardation12 The acceleration is said to be uniform when equal changes in velocity take place in equal intervals of time but if the change in velocity is not the same in the same intervals of time the acceleration is said to be variable13 When a body falls freely under gravity the acceleration produced in the body due to the Earths gravitational acceleration is called the acceleration due to gravity (g) The average value of g is 98 ms214 Three equations of a uniformly accelerated motion arev = u + ats = ut + (12) at2v2 = u2 + 2as

NB One must go through the sums ( equation of motion and others) especially sums related to graphs of motion in one dimension

SUBJECT ENGLISH LANGUAGETOPIC PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONSKinds of prepositions

Simple preposition At by for from in of off on out through till to up with after under over since down etc Example

o He is going to Delhi by the nighto He came from Mumbai

Compound or double prepositions About above across along amidst among amongst around before behind below beneath beside Between beyond inside outside underneath within without etc Example

o His house is behind the shopo I shall go there within a week

Phrase preposition According to along with because of by means of by reason of in favour of etc Example

o Put this book in place of thato He is acting according to the advice of his father

Participle preposition Barring considering During Excepting excluding including etc Example

o Considering the quality the price is not mucho During the lesson he fainted

SUBJECT- HISTORYTOPIC- HARAPPAN CIVILIZATIONEXPLANATION OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS CIVILIZATION The term Civilization basically means the level of development at which people live together peacefully in communities They built cities and invented form of writing They learned to make pottery and use metals They domesticated animals and created social structures

FOUR CONTEMPORARY ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Mesopotamian civilizations Egyptian civilizations Harappa civilizations Chinese civilizations HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION Harappa was the first site that was excavated So it came to be known as the Harappa civilization Mohenjo ndash daro and Harappa were located in the valley of river Indus and its tributaries Hence it is known as the Indus Valley Civilization

MOHENJO-DARO Mohenjo-daro in the Sind language means lsquoMound of the Deadrsquo It is located in the Larkana district of Sind ( now in Pakistan)

HARAPPA Harappa was situated on the bank of river Ravi in the Montegomery district of West Punjab (now in Pakistan)

Other important sites were Chanhu Daro in Sind Lothal near Ahmedabad in Gujrat Kalibangan in Rajasthan Alamgirpur near Hastinapur in UP Ropar in Punjab

SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF THE HARAPPA CIVILIZATIONS

1 Archaeological remains2 Important seals3 Bearded man4 Dancing girl5 Dockyard6 Script

1 Archaeological remainsa) The Great Bath- It was discovered at Mohenjo-daro it was an open quadrangle with rooms and galleries

on three sides The pool might have been used on special occasionsb) The Citadel- The ruins of the citadel was found in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Probably the ruling class

people lived here It was a fortress overlooking a city2 Important Seals More than two thousands terracotta steatite or ivory made square or oblong seals have

been discovered They showed the culture and civilization of that period They mainly indicate dress ornaments hairstyle religious belief script trade and commercial relations some important Seals were the Pashupati Seals the Unicorn seal and the Bull Seal

3 Bearded Man A stone statue of bearded Man has been found both Harappa and Mohenjo ndashdaro He might have been a noble man or a priest or a respected leader

4 Dancing Girl A Bronze figure of a Dancing girl shows a high degree art of culture in metal Her right hand was on her hip and head slightly backwards shows her dancing posture It reveals that the people of Harappa were fond of singing and dancing

5 Dockyard The existence of Dockyard made it evident that trade was carried on by sea route with foreign countries

6 The Script The script was pictographic since its signs represent birds fish and varieties of the human forms The script was found inscribed on a number of seals made of Copper and terracotta etc

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Class X

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCommercial Studies

Advertising In last class we have discussed about the merits of advertising

Question 1) Explain the disadvantages of advertising

Besides having merits advertising have some demerits also

Today I am going to share the demerits of advertising

Answer) The disadvantages of advertising are as follows

I) Wastage of national resourcesDue to excessive use or proliferation of advertising valuable National resources are wasted In many cases companies undertake rigorous advertising efforts without specific needs

II)Impulsive buyingIt creates unnecessary needs People are emotionally forced to buy the products Sometimes it forced people to buy unnecessary products

III) High price toconsumersAdvertising increases cost of product Customers have to pay high price for the products heavily advertised IV) Mislead about theproductSome advertiserrsquos cleverly create misleading Impressions of their goods -they present a very Rosy picture of their products with object to increase their sales

Chemistry TopicChemical Bonding

Cause of chemical combination is the tendency of elements to acquire the nearest nobel gas configuration in their outermost orbit and become stable

A chemical bond may be defined as the force of attraction between any two atomsin a moleculeto maintain stability

Electrovalent compounds The chemical compounds formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from one atom of an element to one atom of another element are

Bond formed between metals and non-metals are ionic or electrovalent

Electrovalent compounds(i)Their constituent particle are ions(ii)They are hard solids consisting of ions

Boiling points and melting pointsThese are non-volatilewith high boiling and high melting points

Electricity conducting nature(i)They do not conduct electricity in the solid state(ii)They are good conductors of electricity in the fused or in aqueous state

Dissociation Electrovalent compounds are composed if ionsIn solutions these ions become mobile or in molten state these

Demerits Of AdvertisingWastage of national resources Impulsive buyingHigh price to consumerMislead about the product

called ionic compounds

Electrovalency The number of electrons that an atom of an element loses or gains to form a electrovalent bond is called its electrovalency

Condition for the formation of an electrovalent bondi)Low ionization potential if the ionization potential of a particular atom is lowit will lose electron easilyie a cation is formed easily

ii)High electron affinity if the electron affinity value highanion will be formed easilyie a higher electron affinity value favours ionic bonding

iii)large electronegativity difference if the difference in the electronegativities of two elements is higherthen the transfer of electrons will be easierThereforemore the difference in electronegativitymore will be the ionic nature of the resulting compound

ions dissociate

SolubiltyThese are solubile in water but insoluble in organic solvents

Rate of reaction They show rapid speed of chemical reactions in aqueous solutions

Physics

Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Prove thatMoment of couple = Force x Couple armSolutions

A O B

At A and B two forces each of magnitude F are applied which are equal and opposite forces The two forces rotate the bar in anticlockwise direction AB is the perpendicular distance between two forces which is called the couple arm

Moment of force F at the end A= F times OA (anticlockwise)Moment of force F at the end B= F times OB (anticlockwise)Total moment of couple = F times OA + F times OB= F times (OA + OB)= F times AB= F times d (anticlockwise)

= Either force times perpendicular distance between the two forces or couple armHence Moment of couple = Force times Couple armQuestion What do you mean by equilibrium of a body

Solutions When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of linear or rotational motion the body is said to be in equilibriumQuestion State the condition when a body is in (i) static (ii) dynamic equilibrium Give one example each of static and dynamic equilibriumSolutions(i) Static equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the state of rest under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in static equilibriumExample A book lying on a table is in static equilibrium(ii) Dynamic equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the same state of motion under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in dynamic equilibriumExample A rain drop reaches the earth surface with a constant velocity

English Literature

The Blue Bead

Answer the following questions-

1) Describe the blue beadAns - The blue bead glimmered in the water It was not a gem though it was sand Worn glass that had been rolling about in the river for a long time By chance it was perforated right through- the neck of a bottle perhaps

2) Describe Sibiarsquos homeAns- Sibia lived in a mud house which was the same colour as the ground

3) Describe SibiaAns- Sibia was a little girl a thin starving child dressed in an earth- Coloured rag straight white teeth With her ebony hair and great eyes and her skin of oiled brown cream she was a happy immature child- Woman about twelve years old Bare foot of course and often goosey- Cold on a winter morning and born to toil In all her life she had never owned even one anna- not a piece

ECONOMICS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Sub-topic- Capital

Now let us start the class by discussing the various types of capital

a Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capitalexample machinebuilding

b Circulating capital-It is used only onceexample raw materials

c Sunk capital-which is used only for a single purpose Example building of a factory

d Floating capital- which can e put to several uses example coal

e Production capital-Capital which helps in production

Questions1Using examples classify capital into fixed and circulating capitalAnswer Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capital it refers to those capital which can be used again and again example machine buildingWhere as Circulating capital-It is used only once in the production processexample raw materials such as cottonfuel

2 Distinguish between real capital and money capital Which of the two has greater significance in economic growthAnswerReal capital means capital goods such as properties machinesplantsetc Money capital on the other hand money (or cash in hand) which is utilized by the producers for the purchase of tools equipments and other kinds of goods needed for production

CWhat do you mean by working capitalAnswer Working capital refers to the stock of finished semi-finished goods and raw materials etcwhich is converted to final goods (finished

directlymachinestoolsetc

f Consumption capital-Capital which helps in production indirectlyexample residential buildings for factory purpose

g Personal capital-It refers to the personal abilities which cannot be transferred example surgeonrsquos skill

h Material capital- capital which is made of matter and has a form and shapeExample machines raw materials

i Money capital-capital which used for purchasing real capital( raw materials machines equipments which is needed by the producers for production)

j Debt capital-capital used for giving loans

k Social capital-Capital which helps in the growth of national outpit of the countryexample railwaysnational highways etc

l Private capital-capital which helps only to the owner to raise his income example private propertybusiness goodwill

m Real capital ndash It consists of the physical stock of goods which are used as inputs in the production processExample raw materialsmachines

consumer goods) in near future

Math Topic Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Shares and dividendsDate 29042020Study item Some solved sums from exercise 3Find the dividend received on 60 shares of Rs 20 each if 9 dividend is declaredSolution Number of shares = 60Face value of one share = Rs20 Rate of dividend = 9

Therefore the dividend received = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share = 60 times 9 times Rs20 = Rs 60 times 9100 times 20 = Rs 108A company declares 8 percent dividend to the shareholders If a man receives Rs2840 as his dividend find the nominal value of his sharesSolution Let the nominal value of shares be Rs xTotal dividend = 8 of Rs x = Rs(8100 )times (x) = Rs 8x100According to question 8x100 = 2840 Or 8x = 2840 times 100 Or x = (2840 times100)8 = 35500Therefore the nominal value of his shares = Rs35500 A man buys 200 ten-rupees shares at Rs12bull50 each and receives a dividend of 8 Find the amount invested by him and the dividend received by him in cashSolution Given face value of one share = Rs 10 And market value of one share = Rs 12bull50 Number of shares = 200Therefore investment = 200 times Rs 12bull50 = Rs 2500Total dividend = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share= 200 times 8 timesRs 10= 200 times 8100 timesRs 10= Rs 160

Computer Application

Java Programming(from ch 2)

Programming Questions1 Write a program to input the area of a square and find its perimeterAns import javautilclass Sol1static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double aspSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the area of a squarerdquo)a=scnextDouble()s=Mathsqrt(a)p=4sSystemoutprintln(ldquoPerimeter=rdquo+p)

2 Write a program to input the length and breadth of a rectangle and find its diagonalAns import javautilclass Sol2static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double lbdComputer Applications ndash X (ICSE Course) Answers 34Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the length and breadth of the rectanglerdquo)

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

सारश-इस कहानी स हम यह सीख मिमलती ह गिक जिजस तरह लखक म सवा और दया धम था उसी तरह हमार अदर भी दया और सवा भाव होनी चागिहए दद को जब तक खद पर महसस नही कर तब तक हम गिकसी और की मदद दिदल स नही कर पाए जिजस तरह लखक न सवय भख रहकर दसरो क भख को समझा वह चाह इसान हो या जानवर जब तक हम इस दद को नही समझ तब तक गिकसी और की मदद नही कर पाए

शबदाथndash पादरी - इसका मतलब होता ह जिजस तरह हमार पजा पाठ करन क लिलए पगिडत होत ह उसी तरह चच म पादरी रहत ह पछाड ndash हरा दना गिकसी भी तरह की खलकद होती ह जिजसम हार होती ह उस पछाड ना कहत ह मजा चखाना - जस को तसा जवाब दना पछताना - परायशचिuत करना गिकसी भी बात क लिलए जिजस म लती हो जाए उसक लिलए परायशचिuत करना पराथना - गिनवदन करना जस हम ईशवर क आ हाथ जोडकर गिनवदन करत ह आuय - अचानक स कोई बात या घटना होना सीमिमत - सीमा क अदर जस सीता माता क लिलए लकषमरण न रखा खीची थी

SUBJECT ndash CHEMISTRYCHAPTER ndash1 (MATTER AND ITS COMPOSITION)

Matter Anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter Matter is made up of atoms and moleculesAtom Atoms are the smallest particles of matter which may or may not have independent existenceProperties of particles of matter-

Particles of matter have space in between them Particles of matter are in a continuous state of motion Particles as they have kinetic energy are

continuously moving This kind of movement is zigzag or random This movement goes up on heating Particles of matter attract each other Particles of matter attract each other with force this force could be inter-atomic inter molecular

States of matter Solids A solid has a definite shape and volume Examples of solids include ice (solid water) a bar of steel

and dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) Liquids A liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container Examples of liquids include water

and oil Gases A gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape Examples of gases are air oxygen and

helium Plasma Plasma is recognized as fourth state of matter

Interconversion of three states of matter1 Melting Change of substance from solid state to liquid state2 Evaporation or boiling Change of substance from liquid state to gaseous state Transpiration is the evaporation of water into the atmosphere from the leaves and stems of plants3 Condensation change of substance from gaseous state to liquid state4 Freezing or solidification change of substance from liquid state to solid stateWater has the capability to exist in three statesIn solid state it is exists as icein liquid state as water and in gaseous state as water vapour

Ever wondered the reason behind the change of state or what happens to the particles during the change of state Change in the states of matter mainly depends on temperature and pressure

Change in States of Matter

Subject- Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরপাঠndash৫ কহিবতাndashকহিল মর কহিবndashকাী নরল ইসলাম (পরমসতবক)

লেদহিখন লেসহিদন লেরচেলকহিল বচেল এক বাবসাব তাচের লেঠচেল হিদচেল নীচে লেফচেল

লোখ লেফচেG এল ল এমহিন কrsquoলের হিক গৎ হিড়া মার খাচেব দবltল

লেয দধীহিচেদর াড় হিদচে ঐ বাষপ-শকG চেলবাবসাব এচেস হিড়ল তাাচেত কহিলরা পহিড়ল তচেল

লেবতন হিদাচো পরও যত হিমযাবাদীর দল কত পাই হিদচে কহিলচেদর তই কত লেqার লেপহিল বল রাপচে তব হিলচে লেমাGর সাগচের াা চেল লেরলপচে চেল বাষপ-শকG লেদশ লেচে লেগল কচেল

বল এসব কাাচেদর দান লেতামার অটটাহিলকা কার খচেন রাঙা খচেল খচেল লেদচেখা পরহিতটি আচে লেলখা

তহিম াচেনা নাচেকা হিকনত পচে পরহিত ধহিলকণা াচেনঐ প ঐ াা শকG অটটাহিলকার মাচেন

বযাখযা-উহিsহিখত কহিবতাটিচেতকহিলচেলা দীন দহিরদর লেtণীর পরহিতভআর বাব সাব ল শাসক লেtণী লেরলচেuশচেনর একঘGনাচেক লেকনদর কচের কহিব শাসকচেtণীর হিনমltম অতযাাচেরর কা তচেল ধচেরচেন দধীহি মহিনর আতমতযাচেগর পচের তার াড় হিদচে ধৈতহির অচেwর দবারাই রাকষস ভরাতদববধ লেতমন tহিমক লেtণীর আতমতযাচেগর কা শাসক লেtণী মচেন রাখচেত া না তারা লেকবল ভাচেলা ফল লেভাগ কচের হিকনত হিনচেরা পরর লাভ কচেরও tহিমকচেদর লেদ যৎসামানয পাহিরtহিমক তাচেদর tচেমর মলয াচেন লেকবল তাচেদর ধৈতহির হিশলপঅlt-লেরচেল = লেরলচেuশচেন দধীহি = পরাণ লেtষঠ ঋহিষ বাষপ শকG = হিuম ইহিyনপাই = পসা লেqার = লেকাটি Gাকা ঠহিল = লোচেখর ওপর পদlt াকচেল = কারখানা অটটাহিলকা = বড়বাহিড় পরাসাদ

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIIISUBJECT CHEMISTRYCHAPTER Structure of atom

What is Atomic StructureThe atomic structure of an element refers to the constitution of its nucleus and the arrangement of the electrons around it Primarily the atomic structure of matter is made up of protons electrons and neutrons

The protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom which is surrounded by the electrons belonging to the atom The atomic number of an element describes the total number of protons in its nucleusNeutral atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons

Daltonrsquos Atomic TheoryThe English chemist John Dalton suggestedthe following are the postulates of his theory -

Every matter is made up of atoms Atoms are indivisible Specific elements have only one type of atoms in them Each atom has its own constant mass that varies from element to element Atoms undergo rearrangement during a chemical reaction Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another

Bohrrsquos Model of Atom

In 1913 Neil Bohr overcame the limitations of Rutherford model and proposed a model of atomic structureFollowing are the postulates

Electrons revolve around a centrally located heavy small and positively charged nucleus in certain discrete orbits

While revolving in discrete orbits the electrons do not radiate energy These discrete orbits or shells are called energy levels These orbitals or shells are represented by the letters

K L M Nhellip or the numbers n = 1 2 3 4hellip

Subatomic ParticlesProtons

Protons are positively charged subatomic particles The charge of a proton is 1e which corresponds to approximately 1602 times 10-19

The mass of a proton is approximately 1672 times 10-24

Protons are over 1800 times heavier than electrons The total number of protons in the atoms of an element is always equal to the atomic number of the

elementNeutrons

The mass of a neutron is almost the same as that of a proton ie 1674times10 -24

Neutrons are electrically neutral particles and carry no charge Different isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but vary in the number of neutrons

present in their respective nucleiElectrons

The charge of an electron is -1e which approximates to -1602 times 10 -19

The mass of an electron is approximately 91 times 10-31 Due to the relatively negligible mass of electrons they are ignored when calculating the mass of an atom

Atomic Structure of IsotopesThe isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutronsThe atomic structure of an isotope is described with the help of the chemical symbol of the element the atomic number of the element and the mass number of the isotope For example there exist three known naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen namely protium deuterium and tritium

Isotopes of Some Elements Hydrogen

The most abundant isotope of hydrogen on the planet Earth is protium The atomic number and the mass number of this isotope are 1 and 1 respectively

CarbonCarbon has two stable isotopes ndash 12C and 13C Of these isotopes 12C has an abundance of 989 It contains 6 protons 6 electrons and 6 neutrons

OxygenThere exist three stable isotopes of oxygen ndash 18O 17O and 16O However oxygen-16 is the most abundant isotope

Rutherford Atomic Theory

Rutherford a student of J J Thomson modified the atomic structure with the discovery of another subatomic particle called ldquoNucleusrdquo His atomic model is based on the Alpha ray scattering experiment

Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom

The nucleus is at the center of an atom where most of the charge and mass are concentrated Atomic structure is spherical Electrons revolve around the nucleus in a circular orbit similar to the way planets orbit the sun

Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model

If electrons have to revolve around the nucleus they will spend energy and that too against the strong force of attraction from the nucleus a lot of energy will be spent by the electrons and eventually they will lose all their energy and will fall into the nucleus so the stability of atom is not explained

If electrons continuously revolve around the lsquonucleus the type of spectrum expected is a continuous spectrum But in reality what we see is a line spectrum

Subject -Hindi 2ndlangChapter - 1 वह दश कौन सा हइस कगिवता म भारत दश क बार म वरणन गिकया या ह यहा की सदरता न चबी गिहमालय की चोदिटयो सार नदिदयो इसक बार म इस कगिवता म बताया या ह यह पराकगितक दमिw स अतयमिधक सदर ह भारत दश जसा मनमोगिहनी परकगित की मनोरम सदरता कही भी दखन को नही मिमलती ह सव क समान यहा सख पराकगितक सदरता लिसफ यही ह इसीलिलए यह दश सवशरषठ दश ह या हर जागित की लो पाए जात ह उनम अनकता म भी एकता का परगितहिबब दखन को मिमलता ह यहा पर भाईचारा ह सभी एक दसर स मिमलजल कर एक साथ रहन की कोलिशश म ल रहत हशबदाथ

मनमोगिहनी- मन को अचछी लन वाली कोई चीज परकगित ndashवातावररण जहा सदर-सदर हरिरयाली पड पौध होत ह चररणndashपर रतनश-समदर गिनरतर- हमशा सधा-अमत धारा-लहर जस नदिदयो की लहर आती ह और जाती ह सलोना- सदर

SUBJECT- BENGALITOPIC- রামচনদরের বিলাপ ndash ( কবি13াস ওঝা ) লাইন-(১-১৬)ldquoহিবলাপ কচেরন রামhelliphelliphelliphellip হিরচেলন পহিবী হিক আপন দহিতাrdquoপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ-আমাচেদর পরান রামাচেণ কহিত আচে ধৈকচেকীর লনা রামনদর রাযযত চে লকষণ ও সীতাচেক হিনচে লেৌদদ বচেরর নয বনবাচেস যান বনবাচেস তাচেদর ীবন ভালই হিল একহিদন বনবাচেসর সম রাবণ মারী লেসচে সীতাচেক রণ কচের লেসই সম কটীচের রামনদর ও লকষমণ লেকউ হিলনা এই সচেযাচেগ রাবণ সীতাচেক হিনচে তার লঙকারাচেয হিনচে যা কটিচের হিফচের রাম ও লকষণ সীতাচেক লেদখচেত না লেপচে াহিরহিদচেক খাচেত াচেকন হিকনত লেকাাও সীতা লেনই সীতাচেক নাচেপচে রামনদর লেশাচেক হিবহবল চে লকষচেণর কাচে মচেনর দঃখ পরকাশ কচেরন রামনদর মচেন মচেন ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা তা ার মন পরীকষা করার নয লেকাাও লেকাচেনা মহিন পতনীর সচেঙগ লহিকচে আচেন তচেব লেকাা লেগচেল হিতহিন সীতার লেদখা পাচেবন লেসই হিনতাই সদা রাচেমর মচেন াগহিরত রামনদর ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা লেগাদাবরী নদীরতীচের পদমবচেন ভরমণ করচেন লেসই সম লেদবী লকষমী সীতার পদমফচেলর মত সনদর মখ লেদচেখ ত পদম বচেন লহিকচে লেরচেখচেন আবার রামনদর ভাবচেন রাহ লেযমন গরচেণর সম া াদচেক গরাস কচের লেতমহিন সীতার া াচেদর মত মখ লেদচেখ রাহ নদরকলা লেভচেব গরাস কচেরচে হিকনা এই হিনতা রাম মচেন মচেন করচেন আরও ভাবচেন চেতা রাযযত চে বন বাস ীবচেনর দঃখ কষট সীতা চেতা সয করচেত পারচেনা এই লেভচেব পহিবী তার হিনচের কনযাচেক রণ কচেরচেশবদাlt-হিবলাপ- কাননা অন- লোG ভহিলচেত না পাহির- ভচেল না যাওা হিনরপণ- লেখাাা (লেকান হিক াহিরচে লেগচেল লেখাাা)ানকী- নক রাার কনযা অltাৎ সীতা মহিন পতনী- সননযাসী পতনী (wী) সহিত- সচেঙগ লেগাদাবরী- দহিকষন ভারচেতর একটি নদী কমল- পদম কমলমখী-পচেদমর মত সনদর মখ (আচেলায কহিবতা সীতার মখচেক বলা চেচে)পদমালা- লকষমী হিপপাহিসত- তষণাতlt পরাস- লেষটা রাহ- পরান বহিণltত রাকষস দহিতা- কনযানদরকলা- পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযার পচেরর হিদন অltাৎ পরহিত পদ লেচেক পচেরর পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযা পযltনত া াচেদর বাড়া বা কমা ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IXSubject- BiologyTopic- Ch-2 CellMicroscope

A piece of equipment that makes very small objects look big enough for you to be able to see them

Antony van Leeuwenhoek made simple microscope with one lens and one adjustment screw It had a magnifying power cope up to 200 times

Robert Hooke made compound microscope with two lenses and two adjustment serews It magnifies upto 2000 times He examined a thin slice of cork and obserwed box like compartment He said these are all ldquocellsrdquo

Electron microscope which gives us a magnification over 200000 times by using beams of electrons which are bent by magnets

Cell theorybull The cell is the smallest unit of structure of allliving thingsbull The cell is the unit of function of all living thingsbull All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Organism according to number of cellsbull Single-celled made up of one cell exyeast bacteria amoebabull Few-celled made up of a few hundred to few thousand cells ex Volvox Spirogyrabull Multi-celled made up of millions and billions of cells ex Human Mangobull Smallest cell - Bacteria 03- 50 micrometerbull Longest cell - Nerve cell - 135 micronmeterbull Largest cell ndash Ostrich egg - 20 cm in diameter

Types of cell shape according to their functionsRBCrsquos are biconcave in shape to carry Hb through blood vessel Neurone is long to carry nerve impulse from one place to another

CELL

Cell wall+Cell membrane+Protoplasm

Cytoplasm+Nucleus

Organelles+Inclusions

[Mitocondria] [lifeless

Lysosomes accumul

Etc] - ations-

eg

Pigment glycogenetc]

Cell Walli) Non-living rigid layerii) Made up of lipo-protieniii) Semi permeable in nature control the entry of solutes and ionsiv) Present only outside of plant cell

Cell Membranei) Very thin livingii) Composed of celluloseiii) Freely permeable in nature allows all to enter amp leaveiv) Present in outside of both cells

Cell Organelles Functionsi)Endoplasmic-recticulum

ii)Mitochondria

iii)Golgi Apparatus

iv)Ribosome

v)Lysosome

vi)Centrosome

vii)Plastid

a) Supportive framework for the cellb) Synthesis amp transport of protein amp fat

a)Release of energy in the form of ATP

a) Synthesis amp secretion of enzymes hormones etcb) Formation of lysosome amp vacuoles

a)Protein synthesis

a) Intracellular digestionb) Destroy foreign substances

a)Initiates and regulates cell division

a) Leucoplast ndash stores starchb) Chromoplast ndash Impart colours to flowers and fruitsc) Chloroplast ndash trap solar energy for photosynthesis

Subject ndashHindiChapter1बात अठननी की( सदशन)शबदाथndashजारा-जर करना तनखवाह-वतन सदह- शक (करना गिकसी बात को लकर)पशी -पहल दिदया जान वाला धन ऋरण-कज (उधार लना) अपमान-बइजजतीरकम-रपए र उड या-घबरा या (गिकसी बात को लकर डर जाना)लातो क भत बातो स नही मानत ndashदw वयलिk पर समझान का परभाव नही पडता आखो म खन उतर आया- बहत जयादा करोध आना धन बटोर ना-धन इकटठा करना इसाफ-नयाय

Subject- Bengali TOPIC-হিগহিনন-রবীনদরনাঠাকরপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ- ধৈশশচেব রবীনদর নাচের পাঠশালা হিশবনা নাচেম একন পহিmত হিচেলন লেগাাফ দাহিড় কামাচেণা মাা লোচেGা কচের ল া াGা একটি লোচেGা টিহিক আচে এই পহিmতচেক লেদচেখ সবাই ভ লেপত াতর শাসচেনর বযাপাচের হিতহিন অতযনত দকষ হিচেলন-লেযমন খব লেপGাচেতন লেতমহিন আtাবয গালা গাহিল করচেতন াতররা তা াচেক লেদবতা বা হিশকষচেকর নযা tদধা হিকংবা ভহিকত করত না তা ার আরণ ও মচেখর ভাষার সচেঙগ াতররা যমরাচের হিমল লেপত হিশবনা পহিmত াতরচেদর উপর লেযমন অতযাার করচেতন আবার নানারকচেমর অদভত নামকরণ করচেতন তাচেত াতররা মানহিসক আঘাত লেবাধ করত াতরচেদর নাম হিবকত করচেতন তাচেত লেবাeা যা লেয হিতহিন মানষ বসতর লেচেক অবসতচেক লেবহিশ মলয হিদচেতন তাই যখন পহিmত শশী লেশখরচেক তার লেদচের গঠন ও আকহিত সচেঙগ হিমহিলচে লেভGহিক নাচেম Jাচেকন তখন শশীচেশখর আঘাত পাশবদাlt ndash পহিmত ndashহিশকষক াতরবহি7 ndashাতরচেক পরদ7 আহিltক পরসকার বা লপাহিন পাওার কলাসহরসব- কম আতচেন লোG অনতরাতমা- মন হদহল- কীG পতচেঙগর আতমরকষার নয হিপচেনর হিদচেকর তীকষণ কা াGা অসর- অচেনক বহিষltত- বষltণকরাবাকযজবালা- বাকযবাচেন আচেকষপ- অনচেশানা ভহিকত-tদধা উচেপহিকষত- অবচেহিলতলেদবমহিমা-লেদবতার কীহিতlt উপদরব- eাচেমলা হিনচেকষপ-া চেড় লেদওা কামনা- ইLালেদবাল- মহিনদর বালাই- অমঙগল সরচেলাক বাসী- সবগltবাসী

Subject-PhysicsChapter Motion in 1D1 Scalar They are expressed only by their magnitudes Example mass speed2 Vector They are expressed by magnitude as well as direction Example force velocity3 A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its immediate surroundings

4 A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its immediate surroundings5 The shortest distance from the initial to the final position of the body is called the magnitude of displacement It is in the direction from the initial position to the final position Its SI unit is metre (m)6 The distance is the length of path travelled by the body so it is always positive Distance is a scalar quantity7 The speed of a body is the rate of change of distance with time Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)8 The velocity of a body is the distance travelled per second by the body in a specified direction Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)9 If a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time along a particular direction then the body is said to be moving with a uniform velocity However if a body travels unequal distances in a particular direction in equal intervals of time or it moves equal distances in equal intervals of time but its direction of motion does not remain same then the velocity of the body is said to be variable (or non-uniform)10 Average speed is the ratio of the total distance travelled by the body to the total time of journey it is never zero If the velocity of a body moving in a particular direction changes with time then the ratio of displacement to the time taken in entire journey is called its average velocity Average velocity of a body can be zero even if its average speed is not zero11 Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time Its SI unit is metresecond2 (ms2) Negative acceleration called retardation12 The acceleration is said to be uniform when equal changes in velocity take place in equal intervals of time but if the change in velocity is not the same in the same intervals of time the acceleration is said to be variable13 When a body falls freely under gravity the acceleration produced in the body due to the Earths gravitational acceleration is called the acceleration due to gravity (g) The average value of g is 98 ms214 Three equations of a uniformly accelerated motion arev = u + ats = ut + (12) at2v2 = u2 + 2as

NB One must go through the sums ( equation of motion and others) especially sums related to graphs of motion in one dimension

SUBJECT ENGLISH LANGUAGETOPIC PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONSKinds of prepositions

Simple preposition At by for from in of off on out through till to up with after under over since down etc Example

o He is going to Delhi by the nighto He came from Mumbai

Compound or double prepositions About above across along amidst among amongst around before behind below beneath beside Between beyond inside outside underneath within without etc Example

o His house is behind the shopo I shall go there within a week

Phrase preposition According to along with because of by means of by reason of in favour of etc Example

o Put this book in place of thato He is acting according to the advice of his father

Participle preposition Barring considering During Excepting excluding including etc Example

o Considering the quality the price is not mucho During the lesson he fainted

SUBJECT- HISTORYTOPIC- HARAPPAN CIVILIZATIONEXPLANATION OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS CIVILIZATION The term Civilization basically means the level of development at which people live together peacefully in communities They built cities and invented form of writing They learned to make pottery and use metals They domesticated animals and created social structures

FOUR CONTEMPORARY ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Mesopotamian civilizations Egyptian civilizations Harappa civilizations Chinese civilizations HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION Harappa was the first site that was excavated So it came to be known as the Harappa civilization Mohenjo ndash daro and Harappa were located in the valley of river Indus and its tributaries Hence it is known as the Indus Valley Civilization

MOHENJO-DARO Mohenjo-daro in the Sind language means lsquoMound of the Deadrsquo It is located in the Larkana district of Sind ( now in Pakistan)

HARAPPA Harappa was situated on the bank of river Ravi in the Montegomery district of West Punjab (now in Pakistan)

Other important sites were Chanhu Daro in Sind Lothal near Ahmedabad in Gujrat Kalibangan in Rajasthan Alamgirpur near Hastinapur in UP Ropar in Punjab

SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF THE HARAPPA CIVILIZATIONS

1 Archaeological remains2 Important seals3 Bearded man4 Dancing girl5 Dockyard6 Script

1 Archaeological remainsa) The Great Bath- It was discovered at Mohenjo-daro it was an open quadrangle with rooms and galleries

on three sides The pool might have been used on special occasionsb) The Citadel- The ruins of the citadel was found in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Probably the ruling class

people lived here It was a fortress overlooking a city2 Important Seals More than two thousands terracotta steatite or ivory made square or oblong seals have

been discovered They showed the culture and civilization of that period They mainly indicate dress ornaments hairstyle religious belief script trade and commercial relations some important Seals were the Pashupati Seals the Unicorn seal and the Bull Seal

3 Bearded Man A stone statue of bearded Man has been found both Harappa and Mohenjo ndashdaro He might have been a noble man or a priest or a respected leader

4 Dancing Girl A Bronze figure of a Dancing girl shows a high degree art of culture in metal Her right hand was on her hip and head slightly backwards shows her dancing posture It reveals that the people of Harappa were fond of singing and dancing

5 Dockyard The existence of Dockyard made it evident that trade was carried on by sea route with foreign countries

6 The Script The script was pictographic since its signs represent birds fish and varieties of the human forms The script was found inscribed on a number of seals made of Copper and terracotta etc

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Class X

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCommercial Studies

Advertising In last class we have discussed about the merits of advertising

Question 1) Explain the disadvantages of advertising

Besides having merits advertising have some demerits also

Today I am going to share the demerits of advertising

Answer) The disadvantages of advertising are as follows

I) Wastage of national resourcesDue to excessive use or proliferation of advertising valuable National resources are wasted In many cases companies undertake rigorous advertising efforts without specific needs

II)Impulsive buyingIt creates unnecessary needs People are emotionally forced to buy the products Sometimes it forced people to buy unnecessary products

III) High price toconsumersAdvertising increases cost of product Customers have to pay high price for the products heavily advertised IV) Mislead about theproductSome advertiserrsquos cleverly create misleading Impressions of their goods -they present a very Rosy picture of their products with object to increase their sales

Chemistry TopicChemical Bonding

Cause of chemical combination is the tendency of elements to acquire the nearest nobel gas configuration in their outermost orbit and become stable

A chemical bond may be defined as the force of attraction between any two atomsin a moleculeto maintain stability

Electrovalent compounds The chemical compounds formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from one atom of an element to one atom of another element are

Bond formed between metals and non-metals are ionic or electrovalent

Electrovalent compounds(i)Their constituent particle are ions(ii)They are hard solids consisting of ions

Boiling points and melting pointsThese are non-volatilewith high boiling and high melting points

Electricity conducting nature(i)They do not conduct electricity in the solid state(ii)They are good conductors of electricity in the fused or in aqueous state

Dissociation Electrovalent compounds are composed if ionsIn solutions these ions become mobile or in molten state these

Demerits Of AdvertisingWastage of national resources Impulsive buyingHigh price to consumerMislead about the product

called ionic compounds

Electrovalency The number of electrons that an atom of an element loses or gains to form a electrovalent bond is called its electrovalency

Condition for the formation of an electrovalent bondi)Low ionization potential if the ionization potential of a particular atom is lowit will lose electron easilyie a cation is formed easily

ii)High electron affinity if the electron affinity value highanion will be formed easilyie a higher electron affinity value favours ionic bonding

iii)large electronegativity difference if the difference in the electronegativities of two elements is higherthen the transfer of electrons will be easierThereforemore the difference in electronegativitymore will be the ionic nature of the resulting compound

ions dissociate

SolubiltyThese are solubile in water but insoluble in organic solvents

Rate of reaction They show rapid speed of chemical reactions in aqueous solutions

Physics

Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Prove thatMoment of couple = Force x Couple armSolutions

A O B

At A and B two forces each of magnitude F are applied which are equal and opposite forces The two forces rotate the bar in anticlockwise direction AB is the perpendicular distance between two forces which is called the couple arm

Moment of force F at the end A= F times OA (anticlockwise)Moment of force F at the end B= F times OB (anticlockwise)Total moment of couple = F times OA + F times OB= F times (OA + OB)= F times AB= F times d (anticlockwise)

= Either force times perpendicular distance between the two forces or couple armHence Moment of couple = Force times Couple armQuestion What do you mean by equilibrium of a body

Solutions When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of linear or rotational motion the body is said to be in equilibriumQuestion State the condition when a body is in (i) static (ii) dynamic equilibrium Give one example each of static and dynamic equilibriumSolutions(i) Static equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the state of rest under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in static equilibriumExample A book lying on a table is in static equilibrium(ii) Dynamic equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the same state of motion under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in dynamic equilibriumExample A rain drop reaches the earth surface with a constant velocity

English Literature

The Blue Bead

Answer the following questions-

1) Describe the blue beadAns - The blue bead glimmered in the water It was not a gem though it was sand Worn glass that had been rolling about in the river for a long time By chance it was perforated right through- the neck of a bottle perhaps

2) Describe Sibiarsquos homeAns- Sibia lived in a mud house which was the same colour as the ground

3) Describe SibiaAns- Sibia was a little girl a thin starving child dressed in an earth- Coloured rag straight white teeth With her ebony hair and great eyes and her skin of oiled brown cream she was a happy immature child- Woman about twelve years old Bare foot of course and often goosey- Cold on a winter morning and born to toil In all her life she had never owned even one anna- not a piece

ECONOMICS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Sub-topic- Capital

Now let us start the class by discussing the various types of capital

a Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capitalexample machinebuilding

b Circulating capital-It is used only onceexample raw materials

c Sunk capital-which is used only for a single purpose Example building of a factory

d Floating capital- which can e put to several uses example coal

e Production capital-Capital which helps in production

Questions1Using examples classify capital into fixed and circulating capitalAnswer Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capital it refers to those capital which can be used again and again example machine buildingWhere as Circulating capital-It is used only once in the production processexample raw materials such as cottonfuel

2 Distinguish between real capital and money capital Which of the two has greater significance in economic growthAnswerReal capital means capital goods such as properties machinesplantsetc Money capital on the other hand money (or cash in hand) which is utilized by the producers for the purchase of tools equipments and other kinds of goods needed for production

CWhat do you mean by working capitalAnswer Working capital refers to the stock of finished semi-finished goods and raw materials etcwhich is converted to final goods (finished

directlymachinestoolsetc

f Consumption capital-Capital which helps in production indirectlyexample residential buildings for factory purpose

g Personal capital-It refers to the personal abilities which cannot be transferred example surgeonrsquos skill

h Material capital- capital which is made of matter and has a form and shapeExample machines raw materials

i Money capital-capital which used for purchasing real capital( raw materials machines equipments which is needed by the producers for production)

j Debt capital-capital used for giving loans

k Social capital-Capital which helps in the growth of national outpit of the countryexample railwaysnational highways etc

l Private capital-capital which helps only to the owner to raise his income example private propertybusiness goodwill

m Real capital ndash It consists of the physical stock of goods which are used as inputs in the production processExample raw materialsmachines

consumer goods) in near future

Math Topic Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Shares and dividendsDate 29042020Study item Some solved sums from exercise 3Find the dividend received on 60 shares of Rs 20 each if 9 dividend is declaredSolution Number of shares = 60Face value of one share = Rs20 Rate of dividend = 9

Therefore the dividend received = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share = 60 times 9 times Rs20 = Rs 60 times 9100 times 20 = Rs 108A company declares 8 percent dividend to the shareholders If a man receives Rs2840 as his dividend find the nominal value of his sharesSolution Let the nominal value of shares be Rs xTotal dividend = 8 of Rs x = Rs(8100 )times (x) = Rs 8x100According to question 8x100 = 2840 Or 8x = 2840 times 100 Or x = (2840 times100)8 = 35500Therefore the nominal value of his shares = Rs35500 A man buys 200 ten-rupees shares at Rs12bull50 each and receives a dividend of 8 Find the amount invested by him and the dividend received by him in cashSolution Given face value of one share = Rs 10 And market value of one share = Rs 12bull50 Number of shares = 200Therefore investment = 200 times Rs 12bull50 = Rs 2500Total dividend = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share= 200 times 8 timesRs 10= 200 times 8100 timesRs 10= Rs 160

Computer Application

Java Programming(from ch 2)

Programming Questions1 Write a program to input the area of a square and find its perimeterAns import javautilclass Sol1static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double aspSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the area of a squarerdquo)a=scnextDouble()s=Mathsqrt(a)p=4sSystemoutprintln(ldquoPerimeter=rdquo+p)

2 Write a program to input the length and breadth of a rectangle and find its diagonalAns import javautilclass Sol2static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double lbdComputer Applications ndash X (ICSE Course) Answers 34Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the length and breadth of the rectanglerdquo)

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

Change in States of Matter

Subject- Bengaliবইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরপাঠndash৫ কহিবতাndashকহিল মর কহিবndashকাী নরল ইসলাম (পরমসতবক)

লেদহিখন লেসহিদন লেরচেলকহিল বচেল এক বাবসাব তাচের লেঠচেল হিদচেল নীচে লেফচেল

লোখ লেফচেG এল ল এমহিন কrsquoলের হিক গৎ হিড়া মার খাচেব দবltল

লেয দধীহিচেদর াড় হিদচে ঐ বাষপ-শকG চেলবাবসাব এচেস হিড়ল তাাচেত কহিলরা পহিড়ল তচেল

লেবতন হিদাচো পরও যত হিমযাবাদীর দল কত পাই হিদচে কহিলচেদর তই কত লেqার লেপহিল বল রাপচে তব হিলচে লেমাGর সাগচের াা চেল লেরলপচে চেল বাষপ-শকG লেদশ লেচে লেগল কচেল

বল এসব কাাচেদর দান লেতামার অটটাহিলকা কার খচেন রাঙা খচেল খচেল লেদচেখা পরহিতটি আচে লেলখা

তহিম াচেনা নাচেকা হিকনত পচে পরহিত ধহিলকণা াচেনঐ প ঐ াা শকG অটটাহিলকার মাচেন

বযাখযা-উহিsহিখত কহিবতাটিচেতকহিলচেলা দীন দহিরদর লেtণীর পরহিতভআর বাব সাব ল শাসক লেtণী লেরলচেuশচেনর একঘGনাচেক লেকনদর কচের কহিব শাসকচেtণীর হিনমltম অতযাাচেরর কা তচেল ধচেরচেন দধীহি মহিনর আতমতযাচেগর পচের তার াড় হিদচে ধৈতহির অচেwর দবারাই রাকষস ভরাতদববধ লেতমন tহিমক লেtণীর আতমতযাচেগর কা শাসক লেtণী মচেন রাখচেত া না তারা লেকবল ভাচেলা ফল লেভাগ কচের হিকনত হিনচেরা পরর লাভ কচেরও tহিমকচেদর লেদ যৎসামানয পাহিরtহিমক তাচেদর tচেমর মলয াচেন লেকবল তাচেদর ধৈতহির হিশলপঅlt-লেরচেল = লেরলচেuশচেন দধীহি = পরাণ লেtষঠ ঋহিষ বাষপ শকG = হিuম ইহিyনপাই = পসা লেqার = লেকাটি Gাকা ঠহিল = লোচেখর ওপর পদlt াকচেল = কারখানা অটটাহিলকা = বড়বাহিড় পরাসাদ

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIIISUBJECT CHEMISTRYCHAPTER Structure of atom

What is Atomic StructureThe atomic structure of an element refers to the constitution of its nucleus and the arrangement of the electrons around it Primarily the atomic structure of matter is made up of protons electrons and neutrons

The protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom which is surrounded by the electrons belonging to the atom The atomic number of an element describes the total number of protons in its nucleusNeutral atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons

Daltonrsquos Atomic TheoryThe English chemist John Dalton suggestedthe following are the postulates of his theory -

Every matter is made up of atoms Atoms are indivisible Specific elements have only one type of atoms in them Each atom has its own constant mass that varies from element to element Atoms undergo rearrangement during a chemical reaction Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another

Bohrrsquos Model of Atom

In 1913 Neil Bohr overcame the limitations of Rutherford model and proposed a model of atomic structureFollowing are the postulates

Electrons revolve around a centrally located heavy small and positively charged nucleus in certain discrete orbits

While revolving in discrete orbits the electrons do not radiate energy These discrete orbits or shells are called energy levels These orbitals or shells are represented by the letters

K L M Nhellip or the numbers n = 1 2 3 4hellip

Subatomic ParticlesProtons

Protons are positively charged subatomic particles The charge of a proton is 1e which corresponds to approximately 1602 times 10-19

The mass of a proton is approximately 1672 times 10-24

Protons are over 1800 times heavier than electrons The total number of protons in the atoms of an element is always equal to the atomic number of the

elementNeutrons

The mass of a neutron is almost the same as that of a proton ie 1674times10 -24

Neutrons are electrically neutral particles and carry no charge Different isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but vary in the number of neutrons

present in their respective nucleiElectrons

The charge of an electron is -1e which approximates to -1602 times 10 -19

The mass of an electron is approximately 91 times 10-31 Due to the relatively negligible mass of electrons they are ignored when calculating the mass of an atom

Atomic Structure of IsotopesThe isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutronsThe atomic structure of an isotope is described with the help of the chemical symbol of the element the atomic number of the element and the mass number of the isotope For example there exist three known naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen namely protium deuterium and tritium

Isotopes of Some Elements Hydrogen

The most abundant isotope of hydrogen on the planet Earth is protium The atomic number and the mass number of this isotope are 1 and 1 respectively

CarbonCarbon has two stable isotopes ndash 12C and 13C Of these isotopes 12C has an abundance of 989 It contains 6 protons 6 electrons and 6 neutrons

OxygenThere exist three stable isotopes of oxygen ndash 18O 17O and 16O However oxygen-16 is the most abundant isotope

Rutherford Atomic Theory

Rutherford a student of J J Thomson modified the atomic structure with the discovery of another subatomic particle called ldquoNucleusrdquo His atomic model is based on the Alpha ray scattering experiment

Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom

The nucleus is at the center of an atom where most of the charge and mass are concentrated Atomic structure is spherical Electrons revolve around the nucleus in a circular orbit similar to the way planets orbit the sun

Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model

If electrons have to revolve around the nucleus they will spend energy and that too against the strong force of attraction from the nucleus a lot of energy will be spent by the electrons and eventually they will lose all their energy and will fall into the nucleus so the stability of atom is not explained

If electrons continuously revolve around the lsquonucleus the type of spectrum expected is a continuous spectrum But in reality what we see is a line spectrum

Subject -Hindi 2ndlangChapter - 1 वह दश कौन सा हइस कगिवता म भारत दश क बार म वरणन गिकया या ह यहा की सदरता न चबी गिहमालय की चोदिटयो सार नदिदयो इसक बार म इस कगिवता म बताया या ह यह पराकगितक दमिw स अतयमिधक सदर ह भारत दश जसा मनमोगिहनी परकगित की मनोरम सदरता कही भी दखन को नही मिमलती ह सव क समान यहा सख पराकगितक सदरता लिसफ यही ह इसीलिलए यह दश सवशरषठ दश ह या हर जागित की लो पाए जात ह उनम अनकता म भी एकता का परगितहिबब दखन को मिमलता ह यहा पर भाईचारा ह सभी एक दसर स मिमलजल कर एक साथ रहन की कोलिशश म ल रहत हशबदाथ

मनमोगिहनी- मन को अचछी लन वाली कोई चीज परकगित ndashवातावररण जहा सदर-सदर हरिरयाली पड पौध होत ह चररणndashपर रतनश-समदर गिनरतर- हमशा सधा-अमत धारा-लहर जस नदिदयो की लहर आती ह और जाती ह सलोना- सदर

SUBJECT- BENGALITOPIC- রামচনদরের বিলাপ ndash ( কবি13াস ওঝা ) লাইন-(১-১৬)ldquoহিবলাপ কচেরন রামhelliphelliphelliphellip হিরচেলন পহিবী হিক আপন দহিতাrdquoপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ-আমাচেদর পরান রামাচেণ কহিত আচে ধৈকচেকীর লনা রামনদর রাযযত চে লকষণ ও সীতাচেক হিনচে লেৌদদ বচেরর নয বনবাচেস যান বনবাচেস তাচেদর ীবন ভালই হিল একহিদন বনবাচেসর সম রাবণ মারী লেসচে সীতাচেক রণ কচের লেসই সম কটীচের রামনদর ও লকষমণ লেকউ হিলনা এই সচেযাচেগ রাবণ সীতাচেক হিনচে তার লঙকারাচেয হিনচে যা কটিচের হিফচের রাম ও লকষণ সীতাচেক লেদখচেত না লেপচে াহিরহিদচেক খাচেত াচেকন হিকনত লেকাাও সীতা লেনই সীতাচেক নাচেপচে রামনদর লেশাচেক হিবহবল চে লকষচেণর কাচে মচেনর দঃখ পরকাশ কচেরন রামনদর মচেন মচেন ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা তা ার মন পরীকষা করার নয লেকাাও লেকাচেনা মহিন পতনীর সচেঙগ লহিকচে আচেন তচেব লেকাা লেগচেল হিতহিন সীতার লেদখা পাচেবন লেসই হিনতাই সদা রাচেমর মচেন াগহিরত রামনদর ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা লেগাদাবরী নদীরতীচের পদমবচেন ভরমণ করচেন লেসই সম লেদবী লকষমী সীতার পদমফচেলর মত সনদর মখ লেদচেখ ত পদম বচেন লহিকচে লেরচেখচেন আবার রামনদর ভাবচেন রাহ লেযমন গরচেণর সম া াদচেক গরাস কচের লেতমহিন সীতার া াচেদর মত মখ লেদচেখ রাহ নদরকলা লেভচেব গরাস কচেরচে হিকনা এই হিনতা রাম মচেন মচেন করচেন আরও ভাবচেন চেতা রাযযত চে বন বাস ীবচেনর দঃখ কষট সীতা চেতা সয করচেত পারচেনা এই লেভচেব পহিবী তার হিনচের কনযাচেক রণ কচেরচেশবদাlt-হিবলাপ- কাননা অন- লোG ভহিলচেত না পাহির- ভচেল না যাওা হিনরপণ- লেখাাা (লেকান হিক াহিরচে লেগচেল লেখাাা)ানকী- নক রাার কনযা অltাৎ সীতা মহিন পতনী- সননযাসী পতনী (wী) সহিত- সচেঙগ লেগাদাবরী- দহিকষন ভারচেতর একটি নদী কমল- পদম কমলমখী-পচেদমর মত সনদর মখ (আচেলায কহিবতা সীতার মখচেক বলা চেচে)পদমালা- লকষমী হিপপাহিসত- তষণাতlt পরাস- লেষটা রাহ- পরান বহিণltত রাকষস দহিতা- কনযানদরকলা- পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযার পচেরর হিদন অltাৎ পরহিত পদ লেচেক পচেরর পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযা পযltনত া াচেদর বাড়া বা কমা ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IXSubject- BiologyTopic- Ch-2 CellMicroscope

A piece of equipment that makes very small objects look big enough for you to be able to see them

Antony van Leeuwenhoek made simple microscope with one lens and one adjustment screw It had a magnifying power cope up to 200 times

Robert Hooke made compound microscope with two lenses and two adjustment serews It magnifies upto 2000 times He examined a thin slice of cork and obserwed box like compartment He said these are all ldquocellsrdquo

Electron microscope which gives us a magnification over 200000 times by using beams of electrons which are bent by magnets

Cell theorybull The cell is the smallest unit of structure of allliving thingsbull The cell is the unit of function of all living thingsbull All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Organism according to number of cellsbull Single-celled made up of one cell exyeast bacteria amoebabull Few-celled made up of a few hundred to few thousand cells ex Volvox Spirogyrabull Multi-celled made up of millions and billions of cells ex Human Mangobull Smallest cell - Bacteria 03- 50 micrometerbull Longest cell - Nerve cell - 135 micronmeterbull Largest cell ndash Ostrich egg - 20 cm in diameter

Types of cell shape according to their functionsRBCrsquos are biconcave in shape to carry Hb through blood vessel Neurone is long to carry nerve impulse from one place to another

CELL

Cell wall+Cell membrane+Protoplasm

Cytoplasm+Nucleus

Organelles+Inclusions

[Mitocondria] [lifeless

Lysosomes accumul

Etc] - ations-

eg

Pigment glycogenetc]

Cell Walli) Non-living rigid layerii) Made up of lipo-protieniii) Semi permeable in nature control the entry of solutes and ionsiv) Present only outside of plant cell

Cell Membranei) Very thin livingii) Composed of celluloseiii) Freely permeable in nature allows all to enter amp leaveiv) Present in outside of both cells

Cell Organelles Functionsi)Endoplasmic-recticulum

ii)Mitochondria

iii)Golgi Apparatus

iv)Ribosome

v)Lysosome

vi)Centrosome

vii)Plastid

a) Supportive framework for the cellb) Synthesis amp transport of protein amp fat

a)Release of energy in the form of ATP

a) Synthesis amp secretion of enzymes hormones etcb) Formation of lysosome amp vacuoles

a)Protein synthesis

a) Intracellular digestionb) Destroy foreign substances

a)Initiates and regulates cell division

a) Leucoplast ndash stores starchb) Chromoplast ndash Impart colours to flowers and fruitsc) Chloroplast ndash trap solar energy for photosynthesis

Subject ndashHindiChapter1बात अठननी की( सदशन)शबदाथndashजारा-जर करना तनखवाह-वतन सदह- शक (करना गिकसी बात को लकर)पशी -पहल दिदया जान वाला धन ऋरण-कज (उधार लना) अपमान-बइजजतीरकम-रपए र उड या-घबरा या (गिकसी बात को लकर डर जाना)लातो क भत बातो स नही मानत ndashदw वयलिk पर समझान का परभाव नही पडता आखो म खन उतर आया- बहत जयादा करोध आना धन बटोर ना-धन इकटठा करना इसाफ-नयाय

Subject- Bengali TOPIC-হিগহিনন-রবীনদরনাঠাকরপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ- ধৈশশচেব রবীনদর নাচের পাঠশালা হিশবনা নাচেম একন পহিmত হিচেলন লেগাাফ দাহিড় কামাচেণা মাা লোচেGা কচের ল া াGা একটি লোচেGা টিহিক আচে এই পহিmতচেক লেদচেখ সবাই ভ লেপত াতর শাসচেনর বযাপাচের হিতহিন অতযনত দকষ হিচেলন-লেযমন খব লেপGাচেতন লেতমহিন আtাবয গালা গাহিল করচেতন াতররা তা াচেক লেদবতা বা হিশকষচেকর নযা tদধা হিকংবা ভহিকত করত না তা ার আরণ ও মচেখর ভাষার সচেঙগ াতররা যমরাচের হিমল লেপত হিশবনা পহিmত াতরচেদর উপর লেযমন অতযাার করচেতন আবার নানারকচেমর অদভত নামকরণ করচেতন তাচেত াতররা মানহিসক আঘাত লেবাধ করত াতরচেদর নাম হিবকত করচেতন তাচেত লেবাeা যা লেয হিতহিন মানষ বসতর লেচেক অবসতচেক লেবহিশ মলয হিদচেতন তাই যখন পহিmত শশী লেশখরচেক তার লেদচের গঠন ও আকহিত সচেঙগ হিমহিলচে লেভGহিক নাচেম Jাচেকন তখন শশীচেশখর আঘাত পাশবদাlt ndash পহিmত ndashহিশকষক াতরবহি7 ndashাতরচেক পরদ7 আহিltক পরসকার বা লপাহিন পাওার কলাসহরসব- কম আতচেন লোG অনতরাতমা- মন হদহল- কীG পতচেঙগর আতমরকষার নয হিপচেনর হিদচেকর তীকষণ কা াGা অসর- অচেনক বহিষltত- বষltণকরাবাকযজবালা- বাকযবাচেন আচেকষপ- অনচেশানা ভহিকত-tদধা উচেপহিকষত- অবচেহিলতলেদবমহিমা-লেদবতার কীহিতlt উপদরব- eাচেমলা হিনচেকষপ-া চেড় লেদওা কামনা- ইLালেদবাল- মহিনদর বালাই- অমঙগল সরচেলাক বাসী- সবগltবাসী

Subject-PhysicsChapter Motion in 1D1 Scalar They are expressed only by their magnitudes Example mass speed2 Vector They are expressed by magnitude as well as direction Example force velocity3 A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its immediate surroundings

4 A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its immediate surroundings5 The shortest distance from the initial to the final position of the body is called the magnitude of displacement It is in the direction from the initial position to the final position Its SI unit is metre (m)6 The distance is the length of path travelled by the body so it is always positive Distance is a scalar quantity7 The speed of a body is the rate of change of distance with time Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)8 The velocity of a body is the distance travelled per second by the body in a specified direction Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)9 If a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time along a particular direction then the body is said to be moving with a uniform velocity However if a body travels unequal distances in a particular direction in equal intervals of time or it moves equal distances in equal intervals of time but its direction of motion does not remain same then the velocity of the body is said to be variable (or non-uniform)10 Average speed is the ratio of the total distance travelled by the body to the total time of journey it is never zero If the velocity of a body moving in a particular direction changes with time then the ratio of displacement to the time taken in entire journey is called its average velocity Average velocity of a body can be zero even if its average speed is not zero11 Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time Its SI unit is metresecond2 (ms2) Negative acceleration called retardation12 The acceleration is said to be uniform when equal changes in velocity take place in equal intervals of time but if the change in velocity is not the same in the same intervals of time the acceleration is said to be variable13 When a body falls freely under gravity the acceleration produced in the body due to the Earths gravitational acceleration is called the acceleration due to gravity (g) The average value of g is 98 ms214 Three equations of a uniformly accelerated motion arev = u + ats = ut + (12) at2v2 = u2 + 2as

NB One must go through the sums ( equation of motion and others) especially sums related to graphs of motion in one dimension

SUBJECT ENGLISH LANGUAGETOPIC PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONSKinds of prepositions

Simple preposition At by for from in of off on out through till to up with after under over since down etc Example

o He is going to Delhi by the nighto He came from Mumbai

Compound or double prepositions About above across along amidst among amongst around before behind below beneath beside Between beyond inside outside underneath within without etc Example

o His house is behind the shopo I shall go there within a week

Phrase preposition According to along with because of by means of by reason of in favour of etc Example

o Put this book in place of thato He is acting according to the advice of his father

Participle preposition Barring considering During Excepting excluding including etc Example

o Considering the quality the price is not mucho During the lesson he fainted

SUBJECT- HISTORYTOPIC- HARAPPAN CIVILIZATIONEXPLANATION OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS CIVILIZATION The term Civilization basically means the level of development at which people live together peacefully in communities They built cities and invented form of writing They learned to make pottery and use metals They domesticated animals and created social structures

FOUR CONTEMPORARY ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Mesopotamian civilizations Egyptian civilizations Harappa civilizations Chinese civilizations HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION Harappa was the first site that was excavated So it came to be known as the Harappa civilization Mohenjo ndash daro and Harappa were located in the valley of river Indus and its tributaries Hence it is known as the Indus Valley Civilization

MOHENJO-DARO Mohenjo-daro in the Sind language means lsquoMound of the Deadrsquo It is located in the Larkana district of Sind ( now in Pakistan)

HARAPPA Harappa was situated on the bank of river Ravi in the Montegomery district of West Punjab (now in Pakistan)

Other important sites were Chanhu Daro in Sind Lothal near Ahmedabad in Gujrat Kalibangan in Rajasthan Alamgirpur near Hastinapur in UP Ropar in Punjab

SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF THE HARAPPA CIVILIZATIONS

1 Archaeological remains2 Important seals3 Bearded man4 Dancing girl5 Dockyard6 Script

1 Archaeological remainsa) The Great Bath- It was discovered at Mohenjo-daro it was an open quadrangle with rooms and galleries

on three sides The pool might have been used on special occasionsb) The Citadel- The ruins of the citadel was found in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Probably the ruling class

people lived here It was a fortress overlooking a city2 Important Seals More than two thousands terracotta steatite or ivory made square or oblong seals have

been discovered They showed the culture and civilization of that period They mainly indicate dress ornaments hairstyle religious belief script trade and commercial relations some important Seals were the Pashupati Seals the Unicorn seal and the Bull Seal

3 Bearded Man A stone statue of bearded Man has been found both Harappa and Mohenjo ndashdaro He might have been a noble man or a priest or a respected leader

4 Dancing Girl A Bronze figure of a Dancing girl shows a high degree art of culture in metal Her right hand was on her hip and head slightly backwards shows her dancing posture It reveals that the people of Harappa were fond of singing and dancing

5 Dockyard The existence of Dockyard made it evident that trade was carried on by sea route with foreign countries

6 The Script The script was pictographic since its signs represent birds fish and varieties of the human forms The script was found inscribed on a number of seals made of Copper and terracotta etc

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Class X

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCommercial Studies

Advertising In last class we have discussed about the merits of advertising

Question 1) Explain the disadvantages of advertising

Besides having merits advertising have some demerits also

Today I am going to share the demerits of advertising

Answer) The disadvantages of advertising are as follows

I) Wastage of national resourcesDue to excessive use or proliferation of advertising valuable National resources are wasted In many cases companies undertake rigorous advertising efforts without specific needs

II)Impulsive buyingIt creates unnecessary needs People are emotionally forced to buy the products Sometimes it forced people to buy unnecessary products

III) High price toconsumersAdvertising increases cost of product Customers have to pay high price for the products heavily advertised IV) Mislead about theproductSome advertiserrsquos cleverly create misleading Impressions of their goods -they present a very Rosy picture of their products with object to increase their sales

Chemistry TopicChemical Bonding

Cause of chemical combination is the tendency of elements to acquire the nearest nobel gas configuration in their outermost orbit and become stable

A chemical bond may be defined as the force of attraction between any two atomsin a moleculeto maintain stability

Electrovalent compounds The chemical compounds formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from one atom of an element to one atom of another element are

Bond formed between metals and non-metals are ionic or electrovalent

Electrovalent compounds(i)Their constituent particle are ions(ii)They are hard solids consisting of ions

Boiling points and melting pointsThese are non-volatilewith high boiling and high melting points

Electricity conducting nature(i)They do not conduct electricity in the solid state(ii)They are good conductors of electricity in the fused or in aqueous state

Dissociation Electrovalent compounds are composed if ionsIn solutions these ions become mobile or in molten state these

Demerits Of AdvertisingWastage of national resources Impulsive buyingHigh price to consumerMislead about the product

called ionic compounds

Electrovalency The number of electrons that an atom of an element loses or gains to form a electrovalent bond is called its electrovalency

Condition for the formation of an electrovalent bondi)Low ionization potential if the ionization potential of a particular atom is lowit will lose electron easilyie a cation is formed easily

ii)High electron affinity if the electron affinity value highanion will be formed easilyie a higher electron affinity value favours ionic bonding

iii)large electronegativity difference if the difference in the electronegativities of two elements is higherthen the transfer of electrons will be easierThereforemore the difference in electronegativitymore will be the ionic nature of the resulting compound

ions dissociate

SolubiltyThese are solubile in water but insoluble in organic solvents

Rate of reaction They show rapid speed of chemical reactions in aqueous solutions

Physics

Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Prove thatMoment of couple = Force x Couple armSolutions

A O B

At A and B two forces each of magnitude F are applied which are equal and opposite forces The two forces rotate the bar in anticlockwise direction AB is the perpendicular distance between two forces which is called the couple arm

Moment of force F at the end A= F times OA (anticlockwise)Moment of force F at the end B= F times OB (anticlockwise)Total moment of couple = F times OA + F times OB= F times (OA + OB)= F times AB= F times d (anticlockwise)

= Either force times perpendicular distance between the two forces or couple armHence Moment of couple = Force times Couple armQuestion What do you mean by equilibrium of a body

Solutions When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of linear or rotational motion the body is said to be in equilibriumQuestion State the condition when a body is in (i) static (ii) dynamic equilibrium Give one example each of static and dynamic equilibriumSolutions(i) Static equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the state of rest under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in static equilibriumExample A book lying on a table is in static equilibrium(ii) Dynamic equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the same state of motion under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in dynamic equilibriumExample A rain drop reaches the earth surface with a constant velocity

English Literature

The Blue Bead

Answer the following questions-

1) Describe the blue beadAns - The blue bead glimmered in the water It was not a gem though it was sand Worn glass that had been rolling about in the river for a long time By chance it was perforated right through- the neck of a bottle perhaps

2) Describe Sibiarsquos homeAns- Sibia lived in a mud house which was the same colour as the ground

3) Describe SibiaAns- Sibia was a little girl a thin starving child dressed in an earth- Coloured rag straight white teeth With her ebony hair and great eyes and her skin of oiled brown cream she was a happy immature child- Woman about twelve years old Bare foot of course and often goosey- Cold on a winter morning and born to toil In all her life she had never owned even one anna- not a piece

ECONOMICS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Sub-topic- Capital

Now let us start the class by discussing the various types of capital

a Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capitalexample machinebuilding

b Circulating capital-It is used only onceexample raw materials

c Sunk capital-which is used only for a single purpose Example building of a factory

d Floating capital- which can e put to several uses example coal

e Production capital-Capital which helps in production

Questions1Using examples classify capital into fixed and circulating capitalAnswer Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capital it refers to those capital which can be used again and again example machine buildingWhere as Circulating capital-It is used only once in the production processexample raw materials such as cottonfuel

2 Distinguish between real capital and money capital Which of the two has greater significance in economic growthAnswerReal capital means capital goods such as properties machinesplantsetc Money capital on the other hand money (or cash in hand) which is utilized by the producers for the purchase of tools equipments and other kinds of goods needed for production

CWhat do you mean by working capitalAnswer Working capital refers to the stock of finished semi-finished goods and raw materials etcwhich is converted to final goods (finished

directlymachinestoolsetc

f Consumption capital-Capital which helps in production indirectlyexample residential buildings for factory purpose

g Personal capital-It refers to the personal abilities which cannot be transferred example surgeonrsquos skill

h Material capital- capital which is made of matter and has a form and shapeExample machines raw materials

i Money capital-capital which used for purchasing real capital( raw materials machines equipments which is needed by the producers for production)

j Debt capital-capital used for giving loans

k Social capital-Capital which helps in the growth of national outpit of the countryexample railwaysnational highways etc

l Private capital-capital which helps only to the owner to raise his income example private propertybusiness goodwill

m Real capital ndash It consists of the physical stock of goods which are used as inputs in the production processExample raw materialsmachines

consumer goods) in near future

Math Topic Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Shares and dividendsDate 29042020Study item Some solved sums from exercise 3Find the dividend received on 60 shares of Rs 20 each if 9 dividend is declaredSolution Number of shares = 60Face value of one share = Rs20 Rate of dividend = 9

Therefore the dividend received = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share = 60 times 9 times Rs20 = Rs 60 times 9100 times 20 = Rs 108A company declares 8 percent dividend to the shareholders If a man receives Rs2840 as his dividend find the nominal value of his sharesSolution Let the nominal value of shares be Rs xTotal dividend = 8 of Rs x = Rs(8100 )times (x) = Rs 8x100According to question 8x100 = 2840 Or 8x = 2840 times 100 Or x = (2840 times100)8 = 35500Therefore the nominal value of his shares = Rs35500 A man buys 200 ten-rupees shares at Rs12bull50 each and receives a dividend of 8 Find the amount invested by him and the dividend received by him in cashSolution Given face value of one share = Rs 10 And market value of one share = Rs 12bull50 Number of shares = 200Therefore investment = 200 times Rs 12bull50 = Rs 2500Total dividend = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share= 200 times 8 timesRs 10= 200 times 8100 timesRs 10= Rs 160

Computer Application

Java Programming(from ch 2)

Programming Questions1 Write a program to input the area of a square and find its perimeterAns import javautilclass Sol1static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double aspSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the area of a squarerdquo)a=scnextDouble()s=Mathsqrt(a)p=4sSystemoutprintln(ldquoPerimeter=rdquo+p)

2 Write a program to input the length and breadth of a rectangle and find its diagonalAns import javautilclass Sol2static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double lbdComputer Applications ndash X (ICSE Course) Answers 34Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the length and breadth of the rectanglerdquo)

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

In 1913 Neil Bohr overcame the limitations of Rutherford model and proposed a model of atomic structureFollowing are the postulates

Electrons revolve around a centrally located heavy small and positively charged nucleus in certain discrete orbits

While revolving in discrete orbits the electrons do not radiate energy These discrete orbits or shells are called energy levels These orbitals or shells are represented by the letters

K L M Nhellip or the numbers n = 1 2 3 4hellip

Subatomic ParticlesProtons

Protons are positively charged subatomic particles The charge of a proton is 1e which corresponds to approximately 1602 times 10-19

The mass of a proton is approximately 1672 times 10-24

Protons are over 1800 times heavier than electrons The total number of protons in the atoms of an element is always equal to the atomic number of the

elementNeutrons

The mass of a neutron is almost the same as that of a proton ie 1674times10 -24

Neutrons are electrically neutral particles and carry no charge Different isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but vary in the number of neutrons

present in their respective nucleiElectrons

The charge of an electron is -1e which approximates to -1602 times 10 -19

The mass of an electron is approximately 91 times 10-31 Due to the relatively negligible mass of electrons they are ignored when calculating the mass of an atom

Atomic Structure of IsotopesThe isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutronsThe atomic structure of an isotope is described with the help of the chemical symbol of the element the atomic number of the element and the mass number of the isotope For example there exist three known naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen namely protium deuterium and tritium

Isotopes of Some Elements Hydrogen

The most abundant isotope of hydrogen on the planet Earth is protium The atomic number and the mass number of this isotope are 1 and 1 respectively

CarbonCarbon has two stable isotopes ndash 12C and 13C Of these isotopes 12C has an abundance of 989 It contains 6 protons 6 electrons and 6 neutrons

OxygenThere exist three stable isotopes of oxygen ndash 18O 17O and 16O However oxygen-16 is the most abundant isotope

Rutherford Atomic Theory

Rutherford a student of J J Thomson modified the atomic structure with the discovery of another subatomic particle called ldquoNucleusrdquo His atomic model is based on the Alpha ray scattering experiment

Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom

The nucleus is at the center of an atom where most of the charge and mass are concentrated Atomic structure is spherical Electrons revolve around the nucleus in a circular orbit similar to the way planets orbit the sun

Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model

If electrons have to revolve around the nucleus they will spend energy and that too against the strong force of attraction from the nucleus a lot of energy will be spent by the electrons and eventually they will lose all their energy and will fall into the nucleus so the stability of atom is not explained

If electrons continuously revolve around the lsquonucleus the type of spectrum expected is a continuous spectrum But in reality what we see is a line spectrum

Subject -Hindi 2ndlangChapter - 1 वह दश कौन सा हइस कगिवता म भारत दश क बार म वरणन गिकया या ह यहा की सदरता न चबी गिहमालय की चोदिटयो सार नदिदयो इसक बार म इस कगिवता म बताया या ह यह पराकगितक दमिw स अतयमिधक सदर ह भारत दश जसा मनमोगिहनी परकगित की मनोरम सदरता कही भी दखन को नही मिमलती ह सव क समान यहा सख पराकगितक सदरता लिसफ यही ह इसीलिलए यह दश सवशरषठ दश ह या हर जागित की लो पाए जात ह उनम अनकता म भी एकता का परगितहिबब दखन को मिमलता ह यहा पर भाईचारा ह सभी एक दसर स मिमलजल कर एक साथ रहन की कोलिशश म ल रहत हशबदाथ

मनमोगिहनी- मन को अचछी लन वाली कोई चीज परकगित ndashवातावररण जहा सदर-सदर हरिरयाली पड पौध होत ह चररणndashपर रतनश-समदर गिनरतर- हमशा सधा-अमत धारा-लहर जस नदिदयो की लहर आती ह और जाती ह सलोना- सदर

SUBJECT- BENGALITOPIC- রামচনদরের বিলাপ ndash ( কবি13াস ওঝা ) লাইন-(১-১৬)ldquoহিবলাপ কচেরন রামhelliphelliphelliphellip হিরচেলন পহিবী হিক আপন দহিতাrdquoপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ-আমাচেদর পরান রামাচেণ কহিত আচে ধৈকচেকীর লনা রামনদর রাযযত চে লকষণ ও সীতাচেক হিনচে লেৌদদ বচেরর নয বনবাচেস যান বনবাচেস তাচেদর ীবন ভালই হিল একহিদন বনবাচেসর সম রাবণ মারী লেসচে সীতাচেক রণ কচের লেসই সম কটীচের রামনদর ও লকষমণ লেকউ হিলনা এই সচেযাচেগ রাবণ সীতাচেক হিনচে তার লঙকারাচেয হিনচে যা কটিচের হিফচের রাম ও লকষণ সীতাচেক লেদখচেত না লেপচে াহিরহিদচেক খাচেত াচেকন হিকনত লেকাাও সীতা লেনই সীতাচেক নাচেপচে রামনদর লেশাচেক হিবহবল চে লকষচেণর কাচে মচেনর দঃখ পরকাশ কচেরন রামনদর মচেন মচেন ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা তা ার মন পরীকষা করার নয লেকাাও লেকাচেনা মহিন পতনীর সচেঙগ লহিকচে আচেন তচেব লেকাা লেগচেল হিতহিন সীতার লেদখা পাচেবন লেসই হিনতাই সদা রাচেমর মচেন াগহিরত রামনদর ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা লেগাদাবরী নদীরতীচের পদমবচেন ভরমণ করচেন লেসই সম লেদবী লকষমী সীতার পদমফচেলর মত সনদর মখ লেদচেখ ত পদম বচেন লহিকচে লেরচেখচেন আবার রামনদর ভাবচেন রাহ লেযমন গরচেণর সম া াদচেক গরাস কচের লেতমহিন সীতার া াচেদর মত মখ লেদচেখ রাহ নদরকলা লেভচেব গরাস কচেরচে হিকনা এই হিনতা রাম মচেন মচেন করচেন আরও ভাবচেন চেতা রাযযত চে বন বাস ীবচেনর দঃখ কষট সীতা চেতা সয করচেত পারচেনা এই লেভচেব পহিবী তার হিনচের কনযাচেক রণ কচেরচেশবদাlt-হিবলাপ- কাননা অন- লোG ভহিলচেত না পাহির- ভচেল না যাওা হিনরপণ- লেখাাা (লেকান হিক াহিরচে লেগচেল লেখাাা)ানকী- নক রাার কনযা অltাৎ সীতা মহিন পতনী- সননযাসী পতনী (wী) সহিত- সচেঙগ লেগাদাবরী- দহিকষন ভারচেতর একটি নদী কমল- পদম কমলমখী-পচেদমর মত সনদর মখ (আচেলায কহিবতা সীতার মখচেক বলা চেচে)পদমালা- লকষমী হিপপাহিসত- তষণাতlt পরাস- লেষটা রাহ- পরান বহিণltত রাকষস দহিতা- কনযানদরকলা- পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযার পচেরর হিদন অltাৎ পরহিত পদ লেচেক পচেরর পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযা পযltনত া াচেদর বাড়া বা কমা ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IXSubject- BiologyTopic- Ch-2 CellMicroscope

A piece of equipment that makes very small objects look big enough for you to be able to see them

Antony van Leeuwenhoek made simple microscope with one lens and one adjustment screw It had a magnifying power cope up to 200 times

Robert Hooke made compound microscope with two lenses and two adjustment serews It magnifies upto 2000 times He examined a thin slice of cork and obserwed box like compartment He said these are all ldquocellsrdquo

Electron microscope which gives us a magnification over 200000 times by using beams of electrons which are bent by magnets

Cell theorybull The cell is the smallest unit of structure of allliving thingsbull The cell is the unit of function of all living thingsbull All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Organism according to number of cellsbull Single-celled made up of one cell exyeast bacteria amoebabull Few-celled made up of a few hundred to few thousand cells ex Volvox Spirogyrabull Multi-celled made up of millions and billions of cells ex Human Mangobull Smallest cell - Bacteria 03- 50 micrometerbull Longest cell - Nerve cell - 135 micronmeterbull Largest cell ndash Ostrich egg - 20 cm in diameter

Types of cell shape according to their functionsRBCrsquos are biconcave in shape to carry Hb through blood vessel Neurone is long to carry nerve impulse from one place to another

CELL

Cell wall+Cell membrane+Protoplasm

Cytoplasm+Nucleus

Organelles+Inclusions

[Mitocondria] [lifeless

Lysosomes accumul

Etc] - ations-

eg

Pigment glycogenetc]

Cell Walli) Non-living rigid layerii) Made up of lipo-protieniii) Semi permeable in nature control the entry of solutes and ionsiv) Present only outside of plant cell

Cell Membranei) Very thin livingii) Composed of celluloseiii) Freely permeable in nature allows all to enter amp leaveiv) Present in outside of both cells

Cell Organelles Functionsi)Endoplasmic-recticulum

ii)Mitochondria

iii)Golgi Apparatus

iv)Ribosome

v)Lysosome

vi)Centrosome

vii)Plastid

a) Supportive framework for the cellb) Synthesis amp transport of protein amp fat

a)Release of energy in the form of ATP

a) Synthesis amp secretion of enzymes hormones etcb) Formation of lysosome amp vacuoles

a)Protein synthesis

a) Intracellular digestionb) Destroy foreign substances

a)Initiates and regulates cell division

a) Leucoplast ndash stores starchb) Chromoplast ndash Impart colours to flowers and fruitsc) Chloroplast ndash trap solar energy for photosynthesis

Subject ndashHindiChapter1बात अठननी की( सदशन)शबदाथndashजारा-जर करना तनखवाह-वतन सदह- शक (करना गिकसी बात को लकर)पशी -पहल दिदया जान वाला धन ऋरण-कज (उधार लना) अपमान-बइजजतीरकम-रपए र उड या-घबरा या (गिकसी बात को लकर डर जाना)लातो क भत बातो स नही मानत ndashदw वयलिk पर समझान का परभाव नही पडता आखो म खन उतर आया- बहत जयादा करोध आना धन बटोर ना-धन इकटठा करना इसाफ-नयाय

Subject- Bengali TOPIC-হিগহিনন-রবীনদরনাঠাকরপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ- ধৈশশচেব রবীনদর নাচের পাঠশালা হিশবনা নাচেম একন পহিmত হিচেলন লেগাাফ দাহিড় কামাচেণা মাা লোচেGা কচের ল া াGা একটি লোচেGা টিহিক আচে এই পহিmতচেক লেদচেখ সবাই ভ লেপত াতর শাসচেনর বযাপাচের হিতহিন অতযনত দকষ হিচেলন-লেযমন খব লেপGাচেতন লেতমহিন আtাবয গালা গাহিল করচেতন াতররা তা াচেক লেদবতা বা হিশকষচেকর নযা tদধা হিকংবা ভহিকত করত না তা ার আরণ ও মচেখর ভাষার সচেঙগ াতররা যমরাচের হিমল লেপত হিশবনা পহিmত াতরচেদর উপর লেযমন অতযাার করচেতন আবার নানারকচেমর অদভত নামকরণ করচেতন তাচেত াতররা মানহিসক আঘাত লেবাধ করত াতরচেদর নাম হিবকত করচেতন তাচেত লেবাeা যা লেয হিতহিন মানষ বসতর লেচেক অবসতচেক লেবহিশ মলয হিদচেতন তাই যখন পহিmত শশী লেশখরচেক তার লেদচের গঠন ও আকহিত সচেঙগ হিমহিলচে লেভGহিক নাচেম Jাচেকন তখন শশীচেশখর আঘাত পাশবদাlt ndash পহিmত ndashহিশকষক াতরবহি7 ndashাতরচেক পরদ7 আহিltক পরসকার বা লপাহিন পাওার কলাসহরসব- কম আতচেন লোG অনতরাতমা- মন হদহল- কীG পতচেঙগর আতমরকষার নয হিপচেনর হিদচেকর তীকষণ কা াGা অসর- অচেনক বহিষltত- বষltণকরাবাকযজবালা- বাকযবাচেন আচেকষপ- অনচেশানা ভহিকত-tদধা উচেপহিকষত- অবচেহিলতলেদবমহিমা-লেদবতার কীহিতlt উপদরব- eাচেমলা হিনচেকষপ-া চেড় লেদওা কামনা- ইLালেদবাল- মহিনদর বালাই- অমঙগল সরচেলাক বাসী- সবগltবাসী

Subject-PhysicsChapter Motion in 1D1 Scalar They are expressed only by their magnitudes Example mass speed2 Vector They are expressed by magnitude as well as direction Example force velocity3 A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its immediate surroundings

4 A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its immediate surroundings5 The shortest distance from the initial to the final position of the body is called the magnitude of displacement It is in the direction from the initial position to the final position Its SI unit is metre (m)6 The distance is the length of path travelled by the body so it is always positive Distance is a scalar quantity7 The speed of a body is the rate of change of distance with time Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)8 The velocity of a body is the distance travelled per second by the body in a specified direction Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)9 If a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time along a particular direction then the body is said to be moving with a uniform velocity However if a body travels unequal distances in a particular direction in equal intervals of time or it moves equal distances in equal intervals of time but its direction of motion does not remain same then the velocity of the body is said to be variable (or non-uniform)10 Average speed is the ratio of the total distance travelled by the body to the total time of journey it is never zero If the velocity of a body moving in a particular direction changes with time then the ratio of displacement to the time taken in entire journey is called its average velocity Average velocity of a body can be zero even if its average speed is not zero11 Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time Its SI unit is metresecond2 (ms2) Negative acceleration called retardation12 The acceleration is said to be uniform when equal changes in velocity take place in equal intervals of time but if the change in velocity is not the same in the same intervals of time the acceleration is said to be variable13 When a body falls freely under gravity the acceleration produced in the body due to the Earths gravitational acceleration is called the acceleration due to gravity (g) The average value of g is 98 ms214 Three equations of a uniformly accelerated motion arev = u + ats = ut + (12) at2v2 = u2 + 2as

NB One must go through the sums ( equation of motion and others) especially sums related to graphs of motion in one dimension

SUBJECT ENGLISH LANGUAGETOPIC PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONSKinds of prepositions

Simple preposition At by for from in of off on out through till to up with after under over since down etc Example

o He is going to Delhi by the nighto He came from Mumbai

Compound or double prepositions About above across along amidst among amongst around before behind below beneath beside Between beyond inside outside underneath within without etc Example

o His house is behind the shopo I shall go there within a week

Phrase preposition According to along with because of by means of by reason of in favour of etc Example

o Put this book in place of thato He is acting according to the advice of his father

Participle preposition Barring considering During Excepting excluding including etc Example

o Considering the quality the price is not mucho During the lesson he fainted

SUBJECT- HISTORYTOPIC- HARAPPAN CIVILIZATIONEXPLANATION OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS CIVILIZATION The term Civilization basically means the level of development at which people live together peacefully in communities They built cities and invented form of writing They learned to make pottery and use metals They domesticated animals and created social structures

FOUR CONTEMPORARY ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Mesopotamian civilizations Egyptian civilizations Harappa civilizations Chinese civilizations HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION Harappa was the first site that was excavated So it came to be known as the Harappa civilization Mohenjo ndash daro and Harappa were located in the valley of river Indus and its tributaries Hence it is known as the Indus Valley Civilization

MOHENJO-DARO Mohenjo-daro in the Sind language means lsquoMound of the Deadrsquo It is located in the Larkana district of Sind ( now in Pakistan)

HARAPPA Harappa was situated on the bank of river Ravi in the Montegomery district of West Punjab (now in Pakistan)

Other important sites were Chanhu Daro in Sind Lothal near Ahmedabad in Gujrat Kalibangan in Rajasthan Alamgirpur near Hastinapur in UP Ropar in Punjab

SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF THE HARAPPA CIVILIZATIONS

1 Archaeological remains2 Important seals3 Bearded man4 Dancing girl5 Dockyard6 Script

1 Archaeological remainsa) The Great Bath- It was discovered at Mohenjo-daro it was an open quadrangle with rooms and galleries

on three sides The pool might have been used on special occasionsb) The Citadel- The ruins of the citadel was found in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Probably the ruling class

people lived here It was a fortress overlooking a city2 Important Seals More than two thousands terracotta steatite or ivory made square or oblong seals have

been discovered They showed the culture and civilization of that period They mainly indicate dress ornaments hairstyle religious belief script trade and commercial relations some important Seals were the Pashupati Seals the Unicorn seal and the Bull Seal

3 Bearded Man A stone statue of bearded Man has been found both Harappa and Mohenjo ndashdaro He might have been a noble man or a priest or a respected leader

4 Dancing Girl A Bronze figure of a Dancing girl shows a high degree art of culture in metal Her right hand was on her hip and head slightly backwards shows her dancing posture It reveals that the people of Harappa were fond of singing and dancing

5 Dockyard The existence of Dockyard made it evident that trade was carried on by sea route with foreign countries

6 The Script The script was pictographic since its signs represent birds fish and varieties of the human forms The script was found inscribed on a number of seals made of Copper and terracotta etc

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Class X

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCommercial Studies

Advertising In last class we have discussed about the merits of advertising

Question 1) Explain the disadvantages of advertising

Besides having merits advertising have some demerits also

Today I am going to share the demerits of advertising

Answer) The disadvantages of advertising are as follows

I) Wastage of national resourcesDue to excessive use or proliferation of advertising valuable National resources are wasted In many cases companies undertake rigorous advertising efforts without specific needs

II)Impulsive buyingIt creates unnecessary needs People are emotionally forced to buy the products Sometimes it forced people to buy unnecessary products

III) High price toconsumersAdvertising increases cost of product Customers have to pay high price for the products heavily advertised IV) Mislead about theproductSome advertiserrsquos cleverly create misleading Impressions of their goods -they present a very Rosy picture of their products with object to increase their sales

Chemistry TopicChemical Bonding

Cause of chemical combination is the tendency of elements to acquire the nearest nobel gas configuration in their outermost orbit and become stable

A chemical bond may be defined as the force of attraction between any two atomsin a moleculeto maintain stability

Electrovalent compounds The chemical compounds formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from one atom of an element to one atom of another element are

Bond formed between metals and non-metals are ionic or electrovalent

Electrovalent compounds(i)Their constituent particle are ions(ii)They are hard solids consisting of ions

Boiling points and melting pointsThese are non-volatilewith high boiling and high melting points

Electricity conducting nature(i)They do not conduct electricity in the solid state(ii)They are good conductors of electricity in the fused or in aqueous state

Dissociation Electrovalent compounds are composed if ionsIn solutions these ions become mobile or in molten state these

Demerits Of AdvertisingWastage of national resources Impulsive buyingHigh price to consumerMislead about the product

called ionic compounds

Electrovalency The number of electrons that an atom of an element loses or gains to form a electrovalent bond is called its electrovalency

Condition for the formation of an electrovalent bondi)Low ionization potential if the ionization potential of a particular atom is lowit will lose electron easilyie a cation is formed easily

ii)High electron affinity if the electron affinity value highanion will be formed easilyie a higher electron affinity value favours ionic bonding

iii)large electronegativity difference if the difference in the electronegativities of two elements is higherthen the transfer of electrons will be easierThereforemore the difference in electronegativitymore will be the ionic nature of the resulting compound

ions dissociate

SolubiltyThese are solubile in water but insoluble in organic solvents

Rate of reaction They show rapid speed of chemical reactions in aqueous solutions

Physics

Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Prove thatMoment of couple = Force x Couple armSolutions

A O B

At A and B two forces each of magnitude F are applied which are equal and opposite forces The two forces rotate the bar in anticlockwise direction AB is the perpendicular distance between two forces which is called the couple arm

Moment of force F at the end A= F times OA (anticlockwise)Moment of force F at the end B= F times OB (anticlockwise)Total moment of couple = F times OA + F times OB= F times (OA + OB)= F times AB= F times d (anticlockwise)

= Either force times perpendicular distance between the two forces or couple armHence Moment of couple = Force times Couple armQuestion What do you mean by equilibrium of a body

Solutions When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of linear or rotational motion the body is said to be in equilibriumQuestion State the condition when a body is in (i) static (ii) dynamic equilibrium Give one example each of static and dynamic equilibriumSolutions(i) Static equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the state of rest under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in static equilibriumExample A book lying on a table is in static equilibrium(ii) Dynamic equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the same state of motion under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in dynamic equilibriumExample A rain drop reaches the earth surface with a constant velocity

English Literature

The Blue Bead

Answer the following questions-

1) Describe the blue beadAns - The blue bead glimmered in the water It was not a gem though it was sand Worn glass that had been rolling about in the river for a long time By chance it was perforated right through- the neck of a bottle perhaps

2) Describe Sibiarsquos homeAns- Sibia lived in a mud house which was the same colour as the ground

3) Describe SibiaAns- Sibia was a little girl a thin starving child dressed in an earth- Coloured rag straight white teeth With her ebony hair and great eyes and her skin of oiled brown cream she was a happy immature child- Woman about twelve years old Bare foot of course and often goosey- Cold on a winter morning and born to toil In all her life she had never owned even one anna- not a piece

ECONOMICS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Sub-topic- Capital

Now let us start the class by discussing the various types of capital

a Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capitalexample machinebuilding

b Circulating capital-It is used only onceexample raw materials

c Sunk capital-which is used only for a single purpose Example building of a factory

d Floating capital- which can e put to several uses example coal

e Production capital-Capital which helps in production

Questions1Using examples classify capital into fixed and circulating capitalAnswer Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capital it refers to those capital which can be used again and again example machine buildingWhere as Circulating capital-It is used only once in the production processexample raw materials such as cottonfuel

2 Distinguish between real capital and money capital Which of the two has greater significance in economic growthAnswerReal capital means capital goods such as properties machinesplantsetc Money capital on the other hand money (or cash in hand) which is utilized by the producers for the purchase of tools equipments and other kinds of goods needed for production

CWhat do you mean by working capitalAnswer Working capital refers to the stock of finished semi-finished goods and raw materials etcwhich is converted to final goods (finished

directlymachinestoolsetc

f Consumption capital-Capital which helps in production indirectlyexample residential buildings for factory purpose

g Personal capital-It refers to the personal abilities which cannot be transferred example surgeonrsquos skill

h Material capital- capital which is made of matter and has a form and shapeExample machines raw materials

i Money capital-capital which used for purchasing real capital( raw materials machines equipments which is needed by the producers for production)

j Debt capital-capital used for giving loans

k Social capital-Capital which helps in the growth of national outpit of the countryexample railwaysnational highways etc

l Private capital-capital which helps only to the owner to raise his income example private propertybusiness goodwill

m Real capital ndash It consists of the physical stock of goods which are used as inputs in the production processExample raw materialsmachines

consumer goods) in near future

Math Topic Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Shares and dividendsDate 29042020Study item Some solved sums from exercise 3Find the dividend received on 60 shares of Rs 20 each if 9 dividend is declaredSolution Number of shares = 60Face value of one share = Rs20 Rate of dividend = 9

Therefore the dividend received = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share = 60 times 9 times Rs20 = Rs 60 times 9100 times 20 = Rs 108A company declares 8 percent dividend to the shareholders If a man receives Rs2840 as his dividend find the nominal value of his sharesSolution Let the nominal value of shares be Rs xTotal dividend = 8 of Rs x = Rs(8100 )times (x) = Rs 8x100According to question 8x100 = 2840 Or 8x = 2840 times 100 Or x = (2840 times100)8 = 35500Therefore the nominal value of his shares = Rs35500 A man buys 200 ten-rupees shares at Rs12bull50 each and receives a dividend of 8 Find the amount invested by him and the dividend received by him in cashSolution Given face value of one share = Rs 10 And market value of one share = Rs 12bull50 Number of shares = 200Therefore investment = 200 times Rs 12bull50 = Rs 2500Total dividend = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share= 200 times 8 timesRs 10= 200 times 8100 timesRs 10= Rs 160

Computer Application

Java Programming(from ch 2)

Programming Questions1 Write a program to input the area of a square and find its perimeterAns import javautilclass Sol1static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double aspSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the area of a squarerdquo)a=scnextDouble()s=Mathsqrt(a)p=4sSystemoutprintln(ldquoPerimeter=rdquo+p)

2 Write a program to input the length and breadth of a rectangle and find its diagonalAns import javautilclass Sol2static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double lbdComputer Applications ndash X (ICSE Course) Answers 34Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the length and breadth of the rectanglerdquo)

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

If electrons have to revolve around the nucleus they will spend energy and that too against the strong force of attraction from the nucleus a lot of energy will be spent by the electrons and eventually they will lose all their energy and will fall into the nucleus so the stability of atom is not explained

If electrons continuously revolve around the lsquonucleus the type of spectrum expected is a continuous spectrum But in reality what we see is a line spectrum

Subject -Hindi 2ndlangChapter - 1 वह दश कौन सा हइस कगिवता म भारत दश क बार म वरणन गिकया या ह यहा की सदरता न चबी गिहमालय की चोदिटयो सार नदिदयो इसक बार म इस कगिवता म बताया या ह यह पराकगितक दमिw स अतयमिधक सदर ह भारत दश जसा मनमोगिहनी परकगित की मनोरम सदरता कही भी दखन को नही मिमलती ह सव क समान यहा सख पराकगितक सदरता लिसफ यही ह इसीलिलए यह दश सवशरषठ दश ह या हर जागित की लो पाए जात ह उनम अनकता म भी एकता का परगितहिबब दखन को मिमलता ह यहा पर भाईचारा ह सभी एक दसर स मिमलजल कर एक साथ रहन की कोलिशश म ल रहत हशबदाथ

मनमोगिहनी- मन को अचछी लन वाली कोई चीज परकगित ndashवातावररण जहा सदर-सदर हरिरयाली पड पौध होत ह चररणndashपर रतनश-समदर गिनरतर- हमशा सधा-अमत धारा-लहर जस नदिदयो की लहर आती ह और जाती ह सलोना- सदर

SUBJECT- BENGALITOPIC- রামচনদরের বিলাপ ndash ( কবি13াস ওঝা ) লাইন-(১-১৬)ldquoহিবলাপ কচেরন রামhelliphelliphelliphellip হিরচেলন পহিবী হিক আপন দহিতাrdquoপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ-আমাচেদর পরান রামাচেণ কহিত আচে ধৈকচেকীর লনা রামনদর রাযযত চে লকষণ ও সীতাচেক হিনচে লেৌদদ বচেরর নয বনবাচেস যান বনবাচেস তাচেদর ীবন ভালই হিল একহিদন বনবাচেসর সম রাবণ মারী লেসচে সীতাচেক রণ কচের লেসই সম কটীচের রামনদর ও লকষমণ লেকউ হিলনা এই সচেযাচেগ রাবণ সীতাচেক হিনচে তার লঙকারাচেয হিনচে যা কটিচের হিফচের রাম ও লকষণ সীতাচেক লেদখচেত না লেপচে াহিরহিদচেক খাচেত াচেকন হিকনত লেকাাও সীতা লেনই সীতাচেক নাচেপচে রামনদর লেশাচেক হিবহবল চে লকষচেণর কাচে মচেনর দঃখ পরকাশ কচেরন রামনদর মচেন মচেন ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা তা ার মন পরীকষা করার নয লেকাাও লেকাচেনা মহিন পতনীর সচেঙগ লহিকচে আচেন তচেব লেকাা লেগচেল হিতহিন সীতার লেদখা পাচেবন লেসই হিনতাই সদা রাচেমর মচেন াগহিরত রামনদর ভাবচেন চেতা সীতা লেগাদাবরী নদীরতীচের পদমবচেন ভরমণ করচেন লেসই সম লেদবী লকষমী সীতার পদমফচেলর মত সনদর মখ লেদচেখ ত পদম বচেন লহিকচে লেরচেখচেন আবার রামনদর ভাবচেন রাহ লেযমন গরচেণর সম া াদচেক গরাস কচের লেতমহিন সীতার া াচেদর মত মখ লেদচেখ রাহ নদরকলা লেভচেব গরাস কচেরচে হিকনা এই হিনতা রাম মচেন মচেন করচেন আরও ভাবচেন চেতা রাযযত চে বন বাস ীবচেনর দঃখ কষট সীতা চেতা সয করচেত পারচেনা এই লেভচেব পহিবী তার হিনচের কনযাচেক রণ কচেরচেশবদাlt-হিবলাপ- কাননা অন- লোG ভহিলচেত না পাহির- ভচেল না যাওা হিনরপণ- লেখাাা (লেকান হিক াহিরচে লেগচেল লেখাাা)ানকী- নক রাার কনযা অltাৎ সীতা মহিন পতনী- সননযাসী পতনী (wী) সহিত- সচেঙগ লেগাদাবরী- দহিকষন ভারচেতর একটি নদী কমল- পদম কমলমখী-পচেদমর মত সনদর মখ (আচেলায কহিবতা সীতার মখচেক বলা চেচে)পদমালা- লকষমী হিপপাহিসত- তষণাতlt পরাস- লেষটা রাহ- পরান বহিণltত রাকষস দহিতা- কনযানদরকলা- পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযার পচেরর হিদন অltাৎ পরহিত পদ লেচেক পচেরর পহিণltমা বা অমাবসযা পযltনত া াচেদর বাড়া বা কমা ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IXSubject- BiologyTopic- Ch-2 CellMicroscope

A piece of equipment that makes very small objects look big enough for you to be able to see them

Antony van Leeuwenhoek made simple microscope with one lens and one adjustment screw It had a magnifying power cope up to 200 times

Robert Hooke made compound microscope with two lenses and two adjustment serews It magnifies upto 2000 times He examined a thin slice of cork and obserwed box like compartment He said these are all ldquocellsrdquo

Electron microscope which gives us a magnification over 200000 times by using beams of electrons which are bent by magnets

Cell theorybull The cell is the smallest unit of structure of allliving thingsbull The cell is the unit of function of all living thingsbull All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Organism according to number of cellsbull Single-celled made up of one cell exyeast bacteria amoebabull Few-celled made up of a few hundred to few thousand cells ex Volvox Spirogyrabull Multi-celled made up of millions and billions of cells ex Human Mangobull Smallest cell - Bacteria 03- 50 micrometerbull Longest cell - Nerve cell - 135 micronmeterbull Largest cell ndash Ostrich egg - 20 cm in diameter

Types of cell shape according to their functionsRBCrsquos are biconcave in shape to carry Hb through blood vessel Neurone is long to carry nerve impulse from one place to another

CELL

Cell wall+Cell membrane+Protoplasm

Cytoplasm+Nucleus

Organelles+Inclusions

[Mitocondria] [lifeless

Lysosomes accumul

Etc] - ations-

eg

Pigment glycogenetc]

Cell Walli) Non-living rigid layerii) Made up of lipo-protieniii) Semi permeable in nature control the entry of solutes and ionsiv) Present only outside of plant cell

Cell Membranei) Very thin livingii) Composed of celluloseiii) Freely permeable in nature allows all to enter amp leaveiv) Present in outside of both cells

Cell Organelles Functionsi)Endoplasmic-recticulum

ii)Mitochondria

iii)Golgi Apparatus

iv)Ribosome

v)Lysosome

vi)Centrosome

vii)Plastid

a) Supportive framework for the cellb) Synthesis amp transport of protein amp fat

a)Release of energy in the form of ATP

a) Synthesis amp secretion of enzymes hormones etcb) Formation of lysosome amp vacuoles

a)Protein synthesis

a) Intracellular digestionb) Destroy foreign substances

a)Initiates and regulates cell division

a) Leucoplast ndash stores starchb) Chromoplast ndash Impart colours to flowers and fruitsc) Chloroplast ndash trap solar energy for photosynthesis

Subject ndashHindiChapter1बात अठननी की( सदशन)शबदाथndashजारा-जर करना तनखवाह-वतन सदह- शक (करना गिकसी बात को लकर)पशी -पहल दिदया जान वाला धन ऋरण-कज (उधार लना) अपमान-बइजजतीरकम-रपए र उड या-घबरा या (गिकसी बात को लकर डर जाना)लातो क भत बातो स नही मानत ndashदw वयलिk पर समझान का परभाव नही पडता आखो म खन उतर आया- बहत जयादा करोध आना धन बटोर ना-धन इकटठा करना इसाफ-नयाय

Subject- Bengali TOPIC-হিগহিনন-রবীনদরনাঠাকরপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ- ধৈশশচেব রবীনদর নাচের পাঠশালা হিশবনা নাচেম একন পহিmত হিচেলন লেগাাফ দাহিড় কামাচেণা মাা লোচেGা কচের ল া াGা একটি লোচেGা টিহিক আচে এই পহিmতচেক লেদচেখ সবাই ভ লেপত াতর শাসচেনর বযাপাচের হিতহিন অতযনত দকষ হিচেলন-লেযমন খব লেপGাচেতন লেতমহিন আtাবয গালা গাহিল করচেতন াতররা তা াচেক লেদবতা বা হিশকষচেকর নযা tদধা হিকংবা ভহিকত করত না তা ার আরণ ও মচেখর ভাষার সচেঙগ াতররা যমরাচের হিমল লেপত হিশবনা পহিmত াতরচেদর উপর লেযমন অতযাার করচেতন আবার নানারকচেমর অদভত নামকরণ করচেতন তাচেত াতররা মানহিসক আঘাত লেবাধ করত াতরচেদর নাম হিবকত করচেতন তাচেত লেবাeা যা লেয হিতহিন মানষ বসতর লেচেক অবসতচেক লেবহিশ মলয হিদচেতন তাই যখন পহিmত শশী লেশখরচেক তার লেদচের গঠন ও আকহিত সচেঙগ হিমহিলচে লেভGহিক নাচেম Jাচেকন তখন শশীচেশখর আঘাত পাশবদাlt ndash পহিmত ndashহিশকষক াতরবহি7 ndashাতরচেক পরদ7 আহিltক পরসকার বা লপাহিন পাওার কলাসহরসব- কম আতচেন লোG অনতরাতমা- মন হদহল- কীG পতচেঙগর আতমরকষার নয হিপচেনর হিদচেকর তীকষণ কা াGা অসর- অচেনক বহিষltত- বষltণকরাবাকযজবালা- বাকযবাচেন আচেকষপ- অনচেশানা ভহিকত-tদধা উচেপহিকষত- অবচেহিলতলেদবমহিমা-লেদবতার কীহিতlt উপদরব- eাচেমলা হিনচেকষপ-া চেড় লেদওা কামনা- ইLালেদবাল- মহিনদর বালাই- অমঙগল সরচেলাক বাসী- সবগltবাসী

Subject-PhysicsChapter Motion in 1D1 Scalar They are expressed only by their magnitudes Example mass speed2 Vector They are expressed by magnitude as well as direction Example force velocity3 A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its immediate surroundings

4 A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its immediate surroundings5 The shortest distance from the initial to the final position of the body is called the magnitude of displacement It is in the direction from the initial position to the final position Its SI unit is metre (m)6 The distance is the length of path travelled by the body so it is always positive Distance is a scalar quantity7 The speed of a body is the rate of change of distance with time Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)8 The velocity of a body is the distance travelled per second by the body in a specified direction Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)9 If a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time along a particular direction then the body is said to be moving with a uniform velocity However if a body travels unequal distances in a particular direction in equal intervals of time or it moves equal distances in equal intervals of time but its direction of motion does not remain same then the velocity of the body is said to be variable (or non-uniform)10 Average speed is the ratio of the total distance travelled by the body to the total time of journey it is never zero If the velocity of a body moving in a particular direction changes with time then the ratio of displacement to the time taken in entire journey is called its average velocity Average velocity of a body can be zero even if its average speed is not zero11 Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time Its SI unit is metresecond2 (ms2) Negative acceleration called retardation12 The acceleration is said to be uniform when equal changes in velocity take place in equal intervals of time but if the change in velocity is not the same in the same intervals of time the acceleration is said to be variable13 When a body falls freely under gravity the acceleration produced in the body due to the Earths gravitational acceleration is called the acceleration due to gravity (g) The average value of g is 98 ms214 Three equations of a uniformly accelerated motion arev = u + ats = ut + (12) at2v2 = u2 + 2as

NB One must go through the sums ( equation of motion and others) especially sums related to graphs of motion in one dimension

SUBJECT ENGLISH LANGUAGETOPIC PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONSKinds of prepositions

Simple preposition At by for from in of off on out through till to up with after under over since down etc Example

o He is going to Delhi by the nighto He came from Mumbai

Compound or double prepositions About above across along amidst among amongst around before behind below beneath beside Between beyond inside outside underneath within without etc Example

o His house is behind the shopo I shall go there within a week

Phrase preposition According to along with because of by means of by reason of in favour of etc Example

o Put this book in place of thato He is acting according to the advice of his father

Participle preposition Barring considering During Excepting excluding including etc Example

o Considering the quality the price is not mucho During the lesson he fainted

SUBJECT- HISTORYTOPIC- HARAPPAN CIVILIZATIONEXPLANATION OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS CIVILIZATION The term Civilization basically means the level of development at which people live together peacefully in communities They built cities and invented form of writing They learned to make pottery and use metals They domesticated animals and created social structures

FOUR CONTEMPORARY ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Mesopotamian civilizations Egyptian civilizations Harappa civilizations Chinese civilizations HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION Harappa was the first site that was excavated So it came to be known as the Harappa civilization Mohenjo ndash daro and Harappa were located in the valley of river Indus and its tributaries Hence it is known as the Indus Valley Civilization

MOHENJO-DARO Mohenjo-daro in the Sind language means lsquoMound of the Deadrsquo It is located in the Larkana district of Sind ( now in Pakistan)

HARAPPA Harappa was situated on the bank of river Ravi in the Montegomery district of West Punjab (now in Pakistan)

Other important sites were Chanhu Daro in Sind Lothal near Ahmedabad in Gujrat Kalibangan in Rajasthan Alamgirpur near Hastinapur in UP Ropar in Punjab

SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF THE HARAPPA CIVILIZATIONS

1 Archaeological remains2 Important seals3 Bearded man4 Dancing girl5 Dockyard6 Script

1 Archaeological remainsa) The Great Bath- It was discovered at Mohenjo-daro it was an open quadrangle with rooms and galleries

on three sides The pool might have been used on special occasionsb) The Citadel- The ruins of the citadel was found in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Probably the ruling class

people lived here It was a fortress overlooking a city2 Important Seals More than two thousands terracotta steatite or ivory made square or oblong seals have

been discovered They showed the culture and civilization of that period They mainly indicate dress ornaments hairstyle religious belief script trade and commercial relations some important Seals were the Pashupati Seals the Unicorn seal and the Bull Seal

3 Bearded Man A stone statue of bearded Man has been found both Harappa and Mohenjo ndashdaro He might have been a noble man or a priest or a respected leader

4 Dancing Girl A Bronze figure of a Dancing girl shows a high degree art of culture in metal Her right hand was on her hip and head slightly backwards shows her dancing posture It reveals that the people of Harappa were fond of singing and dancing

5 Dockyard The existence of Dockyard made it evident that trade was carried on by sea route with foreign countries

6 The Script The script was pictographic since its signs represent birds fish and varieties of the human forms The script was found inscribed on a number of seals made of Copper and terracotta etc

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Class X

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCommercial Studies

Advertising In last class we have discussed about the merits of advertising

Question 1) Explain the disadvantages of advertising

Besides having merits advertising have some demerits also

Today I am going to share the demerits of advertising

Answer) The disadvantages of advertising are as follows

I) Wastage of national resourcesDue to excessive use or proliferation of advertising valuable National resources are wasted In many cases companies undertake rigorous advertising efforts without specific needs

II)Impulsive buyingIt creates unnecessary needs People are emotionally forced to buy the products Sometimes it forced people to buy unnecessary products

III) High price toconsumersAdvertising increases cost of product Customers have to pay high price for the products heavily advertised IV) Mislead about theproductSome advertiserrsquos cleverly create misleading Impressions of their goods -they present a very Rosy picture of their products with object to increase their sales

Chemistry TopicChemical Bonding

Cause of chemical combination is the tendency of elements to acquire the nearest nobel gas configuration in their outermost orbit and become stable

A chemical bond may be defined as the force of attraction between any two atomsin a moleculeto maintain stability

Electrovalent compounds The chemical compounds formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from one atom of an element to one atom of another element are

Bond formed between metals and non-metals are ionic or electrovalent

Electrovalent compounds(i)Their constituent particle are ions(ii)They are hard solids consisting of ions

Boiling points and melting pointsThese are non-volatilewith high boiling and high melting points

Electricity conducting nature(i)They do not conduct electricity in the solid state(ii)They are good conductors of electricity in the fused or in aqueous state

Dissociation Electrovalent compounds are composed if ionsIn solutions these ions become mobile or in molten state these

Demerits Of AdvertisingWastage of national resources Impulsive buyingHigh price to consumerMislead about the product

called ionic compounds

Electrovalency The number of electrons that an atom of an element loses or gains to form a electrovalent bond is called its electrovalency

Condition for the formation of an electrovalent bondi)Low ionization potential if the ionization potential of a particular atom is lowit will lose electron easilyie a cation is formed easily

ii)High electron affinity if the electron affinity value highanion will be formed easilyie a higher electron affinity value favours ionic bonding

iii)large electronegativity difference if the difference in the electronegativities of two elements is higherthen the transfer of electrons will be easierThereforemore the difference in electronegativitymore will be the ionic nature of the resulting compound

ions dissociate

SolubiltyThese are solubile in water but insoluble in organic solvents

Rate of reaction They show rapid speed of chemical reactions in aqueous solutions

Physics

Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Prove thatMoment of couple = Force x Couple armSolutions

A O B

At A and B two forces each of magnitude F are applied which are equal and opposite forces The two forces rotate the bar in anticlockwise direction AB is the perpendicular distance between two forces which is called the couple arm

Moment of force F at the end A= F times OA (anticlockwise)Moment of force F at the end B= F times OB (anticlockwise)Total moment of couple = F times OA + F times OB= F times (OA + OB)= F times AB= F times d (anticlockwise)

= Either force times perpendicular distance between the two forces or couple armHence Moment of couple = Force times Couple armQuestion What do you mean by equilibrium of a body

Solutions When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of linear or rotational motion the body is said to be in equilibriumQuestion State the condition when a body is in (i) static (ii) dynamic equilibrium Give one example each of static and dynamic equilibriumSolutions(i) Static equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the state of rest under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in static equilibriumExample A book lying on a table is in static equilibrium(ii) Dynamic equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the same state of motion under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in dynamic equilibriumExample A rain drop reaches the earth surface with a constant velocity

English Literature

The Blue Bead

Answer the following questions-

1) Describe the blue beadAns - The blue bead glimmered in the water It was not a gem though it was sand Worn glass that had been rolling about in the river for a long time By chance it was perforated right through- the neck of a bottle perhaps

2) Describe Sibiarsquos homeAns- Sibia lived in a mud house which was the same colour as the ground

3) Describe SibiaAns- Sibia was a little girl a thin starving child dressed in an earth- Coloured rag straight white teeth With her ebony hair and great eyes and her skin of oiled brown cream she was a happy immature child- Woman about twelve years old Bare foot of course and often goosey- Cold on a winter morning and born to toil In all her life she had never owned even one anna- not a piece

ECONOMICS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Sub-topic- Capital

Now let us start the class by discussing the various types of capital

a Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capitalexample machinebuilding

b Circulating capital-It is used only onceexample raw materials

c Sunk capital-which is used only for a single purpose Example building of a factory

d Floating capital- which can e put to several uses example coal

e Production capital-Capital which helps in production

Questions1Using examples classify capital into fixed and circulating capitalAnswer Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capital it refers to those capital which can be used again and again example machine buildingWhere as Circulating capital-It is used only once in the production processexample raw materials such as cottonfuel

2 Distinguish between real capital and money capital Which of the two has greater significance in economic growthAnswerReal capital means capital goods such as properties machinesplantsetc Money capital on the other hand money (or cash in hand) which is utilized by the producers for the purchase of tools equipments and other kinds of goods needed for production

CWhat do you mean by working capitalAnswer Working capital refers to the stock of finished semi-finished goods and raw materials etcwhich is converted to final goods (finished

directlymachinestoolsetc

f Consumption capital-Capital which helps in production indirectlyexample residential buildings for factory purpose

g Personal capital-It refers to the personal abilities which cannot be transferred example surgeonrsquos skill

h Material capital- capital which is made of matter and has a form and shapeExample machines raw materials

i Money capital-capital which used for purchasing real capital( raw materials machines equipments which is needed by the producers for production)

j Debt capital-capital used for giving loans

k Social capital-Capital which helps in the growth of national outpit of the countryexample railwaysnational highways etc

l Private capital-capital which helps only to the owner to raise his income example private propertybusiness goodwill

m Real capital ndash It consists of the physical stock of goods which are used as inputs in the production processExample raw materialsmachines

consumer goods) in near future

Math Topic Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Shares and dividendsDate 29042020Study item Some solved sums from exercise 3Find the dividend received on 60 shares of Rs 20 each if 9 dividend is declaredSolution Number of shares = 60Face value of one share = Rs20 Rate of dividend = 9

Therefore the dividend received = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share = 60 times 9 times Rs20 = Rs 60 times 9100 times 20 = Rs 108A company declares 8 percent dividend to the shareholders If a man receives Rs2840 as his dividend find the nominal value of his sharesSolution Let the nominal value of shares be Rs xTotal dividend = 8 of Rs x = Rs(8100 )times (x) = Rs 8x100According to question 8x100 = 2840 Or 8x = 2840 times 100 Or x = (2840 times100)8 = 35500Therefore the nominal value of his shares = Rs35500 A man buys 200 ten-rupees shares at Rs12bull50 each and receives a dividend of 8 Find the amount invested by him and the dividend received by him in cashSolution Given face value of one share = Rs 10 And market value of one share = Rs 12bull50 Number of shares = 200Therefore investment = 200 times Rs 12bull50 = Rs 2500Total dividend = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share= 200 times 8 timesRs 10= 200 times 8100 timesRs 10= Rs 160

Computer Application

Java Programming(from ch 2)

Programming Questions1 Write a program to input the area of a square and find its perimeterAns import javautilclass Sol1static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double aspSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the area of a squarerdquo)a=scnextDouble()s=Mathsqrt(a)p=4sSystemoutprintln(ldquoPerimeter=rdquo+p)

2 Write a program to input the length and breadth of a rectangle and find its diagonalAns import javautilclass Sol2static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double lbdComputer Applications ndash X (ICSE Course) Answers 34Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the length and breadth of the rectanglerdquo)

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

Antony van Leeuwenhoek made simple microscope with one lens and one adjustment screw It had a magnifying power cope up to 200 times

Robert Hooke made compound microscope with two lenses and two adjustment serews It magnifies upto 2000 times He examined a thin slice of cork and obserwed box like compartment He said these are all ldquocellsrdquo

Electron microscope which gives us a magnification over 200000 times by using beams of electrons which are bent by magnets

Cell theorybull The cell is the smallest unit of structure of allliving thingsbull The cell is the unit of function of all living thingsbull All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Organism according to number of cellsbull Single-celled made up of one cell exyeast bacteria amoebabull Few-celled made up of a few hundred to few thousand cells ex Volvox Spirogyrabull Multi-celled made up of millions and billions of cells ex Human Mangobull Smallest cell - Bacteria 03- 50 micrometerbull Longest cell - Nerve cell - 135 micronmeterbull Largest cell ndash Ostrich egg - 20 cm in diameter

Types of cell shape according to their functionsRBCrsquos are biconcave in shape to carry Hb through blood vessel Neurone is long to carry nerve impulse from one place to another

CELL

Cell wall+Cell membrane+Protoplasm

Cytoplasm+Nucleus

Organelles+Inclusions

[Mitocondria] [lifeless

Lysosomes accumul

Etc] - ations-

eg

Pigment glycogenetc]

Cell Walli) Non-living rigid layerii) Made up of lipo-protieniii) Semi permeable in nature control the entry of solutes and ionsiv) Present only outside of plant cell

Cell Membranei) Very thin livingii) Composed of celluloseiii) Freely permeable in nature allows all to enter amp leaveiv) Present in outside of both cells

Cell Organelles Functionsi)Endoplasmic-recticulum

ii)Mitochondria

iii)Golgi Apparatus

iv)Ribosome

v)Lysosome

vi)Centrosome

vii)Plastid

a) Supportive framework for the cellb) Synthesis amp transport of protein amp fat

a)Release of energy in the form of ATP

a) Synthesis amp secretion of enzymes hormones etcb) Formation of lysosome amp vacuoles

a)Protein synthesis

a) Intracellular digestionb) Destroy foreign substances

a)Initiates and regulates cell division

a) Leucoplast ndash stores starchb) Chromoplast ndash Impart colours to flowers and fruitsc) Chloroplast ndash trap solar energy for photosynthesis

Subject ndashHindiChapter1बात अठननी की( सदशन)शबदाथndashजारा-जर करना तनखवाह-वतन सदह- शक (करना गिकसी बात को लकर)पशी -पहल दिदया जान वाला धन ऋरण-कज (उधार लना) अपमान-बइजजतीरकम-रपए र उड या-घबरा या (गिकसी बात को लकर डर जाना)लातो क भत बातो स नही मानत ndashदw वयलिk पर समझान का परभाव नही पडता आखो म खन उतर आया- बहत जयादा करोध आना धन बटोर ना-धन इकटठा करना इसाफ-नयाय

Subject- Bengali TOPIC-হিগহিনন-রবীনদরনাঠাকরপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ- ধৈশশচেব রবীনদর নাচের পাঠশালা হিশবনা নাচেম একন পহিmত হিচেলন লেগাাফ দাহিড় কামাচেণা মাা লোচেGা কচের ল া াGা একটি লোচেGা টিহিক আচে এই পহিmতচেক লেদচেখ সবাই ভ লেপত াতর শাসচেনর বযাপাচের হিতহিন অতযনত দকষ হিচেলন-লেযমন খব লেপGাচেতন লেতমহিন আtাবয গালা গাহিল করচেতন াতররা তা াচেক লেদবতা বা হিশকষচেকর নযা tদধা হিকংবা ভহিকত করত না তা ার আরণ ও মচেখর ভাষার সচেঙগ াতররা যমরাচের হিমল লেপত হিশবনা পহিmত াতরচেদর উপর লেযমন অতযাার করচেতন আবার নানারকচেমর অদভত নামকরণ করচেতন তাচেত াতররা মানহিসক আঘাত লেবাধ করত াতরচেদর নাম হিবকত করচেতন তাচেত লেবাeা যা লেয হিতহিন মানষ বসতর লেচেক অবসতচেক লেবহিশ মলয হিদচেতন তাই যখন পহিmত শশী লেশখরচেক তার লেদচের গঠন ও আকহিত সচেঙগ হিমহিলচে লেভGহিক নাচেম Jাচেকন তখন শশীচেশখর আঘাত পাশবদাlt ndash পহিmত ndashহিশকষক াতরবহি7 ndashাতরচেক পরদ7 আহিltক পরসকার বা লপাহিন পাওার কলাসহরসব- কম আতচেন লোG অনতরাতমা- মন হদহল- কীG পতচেঙগর আতমরকষার নয হিপচেনর হিদচেকর তীকষণ কা াGা অসর- অচেনক বহিষltত- বষltণকরাবাকযজবালা- বাকযবাচেন আচেকষপ- অনচেশানা ভহিকত-tদধা উচেপহিকষত- অবচেহিলতলেদবমহিমা-লেদবতার কীহিতlt উপদরব- eাচেমলা হিনচেকষপ-া চেড় লেদওা কামনা- ইLালেদবাল- মহিনদর বালাই- অমঙগল সরচেলাক বাসী- সবগltবাসী

Subject-PhysicsChapter Motion in 1D1 Scalar They are expressed only by their magnitudes Example mass speed2 Vector They are expressed by magnitude as well as direction Example force velocity3 A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its immediate surroundings

4 A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its immediate surroundings5 The shortest distance from the initial to the final position of the body is called the magnitude of displacement It is in the direction from the initial position to the final position Its SI unit is metre (m)6 The distance is the length of path travelled by the body so it is always positive Distance is a scalar quantity7 The speed of a body is the rate of change of distance with time Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)8 The velocity of a body is the distance travelled per second by the body in a specified direction Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)9 If a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time along a particular direction then the body is said to be moving with a uniform velocity However if a body travels unequal distances in a particular direction in equal intervals of time or it moves equal distances in equal intervals of time but its direction of motion does not remain same then the velocity of the body is said to be variable (or non-uniform)10 Average speed is the ratio of the total distance travelled by the body to the total time of journey it is never zero If the velocity of a body moving in a particular direction changes with time then the ratio of displacement to the time taken in entire journey is called its average velocity Average velocity of a body can be zero even if its average speed is not zero11 Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time Its SI unit is metresecond2 (ms2) Negative acceleration called retardation12 The acceleration is said to be uniform when equal changes in velocity take place in equal intervals of time but if the change in velocity is not the same in the same intervals of time the acceleration is said to be variable13 When a body falls freely under gravity the acceleration produced in the body due to the Earths gravitational acceleration is called the acceleration due to gravity (g) The average value of g is 98 ms214 Three equations of a uniformly accelerated motion arev = u + ats = ut + (12) at2v2 = u2 + 2as

NB One must go through the sums ( equation of motion and others) especially sums related to graphs of motion in one dimension

SUBJECT ENGLISH LANGUAGETOPIC PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONSKinds of prepositions

Simple preposition At by for from in of off on out through till to up with after under over since down etc Example

o He is going to Delhi by the nighto He came from Mumbai

Compound or double prepositions About above across along amidst among amongst around before behind below beneath beside Between beyond inside outside underneath within without etc Example

o His house is behind the shopo I shall go there within a week

Phrase preposition According to along with because of by means of by reason of in favour of etc Example

o Put this book in place of thato He is acting according to the advice of his father

Participle preposition Barring considering During Excepting excluding including etc Example

o Considering the quality the price is not mucho During the lesson he fainted

SUBJECT- HISTORYTOPIC- HARAPPAN CIVILIZATIONEXPLANATION OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS CIVILIZATION The term Civilization basically means the level of development at which people live together peacefully in communities They built cities and invented form of writing They learned to make pottery and use metals They domesticated animals and created social structures

FOUR CONTEMPORARY ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Mesopotamian civilizations Egyptian civilizations Harappa civilizations Chinese civilizations HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION Harappa was the first site that was excavated So it came to be known as the Harappa civilization Mohenjo ndash daro and Harappa were located in the valley of river Indus and its tributaries Hence it is known as the Indus Valley Civilization

MOHENJO-DARO Mohenjo-daro in the Sind language means lsquoMound of the Deadrsquo It is located in the Larkana district of Sind ( now in Pakistan)

HARAPPA Harappa was situated on the bank of river Ravi in the Montegomery district of West Punjab (now in Pakistan)

Other important sites were Chanhu Daro in Sind Lothal near Ahmedabad in Gujrat Kalibangan in Rajasthan Alamgirpur near Hastinapur in UP Ropar in Punjab

SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF THE HARAPPA CIVILIZATIONS

1 Archaeological remains2 Important seals3 Bearded man4 Dancing girl5 Dockyard6 Script

1 Archaeological remainsa) The Great Bath- It was discovered at Mohenjo-daro it was an open quadrangle with rooms and galleries

on three sides The pool might have been used on special occasionsb) The Citadel- The ruins of the citadel was found in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Probably the ruling class

people lived here It was a fortress overlooking a city2 Important Seals More than two thousands terracotta steatite or ivory made square or oblong seals have

been discovered They showed the culture and civilization of that period They mainly indicate dress ornaments hairstyle religious belief script trade and commercial relations some important Seals were the Pashupati Seals the Unicorn seal and the Bull Seal

3 Bearded Man A stone statue of bearded Man has been found both Harappa and Mohenjo ndashdaro He might have been a noble man or a priest or a respected leader

4 Dancing Girl A Bronze figure of a Dancing girl shows a high degree art of culture in metal Her right hand was on her hip and head slightly backwards shows her dancing posture It reveals that the people of Harappa were fond of singing and dancing

5 Dockyard The existence of Dockyard made it evident that trade was carried on by sea route with foreign countries

6 The Script The script was pictographic since its signs represent birds fish and varieties of the human forms The script was found inscribed on a number of seals made of Copper and terracotta etc

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Class X

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCommercial Studies

Advertising In last class we have discussed about the merits of advertising

Question 1) Explain the disadvantages of advertising

Besides having merits advertising have some demerits also

Today I am going to share the demerits of advertising

Answer) The disadvantages of advertising are as follows

I) Wastage of national resourcesDue to excessive use or proliferation of advertising valuable National resources are wasted In many cases companies undertake rigorous advertising efforts without specific needs

II)Impulsive buyingIt creates unnecessary needs People are emotionally forced to buy the products Sometimes it forced people to buy unnecessary products

III) High price toconsumersAdvertising increases cost of product Customers have to pay high price for the products heavily advertised IV) Mislead about theproductSome advertiserrsquos cleverly create misleading Impressions of their goods -they present a very Rosy picture of their products with object to increase their sales

Chemistry TopicChemical Bonding

Cause of chemical combination is the tendency of elements to acquire the nearest nobel gas configuration in their outermost orbit and become stable

A chemical bond may be defined as the force of attraction between any two atomsin a moleculeto maintain stability

Electrovalent compounds The chemical compounds formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from one atom of an element to one atom of another element are

Bond formed between metals and non-metals are ionic or electrovalent

Electrovalent compounds(i)Their constituent particle are ions(ii)They are hard solids consisting of ions

Boiling points and melting pointsThese are non-volatilewith high boiling and high melting points

Electricity conducting nature(i)They do not conduct electricity in the solid state(ii)They are good conductors of electricity in the fused or in aqueous state

Dissociation Electrovalent compounds are composed if ionsIn solutions these ions become mobile or in molten state these

Demerits Of AdvertisingWastage of national resources Impulsive buyingHigh price to consumerMislead about the product

called ionic compounds

Electrovalency The number of electrons that an atom of an element loses or gains to form a electrovalent bond is called its electrovalency

Condition for the formation of an electrovalent bondi)Low ionization potential if the ionization potential of a particular atom is lowit will lose electron easilyie a cation is formed easily

ii)High electron affinity if the electron affinity value highanion will be formed easilyie a higher electron affinity value favours ionic bonding

iii)large electronegativity difference if the difference in the electronegativities of two elements is higherthen the transfer of electrons will be easierThereforemore the difference in electronegativitymore will be the ionic nature of the resulting compound

ions dissociate

SolubiltyThese are solubile in water but insoluble in organic solvents

Rate of reaction They show rapid speed of chemical reactions in aqueous solutions

Physics

Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Prove thatMoment of couple = Force x Couple armSolutions

A O B

At A and B two forces each of magnitude F are applied which are equal and opposite forces The two forces rotate the bar in anticlockwise direction AB is the perpendicular distance between two forces which is called the couple arm

Moment of force F at the end A= F times OA (anticlockwise)Moment of force F at the end B= F times OB (anticlockwise)Total moment of couple = F times OA + F times OB= F times (OA + OB)= F times AB= F times d (anticlockwise)

= Either force times perpendicular distance between the two forces or couple armHence Moment of couple = Force times Couple armQuestion What do you mean by equilibrium of a body

Solutions When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of linear or rotational motion the body is said to be in equilibriumQuestion State the condition when a body is in (i) static (ii) dynamic equilibrium Give one example each of static and dynamic equilibriumSolutions(i) Static equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the state of rest under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in static equilibriumExample A book lying on a table is in static equilibrium(ii) Dynamic equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the same state of motion under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in dynamic equilibriumExample A rain drop reaches the earth surface with a constant velocity

English Literature

The Blue Bead

Answer the following questions-

1) Describe the blue beadAns - The blue bead glimmered in the water It was not a gem though it was sand Worn glass that had been rolling about in the river for a long time By chance it was perforated right through- the neck of a bottle perhaps

2) Describe Sibiarsquos homeAns- Sibia lived in a mud house which was the same colour as the ground

3) Describe SibiaAns- Sibia was a little girl a thin starving child dressed in an earth- Coloured rag straight white teeth With her ebony hair and great eyes and her skin of oiled brown cream she was a happy immature child- Woman about twelve years old Bare foot of course and often goosey- Cold on a winter morning and born to toil In all her life she had never owned even one anna- not a piece

ECONOMICS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Sub-topic- Capital

Now let us start the class by discussing the various types of capital

a Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capitalexample machinebuilding

b Circulating capital-It is used only onceexample raw materials

c Sunk capital-which is used only for a single purpose Example building of a factory

d Floating capital- which can e put to several uses example coal

e Production capital-Capital which helps in production

Questions1Using examples classify capital into fixed and circulating capitalAnswer Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capital it refers to those capital which can be used again and again example machine buildingWhere as Circulating capital-It is used only once in the production processexample raw materials such as cottonfuel

2 Distinguish between real capital and money capital Which of the two has greater significance in economic growthAnswerReal capital means capital goods such as properties machinesplantsetc Money capital on the other hand money (or cash in hand) which is utilized by the producers for the purchase of tools equipments and other kinds of goods needed for production

CWhat do you mean by working capitalAnswer Working capital refers to the stock of finished semi-finished goods and raw materials etcwhich is converted to final goods (finished

directlymachinestoolsetc

f Consumption capital-Capital which helps in production indirectlyexample residential buildings for factory purpose

g Personal capital-It refers to the personal abilities which cannot be transferred example surgeonrsquos skill

h Material capital- capital which is made of matter and has a form and shapeExample machines raw materials

i Money capital-capital which used for purchasing real capital( raw materials machines equipments which is needed by the producers for production)

j Debt capital-capital used for giving loans

k Social capital-Capital which helps in the growth of national outpit of the countryexample railwaysnational highways etc

l Private capital-capital which helps only to the owner to raise his income example private propertybusiness goodwill

m Real capital ndash It consists of the physical stock of goods which are used as inputs in the production processExample raw materialsmachines

consumer goods) in near future

Math Topic Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Shares and dividendsDate 29042020Study item Some solved sums from exercise 3Find the dividend received on 60 shares of Rs 20 each if 9 dividend is declaredSolution Number of shares = 60Face value of one share = Rs20 Rate of dividend = 9

Therefore the dividend received = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share = 60 times 9 times Rs20 = Rs 60 times 9100 times 20 = Rs 108A company declares 8 percent dividend to the shareholders If a man receives Rs2840 as his dividend find the nominal value of his sharesSolution Let the nominal value of shares be Rs xTotal dividend = 8 of Rs x = Rs(8100 )times (x) = Rs 8x100According to question 8x100 = 2840 Or 8x = 2840 times 100 Or x = (2840 times100)8 = 35500Therefore the nominal value of his shares = Rs35500 A man buys 200 ten-rupees shares at Rs12bull50 each and receives a dividend of 8 Find the amount invested by him and the dividend received by him in cashSolution Given face value of one share = Rs 10 And market value of one share = Rs 12bull50 Number of shares = 200Therefore investment = 200 times Rs 12bull50 = Rs 2500Total dividend = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share= 200 times 8 timesRs 10= 200 times 8100 timesRs 10= Rs 160

Computer Application

Java Programming(from ch 2)

Programming Questions1 Write a program to input the area of a square and find its perimeterAns import javautilclass Sol1static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double aspSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the area of a squarerdquo)a=scnextDouble()s=Mathsqrt(a)p=4sSystemoutprintln(ldquoPerimeter=rdquo+p)

2 Write a program to input the length and breadth of a rectangle and find its diagonalAns import javautilclass Sol2static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double lbdComputer Applications ndash X (ICSE Course) Answers 34Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the length and breadth of the rectanglerdquo)

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

Cell Organelles Functionsi)Endoplasmic-recticulum

ii)Mitochondria

iii)Golgi Apparatus

iv)Ribosome

v)Lysosome

vi)Centrosome

vii)Plastid

a) Supportive framework for the cellb) Synthesis amp transport of protein amp fat

a)Release of energy in the form of ATP

a) Synthesis amp secretion of enzymes hormones etcb) Formation of lysosome amp vacuoles

a)Protein synthesis

a) Intracellular digestionb) Destroy foreign substances

a)Initiates and regulates cell division

a) Leucoplast ndash stores starchb) Chromoplast ndash Impart colours to flowers and fruitsc) Chloroplast ndash trap solar energy for photosynthesis

Subject ndashHindiChapter1बात अठननी की( सदशन)शबदाथndashजारा-जर करना तनखवाह-वतन सदह- शक (करना गिकसी बात को लकर)पशी -पहल दिदया जान वाला धन ऋरण-कज (उधार लना) अपमान-बइजजतीरकम-रपए र उड या-घबरा या (गिकसी बात को लकर डर जाना)लातो क भत बातो स नही मानत ndashदw वयलिk पर समझान का परभाव नही पडता आखो म खन उतर आया- बहत जयादा करोध आना धन बटोर ना-धन इकटठा करना इसाफ-नयाय

Subject- Bengali TOPIC-হিগহিনন-রবীনদরনাঠাকরপরম হিদচেনর পাঠ- ধৈশশচেব রবীনদর নাচের পাঠশালা হিশবনা নাচেম একন পহিmত হিচেলন লেগাাফ দাহিড় কামাচেণা মাা লোচেGা কচের ল া াGা একটি লোচেGা টিহিক আচে এই পহিmতচেক লেদচেখ সবাই ভ লেপত াতর শাসচেনর বযাপাচের হিতহিন অতযনত দকষ হিচেলন-লেযমন খব লেপGাচেতন লেতমহিন আtাবয গালা গাহিল করচেতন াতররা তা াচেক লেদবতা বা হিশকষচেকর নযা tদধা হিকংবা ভহিকত করত না তা ার আরণ ও মচেখর ভাষার সচেঙগ াতররা যমরাচের হিমল লেপত হিশবনা পহিmত াতরচেদর উপর লেযমন অতযাার করচেতন আবার নানারকচেমর অদভত নামকরণ করচেতন তাচেত াতররা মানহিসক আঘাত লেবাধ করত াতরচেদর নাম হিবকত করচেতন তাচেত লেবাeা যা লেয হিতহিন মানষ বসতর লেচেক অবসতচেক লেবহিশ মলয হিদচেতন তাই যখন পহিmত শশী লেশখরচেক তার লেদচের গঠন ও আকহিত সচেঙগ হিমহিলচে লেভGহিক নাচেম Jাচেকন তখন শশীচেশখর আঘাত পাশবদাlt ndash পহিmত ndashহিশকষক াতরবহি7 ndashাতরচেক পরদ7 আহিltক পরসকার বা লপাহিন পাওার কলাসহরসব- কম আতচেন লোG অনতরাতমা- মন হদহল- কীG পতচেঙগর আতমরকষার নয হিপচেনর হিদচেকর তীকষণ কা াGা অসর- অচেনক বহিষltত- বষltণকরাবাকযজবালা- বাকযবাচেন আচেকষপ- অনচেশানা ভহিকত-tদধা উচেপহিকষত- অবচেহিলতলেদবমহিমা-লেদবতার কীহিতlt উপদরব- eাচেমলা হিনচেকষপ-া চেড় লেদওা কামনা- ইLালেদবাল- মহিনদর বালাই- অমঙগল সরচেলাক বাসী- সবগltবাসী

Subject-PhysicsChapter Motion in 1D1 Scalar They are expressed only by their magnitudes Example mass speed2 Vector They are expressed by magnitude as well as direction Example force velocity3 A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its immediate surroundings

4 A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its immediate surroundings5 The shortest distance from the initial to the final position of the body is called the magnitude of displacement It is in the direction from the initial position to the final position Its SI unit is metre (m)6 The distance is the length of path travelled by the body so it is always positive Distance is a scalar quantity7 The speed of a body is the rate of change of distance with time Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)8 The velocity of a body is the distance travelled per second by the body in a specified direction Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)9 If a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time along a particular direction then the body is said to be moving with a uniform velocity However if a body travels unequal distances in a particular direction in equal intervals of time or it moves equal distances in equal intervals of time but its direction of motion does not remain same then the velocity of the body is said to be variable (or non-uniform)10 Average speed is the ratio of the total distance travelled by the body to the total time of journey it is never zero If the velocity of a body moving in a particular direction changes with time then the ratio of displacement to the time taken in entire journey is called its average velocity Average velocity of a body can be zero even if its average speed is not zero11 Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time Its SI unit is metresecond2 (ms2) Negative acceleration called retardation12 The acceleration is said to be uniform when equal changes in velocity take place in equal intervals of time but if the change in velocity is not the same in the same intervals of time the acceleration is said to be variable13 When a body falls freely under gravity the acceleration produced in the body due to the Earths gravitational acceleration is called the acceleration due to gravity (g) The average value of g is 98 ms214 Three equations of a uniformly accelerated motion arev = u + ats = ut + (12) at2v2 = u2 + 2as

NB One must go through the sums ( equation of motion and others) especially sums related to graphs of motion in one dimension

SUBJECT ENGLISH LANGUAGETOPIC PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONSKinds of prepositions

Simple preposition At by for from in of off on out through till to up with after under over since down etc Example

o He is going to Delhi by the nighto He came from Mumbai

Compound or double prepositions About above across along amidst among amongst around before behind below beneath beside Between beyond inside outside underneath within without etc Example

o His house is behind the shopo I shall go there within a week

Phrase preposition According to along with because of by means of by reason of in favour of etc Example

o Put this book in place of thato He is acting according to the advice of his father

Participle preposition Barring considering During Excepting excluding including etc Example

o Considering the quality the price is not mucho During the lesson he fainted

SUBJECT- HISTORYTOPIC- HARAPPAN CIVILIZATIONEXPLANATION OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS CIVILIZATION The term Civilization basically means the level of development at which people live together peacefully in communities They built cities and invented form of writing They learned to make pottery and use metals They domesticated animals and created social structures

FOUR CONTEMPORARY ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Mesopotamian civilizations Egyptian civilizations Harappa civilizations Chinese civilizations HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION Harappa was the first site that was excavated So it came to be known as the Harappa civilization Mohenjo ndash daro and Harappa were located in the valley of river Indus and its tributaries Hence it is known as the Indus Valley Civilization

MOHENJO-DARO Mohenjo-daro in the Sind language means lsquoMound of the Deadrsquo It is located in the Larkana district of Sind ( now in Pakistan)

HARAPPA Harappa was situated on the bank of river Ravi in the Montegomery district of West Punjab (now in Pakistan)

Other important sites were Chanhu Daro in Sind Lothal near Ahmedabad in Gujrat Kalibangan in Rajasthan Alamgirpur near Hastinapur in UP Ropar in Punjab

SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF THE HARAPPA CIVILIZATIONS

1 Archaeological remains2 Important seals3 Bearded man4 Dancing girl5 Dockyard6 Script

1 Archaeological remainsa) The Great Bath- It was discovered at Mohenjo-daro it was an open quadrangle with rooms and galleries

on three sides The pool might have been used on special occasionsb) The Citadel- The ruins of the citadel was found in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Probably the ruling class

people lived here It was a fortress overlooking a city2 Important Seals More than two thousands terracotta steatite or ivory made square or oblong seals have

been discovered They showed the culture and civilization of that period They mainly indicate dress ornaments hairstyle religious belief script trade and commercial relations some important Seals were the Pashupati Seals the Unicorn seal and the Bull Seal

3 Bearded Man A stone statue of bearded Man has been found both Harappa and Mohenjo ndashdaro He might have been a noble man or a priest or a respected leader

4 Dancing Girl A Bronze figure of a Dancing girl shows a high degree art of culture in metal Her right hand was on her hip and head slightly backwards shows her dancing posture It reveals that the people of Harappa were fond of singing and dancing

5 Dockyard The existence of Dockyard made it evident that trade was carried on by sea route with foreign countries

6 The Script The script was pictographic since its signs represent birds fish and varieties of the human forms The script was found inscribed on a number of seals made of Copper and terracotta etc

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Class X

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCommercial Studies

Advertising In last class we have discussed about the merits of advertising

Question 1) Explain the disadvantages of advertising

Besides having merits advertising have some demerits also

Today I am going to share the demerits of advertising

Answer) The disadvantages of advertising are as follows

I) Wastage of national resourcesDue to excessive use or proliferation of advertising valuable National resources are wasted In many cases companies undertake rigorous advertising efforts without specific needs

II)Impulsive buyingIt creates unnecessary needs People are emotionally forced to buy the products Sometimes it forced people to buy unnecessary products

III) High price toconsumersAdvertising increases cost of product Customers have to pay high price for the products heavily advertised IV) Mislead about theproductSome advertiserrsquos cleverly create misleading Impressions of their goods -they present a very Rosy picture of their products with object to increase their sales

Chemistry TopicChemical Bonding

Cause of chemical combination is the tendency of elements to acquire the nearest nobel gas configuration in their outermost orbit and become stable

A chemical bond may be defined as the force of attraction between any two atomsin a moleculeto maintain stability

Electrovalent compounds The chemical compounds formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from one atom of an element to one atom of another element are

Bond formed between metals and non-metals are ionic or electrovalent

Electrovalent compounds(i)Their constituent particle are ions(ii)They are hard solids consisting of ions

Boiling points and melting pointsThese are non-volatilewith high boiling and high melting points

Electricity conducting nature(i)They do not conduct electricity in the solid state(ii)They are good conductors of electricity in the fused or in aqueous state

Dissociation Electrovalent compounds are composed if ionsIn solutions these ions become mobile or in molten state these

Demerits Of AdvertisingWastage of national resources Impulsive buyingHigh price to consumerMislead about the product

called ionic compounds

Electrovalency The number of electrons that an atom of an element loses or gains to form a electrovalent bond is called its electrovalency

Condition for the formation of an electrovalent bondi)Low ionization potential if the ionization potential of a particular atom is lowit will lose electron easilyie a cation is formed easily

ii)High electron affinity if the electron affinity value highanion will be formed easilyie a higher electron affinity value favours ionic bonding

iii)large electronegativity difference if the difference in the electronegativities of two elements is higherthen the transfer of electrons will be easierThereforemore the difference in electronegativitymore will be the ionic nature of the resulting compound

ions dissociate

SolubiltyThese are solubile in water but insoluble in organic solvents

Rate of reaction They show rapid speed of chemical reactions in aqueous solutions

Physics

Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Prove thatMoment of couple = Force x Couple armSolutions

A O B

At A and B two forces each of magnitude F are applied which are equal and opposite forces The two forces rotate the bar in anticlockwise direction AB is the perpendicular distance between two forces which is called the couple arm

Moment of force F at the end A= F times OA (anticlockwise)Moment of force F at the end B= F times OB (anticlockwise)Total moment of couple = F times OA + F times OB= F times (OA + OB)= F times AB= F times d (anticlockwise)

= Either force times perpendicular distance between the two forces or couple armHence Moment of couple = Force times Couple armQuestion What do you mean by equilibrium of a body

Solutions When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of linear or rotational motion the body is said to be in equilibriumQuestion State the condition when a body is in (i) static (ii) dynamic equilibrium Give one example each of static and dynamic equilibriumSolutions(i) Static equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the state of rest under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in static equilibriumExample A book lying on a table is in static equilibrium(ii) Dynamic equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the same state of motion under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in dynamic equilibriumExample A rain drop reaches the earth surface with a constant velocity

English Literature

The Blue Bead

Answer the following questions-

1) Describe the blue beadAns - The blue bead glimmered in the water It was not a gem though it was sand Worn glass that had been rolling about in the river for a long time By chance it was perforated right through- the neck of a bottle perhaps

2) Describe Sibiarsquos homeAns- Sibia lived in a mud house which was the same colour as the ground

3) Describe SibiaAns- Sibia was a little girl a thin starving child dressed in an earth- Coloured rag straight white teeth With her ebony hair and great eyes and her skin of oiled brown cream she was a happy immature child- Woman about twelve years old Bare foot of course and often goosey- Cold on a winter morning and born to toil In all her life she had never owned even one anna- not a piece

ECONOMICS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Sub-topic- Capital

Now let us start the class by discussing the various types of capital

a Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capitalexample machinebuilding

b Circulating capital-It is used only onceexample raw materials

c Sunk capital-which is used only for a single purpose Example building of a factory

d Floating capital- which can e put to several uses example coal

e Production capital-Capital which helps in production

Questions1Using examples classify capital into fixed and circulating capitalAnswer Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capital it refers to those capital which can be used again and again example machine buildingWhere as Circulating capital-It is used only once in the production processexample raw materials such as cottonfuel

2 Distinguish between real capital and money capital Which of the two has greater significance in economic growthAnswerReal capital means capital goods such as properties machinesplantsetc Money capital on the other hand money (or cash in hand) which is utilized by the producers for the purchase of tools equipments and other kinds of goods needed for production

CWhat do you mean by working capitalAnswer Working capital refers to the stock of finished semi-finished goods and raw materials etcwhich is converted to final goods (finished

directlymachinestoolsetc

f Consumption capital-Capital which helps in production indirectlyexample residential buildings for factory purpose

g Personal capital-It refers to the personal abilities which cannot be transferred example surgeonrsquos skill

h Material capital- capital which is made of matter and has a form and shapeExample machines raw materials

i Money capital-capital which used for purchasing real capital( raw materials machines equipments which is needed by the producers for production)

j Debt capital-capital used for giving loans

k Social capital-Capital which helps in the growth of national outpit of the countryexample railwaysnational highways etc

l Private capital-capital which helps only to the owner to raise his income example private propertybusiness goodwill

m Real capital ndash It consists of the physical stock of goods which are used as inputs in the production processExample raw materialsmachines

consumer goods) in near future

Math Topic Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Shares and dividendsDate 29042020Study item Some solved sums from exercise 3Find the dividend received on 60 shares of Rs 20 each if 9 dividend is declaredSolution Number of shares = 60Face value of one share = Rs20 Rate of dividend = 9

Therefore the dividend received = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share = 60 times 9 times Rs20 = Rs 60 times 9100 times 20 = Rs 108A company declares 8 percent dividend to the shareholders If a man receives Rs2840 as his dividend find the nominal value of his sharesSolution Let the nominal value of shares be Rs xTotal dividend = 8 of Rs x = Rs(8100 )times (x) = Rs 8x100According to question 8x100 = 2840 Or 8x = 2840 times 100 Or x = (2840 times100)8 = 35500Therefore the nominal value of his shares = Rs35500 A man buys 200 ten-rupees shares at Rs12bull50 each and receives a dividend of 8 Find the amount invested by him and the dividend received by him in cashSolution Given face value of one share = Rs 10 And market value of one share = Rs 12bull50 Number of shares = 200Therefore investment = 200 times Rs 12bull50 = Rs 2500Total dividend = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share= 200 times 8 timesRs 10= 200 times 8100 timesRs 10= Rs 160

Computer Application

Java Programming(from ch 2)

Programming Questions1 Write a program to input the area of a square and find its perimeterAns import javautilclass Sol1static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double aspSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the area of a squarerdquo)a=scnextDouble()s=Mathsqrt(a)p=4sSystemoutprintln(ldquoPerimeter=rdquo+p)

2 Write a program to input the length and breadth of a rectangle and find its diagonalAns import javautilclass Sol2static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double lbdComputer Applications ndash X (ICSE Course) Answers 34Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the length and breadth of the rectanglerdquo)

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

4 A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its immediate surroundings5 The shortest distance from the initial to the final position of the body is called the magnitude of displacement It is in the direction from the initial position to the final position Its SI unit is metre (m)6 The distance is the length of path travelled by the body so it is always positive Distance is a scalar quantity7 The speed of a body is the rate of change of distance with time Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)8 The velocity of a body is the distance travelled per second by the body in a specified direction Its SI unit is metresecond (ms)9 If a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time along a particular direction then the body is said to be moving with a uniform velocity However if a body travels unequal distances in a particular direction in equal intervals of time or it moves equal distances in equal intervals of time but its direction of motion does not remain same then the velocity of the body is said to be variable (or non-uniform)10 Average speed is the ratio of the total distance travelled by the body to the total time of journey it is never zero If the velocity of a body moving in a particular direction changes with time then the ratio of displacement to the time taken in entire journey is called its average velocity Average velocity of a body can be zero even if its average speed is not zero11 Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time Its SI unit is metresecond2 (ms2) Negative acceleration called retardation12 The acceleration is said to be uniform when equal changes in velocity take place in equal intervals of time but if the change in velocity is not the same in the same intervals of time the acceleration is said to be variable13 When a body falls freely under gravity the acceleration produced in the body due to the Earths gravitational acceleration is called the acceleration due to gravity (g) The average value of g is 98 ms214 Three equations of a uniformly accelerated motion arev = u + ats = ut + (12) at2v2 = u2 + 2as

NB One must go through the sums ( equation of motion and others) especially sums related to graphs of motion in one dimension

SUBJECT ENGLISH LANGUAGETOPIC PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONSKinds of prepositions

Simple preposition At by for from in of off on out through till to up with after under over since down etc Example

o He is going to Delhi by the nighto He came from Mumbai

Compound or double prepositions About above across along amidst among amongst around before behind below beneath beside Between beyond inside outside underneath within without etc Example

o His house is behind the shopo I shall go there within a week

Phrase preposition According to along with because of by means of by reason of in favour of etc Example

o Put this book in place of thato He is acting according to the advice of his father

Participle preposition Barring considering During Excepting excluding including etc Example

o Considering the quality the price is not mucho During the lesson he fainted

SUBJECT- HISTORYTOPIC- HARAPPAN CIVILIZATIONEXPLANATION OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS CIVILIZATION The term Civilization basically means the level of development at which people live together peacefully in communities They built cities and invented form of writing They learned to make pottery and use metals They domesticated animals and created social structures

FOUR CONTEMPORARY ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Mesopotamian civilizations Egyptian civilizations Harappa civilizations Chinese civilizations HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION Harappa was the first site that was excavated So it came to be known as the Harappa civilization Mohenjo ndash daro and Harappa were located in the valley of river Indus and its tributaries Hence it is known as the Indus Valley Civilization

MOHENJO-DARO Mohenjo-daro in the Sind language means lsquoMound of the Deadrsquo It is located in the Larkana district of Sind ( now in Pakistan)

HARAPPA Harappa was situated on the bank of river Ravi in the Montegomery district of West Punjab (now in Pakistan)

Other important sites were Chanhu Daro in Sind Lothal near Ahmedabad in Gujrat Kalibangan in Rajasthan Alamgirpur near Hastinapur in UP Ropar in Punjab

SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF THE HARAPPA CIVILIZATIONS

1 Archaeological remains2 Important seals3 Bearded man4 Dancing girl5 Dockyard6 Script

1 Archaeological remainsa) The Great Bath- It was discovered at Mohenjo-daro it was an open quadrangle with rooms and galleries

on three sides The pool might have been used on special occasionsb) The Citadel- The ruins of the citadel was found in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Probably the ruling class

people lived here It was a fortress overlooking a city2 Important Seals More than two thousands terracotta steatite or ivory made square or oblong seals have

been discovered They showed the culture and civilization of that period They mainly indicate dress ornaments hairstyle religious belief script trade and commercial relations some important Seals were the Pashupati Seals the Unicorn seal and the Bull Seal

3 Bearded Man A stone statue of bearded Man has been found both Harappa and Mohenjo ndashdaro He might have been a noble man or a priest or a respected leader

4 Dancing Girl A Bronze figure of a Dancing girl shows a high degree art of culture in metal Her right hand was on her hip and head slightly backwards shows her dancing posture It reveals that the people of Harappa were fond of singing and dancing

5 Dockyard The existence of Dockyard made it evident that trade was carried on by sea route with foreign countries

6 The Script The script was pictographic since its signs represent birds fish and varieties of the human forms The script was found inscribed on a number of seals made of Copper and terracotta etc

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Class X

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCommercial Studies

Advertising In last class we have discussed about the merits of advertising

Question 1) Explain the disadvantages of advertising

Besides having merits advertising have some demerits also

Today I am going to share the demerits of advertising

Answer) The disadvantages of advertising are as follows

I) Wastage of national resourcesDue to excessive use or proliferation of advertising valuable National resources are wasted In many cases companies undertake rigorous advertising efforts without specific needs

II)Impulsive buyingIt creates unnecessary needs People are emotionally forced to buy the products Sometimes it forced people to buy unnecessary products

III) High price toconsumersAdvertising increases cost of product Customers have to pay high price for the products heavily advertised IV) Mislead about theproductSome advertiserrsquos cleverly create misleading Impressions of their goods -they present a very Rosy picture of their products with object to increase their sales

Chemistry TopicChemical Bonding

Cause of chemical combination is the tendency of elements to acquire the nearest nobel gas configuration in their outermost orbit and become stable

A chemical bond may be defined as the force of attraction between any two atomsin a moleculeto maintain stability

Electrovalent compounds The chemical compounds formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from one atom of an element to one atom of another element are

Bond formed between metals and non-metals are ionic or electrovalent

Electrovalent compounds(i)Their constituent particle are ions(ii)They are hard solids consisting of ions

Boiling points and melting pointsThese are non-volatilewith high boiling and high melting points

Electricity conducting nature(i)They do not conduct electricity in the solid state(ii)They are good conductors of electricity in the fused or in aqueous state

Dissociation Electrovalent compounds are composed if ionsIn solutions these ions become mobile or in molten state these

Demerits Of AdvertisingWastage of national resources Impulsive buyingHigh price to consumerMislead about the product

called ionic compounds

Electrovalency The number of electrons that an atom of an element loses or gains to form a electrovalent bond is called its electrovalency

Condition for the formation of an electrovalent bondi)Low ionization potential if the ionization potential of a particular atom is lowit will lose electron easilyie a cation is formed easily

ii)High electron affinity if the electron affinity value highanion will be formed easilyie a higher electron affinity value favours ionic bonding

iii)large electronegativity difference if the difference in the electronegativities of two elements is higherthen the transfer of electrons will be easierThereforemore the difference in electronegativitymore will be the ionic nature of the resulting compound

ions dissociate

SolubiltyThese are solubile in water but insoluble in organic solvents

Rate of reaction They show rapid speed of chemical reactions in aqueous solutions

Physics

Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Prove thatMoment of couple = Force x Couple armSolutions

A O B

At A and B two forces each of magnitude F are applied which are equal and opposite forces The two forces rotate the bar in anticlockwise direction AB is the perpendicular distance between two forces which is called the couple arm

Moment of force F at the end A= F times OA (anticlockwise)Moment of force F at the end B= F times OB (anticlockwise)Total moment of couple = F times OA + F times OB= F times (OA + OB)= F times AB= F times d (anticlockwise)

= Either force times perpendicular distance between the two forces or couple armHence Moment of couple = Force times Couple armQuestion What do you mean by equilibrium of a body

Solutions When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of linear or rotational motion the body is said to be in equilibriumQuestion State the condition when a body is in (i) static (ii) dynamic equilibrium Give one example each of static and dynamic equilibriumSolutions(i) Static equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the state of rest under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in static equilibriumExample A book lying on a table is in static equilibrium(ii) Dynamic equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the same state of motion under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in dynamic equilibriumExample A rain drop reaches the earth surface with a constant velocity

English Literature

The Blue Bead

Answer the following questions-

1) Describe the blue beadAns - The blue bead glimmered in the water It was not a gem though it was sand Worn glass that had been rolling about in the river for a long time By chance it was perforated right through- the neck of a bottle perhaps

2) Describe Sibiarsquos homeAns- Sibia lived in a mud house which was the same colour as the ground

3) Describe SibiaAns- Sibia was a little girl a thin starving child dressed in an earth- Coloured rag straight white teeth With her ebony hair and great eyes and her skin of oiled brown cream she was a happy immature child- Woman about twelve years old Bare foot of course and often goosey- Cold on a winter morning and born to toil In all her life she had never owned even one anna- not a piece

ECONOMICS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Sub-topic- Capital

Now let us start the class by discussing the various types of capital

a Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capitalexample machinebuilding

b Circulating capital-It is used only onceexample raw materials

c Sunk capital-which is used only for a single purpose Example building of a factory

d Floating capital- which can e put to several uses example coal

e Production capital-Capital which helps in production

Questions1Using examples classify capital into fixed and circulating capitalAnswer Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capital it refers to those capital which can be used again and again example machine buildingWhere as Circulating capital-It is used only once in the production processexample raw materials such as cottonfuel

2 Distinguish between real capital and money capital Which of the two has greater significance in economic growthAnswerReal capital means capital goods such as properties machinesplantsetc Money capital on the other hand money (or cash in hand) which is utilized by the producers for the purchase of tools equipments and other kinds of goods needed for production

CWhat do you mean by working capitalAnswer Working capital refers to the stock of finished semi-finished goods and raw materials etcwhich is converted to final goods (finished

directlymachinestoolsetc

f Consumption capital-Capital which helps in production indirectlyexample residential buildings for factory purpose

g Personal capital-It refers to the personal abilities which cannot be transferred example surgeonrsquos skill

h Material capital- capital which is made of matter and has a form and shapeExample machines raw materials

i Money capital-capital which used for purchasing real capital( raw materials machines equipments which is needed by the producers for production)

j Debt capital-capital used for giving loans

k Social capital-Capital which helps in the growth of national outpit of the countryexample railwaysnational highways etc

l Private capital-capital which helps only to the owner to raise his income example private propertybusiness goodwill

m Real capital ndash It consists of the physical stock of goods which are used as inputs in the production processExample raw materialsmachines

consumer goods) in near future

Math Topic Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Shares and dividendsDate 29042020Study item Some solved sums from exercise 3Find the dividend received on 60 shares of Rs 20 each if 9 dividend is declaredSolution Number of shares = 60Face value of one share = Rs20 Rate of dividend = 9

Therefore the dividend received = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share = 60 times 9 times Rs20 = Rs 60 times 9100 times 20 = Rs 108A company declares 8 percent dividend to the shareholders If a man receives Rs2840 as his dividend find the nominal value of his sharesSolution Let the nominal value of shares be Rs xTotal dividend = 8 of Rs x = Rs(8100 )times (x) = Rs 8x100According to question 8x100 = 2840 Or 8x = 2840 times 100 Or x = (2840 times100)8 = 35500Therefore the nominal value of his shares = Rs35500 A man buys 200 ten-rupees shares at Rs12bull50 each and receives a dividend of 8 Find the amount invested by him and the dividend received by him in cashSolution Given face value of one share = Rs 10 And market value of one share = Rs 12bull50 Number of shares = 200Therefore investment = 200 times Rs 12bull50 = Rs 2500Total dividend = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share= 200 times 8 timesRs 10= 200 times 8100 timesRs 10= Rs 160

Computer Application

Java Programming(from ch 2)

Programming Questions1 Write a program to input the area of a square and find its perimeterAns import javautilclass Sol1static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double aspSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the area of a squarerdquo)a=scnextDouble()s=Mathsqrt(a)p=4sSystemoutprintln(ldquoPerimeter=rdquo+p)

2 Write a program to input the length and breadth of a rectangle and find its diagonalAns import javautilclass Sol2static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double lbdComputer Applications ndash X (ICSE Course) Answers 34Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the length and breadth of the rectanglerdquo)

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

SUBJECT- HISTORYTOPIC- HARAPPAN CIVILIZATIONEXPLANATION OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS CIVILIZATION The term Civilization basically means the level of development at which people live together peacefully in communities They built cities and invented form of writing They learned to make pottery and use metals They domesticated animals and created social structures

FOUR CONTEMPORARY ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Mesopotamian civilizations Egyptian civilizations Harappa civilizations Chinese civilizations HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION Harappa was the first site that was excavated So it came to be known as the Harappa civilization Mohenjo ndash daro and Harappa were located in the valley of river Indus and its tributaries Hence it is known as the Indus Valley Civilization

MOHENJO-DARO Mohenjo-daro in the Sind language means lsquoMound of the Deadrsquo It is located in the Larkana district of Sind ( now in Pakistan)

HARAPPA Harappa was situated on the bank of river Ravi in the Montegomery district of West Punjab (now in Pakistan)

Other important sites were Chanhu Daro in Sind Lothal near Ahmedabad in Gujrat Kalibangan in Rajasthan Alamgirpur near Hastinapur in UP Ropar in Punjab

SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF THE HARAPPA CIVILIZATIONS

1 Archaeological remains2 Important seals3 Bearded man4 Dancing girl5 Dockyard6 Script

1 Archaeological remainsa) The Great Bath- It was discovered at Mohenjo-daro it was an open quadrangle with rooms and galleries

on three sides The pool might have been used on special occasionsb) The Citadel- The ruins of the citadel was found in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Probably the ruling class

people lived here It was a fortress overlooking a city2 Important Seals More than two thousands terracotta steatite or ivory made square or oblong seals have

been discovered They showed the culture and civilization of that period They mainly indicate dress ornaments hairstyle religious belief script trade and commercial relations some important Seals were the Pashupati Seals the Unicorn seal and the Bull Seal

3 Bearded Man A stone statue of bearded Man has been found both Harappa and Mohenjo ndashdaro He might have been a noble man or a priest or a respected leader

4 Dancing Girl A Bronze figure of a Dancing girl shows a high degree art of culture in metal Her right hand was on her hip and head slightly backwards shows her dancing posture It reveals that the people of Harappa were fond of singing and dancing

5 Dockyard The existence of Dockyard made it evident that trade was carried on by sea route with foreign countries

6 The Script The script was pictographic since its signs represent birds fish and varieties of the human forms The script was found inscribed on a number of seals made of Copper and terracotta etc

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Class X

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCommercial Studies

Advertising In last class we have discussed about the merits of advertising

Question 1) Explain the disadvantages of advertising

Besides having merits advertising have some demerits also

Today I am going to share the demerits of advertising

Answer) The disadvantages of advertising are as follows

I) Wastage of national resourcesDue to excessive use or proliferation of advertising valuable National resources are wasted In many cases companies undertake rigorous advertising efforts without specific needs

II)Impulsive buyingIt creates unnecessary needs People are emotionally forced to buy the products Sometimes it forced people to buy unnecessary products

III) High price toconsumersAdvertising increases cost of product Customers have to pay high price for the products heavily advertised IV) Mislead about theproductSome advertiserrsquos cleverly create misleading Impressions of their goods -they present a very Rosy picture of their products with object to increase their sales

Chemistry TopicChemical Bonding

Cause of chemical combination is the tendency of elements to acquire the nearest nobel gas configuration in their outermost orbit and become stable

A chemical bond may be defined as the force of attraction between any two atomsin a moleculeto maintain stability

Electrovalent compounds The chemical compounds formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from one atom of an element to one atom of another element are

Bond formed between metals and non-metals are ionic or electrovalent

Electrovalent compounds(i)Their constituent particle are ions(ii)They are hard solids consisting of ions

Boiling points and melting pointsThese are non-volatilewith high boiling and high melting points

Electricity conducting nature(i)They do not conduct electricity in the solid state(ii)They are good conductors of electricity in the fused or in aqueous state

Dissociation Electrovalent compounds are composed if ionsIn solutions these ions become mobile or in molten state these

Demerits Of AdvertisingWastage of national resources Impulsive buyingHigh price to consumerMislead about the product

called ionic compounds

Electrovalency The number of electrons that an atom of an element loses or gains to form a electrovalent bond is called its electrovalency

Condition for the formation of an electrovalent bondi)Low ionization potential if the ionization potential of a particular atom is lowit will lose electron easilyie a cation is formed easily

ii)High electron affinity if the electron affinity value highanion will be formed easilyie a higher electron affinity value favours ionic bonding

iii)large electronegativity difference if the difference in the electronegativities of two elements is higherthen the transfer of electrons will be easierThereforemore the difference in electronegativitymore will be the ionic nature of the resulting compound

ions dissociate

SolubiltyThese are solubile in water but insoluble in organic solvents

Rate of reaction They show rapid speed of chemical reactions in aqueous solutions

Physics

Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Prove thatMoment of couple = Force x Couple armSolutions

A O B

At A and B two forces each of magnitude F are applied which are equal and opposite forces The two forces rotate the bar in anticlockwise direction AB is the perpendicular distance between two forces which is called the couple arm

Moment of force F at the end A= F times OA (anticlockwise)Moment of force F at the end B= F times OB (anticlockwise)Total moment of couple = F times OA + F times OB= F times (OA + OB)= F times AB= F times d (anticlockwise)

= Either force times perpendicular distance between the two forces or couple armHence Moment of couple = Force times Couple armQuestion What do you mean by equilibrium of a body

Solutions When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of linear or rotational motion the body is said to be in equilibriumQuestion State the condition when a body is in (i) static (ii) dynamic equilibrium Give one example each of static and dynamic equilibriumSolutions(i) Static equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the state of rest under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in static equilibriumExample A book lying on a table is in static equilibrium(ii) Dynamic equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the same state of motion under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in dynamic equilibriumExample A rain drop reaches the earth surface with a constant velocity

English Literature

The Blue Bead

Answer the following questions-

1) Describe the blue beadAns - The blue bead glimmered in the water It was not a gem though it was sand Worn glass that had been rolling about in the river for a long time By chance it was perforated right through- the neck of a bottle perhaps

2) Describe Sibiarsquos homeAns- Sibia lived in a mud house which was the same colour as the ground

3) Describe SibiaAns- Sibia was a little girl a thin starving child dressed in an earth- Coloured rag straight white teeth With her ebony hair and great eyes and her skin of oiled brown cream she was a happy immature child- Woman about twelve years old Bare foot of course and often goosey- Cold on a winter morning and born to toil In all her life she had never owned even one anna- not a piece

ECONOMICS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Sub-topic- Capital

Now let us start the class by discussing the various types of capital

a Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capitalexample machinebuilding

b Circulating capital-It is used only onceexample raw materials

c Sunk capital-which is used only for a single purpose Example building of a factory

d Floating capital- which can e put to several uses example coal

e Production capital-Capital which helps in production

Questions1Using examples classify capital into fixed and circulating capitalAnswer Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capital it refers to those capital which can be used again and again example machine buildingWhere as Circulating capital-It is used only once in the production processexample raw materials such as cottonfuel

2 Distinguish between real capital and money capital Which of the two has greater significance in economic growthAnswerReal capital means capital goods such as properties machinesplantsetc Money capital on the other hand money (or cash in hand) which is utilized by the producers for the purchase of tools equipments and other kinds of goods needed for production

CWhat do you mean by working capitalAnswer Working capital refers to the stock of finished semi-finished goods and raw materials etcwhich is converted to final goods (finished

directlymachinestoolsetc

f Consumption capital-Capital which helps in production indirectlyexample residential buildings for factory purpose

g Personal capital-It refers to the personal abilities which cannot be transferred example surgeonrsquos skill

h Material capital- capital which is made of matter and has a form and shapeExample machines raw materials

i Money capital-capital which used for purchasing real capital( raw materials machines equipments which is needed by the producers for production)

j Debt capital-capital used for giving loans

k Social capital-Capital which helps in the growth of national outpit of the countryexample railwaysnational highways etc

l Private capital-capital which helps only to the owner to raise his income example private propertybusiness goodwill

m Real capital ndash It consists of the physical stock of goods which are used as inputs in the production processExample raw materialsmachines

consumer goods) in near future

Math Topic Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Shares and dividendsDate 29042020Study item Some solved sums from exercise 3Find the dividend received on 60 shares of Rs 20 each if 9 dividend is declaredSolution Number of shares = 60Face value of one share = Rs20 Rate of dividend = 9

Therefore the dividend received = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share = 60 times 9 times Rs20 = Rs 60 times 9100 times 20 = Rs 108A company declares 8 percent dividend to the shareholders If a man receives Rs2840 as his dividend find the nominal value of his sharesSolution Let the nominal value of shares be Rs xTotal dividend = 8 of Rs x = Rs(8100 )times (x) = Rs 8x100According to question 8x100 = 2840 Or 8x = 2840 times 100 Or x = (2840 times100)8 = 35500Therefore the nominal value of his shares = Rs35500 A man buys 200 ten-rupees shares at Rs12bull50 each and receives a dividend of 8 Find the amount invested by him and the dividend received by him in cashSolution Given face value of one share = Rs 10 And market value of one share = Rs 12bull50 Number of shares = 200Therefore investment = 200 times Rs 12bull50 = Rs 2500Total dividend = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share= 200 times 8 timesRs 10= 200 times 8100 timesRs 10= Rs 160

Computer Application

Java Programming(from ch 2)

Programming Questions1 Write a program to input the area of a square and find its perimeterAns import javautilclass Sol1static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double aspSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the area of a squarerdquo)a=scnextDouble()s=Mathsqrt(a)p=4sSystemoutprintln(ldquoPerimeter=rdquo+p)

2 Write a program to input the length and breadth of a rectangle and find its diagonalAns import javautilclass Sol2static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double lbdComputer Applications ndash X (ICSE Course) Answers 34Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the length and breadth of the rectanglerdquo)

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

Besides having merits advertising have some demerits also

Today I am going to share the demerits of advertising

Answer) The disadvantages of advertising are as follows

I) Wastage of national resourcesDue to excessive use or proliferation of advertising valuable National resources are wasted In many cases companies undertake rigorous advertising efforts without specific needs

II)Impulsive buyingIt creates unnecessary needs People are emotionally forced to buy the products Sometimes it forced people to buy unnecessary products

III) High price toconsumersAdvertising increases cost of product Customers have to pay high price for the products heavily advertised IV) Mislead about theproductSome advertiserrsquos cleverly create misleading Impressions of their goods -they present a very Rosy picture of their products with object to increase their sales

Chemistry TopicChemical Bonding

Cause of chemical combination is the tendency of elements to acquire the nearest nobel gas configuration in their outermost orbit and become stable

A chemical bond may be defined as the force of attraction between any two atomsin a moleculeto maintain stability

Electrovalent compounds The chemical compounds formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from one atom of an element to one atom of another element are

Bond formed between metals and non-metals are ionic or electrovalent

Electrovalent compounds(i)Their constituent particle are ions(ii)They are hard solids consisting of ions

Boiling points and melting pointsThese are non-volatilewith high boiling and high melting points

Electricity conducting nature(i)They do not conduct electricity in the solid state(ii)They are good conductors of electricity in the fused or in aqueous state

Dissociation Electrovalent compounds are composed if ionsIn solutions these ions become mobile or in molten state these

Demerits Of AdvertisingWastage of national resources Impulsive buyingHigh price to consumerMislead about the product

called ionic compounds

Electrovalency The number of electrons that an atom of an element loses or gains to form a electrovalent bond is called its electrovalency

Condition for the formation of an electrovalent bondi)Low ionization potential if the ionization potential of a particular atom is lowit will lose electron easilyie a cation is formed easily

ii)High electron affinity if the electron affinity value highanion will be formed easilyie a higher electron affinity value favours ionic bonding

iii)large electronegativity difference if the difference in the electronegativities of two elements is higherthen the transfer of electrons will be easierThereforemore the difference in electronegativitymore will be the ionic nature of the resulting compound

ions dissociate

SolubiltyThese are solubile in water but insoluble in organic solvents

Rate of reaction They show rapid speed of chemical reactions in aqueous solutions

Physics

Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Prove thatMoment of couple = Force x Couple armSolutions

A O B

At A and B two forces each of magnitude F are applied which are equal and opposite forces The two forces rotate the bar in anticlockwise direction AB is the perpendicular distance between two forces which is called the couple arm

Moment of force F at the end A= F times OA (anticlockwise)Moment of force F at the end B= F times OB (anticlockwise)Total moment of couple = F times OA + F times OB= F times (OA + OB)= F times AB= F times d (anticlockwise)

= Either force times perpendicular distance between the two forces or couple armHence Moment of couple = Force times Couple armQuestion What do you mean by equilibrium of a body

Solutions When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of linear or rotational motion the body is said to be in equilibriumQuestion State the condition when a body is in (i) static (ii) dynamic equilibrium Give one example each of static and dynamic equilibriumSolutions(i) Static equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the state of rest under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in static equilibriumExample A book lying on a table is in static equilibrium(ii) Dynamic equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the same state of motion under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in dynamic equilibriumExample A rain drop reaches the earth surface with a constant velocity

English Literature

The Blue Bead

Answer the following questions-

1) Describe the blue beadAns - The blue bead glimmered in the water It was not a gem though it was sand Worn glass that had been rolling about in the river for a long time By chance it was perforated right through- the neck of a bottle perhaps

2) Describe Sibiarsquos homeAns- Sibia lived in a mud house which was the same colour as the ground

3) Describe SibiaAns- Sibia was a little girl a thin starving child dressed in an earth- Coloured rag straight white teeth With her ebony hair and great eyes and her skin of oiled brown cream she was a happy immature child- Woman about twelve years old Bare foot of course and often goosey- Cold on a winter morning and born to toil In all her life she had never owned even one anna- not a piece

ECONOMICS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Sub-topic- Capital

Now let us start the class by discussing the various types of capital

a Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capitalexample machinebuilding

b Circulating capital-It is used only onceexample raw materials

c Sunk capital-which is used only for a single purpose Example building of a factory

d Floating capital- which can e put to several uses example coal

e Production capital-Capital which helps in production

Questions1Using examples classify capital into fixed and circulating capitalAnswer Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capital it refers to those capital which can be used again and again example machine buildingWhere as Circulating capital-It is used only once in the production processexample raw materials such as cottonfuel

2 Distinguish between real capital and money capital Which of the two has greater significance in economic growthAnswerReal capital means capital goods such as properties machinesplantsetc Money capital on the other hand money (or cash in hand) which is utilized by the producers for the purchase of tools equipments and other kinds of goods needed for production

CWhat do you mean by working capitalAnswer Working capital refers to the stock of finished semi-finished goods and raw materials etcwhich is converted to final goods (finished

directlymachinestoolsetc

f Consumption capital-Capital which helps in production indirectlyexample residential buildings for factory purpose

g Personal capital-It refers to the personal abilities which cannot be transferred example surgeonrsquos skill

h Material capital- capital which is made of matter and has a form and shapeExample machines raw materials

i Money capital-capital which used for purchasing real capital( raw materials machines equipments which is needed by the producers for production)

j Debt capital-capital used for giving loans

k Social capital-Capital which helps in the growth of national outpit of the countryexample railwaysnational highways etc

l Private capital-capital which helps only to the owner to raise his income example private propertybusiness goodwill

m Real capital ndash It consists of the physical stock of goods which are used as inputs in the production processExample raw materialsmachines

consumer goods) in near future

Math Topic Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Shares and dividendsDate 29042020Study item Some solved sums from exercise 3Find the dividend received on 60 shares of Rs 20 each if 9 dividend is declaredSolution Number of shares = 60Face value of one share = Rs20 Rate of dividend = 9

Therefore the dividend received = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share = 60 times 9 times Rs20 = Rs 60 times 9100 times 20 = Rs 108A company declares 8 percent dividend to the shareholders If a man receives Rs2840 as his dividend find the nominal value of his sharesSolution Let the nominal value of shares be Rs xTotal dividend = 8 of Rs x = Rs(8100 )times (x) = Rs 8x100According to question 8x100 = 2840 Or 8x = 2840 times 100 Or x = (2840 times100)8 = 35500Therefore the nominal value of his shares = Rs35500 A man buys 200 ten-rupees shares at Rs12bull50 each and receives a dividend of 8 Find the amount invested by him and the dividend received by him in cashSolution Given face value of one share = Rs 10 And market value of one share = Rs 12bull50 Number of shares = 200Therefore investment = 200 times Rs 12bull50 = Rs 2500Total dividend = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share= 200 times 8 timesRs 10= 200 times 8100 timesRs 10= Rs 160

Computer Application

Java Programming(from ch 2)

Programming Questions1 Write a program to input the area of a square and find its perimeterAns import javautilclass Sol1static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double aspSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the area of a squarerdquo)a=scnextDouble()s=Mathsqrt(a)p=4sSystemoutprintln(ldquoPerimeter=rdquo+p)

2 Write a program to input the length and breadth of a rectangle and find its diagonalAns import javautilclass Sol2static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double lbdComputer Applications ndash X (ICSE Course) Answers 34Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the length and breadth of the rectanglerdquo)

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

called ionic compounds

Electrovalency The number of electrons that an atom of an element loses or gains to form a electrovalent bond is called its electrovalency

Condition for the formation of an electrovalent bondi)Low ionization potential if the ionization potential of a particular atom is lowit will lose electron easilyie a cation is formed easily

ii)High electron affinity if the electron affinity value highanion will be formed easilyie a higher electron affinity value favours ionic bonding

iii)large electronegativity difference if the difference in the electronegativities of two elements is higherthen the transfer of electrons will be easierThereforemore the difference in electronegativitymore will be the ionic nature of the resulting compound

ions dissociate

SolubiltyThese are solubile in water but insoluble in organic solvents

Rate of reaction They show rapid speed of chemical reactions in aqueous solutions

Physics

Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Prove thatMoment of couple = Force x Couple armSolutions

A O B

At A and B two forces each of magnitude F are applied which are equal and opposite forces The two forces rotate the bar in anticlockwise direction AB is the perpendicular distance between two forces which is called the couple arm

Moment of force F at the end A= F times OA (anticlockwise)Moment of force F at the end B= F times OB (anticlockwise)Total moment of couple = F times OA + F times OB= F times (OA + OB)= F times AB= F times d (anticlockwise)

= Either force times perpendicular distance between the two forces or couple armHence Moment of couple = Force times Couple armQuestion What do you mean by equilibrium of a body

Solutions When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of linear or rotational motion the body is said to be in equilibriumQuestion State the condition when a body is in (i) static (ii) dynamic equilibrium Give one example each of static and dynamic equilibriumSolutions(i) Static equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the state of rest under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in static equilibriumExample A book lying on a table is in static equilibrium(ii) Dynamic equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the same state of motion under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in dynamic equilibriumExample A rain drop reaches the earth surface with a constant velocity

English Literature

The Blue Bead

Answer the following questions-

1) Describe the blue beadAns - The blue bead glimmered in the water It was not a gem though it was sand Worn glass that had been rolling about in the river for a long time By chance it was perforated right through- the neck of a bottle perhaps

2) Describe Sibiarsquos homeAns- Sibia lived in a mud house which was the same colour as the ground

3) Describe SibiaAns- Sibia was a little girl a thin starving child dressed in an earth- Coloured rag straight white teeth With her ebony hair and great eyes and her skin of oiled brown cream she was a happy immature child- Woman about twelve years old Bare foot of course and often goosey- Cold on a winter morning and born to toil In all her life she had never owned even one anna- not a piece

ECONOMICS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Sub-topic- Capital

Now let us start the class by discussing the various types of capital

a Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capitalexample machinebuilding

b Circulating capital-It is used only onceexample raw materials

c Sunk capital-which is used only for a single purpose Example building of a factory

d Floating capital- which can e put to several uses example coal

e Production capital-Capital which helps in production

Questions1Using examples classify capital into fixed and circulating capitalAnswer Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capital it refers to those capital which can be used again and again example machine buildingWhere as Circulating capital-It is used only once in the production processexample raw materials such as cottonfuel

2 Distinguish between real capital and money capital Which of the two has greater significance in economic growthAnswerReal capital means capital goods such as properties machinesplantsetc Money capital on the other hand money (or cash in hand) which is utilized by the producers for the purchase of tools equipments and other kinds of goods needed for production

CWhat do you mean by working capitalAnswer Working capital refers to the stock of finished semi-finished goods and raw materials etcwhich is converted to final goods (finished

directlymachinestoolsetc

f Consumption capital-Capital which helps in production indirectlyexample residential buildings for factory purpose

g Personal capital-It refers to the personal abilities which cannot be transferred example surgeonrsquos skill

h Material capital- capital which is made of matter and has a form and shapeExample machines raw materials

i Money capital-capital which used for purchasing real capital( raw materials machines equipments which is needed by the producers for production)

j Debt capital-capital used for giving loans

k Social capital-Capital which helps in the growth of national outpit of the countryexample railwaysnational highways etc

l Private capital-capital which helps only to the owner to raise his income example private propertybusiness goodwill

m Real capital ndash It consists of the physical stock of goods which are used as inputs in the production processExample raw materialsmachines

consumer goods) in near future

Math Topic Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Shares and dividendsDate 29042020Study item Some solved sums from exercise 3Find the dividend received on 60 shares of Rs 20 each if 9 dividend is declaredSolution Number of shares = 60Face value of one share = Rs20 Rate of dividend = 9

Therefore the dividend received = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share = 60 times 9 times Rs20 = Rs 60 times 9100 times 20 = Rs 108A company declares 8 percent dividend to the shareholders If a man receives Rs2840 as his dividend find the nominal value of his sharesSolution Let the nominal value of shares be Rs xTotal dividend = 8 of Rs x = Rs(8100 )times (x) = Rs 8x100According to question 8x100 = 2840 Or 8x = 2840 times 100 Or x = (2840 times100)8 = 35500Therefore the nominal value of his shares = Rs35500 A man buys 200 ten-rupees shares at Rs12bull50 each and receives a dividend of 8 Find the amount invested by him and the dividend received by him in cashSolution Given face value of one share = Rs 10 And market value of one share = Rs 12bull50 Number of shares = 200Therefore investment = 200 times Rs 12bull50 = Rs 2500Total dividend = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share= 200 times 8 timesRs 10= 200 times 8100 timesRs 10= Rs 160

Computer Application

Java Programming(from ch 2)

Programming Questions1 Write a program to input the area of a square and find its perimeterAns import javautilclass Sol1static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double aspSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the area of a squarerdquo)a=scnextDouble()s=Mathsqrt(a)p=4sSystemoutprintln(ldquoPerimeter=rdquo+p)

2 Write a program to input the length and breadth of a rectangle and find its diagonalAns import javautilclass Sol2static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double lbdComputer Applications ndash X (ICSE Course) Answers 34Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the length and breadth of the rectanglerdquo)

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

= Either force times perpendicular distance between the two forces or couple armHence Moment of couple = Force times Couple armQuestion What do you mean by equilibrium of a body

Solutions When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of linear or rotational motion the body is said to be in equilibriumQuestion State the condition when a body is in (i) static (ii) dynamic equilibrium Give one example each of static and dynamic equilibriumSolutions(i) Static equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the state of rest under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in static equilibriumExample A book lying on a table is in static equilibrium(ii) Dynamic equilibrium is defined as when a body remains in the same state of motion under the influence of several forces the body is said to be in dynamic equilibriumExample A rain drop reaches the earth surface with a constant velocity

English Literature

The Blue Bead

Answer the following questions-

1) Describe the blue beadAns - The blue bead glimmered in the water It was not a gem though it was sand Worn glass that had been rolling about in the river for a long time By chance it was perforated right through- the neck of a bottle perhaps

2) Describe Sibiarsquos homeAns- Sibia lived in a mud house which was the same colour as the ground

3) Describe SibiaAns- Sibia was a little girl a thin starving child dressed in an earth- Coloured rag straight white teeth With her ebony hair and great eyes and her skin of oiled brown cream she was a happy immature child- Woman about twelve years old Bare foot of course and often goosey- Cold on a winter morning and born to toil In all her life she had never owned even one anna- not a piece

ECONOMICS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Sub-topic- Capital

Now let us start the class by discussing the various types of capital

a Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capitalexample machinebuilding

b Circulating capital-It is used only onceexample raw materials

c Sunk capital-which is used only for a single purpose Example building of a factory

d Floating capital- which can e put to several uses example coal

e Production capital-Capital which helps in production

Questions1Using examples classify capital into fixed and circulating capitalAnswer Fixed capital-it is a durable form of capital it refers to those capital which can be used again and again example machine buildingWhere as Circulating capital-It is used only once in the production processexample raw materials such as cottonfuel

2 Distinguish between real capital and money capital Which of the two has greater significance in economic growthAnswerReal capital means capital goods such as properties machinesplantsetc Money capital on the other hand money (or cash in hand) which is utilized by the producers for the purchase of tools equipments and other kinds of goods needed for production

CWhat do you mean by working capitalAnswer Working capital refers to the stock of finished semi-finished goods and raw materials etcwhich is converted to final goods (finished

directlymachinestoolsetc

f Consumption capital-Capital which helps in production indirectlyexample residential buildings for factory purpose

g Personal capital-It refers to the personal abilities which cannot be transferred example surgeonrsquos skill

h Material capital- capital which is made of matter and has a form and shapeExample machines raw materials

i Money capital-capital which used for purchasing real capital( raw materials machines equipments which is needed by the producers for production)

j Debt capital-capital used for giving loans

k Social capital-Capital which helps in the growth of national outpit of the countryexample railwaysnational highways etc

l Private capital-capital which helps only to the owner to raise his income example private propertybusiness goodwill

m Real capital ndash It consists of the physical stock of goods which are used as inputs in the production processExample raw materialsmachines

consumer goods) in near future

Math Topic Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Shares and dividendsDate 29042020Study item Some solved sums from exercise 3Find the dividend received on 60 shares of Rs 20 each if 9 dividend is declaredSolution Number of shares = 60Face value of one share = Rs20 Rate of dividend = 9

Therefore the dividend received = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share = 60 times 9 times Rs20 = Rs 60 times 9100 times 20 = Rs 108A company declares 8 percent dividend to the shareholders If a man receives Rs2840 as his dividend find the nominal value of his sharesSolution Let the nominal value of shares be Rs xTotal dividend = 8 of Rs x = Rs(8100 )times (x) = Rs 8x100According to question 8x100 = 2840 Or 8x = 2840 times 100 Or x = (2840 times100)8 = 35500Therefore the nominal value of his shares = Rs35500 A man buys 200 ten-rupees shares at Rs12bull50 each and receives a dividend of 8 Find the amount invested by him and the dividend received by him in cashSolution Given face value of one share = Rs 10 And market value of one share = Rs 12bull50 Number of shares = 200Therefore investment = 200 times Rs 12bull50 = Rs 2500Total dividend = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share= 200 times 8 timesRs 10= 200 times 8100 timesRs 10= Rs 160

Computer Application

Java Programming(from ch 2)

Programming Questions1 Write a program to input the area of a square and find its perimeterAns import javautilclass Sol1static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double aspSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the area of a squarerdquo)a=scnextDouble()s=Mathsqrt(a)p=4sSystemoutprintln(ldquoPerimeter=rdquo+p)

2 Write a program to input the length and breadth of a rectangle and find its diagonalAns import javautilclass Sol2static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double lbdComputer Applications ndash X (ICSE Course) Answers 34Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the length and breadth of the rectanglerdquo)

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

directlymachinestoolsetc

f Consumption capital-Capital which helps in production indirectlyexample residential buildings for factory purpose

g Personal capital-It refers to the personal abilities which cannot be transferred example surgeonrsquos skill

h Material capital- capital which is made of matter and has a form and shapeExample machines raw materials

i Money capital-capital which used for purchasing real capital( raw materials machines equipments which is needed by the producers for production)

j Debt capital-capital used for giving loans

k Social capital-Capital which helps in the growth of national outpit of the countryexample railwaysnational highways etc

l Private capital-capital which helps only to the owner to raise his income example private propertybusiness goodwill

m Real capital ndash It consists of the physical stock of goods which are used as inputs in the production processExample raw materialsmachines

consumer goods) in near future

Math Topic Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Shares and dividendsDate 29042020Study item Some solved sums from exercise 3Find the dividend received on 60 shares of Rs 20 each if 9 dividend is declaredSolution Number of shares = 60Face value of one share = Rs20 Rate of dividend = 9

Therefore the dividend received = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share = 60 times 9 times Rs20 = Rs 60 times 9100 times 20 = Rs 108A company declares 8 percent dividend to the shareholders If a man receives Rs2840 as his dividend find the nominal value of his sharesSolution Let the nominal value of shares be Rs xTotal dividend = 8 of Rs x = Rs(8100 )times (x) = Rs 8x100According to question 8x100 = 2840 Or 8x = 2840 times 100 Or x = (2840 times100)8 = 35500Therefore the nominal value of his shares = Rs35500 A man buys 200 ten-rupees shares at Rs12bull50 each and receives a dividend of 8 Find the amount invested by him and the dividend received by him in cashSolution Given face value of one share = Rs 10 And market value of one share = Rs 12bull50 Number of shares = 200Therefore investment = 200 times Rs 12bull50 = Rs 2500Total dividend = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share= 200 times 8 timesRs 10= 200 times 8100 timesRs 10= Rs 160

Computer Application

Java Programming(from ch 2)

Programming Questions1 Write a program to input the area of a square and find its perimeterAns import javautilclass Sol1static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double aspSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the area of a squarerdquo)a=scnextDouble()s=Mathsqrt(a)p=4sSystemoutprintln(ldquoPerimeter=rdquo+p)

2 Write a program to input the length and breadth of a rectangle and find its diagonalAns import javautilclass Sol2static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double lbdComputer Applications ndash X (ICSE Course) Answers 34Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the length and breadth of the rectanglerdquo)

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

Therefore the dividend received = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share = 60 times 9 times Rs20 = Rs 60 times 9100 times 20 = Rs 108A company declares 8 percent dividend to the shareholders If a man receives Rs2840 as his dividend find the nominal value of his sharesSolution Let the nominal value of shares be Rs xTotal dividend = 8 of Rs x = Rs(8100 )times (x) = Rs 8x100According to question 8x100 = 2840 Or 8x = 2840 times 100 Or x = (2840 times100)8 = 35500Therefore the nominal value of his shares = Rs35500 A man buys 200 ten-rupees shares at Rs12bull50 each and receives a dividend of 8 Find the amount invested by him and the dividend received by him in cashSolution Given face value of one share = Rs 10 And market value of one share = Rs 12bull50 Number of shares = 200Therefore investment = 200 times Rs 12bull50 = Rs 2500Total dividend = Number of shares times rate of dividend times face value of one share= 200 times 8 timesRs 10= 200 times 8100 timesRs 10= Rs 160

Computer Application

Java Programming(from ch 2)

Programming Questions1 Write a program to input the area of a square and find its perimeterAns import javautilclass Sol1static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double aspSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the area of a squarerdquo)a=scnextDouble()s=Mathsqrt(a)p=4sSystemoutprintln(ldquoPerimeter=rdquo+p)

2 Write a program to input the length and breadth of a rectangle and find its diagonalAns import javautilclass Sol2static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)double lbdComputer Applications ndash X (ICSE Course) Answers 34Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter the length and breadth of the rectanglerdquo)

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

l=scnextDouble()b=scnextDouble()d=Mathsqrt(ll+bb)Systemoutprintln(ldquoDiagonal=rdquo+d)

3 Write a program to input 2 integers and check whether both the numbers are multiples of 7or notAns import javautilclass Sol3static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)int abSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 2 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()if(a7==0 ampamp b7==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are multiples of 7rdquo)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoBoth are not multiples of 7rdquo)

4 Write a program to pass 2 integer numbers as parameters If either of the two numbers is 0 display invalid entry and the program should end if it is valid entry divide the larger number with the smaller number and display the resultAnsclass Sol4static void divide(int aint b)if(a==0 || b==0)Systemoutprintln(ldquoInvalid Entryrdquo)elsefloat qif(agtb)q=(float)abelseq=(float)baSystemoutprintln(ldquoQuotientrdquo+q)

5 Write a program to input 3 unique integers and print the smallest among themAns import javautilclass Sol5static void main()Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin)

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

int abcSystemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 3 integersrdquo)a=scnextInt()b=scnextInt()c=scnextInt()if(altb ampamp altc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+a)else if(blta ampamp bltc)Systemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+b)elseSystemoutprintln(ldquoSmallestrdquo+c)

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Mode of Existence

Environmental impact of industrialization

Q) Discuss the solution on the impact of industrialization

Ans ndash There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take to help reduce the impact of industrial pollution

First industries can reduce their reliance on a product that is causing pollution One good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s Wersquove lowered our dependence on lead which reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into the surrounding environment

The other option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely It isnrsquot always easy and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste byproducts However it can help reduce the soil air and water pollution being produced by these facilities and also help in conservation of natural resources Companies like can help in managing e-waste in a sustainable mannerThe industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world but it also changed the impact we had on this planet that we call home Now that wersquove realized the problem itrsquos up to us to fix it so that we can continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name o f progress

Physics Motion in plane Execution

Thrown Upwards and Falls Downwards O u A B v S = -ve

Let a ball is thrown upwards with initial velocity = u and height of tower is S Velocity on reaching the ground is = vInitial motion is upwards so g = -veAlso direction of motion changes so height S = -veNow time for total journey should be calculated for distance S since the part AO is equal and opposite to OB so t-t = 0 for AOB

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Major Characters-Sir Alexander Heathcote- Ambassador to China during 1871 He is the one to come across the statue and pass it on as a family heirloom

The old craftsman ( Yung Lee)- The Chinese craftsman who was in possession of the statue

Major James Heathcote- The son of Alexander Heathcote He fights during the Boer wars and places the statue of the Chinese Emperor at the Officerrsquos mess in Halifax

Reverend Alexander Heathcote- Son of Major James Heathcote He first becomes a parish priest and later the Bishop and places the statue into the Bishoprsquos palace

Captain James Heathcote- Son of Bishop Heathcote He takes the statue back to the officerrsquos mess in Halifax but is killed on the beaches of Dunkirk during the Second World War

Alex Heathcote- The last of the Heathcotesrsquo mentioned in the story He has a gambling addiction and is forced to sell the statue of the Emperor to pay off his debts

- Mathematics

Trigonometric equation

Recall1i) If sin θ = 0 then θ =nπii) If sin θ =sin Α (-π2leαleπ2) then θ= nπ+(-1) n αiii) If sin θ =1 then θ = (4n+1) π2iv) If sin θ = -1 then θ =(4n-1) π22i) If cos θ =0 then θ =(2n+1) π2ii) If cos θ = cos α(0leαleπ) then θ=2nπplusmnαiii) If cos θ=1 then θ =2nπiv) If cos θ =-1 then θ=(2n+1) π3i) If tan θ =0 then θ = nπ

ii) If tan θ = tan α ( -π2ltαltπ2) then θ=nπ+α where n= any integer

Ex Solve radic3 cos x +sin x=1 (-2πltxlt2π) Solution radic3cos x + sin x =1(i) Dividing both sides by 2 we get radic32 cos x + 12 sin x = 12Or cos π6 cos x + sin π6 sin x =12Or cos (x-π6) = cos π3Or x- π6 = 2nπplusmn π3Or x= 2nπplusmn π3+π6Either x= 2nπ+π3+π6 = (4n+1) π2(ii) Or x = 2nπ+π6-π3=2nπ-π6(iii) Where n= any integer Now putting n=0 in (ii) we get x=π2Putting n=1 in (ii) we get x= 5π2Putting n=-1 in (ii) we get x= - 3π2And putting n=0 in (iii) we get x= -π6Putting n=1 in (iii) we get x= 11π6Putting n=-1 in (iii) we get x= - 13π6Therefore the required solutions of the given equation in -2πltxlt2π are x= π2 -π6 -3π2 11π6Ex Solve 4sin 4 x + cos 4 x=1Solution 4 sin 4 x+ cos 4 x=1=(sin 2 x + cos2 x)2 or 4 sin 4 x + cos 4 = sin4 x+cos4 x+2sin2xcos2xOr 3 sin4 x - 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x= 0Or sin2 x(3 sin 2 x- 2 cos 2 x) = 0

Either sin 2 x =0Or sin x= 0 ie x=nπOr 3 sin 2 x - 2 cos 2 x =0Or 32 sin 2 x- 22cos2 x=0Or 3(1-cos 2x) - 2(1+cos 2x) = 0Or 1- 5 cos 2x=0Or cos 2x = 15= cos α(say) Therefore 2x = 2nπplusmnαOr x= nπ plusmn(12)α

Where α= cos -1 15 and n= any integer

Biology Chapter - 04Kingdom Monera

Today we will discuss about virus Nowadays it is a burning topic because all of us stay at home due to COVID 19 virus Covs are positive stranded RNA virus with a crown like appearance due to spike glycoproteins on the envelope Genomic characterization has shown that probably bats and rodents or aviation species are gene source of CoV Till date seven human CoVs have been identified They can cause common cold and self limiting upper respiratory infection in common people but in immunocompromised subjects and elderly persons lower respiratory tract infections can occur These viruses can be inactivated by lipid solvent like 75 ethanol chlorine containing disinfectant peroxy acetic acid etcIt is transmitted through close contact of human to human respiratory droplets aerosol etc There is no specific anti-viral treatment recommended for COVID 19 and no vaccine is currently available So preventive measures are the current strategy to limit the spread of cases Preventive strategies are

i) isolation of patients ii) Avoid close contact with subjects

suffering from acute respiratory infections

iii) Wash hands frequentlywith soap or alcohol based solutions

iv) Avoid unprotected contact with farm or wild animals

v) Cover mouth with masksvi) Individuals that are

immunocompromised should avoid public gatherings

Virus These are the simplest and

most primitive organisms It is better to regard them as an intermediate stage between living and nonLiving

Virusesrsquo living characteristics

i) Have genetic materials ( DNA or RNA )

ii) They mutateiii) They are capable to

multiply within a host iv) They react to heat

radiation and chemicals v) They can be transmitted

from one host to another

Viruses non - living characteristics

i) They can be crystallized like an ordinary chemical and stored in a bottle

ii) There is no cell wallmembranecytoplasm cytoplasmic organelles or metabolism

iii) Outside the host viruses are inert

Some unique features of viruses

i) Presence of only DNA or RNA

ii) Capacity to produce from the sole nucleic acid

iii) They do not show cell division

iv) They use the metabolic machinery of the host cell to replicate

Viruses are of different size and shape

Some viruses like bacteriophage

or phage Virus is helpful and other like tobaccomosaic virus (TMV) is harmful In the next class we will discuss about TMV and Bacteriophage

ECONOMICS

BASIC ECONOMIC CONCEPTS

Today we shall start by recalling the meaning of the term money

Money as a medium of exchange has also helped in overcoming the inconveniences of the barter system

And now let us discuss the types of moneyMoney is of two types1Standard money- Money consists of paper currency notes and coins is called standard money It is a legal tender and no one can refuse to accept it

2Bank Money-All bank deposits which can be withdrawn by means of cheques or demand drafts are known as bank money Bank money is also known as credit money Bank money is used against the deposits made by people in the bank

Now let us discuss Barter Economy versus Money economy

Barter economyBefore the onset of the money economy human beings used the barter systemIn this system goods and services were exchanged for other goods and services

But this system had various drawbacks1Lack of double coincidence of wants2Lack of divisibility3Difficulty in storing wealth4Absence of common measure of value5Lack of Standard of deferred payments

Money economy on the other hand is an economic system where exchange is facilitated by the use of moneyas distinct from the barter systemwhere goods and services were exchangedthe legal tender money is the money that is officially designated by the government and every person is bound to accept it as a medium of exchange for goods and services and for the discharge of debts

Question

1What do you mean by Standard moneyAnswer Standard money- Money consists of paper currency notes and coins is called standard money It is a legal tender and no one can refuse to accept it

2What do you mean by Bank moneyAnswer All bank deposits which can be withdrawn by means of cheques or demand drafts are known as bank money Bank money is also known as credit money Bank money is used against the deposits made by people in the bank

3What do you mean by Barter exchangeAnswer It refers to the direct exchange of commodity for commodity

4 What do you mean by money economyAnswer Money economy on the other hand is an economic system where exchange is facilitated by the use of moneyas distinct from the barter systemwhere goods and services were exchangedthe legal tender money is the money that is officially designated by the government and every person is bound to accept it as a medium of exchange for goods and services and for the discharge of debts

5What do you mean by the term marketAnswerIt is defined as a

Now let us discuss the term lsquoMarketrsquoA market is a place or locality where goods and services are bought and sold market is more than a geographical area or lsquoMandirsquo where gods are bought and sold

We can also say that a market is a mechanism by which buyers and sellers interact to determine the price and quantity of a good or service

NoteA market can be regionalnational or international

complex set of activities by which potential buyers and potential sellers are brought in close contact for the purchase and sale a commodity

BUSINESS STUDIES

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Today let us recall the steps in setting up an enterprise and discuss the steps in details one by one

A promoter or entrepreneur who wants to establish a new business enterprise has to take the following decisions

1Selecting the line of business-the first procedural decisions involved in setting up a new enterprise is to select the nature and type of business2 Deciding size of the unit-Determination of the size of the firm or scale of operations is an important decision in the establishment of a new enterprise3Choosing the form of ownership- the choice of the form of the ownership determines the division of profits authority and liability of onwer9s)continuity of business transferability of interest etc4 Locating the appropriate site-The location of a business firm is an important decision as it influences the costs profitability and growth of the enterprise5Financing the proposition-Proper planning and control of the finances is essential to success in business Adequate funds must be provided at the right time for the start and continuity6 Provision of physical facilities- An important decision in launching an new enterprise is the selection of machine equipments plant buildings and other physical facilities7 Plant layout-After selecting the machinery and equipment it is necessary to arrange them in an efficient manner8 Internal organization- Another important managerial decision in the establishment of a new enterprise is the creation and development of an internal structure9 Acquiring the required human resources-

Questions1lsquoA series of activities are required to launch an enterprisersquo- Discuss in briefAnswerThe completion of physicalorganizational and financial aspects leads ultimately to the actual launching of the enterprise Acquisition of required materials machinery money workers and managerial ability start of production and advertising of products etc are functions performed at this stage

2rsquoEntrepreneur is the personentrepreneurship is the process and enterprise is the outcome of this processrsquo- explain

AnswerEntrepreneurship is different from entrepreneur and enterpriseAn entrepreneur is the person who starts an enterpriseThe process of creating an enterprise is called entrepreneurshipThe outcome of this process is enterpriseAn enterprise means the business organization formed to provide goods and services to consumersjobs to employees and to add countryrsquos national incomeThusentrepreneur precedes entrepreneurshipThere is an interrelationship between entrepreneurentrepreneurship and

the next step is to estimate the needs of people or employees to perform different jobs in the internal organization structure

10 Compliance with statutory requirements-The new venture must comply with all the prescribed statutory conditions such as registration licensing listing on one or more recognized stock exchange constitution of the board of directors filing the prescribed documents obtaining no objection certificate from the pollution control boardetc11 Launching the enterprise- The completion of physical organizational and financial aspects leads ultimately to the actual launching of the enterprise

enterprise

COMMERCE

NATURE AND OBJECTIVES OF BUSINESS

REVISONToday before going to a new chapter let us revise the chapter lsquoNATURE AND OBJECTIVES OF BUSINESSrsquo by discussing the questions already discussed in the earlier classes

1 What do you mean by businessAnswerBusiness-It includes all those economic activities which are concerned with production and exchange of goods and services with the object of earning profit Example A factory shop beauty parlour also business enterprises

2 Discuss the salient features of businessAnswer The salient features of business are

a Creation of utilities-Business makes goods more useful to satisfy human wants

b Dealings in goods and services-Every business enterprise produces and buys goods and services for selling them to others

c Continuity in dealings-Dealings in goods and services become business only if undertaken on a regular basis

d Saletransfer or exchange-All business activities involve transfer or exchange of goods and services forsome price or money

e Profit motive-The primary aim of business is to earn profit

3 Explain the need and

functions of businessAnswer Business is needed due to the following reasons

To remove poverty-The economic development of a country depends upon the growth of business

To generate employment-Business offers employment to millions of people

To improve standard of living-Business helps to increase the purchasing power of people

To earn foreign exchange-As we know that a country cannot produce everything due to which imports the products and through this foreign currency is required similarly business helps to earn foreign currency through exports

To promote social welfare-Business can enrich human life and establish a better society

History TOPIC ndash EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMYSUB TOPIC- Development of the means of transport and communication

Development of the Means of Transport and Communication Means of transport refers to the ways and modes of which people and commodities are moved from one place to another Means of communication refers to the ways in which news and messages get transmitted from one place to another The modern means of transport and communication were backward The East India Company was busy for the expansion of territories trade They neglected the transport and communication system of IndiaWith the growth of Industrial Revolution the need was felt by the British Government for the development and of transport and communication of India because the British needed the Indian market for the surplus British goods produced in British industry They also needed to bring raw materials like Jute cotton etc to the port to export to EnglandThe British capitalists were agreed to invest in India but they demanded that the Court of

1 Question Why did the merchants feel the need of transport and good communicationAnswer With the growth of Industrial Revolution in England the British merchants needed the Indian market to sale the surplus machine made goods and to bring the raw materials like Jute Cotton saltpeter etc To the port for export

2 Question Which factors prompted the Company to start steamer services between Calcutta and AssamAnswer Assam was

Directors of the East India Company had to assure them guarantee against possible loseThirdly the British needed to develop transport and communication for their administrative purpose - Quick movement of troops to keep link between different headquarters of the British government Lord Dalhousie was the father of Indian RailwaysLord William Bentinck had taken initiatives to build trunk road between Calcutta and UP and river transport between Calcutta and AssamLord Dalhousie founded the central PWD for improvement road building activities

the lucrative field of plantation industry Transport of tea from Calcutta to Assam would be easier through riverine routes of East Bengal That is why Lord Bentinck gave importance for importance of river transport from Calcutta to Assam

3 Question What do you know about PWD introduced by the British GovernmentAnswer PWD stands for Public Works Department It was founded by Lord Dalhousie through which roads railways bridges irrigation and other public utility works were undertaken

4 Question Who was known as the Father of Indian Railways Answer Lord Dalhousie was known as the father of Indian Railways

Computer Science

ASCII ISCII and UNICODE

ASCII Code Pronounced ask-ee ASCII is the acronym for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange It is a code for representing 128 English characters as numbers with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127 For example the ASCII code for uppercase M is 77 Most computers use ASCII codes to represent text which makes it possible to transfer data from one computer to another The standard ASCII character set uses just 7 bits for each character There are several larger character sets that use 8 bits which gives them 128 additional characters The extra characters are used to represent non-English characters graphics symbols and mathematical symbols

ISCII CodeIndian Script Code for Information Interchange (ISCII) is a coding scheme for representing various writing systems of India It encodes the main Indic scripts and a Roman transliteration The supported scripts are Assamese Bengali (Bangla) Devanagari Gujarati Gurmukhi Kannada Malayalam Oriya Tamiland Telugu ISCII does not encode the writing systems of India based on Persian but its writing system switching codes nonetheless provide for Kashmiri Sindhi Urdu Persian Pashto and Arabic The Persian-based writing systems were subsequently encoded in the PASCII encoding ISCII has not been widely used outside certain government institutions and has now been rendered largely obsolete by Unicode Unicode uses a separate block for each Indic writing

system and largely preserves the ISCII layout within each block

UNiCODEUnicode is a universal character encoding standard It defines the way individual characters are represented in text files web pages and other types of documents Unlike ASCII which was designed to represent only basic English characters Unicode was designed to support characters from all languages around the world The standard ASCII character set only supports 128 characters while Unicode can support roughly 1000000 characters While ASCII only uses one byte to represent each character Unicode supports up to 4 bytes for each character There are several different types of Unicode encodings though UTF-8 and UTF-16 are the most common UTF-8 has become the standard character encoding used on the Web and is also the default encoding used by many software programs While UTF-8 supports up to four bytes per character it would be inefficient to use four bytes to represent frequently used characters Therefore UTF-8 uses only one byte to represent common English characters European (Latin) Hebrew and Arabic characters are represented with two bytes while three bytes are used to Chinese Japanese Korean and other Asian characters Additional Unicode characters can be represented with four bytes

Subject ndashAccountsTopic- Cash BookQuestionFrom the following transactions of Mr Singh of Kolkata prepare single column cash book for the month of March 20202020Mar1Mar2Mar3Mar3Mar4Mar4

Mar9Mar20Mar21Mar28Mar29Mar30

Cash in HandCash salesDeposited cash into BankIssued Cheque to a creditor Rs 49900 after deducting Cash Discount of Rs 3100Wages paid in cash Cash Sales of Rs 180000 Out of which Rs 100000 was deposited into Bank on March 7Paid cash Rs 4500 to Transport Corporation of India(TCI)Paid cash for window cleaning servicePurchased Goods on credit from UampCoPaid cash to Sharpa creditor after deducting discount Rs 500Paid Electricity Bill in CashCash collected from Mahesh(Debtor) Rs 45000 after allowing discount of Rs 2500

Rs25000

220000200000

22500

200015000

95009000

SolutionIn the books of Mr Singh

Dr Cash Book CrDate Particulars LF Rs Date Particulars L

FRs

2020Mar1Mar2

Mar4

Mar30

To Balance bdTo sales Ac(Being goods sold)To sales Ac(Being goods sold)To Mahesh Ac(Being cash collected)

25000220000

180000

45000

2020Mar3

Mar4

Mar7

Mar9

By Bank Ac(Being cash deposited)By Wages Ac(Being wages paid)By Bank Ac(Being cash deposited out of sales made on 4th March)By Freight Ac(Being paid to TCI)

200000

22500

100000

4500

Apr1To Balance bd

_______470000

122500

Mar20

Mar28

Mar29

Mar30

By Office Expenses Ac(Being paid window cleaning service)By Sharp Ac(Being paid to creditor)By Electricity ExpensesAc(Being paid electricity bill)By Balance cd

2000

9500

9000

122500470000

Note 1) March 3 discount entry will be not recorded in single column cash book 2) March 21 entry transaction will not be recorded since it is credit transaction No credit transactions are recorded in cash book

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

COMMERCE

CAPITAL-FIXED AND WORKING

ldquoWORKING CAPITALrsquorsquo

Now let us start with the meaning and concept of WORKING CAPITAL

The capital invested in current or working assets such as stock of material and finished goods accounts receivable bills receivable short term securities and cash or bank balance for meeting day- to- day expenses is known as working capital or current capital It represents investment for a short period and changes its form from time to time therefore it is also known as circulating capital

Now let us discuss gross working capital

Gross working capital means the amount invested in current assets such as cash in hand cash at bank accounts receivable bills receivable stock etc

Thus Gross working capital= Current assets

Net working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilitiesThus Net working capital = Current assets ndash Current liabilities

Now us discuss the variable working capitalVariable working capital is the amount which is required to meet seasonal demand and special exigencies

1What is working capitalAnswerThe capital invested in current or working assets such as stock of material and finished goods accounts receivable bills receivable short term securities and cash or bank balance for meeting day- to- day expenses is known as working capital or current capital It represents investment for a short period and changes its form from time to time therefore it is also known as circulating capital

2What is gross working capitalAnswerGross working capital means the amount invested in current assets such as cash in hand cash at bank accounts receivable bills receivable stock etcThus gross working capital= current assets

It consists of seasonal working capital and special working capitalThe later is needed to meet special exigencies such as investment in inventory during recession launching a special marketing campaign etc

3 What is net working capitalAnswerNet working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities

Thus Net working capital = Current assets ndash Current liabilities

4 What is variable working capitalAnswerVariable working capital is the amount which is required to meet seasonal demand and special exigencies It consists of seasonal working capital and special working capital The later is needed to meet special exigencies such as investment in inventory during recession launching a special marketing campaign etc

Physics Chapter 3 Gauss Theorem

ExecutionWhat is Gauss Law

According to the Gauss law the total flux linked with a closed surface is 1ε0 times the charge enclosed by the closed surface

Φ = ∮Eds=qϵ

For example A point charge q is placed inside a cube of edge lsquoarsquo Now as per the Gauss law the flux through each face of the cube is q6ε0

The electric field is the basic concept to know about electricity Generally the electric field of the surface is calculated by applying Coulombrsquos law but to calculate the electric field distribution in a closed surface we need to understand the concept of Gauss law It explains about the electric charge enclosed in a closed or the electric charge present in the enclosed closed surface

Gauss Law Formula

As per the Gauss theorem the total charge enclosed in a closed surface is proportional to the total flux enclosed by the surface Therefore If ϕ is total flux and ϵ0 is electric constant the total electric charge Q enclosed by the surface is

Q = ϕ ϵ0

The Gauss law formula is expressed by

ϕ = Qϵ0

Where

Q = total charge within the given surface

ε0 = the electric constant

rArr Also Read Equipotential Surface

The Gauss theorem statement also gives an important corollary

The electric flux from any closed surface is only due to the sources (positive charges) and sinks (negative charges) of electric fields enclosed by the surface Any charges outside the surface do not contribute to the electric flux Also only electric charges can act as sources or sinks of electric fields Changing magnetic fields for example cannot act as sources or sinks of electric fields

Biology Chapter - 02Reproduction in Flowering plants

Today we will discuss about post fertilization events1 Endosperm and embryo development2 Maturation of ovule(s) into seed(s)3 Maturation of ovary into fruits

Q6 Describe endosperm and embryo development The primary endosperm

cell divides repeatedlyto form a triploid endosperm tissue filled with reserve food materials which provides the nutrition for the developing embryo bull Later the cell wall formation occurs and the endosperm becomes cellularbull Endosperm may either be completely consumed by the developing embryo as seen in pea ground nut beans etc before seedmaturation or it may persist in the mature seed as seen in castor and coconut and be used up during seed germination

Embryo Embryo develops at the micropylar end of the embryo sac where the zygote is situated

The early stages of embryo development embryogeny are similarin both monocotyledon and dicotyledon The zygote gives rise

to the proembryo and then to globular heart shaped and mature embryo

Dicotyledonous Embryo

It has an embryonal axis and two cotyledons

The portion of embryonal axis above is

Epicotyl terminates as plumule ( stem tip ) below is hypocotyl terminates as radicle ( root tip ) The root tip is

covered by a root cap

Monocotyledonous Embryo

has one cotyledon In grass it is called

scutellum lower end of it the embryonal axis has the radicle and root cap enclosed in an undifferentiated sheath coleorhiza

The portion of the embryonal axis above is epicotyl has a shoot apex

English Literature

The Darkling Thrush

The Darkling Thrush Line by Line Explanation-The landrsquos sharp features seemed to beThe centuryrsquos corpse outleantHis crypt cloudy canopyThe wind his death-lamentExplanation-Winter in the Northern Hemisphere is also the end of the year Here it becomes even more meaningful as the end of the year in this case also marks the end of the century This is why the century is personified as a corpse the harsh winter landscape defining its wasted body The lsquocloudy canopyrsquo or sky covers the centuryrsquos tomb and the sad wind becomes a song of death

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Differentiability Suppose f is a real function and c is a point in its domain The derivative of f at c is defined bylimhrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hProvided this limit exists Derivative of f at c is denoted by f (c) or ddx(f(x )) |prime c The function defined byf(x) = lim hrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hWherever the limit exists is defined to be the derivative of f The derivative of is defined by f(x) or ddx (x) or if y= f(x) then by y or dydxThe process of finding derivative of a function is called differentiation We also use the phrase differentiate f (x) with respect to x to mean find f (x)primeThe following rules were established as a part of algebra of derivatives(1) (u plusmn v) = u plusmn vprime prime prime(2) (uv) = u v + uv (Leibnitz or product rule)prime prime prime(3)(uv)= (uv-vu) v2 wherever v ne 0 (Quotient rule)The following table gives a list of derivatives of certain standard functions

f(x) xn Sin x Cos x tan x

f(x) nxn-1 cos x -sin x sec 2 x

Example Find derivative of the following functions i) x3 +3xii) 3 x7 +2 sin xSolution i) let f(x) = x3 +3xOr f(x)= ddx( x3 +3x) Or f(x) = 3x2 +3ii) Let f(x) = 3 x7 + 2 sin xOr f(x) = 37 x6 + 2 cos xOr f(x) = 21 x6 + 2cos x

History TOPIC- TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC NATIONAL MOVEMENTS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WARVIOLENT PUBLIC REACTION OF QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

Violent public reaction Besides repressive measures recourse was taken to machine gun and aerial firing This only increased the peoplersquos fury and led them more violent In some places like Midnapore in West Bengal Balia in UPeven parallel government was set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from many placesImpotant Storm Centres Of The Movement The revolt of 1942 or Quit India Movement revealed the Peoplersquos fighting spirit and their desparate longing for freedom Five important storm centres of movement embracing whole India

1 Question How did the public react towards the Quit India MovementAnswer The Quit India Movement became violent In many places like Satara in Maharashtra Midnapore in Bengal Balia in UP parallel governments were set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from the people of Bombay Bihar Gujrat Orissa Assam Bengal and Karnataka The working class went on strikes underground revolutionary activities also started under

Jayprakash Narayan Ramananda Mishra etc The most daring act was establishment of Congress Radio by underground rebels

2 Question Who was Usha MehtaAnswer Usha Mehta who was later known as Ushaben was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi She was a freedom fighter of India She helped to set up an underground radio station It was known as secret Congres Radio which led to the awakening the people in Nationalism during the Quit India Movement

3 Question Name two women who participated in the Quit India MovementAnswer Aruna Asaf Ali Sarojini Naidu

4 Question What were the important storm centres of Quit India MovementAnswer a) The district of Bhagalpur Hazaribagh Saranin Biharb) Benaras Gazipur Balia and Azamgarh

districts in UPC) Tamluk in Midnapur district in South Bengald)Balasore Koraput and Talcher in OrissaE) Nasik and Satara in Maharashtra

Business studies

Staff Recruitment chapter 3

Today we are going to start a new topic -Staff recruitmentEvery organisation requires well-qualified and motivated staff to functions effectivelyThuss to acquire effective staff recruitment selection training motivation etc is necessary

Questions1 Define staff

recruitment

Answer) Recruitment is a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the requirements of the staffing schedule and to employee effective measures for attracting that manpower inadequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of an efficient working course

2 Mention some characteristics of recruitmentAnswers) Some characteristics of recruitment are as

i) It is a process or a series of activities rather than a single act or event

ii) it is a linking activity as it brings together employer and prospective employees

iii) The basic purpose of recruitment is to locate the source of people required to meet in job requirements

iv) It is pervasive function as all organisations engage in recruiting activity But

itrsquosvolume and nature depends on the size and nature of business organisations

v) It is a two way process as it takes a recruiter and recruiting

Computer Science

Implementation of algorithms to solve problems

Problems Solutions and ToolsI have a problem I need to thank Aunt Kay for the birthday present she sent me I could send a thank you note through the mail I could call her on the telephone I could send her an email message I could drive to her house and thank her in person In fact there are many ways I could thank her but thats not the point The point is that I must decide how I want to solve the problem and use the appropriate tool to implement (carry out) my plan The postal service the telephone the internet and my automobile are tools that I can use but none of these actually solves my problem In a similar way a computer does not solve problems its just a tool that I can use to implement my plan for solving the problem

Knowing that Aunt Kay appreciates creative and unusual things I have decided to hire a singing messenger to deliver my thanks In this context the messenger is a tool but one that needs instructions from me I have to tell the messenger where Aunt Kay lives what time I would like the message to be delivered and what lyrics I want sung A computer program is similar to my instructions to the messenger

The story of Aunt Kay uses a familiar context to set the stage for a useful point of view concerning computers and computer programs The following list summarizes the key aspects of this point of view

A computer is a tool that can be used to implement a plan for solving a problem

A computer program is a set of instructions for a computer These instructions describe the steps that the computer must follow to implement a plan

An algorithm is a plan for solving a problem A person must design an algorithm A person must translate an algorithm into a computer program

This point of view sets the stage for a process that we will use to develop solutions to Jeroo problems The basic process is important because it can be used to solve a wide variety of problems including ones where the solution will be written in some other programming language

An Algorithm Development Process

Every problem solution starts with a plan That plan is called an algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem

There are many ways to write an algorithm Some are very informal some are quite formal and mathematical in nature and some are quite graphical The instructions for connecting a DVD player to a television are an algorithm A mathematical formula such as πR2 is a special case of an algorithm The form is not particularly important as long as it provides a good way to describe and check the logic of the planThe development of an algorithm (a plan) is a key step in solving a problem Once we have an algorithm we can translate it into a computer program in some programming language Our algorithm development process consists of five major

stepsStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemStep 2 Analyze the problemStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailStep 5 Review the algorithmStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemThis step is much more difficult than it appears In the following discussion the word client refers to someone who wants to find a solution to a problem and the word developer refers to someone who finds a way to solve the problem The developer must create an algorithm that will solve the clients problemThe client is responsible for creating a description of the problem but this is often the weakest part of the process Its quite common for a problem description to suffer from one or more of the following types of defects (1) the description relies on unstated assumptions (2) the description is ambiguous (3) the description is incomplete or (4) the description has internal contradictions These defects are seldom due to carelessness by the client Instead they are due to the fact that natural languages (English French Korean etc) are rather imprecise Part of the developers responsibility is to identify defects in the description of a problem and to work with the client to remedy those defectsStep 2 Analyze the problemThe purpose of this step is to determine both the starting and ending points for solving the problem This process is analogous to a mathematician determining what is given and what must be proven A good problem description makes it easier to perform this stepWhen determining the starting point we should start by seeking answers to the following questionsWhat data are availableWhere is that dataWhat formulas pertain to the problemWhat rules exist for working with the dataWhat relationships exist among the data valuesWhen determining the ending point we need to describe the characteristics of a solution In other words how will we know when were done Asking the following questions often helps to determine the ending pointWhat new facts will we haveWhat items will have changedWhat changes will have been made to those itemsWhat things will no longer existStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem but plans come in several levels of detail Its usually better to start with a high-level algorithm that includes the major part of a solution but leaves the details until later We can use an everyday example to demonstrate a high-level algorithmProblem I need a send a birthday card to my brother MarkAnalysis I dont have a card I prefer to buy a card rather than make one myselfHigh-level algorithmGo to a store that sells greeting cardsSelect a cardPurchase a cardMail the cardThis algorithm is satisfactory for daily use but it lacks details that would have to be added were a computer to carry out the solution These details include answers to questions such as the followingWhich store will I visitHow will I get there walk drive ride my bicycle take the busWhat kind of card does Mark like humorous sentimental risqueacute

These kinds of details are considered in the next step of our processStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailA high-level algorithm shows the major steps that need to be followed to solve a problem Now we need to add details to these steps but how much detail should we add Unfortunately the answer to this question depends on the situation We have to consider who (or what) is going to implement the algorithm and how much that person (or thing) already knows how to do If someone is going to purchase Marks birthday card on my behalf my instructions have to be adapted to whether or not that person is familiar with the stores in the community and how well the purchaser known my brothers taste in greeting cardsWhen our goal is to develop algorithms that will lead to computer programs we need to consider the capabilities of the computer and provide enough detail so that someone else could use our algorithm to write a computer program that follows the steps in our algorithm As with the birthday card problem we need to adjust the level of detail to match the ability of the programmer When in doubt or when you are learning it is better to have too much detail than to have too littleMost of our examples will move from a high-level to a detailed algorithm in a single step but this is not always reasonable For larger more complex problems it is common to go through this process several times developing intermediate level algorithms as we go Each time we add more detail to the previous algorithm stopping when we see no benefit to further refinement This technique of gradually working from a high-level to a detailed algorithm is often called stepwise refinementStepwise refinement is a process for developing a detailed algorithm by gradually adding detail to a high-level algorithmStep 5 Review the algorithmThe final step is to review the algorithm What are we looking for First we need to work through the algorithm step by step to determine whether or not it will solve the original problem Once we are satisfied that the algorithm does provide a solution to the problem we start to look for other things The following questions are typical of ones that should be asked whenever we review an algorithm Asking these questions and seeking their answers is a good way to develop skills that can be applied to the next problemDoes this algorithm solve a very specific problem or does it solve a more general problem If it solves a very specific problem should it be generalizedFor example an algorithm that computes the area of a circle having radius 52 meters (formula π522) solves a very specific problem but an algorithm that computes the area of any circle (formula πR2) solves a more general problemCan this algorithm be simplifiedOne formula for computing the perimeter of a rectangle islength + width + length + widthA simpler formula would be20 (length + width)Is this solution similar to the solution to another problem How are they alike How are they differentFor example consider the following two formulaeRectangle area = length widthTriangle area = 05 base heightSimilarities Each computes an area Each multiplies two measurementsDifferences Different measurements are used The triangle formula contains 05Hypothesis Perhaps every area formula involves multiplying two measurements

Ac-12 29420 topic Sums of Admission of a partner

Question

Ashu and Pankaj are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 their Balance sheet on March 31 2014 was as follows

Balance Sheet of Ashu and Pankaj as at March 312014

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount

Creditors 38000 Cash in hand 15000 Bills Payable 40000 Cash at Bank 62000 Salaries outstanding 5000 Debtors 58000 Profit amp Loss 40000 Stock 85000 Capitals Machinery 145000 Ashu 150000 Goodwill 38000 Pankaj 130000 280000

403000 403000

They admitted Gurdeep into partnership on the following terms on March 31 2014(a)New profit sharing ratio is agreed as 3 2 l

(b) He will bring in 1 00000 as his share of capital and ` 30000 as his share of goodwill(c) Machinery is appreciated by 10(d) Stock is valued at ` 87000(e) Creditors are unrecorded to the extent of ` 6000(f) A provision for doubtful debts is to be created by 4 on debtorsPrepare Revaluation account Capital Accounts Bank account and Balance Sheet of the new firm after admission of Gurdeep

ECO ndash12 2942020Topic- ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

FACTORS AFFECTING PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

As discussed earlier in case of some goods responsiveness of quantity demanded to the change in price is more than some other goods For example a very small change in price of luxury goods may affect their demand to a considerable extent but a large change in price of salt may not affect its demand This means price elasticity of demand is different for different goods Following factors may affect the price elasticity of demand for a good

(i) Availability of close substitutes Demand for a commodity which has large number of substitutes is usually more elastic than those commodities which have no substitutes For example coke Pepsi limca etc are good substitutes Even a small rise in price of coke will induce the buyers to go for its substitutes On the other hand demand for electricity will be less elastic because it has no close substitutes

(ii) Nature of the Commodity Demand for necessities like medicines food grains is less elastic because we have to consume them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be But demand for comforts and luxuries like refrigerators

air conditioners etc is more elastic because their consumption may be postponed for future if their price rises

(iii) Share in Total Expenditure Greater the proportion of income spent on the commodity more is the elasticity of demand for it Demand for a commodity is inelastic if proportion of income spent on that commodity is very small

(iv)Level of Price Demand for a commodity at higher level of price (like air conditioners cars etc) is generally more elastic than for a commodity at lower level of price (like match box pencils etc)

(v) Level of Income Demand for a commodity is generally less elastic for higher income level groups in comparison to people with low incomes For example

• Subatomic Particles
• • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • • Atomic Structure of Isotopes
    • Isotopes of Some Elements
    • Hydrogen
    • • Carbon
      • Oxygen
      • • Rutherford Atomic Theory
        • • Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom
          • Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model
          • • Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Either sin 2 x =0Or sin x= 0 ie x=nπOr 3 sin 2 x - 2 cos 2 x =0Or 32 sin 2 x- 22cos2 x=0Or 3(1-cos 2x) - 2(1+cos 2x) = 0Or 1- 5 cos 2x=0Or cos 2x = 15= cos α(say) Therefore 2x = 2nπplusmnαOr x= nπ plusmn(12)α

Where α= cos -1 15 and n= any integer

Biology Chapter - 04Kingdom Monera

Today we will discuss about virus Nowadays it is a burning topic because all of us stay at home due to COVID 19 virus Covs are positive stranded RNA virus with a crown like appearance due to spike glycoproteins on the envelope Genomic characterization has shown that probably bats and rodents or aviation species are gene source of CoV Till date seven human CoVs have been identified They can cause common cold and self limiting upper respiratory infection in common people but in immunocompromised subjects and elderly persons lower respiratory tract infections can occur These viruses can be inactivated by lipid solvent like 75 ethanol chlorine containing disinfectant peroxy acetic acid etcIt is transmitted through close contact of human to human respiratory droplets aerosol etc There is no specific anti-viral treatment recommended for COVID 19 and no vaccine is currently available So preventive measures are the current strategy to limit the spread of cases Preventive strategies are

i) isolation of patients ii) Avoid close contact with subjects

suffering from acute respiratory infections

iii) Wash hands frequentlywith soap or alcohol based solutions

iv) Avoid unprotected contact with farm or wild animals

v) Cover mouth with masksvi) Individuals that are

immunocompromised should avoid public gatherings

Virus These are the simplest and

most primitive organisms It is better to regard them as an intermediate stage between living and nonLiving

Virusesrsquo living characteristics

i) Have genetic materials ( DNA or RNA )

ii) They mutateiii) They are capable to

multiply within a host iv) They react to heat

radiation and chemicals v) They can be transmitted

from one host to another

Viruses non - living characteristics

i) They can be crystallized like an ordinary chemical and stored in a bottle

ii) There is no cell wallmembranecytoplasm cytoplasmic organelles or metabolism

iii) Outside the host viruses are inert

Some unique features of viruses

i) Presence of only DNA or RNA

ii) Capacity to produce from the sole nucleic acid

iii) They do not show cell division

iv) They use the metabolic machinery of the host cell to replicate

Viruses are of different size and shape

Some viruses like bacteriophage

or phage Virus is helpful and other like tobaccomosaic virus (TMV) is harmful In the next class we will discuss about TMV and Bacteriophage

ECONOMICS

BASIC ECONOMIC CONCEPTS

Today we shall start by recalling the meaning of the term money

Money as a medium of exchange has also helped in overcoming the inconveniences of the barter system

And now let us discuss the types of moneyMoney is of two types1Standard money- Money consists of paper currency notes and coins is called standard money It is a legal tender and no one can refuse to accept it

2Bank Money-All bank deposits which can be withdrawn by means of cheques or demand drafts are known as bank money Bank money is also known as credit money Bank money is used against the deposits made by people in the bank

Now let us discuss Barter Economy versus Money economy

Barter economyBefore the onset of the money economy human beings used the barter systemIn this system goods and services were exchanged for other goods and services

But this system had various drawbacks1Lack of double coincidence of wants2Lack of divisibility3Difficulty in storing wealth4Absence of common measure of value5Lack of Standard of deferred payments

Money economy on the other hand is an economic system where exchange is facilitated by the use of moneyas distinct from the barter systemwhere goods and services were exchangedthe legal tender money is the money that is officially designated by the government and every person is bound to accept it as a medium of exchange for goods and services and for the discharge of debts

Question

1What do you mean by Standard moneyAnswer Standard money- Money consists of paper currency notes and coins is called standard money It is a legal tender and no one can refuse to accept it

2What do you mean by Bank moneyAnswer All bank deposits which can be withdrawn by means of cheques or demand drafts are known as bank money Bank money is also known as credit money Bank money is used against the deposits made by people in the bank

3What do you mean by Barter exchangeAnswer It refers to the direct exchange of commodity for commodity

4 What do you mean by money economyAnswer Money economy on the other hand is an economic system where exchange is facilitated by the use of moneyas distinct from the barter systemwhere goods and services were exchangedthe legal tender money is the money that is officially designated by the government and every person is bound to accept it as a medium of exchange for goods and services and for the discharge of debts

5What do you mean by the term marketAnswerIt is defined as a

Now let us discuss the term lsquoMarketrsquoA market is a place or locality where goods and services are bought and sold market is more than a geographical area or lsquoMandirsquo where gods are bought and sold

We can also say that a market is a mechanism by which buyers and sellers interact to determine the price and quantity of a good or service

NoteA market can be regionalnational or international

complex set of activities by which potential buyers and potential sellers are brought in close contact for the purchase and sale a commodity

BUSINESS STUDIES

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Today let us recall the steps in setting up an enterprise and discuss the steps in details one by one

A promoter or entrepreneur who wants to establish a new business enterprise has to take the following decisions

1Selecting the line of business-the first procedural decisions involved in setting up a new enterprise is to select the nature and type of business2 Deciding size of the unit-Determination of the size of the firm or scale of operations is an important decision in the establishment of a new enterprise3Choosing the form of ownership- the choice of the form of the ownership determines the division of profits authority and liability of onwer9s)continuity of business transferability of interest etc4 Locating the appropriate site-The location of a business firm is an important decision as it influences the costs profitability and growth of the enterprise5Financing the proposition-Proper planning and control of the finances is essential to success in business Adequate funds must be provided at the right time for the start and continuity6 Provision of physical facilities- An important decision in launching an new enterprise is the selection of machine equipments plant buildings and other physical facilities7 Plant layout-After selecting the machinery and equipment it is necessary to arrange them in an efficient manner8 Internal organization- Another important managerial decision in the establishment of a new enterprise is the creation and development of an internal structure9 Acquiring the required human resources-

Questions1lsquoA series of activities are required to launch an enterprisersquo- Discuss in briefAnswerThe completion of physicalorganizational and financial aspects leads ultimately to the actual launching of the enterprise Acquisition of required materials machinery money workers and managerial ability start of production and advertising of products etc are functions performed at this stage

2rsquoEntrepreneur is the personentrepreneurship is the process and enterprise is the outcome of this processrsquo- explain

AnswerEntrepreneurship is different from entrepreneur and enterpriseAn entrepreneur is the person who starts an enterpriseThe process of creating an enterprise is called entrepreneurshipThe outcome of this process is enterpriseAn enterprise means the business organization formed to provide goods and services to consumersjobs to employees and to add countryrsquos national incomeThusentrepreneur precedes entrepreneurshipThere is an interrelationship between entrepreneurentrepreneurship and

the next step is to estimate the needs of people or employees to perform different jobs in the internal organization structure

10 Compliance with statutory requirements-The new venture must comply with all the prescribed statutory conditions such as registration licensing listing on one or more recognized stock exchange constitution of the board of directors filing the prescribed documents obtaining no objection certificate from the pollution control boardetc11 Launching the enterprise- The completion of physical organizational and financial aspects leads ultimately to the actual launching of the enterprise

enterprise

COMMERCE

NATURE AND OBJECTIVES OF BUSINESS

REVISONToday before going to a new chapter let us revise the chapter lsquoNATURE AND OBJECTIVES OF BUSINESSrsquo by discussing the questions already discussed in the earlier classes

1 What do you mean by businessAnswerBusiness-It includes all those economic activities which are concerned with production and exchange of goods and services with the object of earning profit Example A factory shop beauty parlour also business enterprises

2 Discuss the salient features of businessAnswer The salient features of business are

a Creation of utilities-Business makes goods more useful to satisfy human wants

b Dealings in goods and services-Every business enterprise produces and buys goods and services for selling them to others

c Continuity in dealings-Dealings in goods and services become business only if undertaken on a regular basis

d Saletransfer or exchange-All business activities involve transfer or exchange of goods and services forsome price or money

e Profit motive-The primary aim of business is to earn profit

3 Explain the need and

functions of businessAnswer Business is needed due to the following reasons

To remove poverty-The economic development of a country depends upon the growth of business

To generate employment-Business offers employment to millions of people

To improve standard of living-Business helps to increase the purchasing power of people

To earn foreign exchange-As we know that a country cannot produce everything due to which imports the products and through this foreign currency is required similarly business helps to earn foreign currency through exports

To promote social welfare-Business can enrich human life and establish a better society

History TOPIC ndash EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMYSUB TOPIC- Development of the means of transport and communication

Development of the Means of Transport and Communication Means of transport refers to the ways and modes of which people and commodities are moved from one place to another Means of communication refers to the ways in which news and messages get transmitted from one place to another The modern means of transport and communication were backward The East India Company was busy for the expansion of territories trade They neglected the transport and communication system of IndiaWith the growth of Industrial Revolution the need was felt by the British Government for the development and of transport and communication of India because the British needed the Indian market for the surplus British goods produced in British industry They also needed to bring raw materials like Jute cotton etc to the port to export to EnglandThe British capitalists were agreed to invest in India but they demanded that the Court of

1 Question Why did the merchants feel the need of transport and good communicationAnswer With the growth of Industrial Revolution in England the British merchants needed the Indian market to sale the surplus machine made goods and to bring the raw materials like Jute Cotton saltpeter etc To the port for export

2 Question Which factors prompted the Company to start steamer services between Calcutta and AssamAnswer Assam was

Directors of the East India Company had to assure them guarantee against possible loseThirdly the British needed to develop transport and communication for their administrative purpose - Quick movement of troops to keep link between different headquarters of the British government Lord Dalhousie was the father of Indian RailwaysLord William Bentinck had taken initiatives to build trunk road between Calcutta and UP and river transport between Calcutta and AssamLord Dalhousie founded the central PWD for improvement road building activities

the lucrative field of plantation industry Transport of tea from Calcutta to Assam would be easier through riverine routes of East Bengal That is why Lord Bentinck gave importance for importance of river transport from Calcutta to Assam

3 Question What do you know about PWD introduced by the British GovernmentAnswer PWD stands for Public Works Department It was founded by Lord Dalhousie through which roads railways bridges irrigation and other public utility works were undertaken

4 Question Who was known as the Father of Indian Railways Answer Lord Dalhousie was known as the father of Indian Railways

Computer Science

ASCII ISCII and UNICODE

ASCII Code Pronounced ask-ee ASCII is the acronym for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange It is a code for representing 128 English characters as numbers with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127 For example the ASCII code for uppercase M is 77 Most computers use ASCII codes to represent text which makes it possible to transfer data from one computer to another The standard ASCII character set uses just 7 bits for each character There are several larger character sets that use 8 bits which gives them 128 additional characters The extra characters are used to represent non-English characters graphics symbols and mathematical symbols

ISCII CodeIndian Script Code for Information Interchange (ISCII) is a coding scheme for representing various writing systems of India It encodes the main Indic scripts and a Roman transliteration The supported scripts are Assamese Bengali (Bangla) Devanagari Gujarati Gurmukhi Kannada Malayalam Oriya Tamiland Telugu ISCII does not encode the writing systems of India based on Persian but its writing system switching codes nonetheless provide for Kashmiri Sindhi Urdu Persian Pashto and Arabic The Persian-based writing systems were subsequently encoded in the PASCII encoding ISCII has not been widely used outside certain government institutions and has now been rendered largely obsolete by Unicode Unicode uses a separate block for each Indic writing

system and largely preserves the ISCII layout within each block

UNiCODEUnicode is a universal character encoding standard It defines the way individual characters are represented in text files web pages and other types of documents Unlike ASCII which was designed to represent only basic English characters Unicode was designed to support characters from all languages around the world The standard ASCII character set only supports 128 characters while Unicode can support roughly 1000000 characters While ASCII only uses one byte to represent each character Unicode supports up to 4 bytes for each character There are several different types of Unicode encodings though UTF-8 and UTF-16 are the most common UTF-8 has become the standard character encoding used on the Web and is also the default encoding used by many software programs While UTF-8 supports up to four bytes per character it would be inefficient to use four bytes to represent frequently used characters Therefore UTF-8 uses only one byte to represent common English characters European (Latin) Hebrew and Arabic characters are represented with two bytes while three bytes are used to Chinese Japanese Korean and other Asian characters Additional Unicode characters can be represented with four bytes

Subject ndashAccountsTopic- Cash BookQuestionFrom the following transactions of Mr Singh of Kolkata prepare single column cash book for the month of March 20202020Mar1Mar2Mar3Mar3Mar4Mar4

Mar9Mar20Mar21Mar28Mar29Mar30

Cash in HandCash salesDeposited cash into BankIssued Cheque to a creditor Rs 49900 after deducting Cash Discount of Rs 3100Wages paid in cash Cash Sales of Rs 180000 Out of which Rs 100000 was deposited into Bank on March 7Paid cash Rs 4500 to Transport Corporation of India(TCI)Paid cash for window cleaning servicePurchased Goods on credit from UampCoPaid cash to Sharpa creditor after deducting discount Rs 500Paid Electricity Bill in CashCash collected from Mahesh(Debtor) Rs 45000 after allowing discount of Rs 2500

Rs25000

220000200000

22500

200015000

95009000

SolutionIn the books of Mr Singh

Dr Cash Book CrDate Particulars LF Rs Date Particulars L

FRs

2020Mar1Mar2

Mar4

Mar30

To Balance bdTo sales Ac(Being goods sold)To sales Ac(Being goods sold)To Mahesh Ac(Being cash collected)

25000220000

180000

45000

2020Mar3

Mar4

Mar7

Mar9

By Bank Ac(Being cash deposited)By Wages Ac(Being wages paid)By Bank Ac(Being cash deposited out of sales made on 4th March)By Freight Ac(Being paid to TCI)

200000

22500

100000

4500

Apr1To Balance bd

_______470000

122500

Mar20

Mar28

Mar29

Mar30

By Office Expenses Ac(Being paid window cleaning service)By Sharp Ac(Being paid to creditor)By Electricity ExpensesAc(Being paid electricity bill)By Balance cd

2000

9500

9000

122500470000

Note 1) March 3 discount entry will be not recorded in single column cash book 2) March 21 entry transaction will not be recorded since it is credit transaction No credit transactions are recorded in cash book

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

COMMERCE

CAPITAL-FIXED AND WORKING

ldquoWORKING CAPITALrsquorsquo

Now let us start with the meaning and concept of WORKING CAPITAL

The capital invested in current or working assets such as stock of material and finished goods accounts receivable bills receivable short term securities and cash or bank balance for meeting day- to- day expenses is known as working capital or current capital It represents investment for a short period and changes its form from time to time therefore it is also known as circulating capital

Now let us discuss gross working capital

Gross working capital means the amount invested in current assets such as cash in hand cash at bank accounts receivable bills receivable stock etc

Thus Gross working capital= Current assets

Net working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilitiesThus Net working capital = Current assets ndash Current liabilities

Now us discuss the variable working capitalVariable working capital is the amount which is required to meet seasonal demand and special exigencies

1What is working capitalAnswerThe capital invested in current or working assets such as stock of material and finished goods accounts receivable bills receivable short term securities and cash or bank balance for meeting day- to- day expenses is known as working capital or current capital It represents investment for a short period and changes its form from time to time therefore it is also known as circulating capital

2What is gross working capitalAnswerGross working capital means the amount invested in current assets such as cash in hand cash at bank accounts receivable bills receivable stock etcThus gross working capital= current assets

It consists of seasonal working capital and special working capitalThe later is needed to meet special exigencies such as investment in inventory during recession launching a special marketing campaign etc

3 What is net working capitalAnswerNet working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities

Thus Net working capital = Current assets ndash Current liabilities

4 What is variable working capitalAnswerVariable working capital is the amount which is required to meet seasonal demand and special exigencies It consists of seasonal working capital and special working capital The later is needed to meet special exigencies such as investment in inventory during recession launching a special marketing campaign etc

Physics Chapter 3 Gauss Theorem

ExecutionWhat is Gauss Law

According to the Gauss law the total flux linked with a closed surface is 1ε0 times the charge enclosed by the closed surface

Φ = ∮Eds=qϵ

For example A point charge q is placed inside a cube of edge lsquoarsquo Now as per the Gauss law the flux through each face of the cube is q6ε0

The electric field is the basic concept to know about electricity Generally the electric field of the surface is calculated by applying Coulombrsquos law but to calculate the electric field distribution in a closed surface we need to understand the concept of Gauss law It explains about the electric charge enclosed in a closed or the electric charge present in the enclosed closed surface

Gauss Law Formula

As per the Gauss theorem the total charge enclosed in a closed surface is proportional to the total flux enclosed by the surface Therefore If ϕ is total flux and ϵ0 is electric constant the total electric charge Q enclosed by the surface is

Q = ϕ ϵ0

The Gauss law formula is expressed by

ϕ = Qϵ0

Where

Q = total charge within the given surface

ε0 = the electric constant

rArr Also Read Equipotential Surface

The Gauss theorem statement also gives an important corollary

The electric flux from any closed surface is only due to the sources (positive charges) and sinks (negative charges) of electric fields enclosed by the surface Any charges outside the surface do not contribute to the electric flux Also only electric charges can act as sources or sinks of electric fields Changing magnetic fields for example cannot act as sources or sinks of electric fields

Biology Chapter - 02Reproduction in Flowering plants

Today we will discuss about post fertilization events1 Endosperm and embryo development2 Maturation of ovule(s) into seed(s)3 Maturation of ovary into fruits

Q6 Describe endosperm and embryo development The primary endosperm

cell divides repeatedlyto form a triploid endosperm tissue filled with reserve food materials which provides the nutrition for the developing embryo bull Later the cell wall formation occurs and the endosperm becomes cellularbull Endosperm may either be completely consumed by the developing embryo as seen in pea ground nut beans etc before seedmaturation or it may persist in the mature seed as seen in castor and coconut and be used up during seed germination

Embryo Embryo develops at the micropylar end of the embryo sac where the zygote is situated

The early stages of embryo development embryogeny are similarin both monocotyledon and dicotyledon The zygote gives rise

to the proembryo and then to globular heart shaped and mature embryo

Dicotyledonous Embryo

It has an embryonal axis and two cotyledons

The portion of embryonal axis above is

Epicotyl terminates as plumule ( stem tip ) below is hypocotyl terminates as radicle ( root tip ) The root tip is

covered by a root cap

Monocotyledonous Embryo

has one cotyledon In grass it is called

scutellum lower end of it the embryonal axis has the radicle and root cap enclosed in an undifferentiated sheath coleorhiza

The portion of the embryonal axis above is epicotyl has a shoot apex

English Literature

The Darkling Thrush

The Darkling Thrush Line by Line Explanation-The landrsquos sharp features seemed to beThe centuryrsquos corpse outleantHis crypt cloudy canopyThe wind his death-lamentExplanation-Winter in the Northern Hemisphere is also the end of the year Here it becomes even more meaningful as the end of the year in this case also marks the end of the century This is why the century is personified as a corpse the harsh winter landscape defining its wasted body The lsquocloudy canopyrsquo or sky covers the centuryrsquos tomb and the sad wind becomes a song of death

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Differentiability Suppose f is a real function and c is a point in its domain The derivative of f at c is defined bylimhrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hProvided this limit exists Derivative of f at c is denoted by f (c) or ddx(f(x )) |prime c The function defined byf(x) = lim hrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hWherever the limit exists is defined to be the derivative of f The derivative of is defined by f(x) or ddx (x) or if y= f(x) then by y or dydxThe process of finding derivative of a function is called differentiation We also use the phrase differentiate f (x) with respect to x to mean find f (x)primeThe following rules were established as a part of algebra of derivatives(1) (u plusmn v) = u plusmn vprime prime prime(2) (uv) = u v + uv (Leibnitz or product rule)prime prime prime(3)(uv)= (uv-vu) v2 wherever v ne 0 (Quotient rule)The following table gives a list of derivatives of certain standard functions

f(x) xn Sin x Cos x tan x

f(x) nxn-1 cos x -sin x sec 2 x

Example Find derivative of the following functions i) x3 +3xii) 3 x7 +2 sin xSolution i) let f(x) = x3 +3xOr f(x)= ddx( x3 +3x) Or f(x) = 3x2 +3ii) Let f(x) = 3 x7 + 2 sin xOr f(x) = 37 x6 + 2 cos xOr f(x) = 21 x6 + 2cos x

History TOPIC- TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC NATIONAL MOVEMENTS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WARVIOLENT PUBLIC REACTION OF QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

Violent public reaction Besides repressive measures recourse was taken to machine gun and aerial firing This only increased the peoplersquos fury and led them more violent In some places like Midnapore in West Bengal Balia in UPeven parallel government was set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from many placesImpotant Storm Centres Of The Movement The revolt of 1942 or Quit India Movement revealed the Peoplersquos fighting spirit and their desparate longing for freedom Five important storm centres of movement embracing whole India

1 Question How did the public react towards the Quit India MovementAnswer The Quit India Movement became violent In many places like Satara in Maharashtra Midnapore in Bengal Balia in UP parallel governments were set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from the people of Bombay Bihar Gujrat Orissa Assam Bengal and Karnataka The working class went on strikes underground revolutionary activities also started under

Jayprakash Narayan Ramananda Mishra etc The most daring act was establishment of Congress Radio by underground rebels

2 Question Who was Usha MehtaAnswer Usha Mehta who was later known as Ushaben was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi She was a freedom fighter of India She helped to set up an underground radio station It was known as secret Congres Radio which led to the awakening the people in Nationalism during the Quit India Movement

3 Question Name two women who participated in the Quit India MovementAnswer Aruna Asaf Ali Sarojini Naidu

4 Question What were the important storm centres of Quit India MovementAnswer a) The district of Bhagalpur Hazaribagh Saranin Biharb) Benaras Gazipur Balia and Azamgarh

districts in UPC) Tamluk in Midnapur district in South Bengald)Balasore Koraput and Talcher in OrissaE) Nasik and Satara in Maharashtra

Business studies

Staff Recruitment chapter 3

Today we are going to start a new topic -Staff recruitmentEvery organisation requires well-qualified and motivated staff to functions effectivelyThuss to acquire effective staff recruitment selection training motivation etc is necessary

Questions1 Define staff

recruitment

Answer) Recruitment is a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the requirements of the staffing schedule and to employee effective measures for attracting that manpower inadequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of an efficient working course

2 Mention some characteristics of recruitmentAnswers) Some characteristics of recruitment are as

i) It is a process or a series of activities rather than a single act or event

ii) it is a linking activity as it brings together employer and prospective employees

iii) The basic purpose of recruitment is to locate the source of people required to meet in job requirements

iv) It is pervasive function as all organisations engage in recruiting activity But

itrsquosvolume and nature depends on the size and nature of business organisations

v) It is a two way process as it takes a recruiter and recruiting

Computer Science

Implementation of algorithms to solve problems

Problems Solutions and ToolsI have a problem I need to thank Aunt Kay for the birthday present she sent me I could send a thank you note through the mail I could call her on the telephone I could send her an email message I could drive to her house and thank her in person In fact there are many ways I could thank her but thats not the point The point is that I must decide how I want to solve the problem and use the appropriate tool to implement (carry out) my plan The postal service the telephone the internet and my automobile are tools that I can use but none of these actually solves my problem In a similar way a computer does not solve problems its just a tool that I can use to implement my plan for solving the problem

Knowing that Aunt Kay appreciates creative and unusual things I have decided to hire a singing messenger to deliver my thanks In this context the messenger is a tool but one that needs instructions from me I have to tell the messenger where Aunt Kay lives what time I would like the message to be delivered and what lyrics I want sung A computer program is similar to my instructions to the messenger

The story of Aunt Kay uses a familiar context to set the stage for a useful point of view concerning computers and computer programs The following list summarizes the key aspects of this point of view

A computer is a tool that can be used to implement a plan for solving a problem

A computer program is a set of instructions for a computer These instructions describe the steps that the computer must follow to implement a plan

An algorithm is a plan for solving a problem A person must design an algorithm A person must translate an algorithm into a computer program

This point of view sets the stage for a process that we will use to develop solutions to Jeroo problems The basic process is important because it can be used to solve a wide variety of problems including ones where the solution will be written in some other programming language

An Algorithm Development Process

Every problem solution starts with a plan That plan is called an algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem

There are many ways to write an algorithm Some are very informal some are quite formal and mathematical in nature and some are quite graphical The instructions for connecting a DVD player to a television are an algorithm A mathematical formula such as πR2 is a special case of an algorithm The form is not particularly important as long as it provides a good way to describe and check the logic of the planThe development of an algorithm (a plan) is a key step in solving a problem Once we have an algorithm we can translate it into a computer program in some programming language Our algorithm development process consists of five major

stepsStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemStep 2 Analyze the problemStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailStep 5 Review the algorithmStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemThis step is much more difficult than it appears In the following discussion the word client refers to someone who wants to find a solution to a problem and the word developer refers to someone who finds a way to solve the problem The developer must create an algorithm that will solve the clients problemThe client is responsible for creating a description of the problem but this is often the weakest part of the process Its quite common for a problem description to suffer from one or more of the following types of defects (1) the description relies on unstated assumptions (2) the description is ambiguous (3) the description is incomplete or (4) the description has internal contradictions These defects are seldom due to carelessness by the client Instead they are due to the fact that natural languages (English French Korean etc) are rather imprecise Part of the developers responsibility is to identify defects in the description of a problem and to work with the client to remedy those defectsStep 2 Analyze the problemThe purpose of this step is to determine both the starting and ending points for solving the problem This process is analogous to a mathematician determining what is given and what must be proven A good problem description makes it easier to perform this stepWhen determining the starting point we should start by seeking answers to the following questionsWhat data are availableWhere is that dataWhat formulas pertain to the problemWhat rules exist for working with the dataWhat relationships exist among the data valuesWhen determining the ending point we need to describe the characteristics of a solution In other words how will we know when were done Asking the following questions often helps to determine the ending pointWhat new facts will we haveWhat items will have changedWhat changes will have been made to those itemsWhat things will no longer existStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem but plans come in several levels of detail Its usually better to start with a high-level algorithm that includes the major part of a solution but leaves the details until later We can use an everyday example to demonstrate a high-level algorithmProblem I need a send a birthday card to my brother MarkAnalysis I dont have a card I prefer to buy a card rather than make one myselfHigh-level algorithmGo to a store that sells greeting cardsSelect a cardPurchase a cardMail the cardThis algorithm is satisfactory for daily use but it lacks details that would have to be added were a computer to carry out the solution These details include answers to questions such as the followingWhich store will I visitHow will I get there walk drive ride my bicycle take the busWhat kind of card does Mark like humorous sentimental risqueacute

These kinds of details are considered in the next step of our processStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailA high-level algorithm shows the major steps that need to be followed to solve a problem Now we need to add details to these steps but how much detail should we add Unfortunately the answer to this question depends on the situation We have to consider who (or what) is going to implement the algorithm and how much that person (or thing) already knows how to do If someone is going to purchase Marks birthday card on my behalf my instructions have to be adapted to whether or not that person is familiar with the stores in the community and how well the purchaser known my brothers taste in greeting cardsWhen our goal is to develop algorithms that will lead to computer programs we need to consider the capabilities of the computer and provide enough detail so that someone else could use our algorithm to write a computer program that follows the steps in our algorithm As with the birthday card problem we need to adjust the level of detail to match the ability of the programmer When in doubt or when you are learning it is better to have too much detail than to have too littleMost of our examples will move from a high-level to a detailed algorithm in a single step but this is not always reasonable For larger more complex problems it is common to go through this process several times developing intermediate level algorithms as we go Each time we add more detail to the previous algorithm stopping when we see no benefit to further refinement This technique of gradually working from a high-level to a detailed algorithm is often called stepwise refinementStepwise refinement is a process for developing a detailed algorithm by gradually adding detail to a high-level algorithmStep 5 Review the algorithmThe final step is to review the algorithm What are we looking for First we need to work through the algorithm step by step to determine whether or not it will solve the original problem Once we are satisfied that the algorithm does provide a solution to the problem we start to look for other things The following questions are typical of ones that should be asked whenever we review an algorithm Asking these questions and seeking their answers is a good way to develop skills that can be applied to the next problemDoes this algorithm solve a very specific problem or does it solve a more general problem If it solves a very specific problem should it be generalizedFor example an algorithm that computes the area of a circle having radius 52 meters (formula π522) solves a very specific problem but an algorithm that computes the area of any circle (formula πR2) solves a more general problemCan this algorithm be simplifiedOne formula for computing the perimeter of a rectangle islength + width + length + widthA simpler formula would be20 (length + width)Is this solution similar to the solution to another problem How are they alike How are they differentFor example consider the following two formulaeRectangle area = length widthTriangle area = 05 base heightSimilarities Each computes an area Each multiplies two measurementsDifferences Different measurements are used The triangle formula contains 05Hypothesis Perhaps every area formula involves multiplying two measurements

Ac-12 29420 topic Sums of Admission of a partner

Question

Ashu and Pankaj are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 their Balance sheet on March 31 2014 was as follows

Balance Sheet of Ashu and Pankaj as at March 312014

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount

Creditors 38000 Cash in hand 15000 Bills Payable 40000 Cash at Bank 62000 Salaries outstanding 5000 Debtors 58000 Profit amp Loss 40000 Stock 85000 Capitals Machinery 145000 Ashu 150000 Goodwill 38000 Pankaj 130000 280000

403000 403000

They admitted Gurdeep into partnership on the following terms on March 31 2014(a)New profit sharing ratio is agreed as 3 2 l

(b) He will bring in 1 00000 as his share of capital and ` 30000 as his share of goodwill(c) Machinery is appreciated by 10(d) Stock is valued at ` 87000(e) Creditors are unrecorded to the extent of ` 6000(f) A provision for doubtful debts is to be created by 4 on debtorsPrepare Revaluation account Capital Accounts Bank account and Balance Sheet of the new firm after admission of Gurdeep

ECO ndash12 2942020Topic- ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

FACTORS AFFECTING PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

As discussed earlier in case of some goods responsiveness of quantity demanded to the change in price is more than some other goods For example a very small change in price of luxury goods may affect their demand to a considerable extent but a large change in price of salt may not affect its demand This means price elasticity of demand is different for different goods Following factors may affect the price elasticity of demand for a good

(i) Availability of close substitutes Demand for a commodity which has large number of substitutes is usually more elastic than those commodities which have no substitutes For example coke Pepsi limca etc are good substitutes Even a small rise in price of coke will induce the buyers to go for its substitutes On the other hand demand for electricity will be less elastic because it has no close substitutes

(ii) Nature of the Commodity Demand for necessities like medicines food grains is less elastic because we have to consume them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be But demand for comforts and luxuries like refrigerators

air conditioners etc is more elastic because their consumption may be postponed for future if their price rises

(iii) Share in Total Expenditure Greater the proportion of income spent on the commodity more is the elasticity of demand for it Demand for a commodity is inelastic if proportion of income spent on that commodity is very small

(iv)Level of Price Demand for a commodity at higher level of price (like air conditioners cars etc) is generally more elastic than for a commodity at lower level of price (like match box pencils etc)

(v) Level of Income Demand for a commodity is generally less elastic for higher income level groups in comparison to people with low incomes For example

• Subatomic Particles
• • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • • Atomic Structure of Isotopes
    • Isotopes of Some Elements
    • Hydrogen
    • • Carbon
      • Oxygen
      • • Rutherford Atomic Theory
        • • Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom
          • Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model
          • • Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

or phage Virus is helpful and other like tobaccomosaic virus (TMV) is harmful In the next class we will discuss about TMV and Bacteriophage

ECONOMICS

BASIC ECONOMIC CONCEPTS

Today we shall start by recalling the meaning of the term money

Money as a medium of exchange has also helped in overcoming the inconveniences of the barter system

And now let us discuss the types of moneyMoney is of two types1Standard money- Money consists of paper currency notes and coins is called standard money It is a legal tender and no one can refuse to accept it

2Bank Money-All bank deposits which can be withdrawn by means of cheques or demand drafts are known as bank money Bank money is also known as credit money Bank money is used against the deposits made by people in the bank

Now let us discuss Barter Economy versus Money economy

Barter economyBefore the onset of the money economy human beings used the barter systemIn this system goods and services were exchanged for other goods and services

But this system had various drawbacks1Lack of double coincidence of wants2Lack of divisibility3Difficulty in storing wealth4Absence of common measure of value5Lack of Standard of deferred payments

Money economy on the other hand is an economic system where exchange is facilitated by the use of moneyas distinct from the barter systemwhere goods and services were exchangedthe legal tender money is the money that is officially designated by the government and every person is bound to accept it as a medium of exchange for goods and services and for the discharge of debts

Question

1What do you mean by Standard moneyAnswer Standard money- Money consists of paper currency notes and coins is called standard money It is a legal tender and no one can refuse to accept it

2What do you mean by Bank moneyAnswer All bank deposits which can be withdrawn by means of cheques or demand drafts are known as bank money Bank money is also known as credit money Bank money is used against the deposits made by people in the bank

3What do you mean by Barter exchangeAnswer It refers to the direct exchange of commodity for commodity

4 What do you mean by money economyAnswer Money economy on the other hand is an economic system where exchange is facilitated by the use of moneyas distinct from the barter systemwhere goods and services were exchangedthe legal tender money is the money that is officially designated by the government and every person is bound to accept it as a medium of exchange for goods and services and for the discharge of debts

5What do you mean by the term marketAnswerIt is defined as a

Now let us discuss the term lsquoMarketrsquoA market is a place or locality where goods and services are bought and sold market is more than a geographical area or lsquoMandirsquo where gods are bought and sold

We can also say that a market is a mechanism by which buyers and sellers interact to determine the price and quantity of a good or service

NoteA market can be regionalnational or international

complex set of activities by which potential buyers and potential sellers are brought in close contact for the purchase and sale a commodity

BUSINESS STUDIES

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Today let us recall the steps in setting up an enterprise and discuss the steps in details one by one

A promoter or entrepreneur who wants to establish a new business enterprise has to take the following decisions

1Selecting the line of business-the first procedural decisions involved in setting up a new enterprise is to select the nature and type of business2 Deciding size of the unit-Determination of the size of the firm or scale of operations is an important decision in the establishment of a new enterprise3Choosing the form of ownership- the choice of the form of the ownership determines the division of profits authority and liability of onwer9s)continuity of business transferability of interest etc4 Locating the appropriate site-The location of a business firm is an important decision as it influences the costs profitability and growth of the enterprise5Financing the proposition-Proper planning and control of the finances is essential to success in business Adequate funds must be provided at the right time for the start and continuity6 Provision of physical facilities- An important decision in launching an new enterprise is the selection of machine equipments plant buildings and other physical facilities7 Plant layout-After selecting the machinery and equipment it is necessary to arrange them in an efficient manner8 Internal organization- Another important managerial decision in the establishment of a new enterprise is the creation and development of an internal structure9 Acquiring the required human resources-

Questions1lsquoA series of activities are required to launch an enterprisersquo- Discuss in briefAnswerThe completion of physicalorganizational and financial aspects leads ultimately to the actual launching of the enterprise Acquisition of required materials machinery money workers and managerial ability start of production and advertising of products etc are functions performed at this stage

2rsquoEntrepreneur is the personentrepreneurship is the process and enterprise is the outcome of this processrsquo- explain

AnswerEntrepreneurship is different from entrepreneur and enterpriseAn entrepreneur is the person who starts an enterpriseThe process of creating an enterprise is called entrepreneurshipThe outcome of this process is enterpriseAn enterprise means the business organization formed to provide goods and services to consumersjobs to employees and to add countryrsquos national incomeThusentrepreneur precedes entrepreneurshipThere is an interrelationship between entrepreneurentrepreneurship and

the next step is to estimate the needs of people or employees to perform different jobs in the internal organization structure

10 Compliance with statutory requirements-The new venture must comply with all the prescribed statutory conditions such as registration licensing listing on one or more recognized stock exchange constitution of the board of directors filing the prescribed documents obtaining no objection certificate from the pollution control boardetc11 Launching the enterprise- The completion of physical organizational and financial aspects leads ultimately to the actual launching of the enterprise

enterprise

COMMERCE

NATURE AND OBJECTIVES OF BUSINESS

REVISONToday before going to a new chapter let us revise the chapter lsquoNATURE AND OBJECTIVES OF BUSINESSrsquo by discussing the questions already discussed in the earlier classes

1 What do you mean by businessAnswerBusiness-It includes all those economic activities which are concerned with production and exchange of goods and services with the object of earning profit Example A factory shop beauty parlour also business enterprises

2 Discuss the salient features of businessAnswer The salient features of business are

a Creation of utilities-Business makes goods more useful to satisfy human wants

b Dealings in goods and services-Every business enterprise produces and buys goods and services for selling them to others

c Continuity in dealings-Dealings in goods and services become business only if undertaken on a regular basis

d Saletransfer or exchange-All business activities involve transfer or exchange of goods and services forsome price or money

e Profit motive-The primary aim of business is to earn profit

3 Explain the need and

functions of businessAnswer Business is needed due to the following reasons

To remove poverty-The economic development of a country depends upon the growth of business

To generate employment-Business offers employment to millions of people

To improve standard of living-Business helps to increase the purchasing power of people

To earn foreign exchange-As we know that a country cannot produce everything due to which imports the products and through this foreign currency is required similarly business helps to earn foreign currency through exports

To promote social welfare-Business can enrich human life and establish a better society

History TOPIC ndash EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMYSUB TOPIC- Development of the means of transport and communication

Development of the Means of Transport and Communication Means of transport refers to the ways and modes of which people and commodities are moved from one place to another Means of communication refers to the ways in which news and messages get transmitted from one place to another The modern means of transport and communication were backward The East India Company was busy for the expansion of territories trade They neglected the transport and communication system of IndiaWith the growth of Industrial Revolution the need was felt by the British Government for the development and of transport and communication of India because the British needed the Indian market for the surplus British goods produced in British industry They also needed to bring raw materials like Jute cotton etc to the port to export to EnglandThe British capitalists were agreed to invest in India but they demanded that the Court of

1 Question Why did the merchants feel the need of transport and good communicationAnswer With the growth of Industrial Revolution in England the British merchants needed the Indian market to sale the surplus machine made goods and to bring the raw materials like Jute Cotton saltpeter etc To the port for export

2 Question Which factors prompted the Company to start steamer services between Calcutta and AssamAnswer Assam was

Directors of the East India Company had to assure them guarantee against possible loseThirdly the British needed to develop transport and communication for their administrative purpose - Quick movement of troops to keep link between different headquarters of the British government Lord Dalhousie was the father of Indian RailwaysLord William Bentinck had taken initiatives to build trunk road between Calcutta and UP and river transport between Calcutta and AssamLord Dalhousie founded the central PWD for improvement road building activities

the lucrative field of plantation industry Transport of tea from Calcutta to Assam would be easier through riverine routes of East Bengal That is why Lord Bentinck gave importance for importance of river transport from Calcutta to Assam

3 Question What do you know about PWD introduced by the British GovernmentAnswer PWD stands for Public Works Department It was founded by Lord Dalhousie through which roads railways bridges irrigation and other public utility works were undertaken

4 Question Who was known as the Father of Indian Railways Answer Lord Dalhousie was known as the father of Indian Railways

Computer Science

ASCII ISCII and UNICODE

ASCII Code Pronounced ask-ee ASCII is the acronym for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange It is a code for representing 128 English characters as numbers with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127 For example the ASCII code for uppercase M is 77 Most computers use ASCII codes to represent text which makes it possible to transfer data from one computer to another The standard ASCII character set uses just 7 bits for each character There are several larger character sets that use 8 bits which gives them 128 additional characters The extra characters are used to represent non-English characters graphics symbols and mathematical symbols

ISCII CodeIndian Script Code for Information Interchange (ISCII) is a coding scheme for representing various writing systems of India It encodes the main Indic scripts and a Roman transliteration The supported scripts are Assamese Bengali (Bangla) Devanagari Gujarati Gurmukhi Kannada Malayalam Oriya Tamiland Telugu ISCII does not encode the writing systems of India based on Persian but its writing system switching codes nonetheless provide for Kashmiri Sindhi Urdu Persian Pashto and Arabic The Persian-based writing systems were subsequently encoded in the PASCII encoding ISCII has not been widely used outside certain government institutions and has now been rendered largely obsolete by Unicode Unicode uses a separate block for each Indic writing

system and largely preserves the ISCII layout within each block

UNiCODEUnicode is a universal character encoding standard It defines the way individual characters are represented in text files web pages and other types of documents Unlike ASCII which was designed to represent only basic English characters Unicode was designed to support characters from all languages around the world The standard ASCII character set only supports 128 characters while Unicode can support roughly 1000000 characters While ASCII only uses one byte to represent each character Unicode supports up to 4 bytes for each character There are several different types of Unicode encodings though UTF-8 and UTF-16 are the most common UTF-8 has become the standard character encoding used on the Web and is also the default encoding used by many software programs While UTF-8 supports up to four bytes per character it would be inefficient to use four bytes to represent frequently used characters Therefore UTF-8 uses only one byte to represent common English characters European (Latin) Hebrew and Arabic characters are represented with two bytes while three bytes are used to Chinese Japanese Korean and other Asian characters Additional Unicode characters can be represented with four bytes

Subject ndashAccountsTopic- Cash BookQuestionFrom the following transactions of Mr Singh of Kolkata prepare single column cash book for the month of March 20202020Mar1Mar2Mar3Mar3Mar4Mar4

Mar9Mar20Mar21Mar28Mar29Mar30

Cash in HandCash salesDeposited cash into BankIssued Cheque to a creditor Rs 49900 after deducting Cash Discount of Rs 3100Wages paid in cash Cash Sales of Rs 180000 Out of which Rs 100000 was deposited into Bank on March 7Paid cash Rs 4500 to Transport Corporation of India(TCI)Paid cash for window cleaning servicePurchased Goods on credit from UampCoPaid cash to Sharpa creditor after deducting discount Rs 500Paid Electricity Bill in CashCash collected from Mahesh(Debtor) Rs 45000 after allowing discount of Rs 2500

Rs25000

220000200000

22500

200015000

95009000

SolutionIn the books of Mr Singh

Dr Cash Book CrDate Particulars LF Rs Date Particulars L

FRs

2020Mar1Mar2

Mar4

Mar30

To Balance bdTo sales Ac(Being goods sold)To sales Ac(Being goods sold)To Mahesh Ac(Being cash collected)

25000220000

180000

45000

2020Mar3

Mar4

Mar7

Mar9

By Bank Ac(Being cash deposited)By Wages Ac(Being wages paid)By Bank Ac(Being cash deposited out of sales made on 4th March)By Freight Ac(Being paid to TCI)

200000

22500

100000

4500

Apr1To Balance bd

_______470000

122500

Mar20

Mar28

Mar29

Mar30

By Office Expenses Ac(Being paid window cleaning service)By Sharp Ac(Being paid to creditor)By Electricity ExpensesAc(Being paid electricity bill)By Balance cd

2000

9500

9000

122500470000

Note 1) March 3 discount entry will be not recorded in single column cash book 2) March 21 entry transaction will not be recorded since it is credit transaction No credit transactions are recorded in cash book

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

COMMERCE

CAPITAL-FIXED AND WORKING

ldquoWORKING CAPITALrsquorsquo

Now let us start with the meaning and concept of WORKING CAPITAL

The capital invested in current or working assets such as stock of material and finished goods accounts receivable bills receivable short term securities and cash or bank balance for meeting day- to- day expenses is known as working capital or current capital It represents investment for a short period and changes its form from time to time therefore it is also known as circulating capital

Now let us discuss gross working capital

Gross working capital means the amount invested in current assets such as cash in hand cash at bank accounts receivable bills receivable stock etc

Thus Gross working capital= Current assets

Net working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilitiesThus Net working capital = Current assets ndash Current liabilities

Now us discuss the variable working capitalVariable working capital is the amount which is required to meet seasonal demand and special exigencies

1What is working capitalAnswerThe capital invested in current or working assets such as stock of material and finished goods accounts receivable bills receivable short term securities and cash or bank balance for meeting day- to- day expenses is known as working capital or current capital It represents investment for a short period and changes its form from time to time therefore it is also known as circulating capital

2What is gross working capitalAnswerGross working capital means the amount invested in current assets such as cash in hand cash at bank accounts receivable bills receivable stock etcThus gross working capital= current assets

It consists of seasonal working capital and special working capitalThe later is needed to meet special exigencies such as investment in inventory during recession launching a special marketing campaign etc

3 What is net working capitalAnswerNet working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities

Thus Net working capital = Current assets ndash Current liabilities

4 What is variable working capitalAnswerVariable working capital is the amount which is required to meet seasonal demand and special exigencies It consists of seasonal working capital and special working capital The later is needed to meet special exigencies such as investment in inventory during recession launching a special marketing campaign etc

Physics Chapter 3 Gauss Theorem

ExecutionWhat is Gauss Law

According to the Gauss law the total flux linked with a closed surface is 1ε0 times the charge enclosed by the closed surface

Φ = ∮Eds=qϵ

For example A point charge q is placed inside a cube of edge lsquoarsquo Now as per the Gauss law the flux through each face of the cube is q6ε0

The electric field is the basic concept to know about electricity Generally the electric field of the surface is calculated by applying Coulombrsquos law but to calculate the electric field distribution in a closed surface we need to understand the concept of Gauss law It explains about the electric charge enclosed in a closed or the electric charge present in the enclosed closed surface

Gauss Law Formula

As per the Gauss theorem the total charge enclosed in a closed surface is proportional to the total flux enclosed by the surface Therefore If ϕ is total flux and ϵ0 is electric constant the total electric charge Q enclosed by the surface is

Q = ϕ ϵ0

The Gauss law formula is expressed by

ϕ = Qϵ0

Where

Q = total charge within the given surface

ε0 = the electric constant

rArr Also Read Equipotential Surface

The Gauss theorem statement also gives an important corollary

The electric flux from any closed surface is only due to the sources (positive charges) and sinks (negative charges) of electric fields enclosed by the surface Any charges outside the surface do not contribute to the electric flux Also only electric charges can act as sources or sinks of electric fields Changing magnetic fields for example cannot act as sources or sinks of electric fields

Biology Chapter - 02Reproduction in Flowering plants

Today we will discuss about post fertilization events1 Endosperm and embryo development2 Maturation of ovule(s) into seed(s)3 Maturation of ovary into fruits

Q6 Describe endosperm and embryo development The primary endosperm

cell divides repeatedlyto form a triploid endosperm tissue filled with reserve food materials which provides the nutrition for the developing embryo bull Later the cell wall formation occurs and the endosperm becomes cellularbull Endosperm may either be completely consumed by the developing embryo as seen in pea ground nut beans etc before seedmaturation or it may persist in the mature seed as seen in castor and coconut and be used up during seed germination

Embryo Embryo develops at the micropylar end of the embryo sac where the zygote is situated

The early stages of embryo development embryogeny are similarin both monocotyledon and dicotyledon The zygote gives rise

to the proembryo and then to globular heart shaped and mature embryo

Dicotyledonous Embryo

It has an embryonal axis and two cotyledons

The portion of embryonal axis above is

Epicotyl terminates as plumule ( stem tip ) below is hypocotyl terminates as radicle ( root tip ) The root tip is

covered by a root cap

Monocotyledonous Embryo

has one cotyledon In grass it is called

scutellum lower end of it the embryonal axis has the radicle and root cap enclosed in an undifferentiated sheath coleorhiza

The portion of the embryonal axis above is epicotyl has a shoot apex

English Literature

The Darkling Thrush

The Darkling Thrush Line by Line Explanation-The landrsquos sharp features seemed to beThe centuryrsquos corpse outleantHis crypt cloudy canopyThe wind his death-lamentExplanation-Winter in the Northern Hemisphere is also the end of the year Here it becomes even more meaningful as the end of the year in this case also marks the end of the century This is why the century is personified as a corpse the harsh winter landscape defining its wasted body The lsquocloudy canopyrsquo or sky covers the centuryrsquos tomb and the sad wind becomes a song of death

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Differentiability Suppose f is a real function and c is a point in its domain The derivative of f at c is defined bylimhrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hProvided this limit exists Derivative of f at c is denoted by f (c) or ddx(f(x )) |prime c The function defined byf(x) = lim hrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hWherever the limit exists is defined to be the derivative of f The derivative of is defined by f(x) or ddx (x) or if y= f(x) then by y or dydxThe process of finding derivative of a function is called differentiation We also use the phrase differentiate f (x) with respect to x to mean find f (x)primeThe following rules were established as a part of algebra of derivatives(1) (u plusmn v) = u plusmn vprime prime prime(2) (uv) = u v + uv (Leibnitz or product rule)prime prime prime(3)(uv)= (uv-vu) v2 wherever v ne 0 (Quotient rule)The following table gives a list of derivatives of certain standard functions

f(x) xn Sin x Cos x tan x

f(x) nxn-1 cos x -sin x sec 2 x

Example Find derivative of the following functions i) x3 +3xii) 3 x7 +2 sin xSolution i) let f(x) = x3 +3xOr f(x)= ddx( x3 +3x) Or f(x) = 3x2 +3ii) Let f(x) = 3 x7 + 2 sin xOr f(x) = 37 x6 + 2 cos xOr f(x) = 21 x6 + 2cos x

History TOPIC- TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC NATIONAL MOVEMENTS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WARVIOLENT PUBLIC REACTION OF QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

Violent public reaction Besides repressive measures recourse was taken to machine gun and aerial firing This only increased the peoplersquos fury and led them more violent In some places like Midnapore in West Bengal Balia in UPeven parallel government was set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from many placesImpotant Storm Centres Of The Movement The revolt of 1942 or Quit India Movement revealed the Peoplersquos fighting spirit and their desparate longing for freedom Five important storm centres of movement embracing whole India

1 Question How did the public react towards the Quit India MovementAnswer The Quit India Movement became violent In many places like Satara in Maharashtra Midnapore in Bengal Balia in UP parallel governments were set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from the people of Bombay Bihar Gujrat Orissa Assam Bengal and Karnataka The working class went on strikes underground revolutionary activities also started under

Jayprakash Narayan Ramananda Mishra etc The most daring act was establishment of Congress Radio by underground rebels

2 Question Who was Usha MehtaAnswer Usha Mehta who was later known as Ushaben was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi She was a freedom fighter of India She helped to set up an underground radio station It was known as secret Congres Radio which led to the awakening the people in Nationalism during the Quit India Movement

3 Question Name two women who participated in the Quit India MovementAnswer Aruna Asaf Ali Sarojini Naidu

4 Question What were the important storm centres of Quit India MovementAnswer a) The district of Bhagalpur Hazaribagh Saranin Biharb) Benaras Gazipur Balia and Azamgarh

districts in UPC) Tamluk in Midnapur district in South Bengald)Balasore Koraput and Talcher in OrissaE) Nasik and Satara in Maharashtra

Business studies

Staff Recruitment chapter 3

Today we are going to start a new topic -Staff recruitmentEvery organisation requires well-qualified and motivated staff to functions effectivelyThuss to acquire effective staff recruitment selection training motivation etc is necessary

Questions1 Define staff

recruitment

Answer) Recruitment is a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the requirements of the staffing schedule and to employee effective measures for attracting that manpower inadequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of an efficient working course

2 Mention some characteristics of recruitmentAnswers) Some characteristics of recruitment are as

i) It is a process or a series of activities rather than a single act or event

ii) it is a linking activity as it brings together employer and prospective employees

iii) The basic purpose of recruitment is to locate the source of people required to meet in job requirements

iv) It is pervasive function as all organisations engage in recruiting activity But

itrsquosvolume and nature depends on the size and nature of business organisations

v) It is a two way process as it takes a recruiter and recruiting

Computer Science

Implementation of algorithms to solve problems

Problems Solutions and ToolsI have a problem I need to thank Aunt Kay for the birthday present she sent me I could send a thank you note through the mail I could call her on the telephone I could send her an email message I could drive to her house and thank her in person In fact there are many ways I could thank her but thats not the point The point is that I must decide how I want to solve the problem and use the appropriate tool to implement (carry out) my plan The postal service the telephone the internet and my automobile are tools that I can use but none of these actually solves my problem In a similar way a computer does not solve problems its just a tool that I can use to implement my plan for solving the problem

Knowing that Aunt Kay appreciates creative and unusual things I have decided to hire a singing messenger to deliver my thanks In this context the messenger is a tool but one that needs instructions from me I have to tell the messenger where Aunt Kay lives what time I would like the message to be delivered and what lyrics I want sung A computer program is similar to my instructions to the messenger

The story of Aunt Kay uses a familiar context to set the stage for a useful point of view concerning computers and computer programs The following list summarizes the key aspects of this point of view

A computer is a tool that can be used to implement a plan for solving a problem

A computer program is a set of instructions for a computer These instructions describe the steps that the computer must follow to implement a plan

An algorithm is a plan for solving a problem A person must design an algorithm A person must translate an algorithm into a computer program

This point of view sets the stage for a process that we will use to develop solutions to Jeroo problems The basic process is important because it can be used to solve a wide variety of problems including ones where the solution will be written in some other programming language

An Algorithm Development Process

Every problem solution starts with a plan That plan is called an algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem

There are many ways to write an algorithm Some are very informal some are quite formal and mathematical in nature and some are quite graphical The instructions for connecting a DVD player to a television are an algorithm A mathematical formula such as πR2 is a special case of an algorithm The form is not particularly important as long as it provides a good way to describe and check the logic of the planThe development of an algorithm (a plan) is a key step in solving a problem Once we have an algorithm we can translate it into a computer program in some programming language Our algorithm development process consists of five major

stepsStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemStep 2 Analyze the problemStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailStep 5 Review the algorithmStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemThis step is much more difficult than it appears In the following discussion the word client refers to someone who wants to find a solution to a problem and the word developer refers to someone who finds a way to solve the problem The developer must create an algorithm that will solve the clients problemThe client is responsible for creating a description of the problem but this is often the weakest part of the process Its quite common for a problem description to suffer from one or more of the following types of defects (1) the description relies on unstated assumptions (2) the description is ambiguous (3) the description is incomplete or (4) the description has internal contradictions These defects are seldom due to carelessness by the client Instead they are due to the fact that natural languages (English French Korean etc) are rather imprecise Part of the developers responsibility is to identify defects in the description of a problem and to work with the client to remedy those defectsStep 2 Analyze the problemThe purpose of this step is to determine both the starting and ending points for solving the problem This process is analogous to a mathematician determining what is given and what must be proven A good problem description makes it easier to perform this stepWhen determining the starting point we should start by seeking answers to the following questionsWhat data are availableWhere is that dataWhat formulas pertain to the problemWhat rules exist for working with the dataWhat relationships exist among the data valuesWhen determining the ending point we need to describe the characteristics of a solution In other words how will we know when were done Asking the following questions often helps to determine the ending pointWhat new facts will we haveWhat items will have changedWhat changes will have been made to those itemsWhat things will no longer existStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem but plans come in several levels of detail Its usually better to start with a high-level algorithm that includes the major part of a solution but leaves the details until later We can use an everyday example to demonstrate a high-level algorithmProblem I need a send a birthday card to my brother MarkAnalysis I dont have a card I prefer to buy a card rather than make one myselfHigh-level algorithmGo to a store that sells greeting cardsSelect a cardPurchase a cardMail the cardThis algorithm is satisfactory for daily use but it lacks details that would have to be added were a computer to carry out the solution These details include answers to questions such as the followingWhich store will I visitHow will I get there walk drive ride my bicycle take the busWhat kind of card does Mark like humorous sentimental risqueacute

These kinds of details are considered in the next step of our processStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailA high-level algorithm shows the major steps that need to be followed to solve a problem Now we need to add details to these steps but how much detail should we add Unfortunately the answer to this question depends on the situation We have to consider who (or what) is going to implement the algorithm and how much that person (or thing) already knows how to do If someone is going to purchase Marks birthday card on my behalf my instructions have to be adapted to whether or not that person is familiar with the stores in the community and how well the purchaser known my brothers taste in greeting cardsWhen our goal is to develop algorithms that will lead to computer programs we need to consider the capabilities of the computer and provide enough detail so that someone else could use our algorithm to write a computer program that follows the steps in our algorithm As with the birthday card problem we need to adjust the level of detail to match the ability of the programmer When in doubt or when you are learning it is better to have too much detail than to have too littleMost of our examples will move from a high-level to a detailed algorithm in a single step but this is not always reasonable For larger more complex problems it is common to go through this process several times developing intermediate level algorithms as we go Each time we add more detail to the previous algorithm stopping when we see no benefit to further refinement This technique of gradually working from a high-level to a detailed algorithm is often called stepwise refinementStepwise refinement is a process for developing a detailed algorithm by gradually adding detail to a high-level algorithmStep 5 Review the algorithmThe final step is to review the algorithm What are we looking for First we need to work through the algorithm step by step to determine whether or not it will solve the original problem Once we are satisfied that the algorithm does provide a solution to the problem we start to look for other things The following questions are typical of ones that should be asked whenever we review an algorithm Asking these questions and seeking their answers is a good way to develop skills that can be applied to the next problemDoes this algorithm solve a very specific problem or does it solve a more general problem If it solves a very specific problem should it be generalizedFor example an algorithm that computes the area of a circle having radius 52 meters (formula π522) solves a very specific problem but an algorithm that computes the area of any circle (formula πR2) solves a more general problemCan this algorithm be simplifiedOne formula for computing the perimeter of a rectangle islength + width + length + widthA simpler formula would be20 (length + width)Is this solution similar to the solution to another problem How are they alike How are they differentFor example consider the following two formulaeRectangle area = length widthTriangle area = 05 base heightSimilarities Each computes an area Each multiplies two measurementsDifferences Different measurements are used The triangle formula contains 05Hypothesis Perhaps every area formula involves multiplying two measurements

Ac-12 29420 topic Sums of Admission of a partner

Question

Ashu and Pankaj are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 their Balance sheet on March 31 2014 was as follows

Balance Sheet of Ashu and Pankaj as at March 312014

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount

Creditors 38000 Cash in hand 15000 Bills Payable 40000 Cash at Bank 62000 Salaries outstanding 5000 Debtors 58000 Profit amp Loss 40000 Stock 85000 Capitals Machinery 145000 Ashu 150000 Goodwill 38000 Pankaj 130000 280000

403000 403000

They admitted Gurdeep into partnership on the following terms on March 31 2014(a)New profit sharing ratio is agreed as 3 2 l

(b) He will bring in 1 00000 as his share of capital and ` 30000 as his share of goodwill(c) Machinery is appreciated by 10(d) Stock is valued at ` 87000(e) Creditors are unrecorded to the extent of ` 6000(f) A provision for doubtful debts is to be created by 4 on debtorsPrepare Revaluation account Capital Accounts Bank account and Balance Sheet of the new firm after admission of Gurdeep

ECO ndash12 2942020Topic- ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

FACTORS AFFECTING PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

As discussed earlier in case of some goods responsiveness of quantity demanded to the change in price is more than some other goods For example a very small change in price of luxury goods may affect their demand to a considerable extent but a large change in price of salt may not affect its demand This means price elasticity of demand is different for different goods Following factors may affect the price elasticity of demand for a good

(i) Availability of close substitutes Demand for a commodity which has large number of substitutes is usually more elastic than those commodities which have no substitutes For example coke Pepsi limca etc are good substitutes Even a small rise in price of coke will induce the buyers to go for its substitutes On the other hand demand for electricity will be less elastic because it has no close substitutes

(ii) Nature of the Commodity Demand for necessities like medicines food grains is less elastic because we have to consume them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be But demand for comforts and luxuries like refrigerators

air conditioners etc is more elastic because their consumption may be postponed for future if their price rises

(iii) Share in Total Expenditure Greater the proportion of income spent on the commodity more is the elasticity of demand for it Demand for a commodity is inelastic if proportion of income spent on that commodity is very small

(iv)Level of Price Demand for a commodity at higher level of price (like air conditioners cars etc) is generally more elastic than for a commodity at lower level of price (like match box pencils etc)

(v) Level of Income Demand for a commodity is generally less elastic for higher income level groups in comparison to people with low incomes For example

• Subatomic Particles
• • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • • Atomic Structure of Isotopes
    • Isotopes of Some Elements
    • Hydrogen
    • • Carbon
      • Oxygen
      • • Rutherford Atomic Theory
        • • Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom
          • Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model
          • • Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Now let us discuss the term lsquoMarketrsquoA market is a place or locality where goods and services are bought and sold market is more than a geographical area or lsquoMandirsquo where gods are bought and sold

We can also say that a market is a mechanism by which buyers and sellers interact to determine the price and quantity of a good or service

NoteA market can be regionalnational or international

complex set of activities by which potential buyers and potential sellers are brought in close contact for the purchase and sale a commodity

BUSINESS STUDIES

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Today let us recall the steps in setting up an enterprise and discuss the steps in details one by one

A promoter or entrepreneur who wants to establish a new business enterprise has to take the following decisions

1Selecting the line of business-the first procedural decisions involved in setting up a new enterprise is to select the nature and type of business2 Deciding size of the unit-Determination of the size of the firm or scale of operations is an important decision in the establishment of a new enterprise3Choosing the form of ownership- the choice of the form of the ownership determines the division of profits authority and liability of onwer9s)continuity of business transferability of interest etc4 Locating the appropriate site-The location of a business firm is an important decision as it influences the costs profitability and growth of the enterprise5Financing the proposition-Proper planning and control of the finances is essential to success in business Adequate funds must be provided at the right time for the start and continuity6 Provision of physical facilities- An important decision in launching an new enterprise is the selection of machine equipments plant buildings and other physical facilities7 Plant layout-After selecting the machinery and equipment it is necessary to arrange them in an efficient manner8 Internal organization- Another important managerial decision in the establishment of a new enterprise is the creation and development of an internal structure9 Acquiring the required human resources-

Questions1lsquoA series of activities are required to launch an enterprisersquo- Discuss in briefAnswerThe completion of physicalorganizational and financial aspects leads ultimately to the actual launching of the enterprise Acquisition of required materials machinery money workers and managerial ability start of production and advertising of products etc are functions performed at this stage

2rsquoEntrepreneur is the personentrepreneurship is the process and enterprise is the outcome of this processrsquo- explain

AnswerEntrepreneurship is different from entrepreneur and enterpriseAn entrepreneur is the person who starts an enterpriseThe process of creating an enterprise is called entrepreneurshipThe outcome of this process is enterpriseAn enterprise means the business organization formed to provide goods and services to consumersjobs to employees and to add countryrsquos national incomeThusentrepreneur precedes entrepreneurshipThere is an interrelationship between entrepreneurentrepreneurship and

the next step is to estimate the needs of people or employees to perform different jobs in the internal organization structure

10 Compliance with statutory requirements-The new venture must comply with all the prescribed statutory conditions such as registration licensing listing on one or more recognized stock exchange constitution of the board of directors filing the prescribed documents obtaining no objection certificate from the pollution control boardetc11 Launching the enterprise- The completion of physical organizational and financial aspects leads ultimately to the actual launching of the enterprise

enterprise

COMMERCE

NATURE AND OBJECTIVES OF BUSINESS

REVISONToday before going to a new chapter let us revise the chapter lsquoNATURE AND OBJECTIVES OF BUSINESSrsquo by discussing the questions already discussed in the earlier classes

1 What do you mean by businessAnswerBusiness-It includes all those economic activities which are concerned with production and exchange of goods and services with the object of earning profit Example A factory shop beauty parlour also business enterprises

2 Discuss the salient features of businessAnswer The salient features of business are

a Creation of utilities-Business makes goods more useful to satisfy human wants

b Dealings in goods and services-Every business enterprise produces and buys goods and services for selling them to others

c Continuity in dealings-Dealings in goods and services become business only if undertaken on a regular basis

d Saletransfer or exchange-All business activities involve transfer or exchange of goods and services forsome price or money

e Profit motive-The primary aim of business is to earn profit

3 Explain the need and

functions of businessAnswer Business is needed due to the following reasons

To remove poverty-The economic development of a country depends upon the growth of business

To generate employment-Business offers employment to millions of people

To improve standard of living-Business helps to increase the purchasing power of people

To earn foreign exchange-As we know that a country cannot produce everything due to which imports the products and through this foreign currency is required similarly business helps to earn foreign currency through exports

To promote social welfare-Business can enrich human life and establish a better society

History TOPIC ndash EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMYSUB TOPIC- Development of the means of transport and communication

Development of the Means of Transport and Communication Means of transport refers to the ways and modes of which people and commodities are moved from one place to another Means of communication refers to the ways in which news and messages get transmitted from one place to another The modern means of transport and communication were backward The East India Company was busy for the expansion of territories trade They neglected the transport and communication system of IndiaWith the growth of Industrial Revolution the need was felt by the British Government for the development and of transport and communication of India because the British needed the Indian market for the surplus British goods produced in British industry They also needed to bring raw materials like Jute cotton etc to the port to export to EnglandThe British capitalists were agreed to invest in India but they demanded that the Court of

1 Question Why did the merchants feel the need of transport and good communicationAnswer With the growth of Industrial Revolution in England the British merchants needed the Indian market to sale the surplus machine made goods and to bring the raw materials like Jute Cotton saltpeter etc To the port for export

2 Question Which factors prompted the Company to start steamer services between Calcutta and AssamAnswer Assam was

Directors of the East India Company had to assure them guarantee against possible loseThirdly the British needed to develop transport and communication for their administrative purpose - Quick movement of troops to keep link between different headquarters of the British government Lord Dalhousie was the father of Indian RailwaysLord William Bentinck had taken initiatives to build trunk road between Calcutta and UP and river transport between Calcutta and AssamLord Dalhousie founded the central PWD for improvement road building activities

the lucrative field of plantation industry Transport of tea from Calcutta to Assam would be easier through riverine routes of East Bengal That is why Lord Bentinck gave importance for importance of river transport from Calcutta to Assam

3 Question What do you know about PWD introduced by the British GovernmentAnswer PWD stands for Public Works Department It was founded by Lord Dalhousie through which roads railways bridges irrigation and other public utility works were undertaken

4 Question Who was known as the Father of Indian Railways Answer Lord Dalhousie was known as the father of Indian Railways

Computer Science

ASCII ISCII and UNICODE

ASCII Code Pronounced ask-ee ASCII is the acronym for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange It is a code for representing 128 English characters as numbers with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127 For example the ASCII code for uppercase M is 77 Most computers use ASCII codes to represent text which makes it possible to transfer data from one computer to another The standard ASCII character set uses just 7 bits for each character There are several larger character sets that use 8 bits which gives them 128 additional characters The extra characters are used to represent non-English characters graphics symbols and mathematical symbols

ISCII CodeIndian Script Code for Information Interchange (ISCII) is a coding scheme for representing various writing systems of India It encodes the main Indic scripts and a Roman transliteration The supported scripts are Assamese Bengali (Bangla) Devanagari Gujarati Gurmukhi Kannada Malayalam Oriya Tamiland Telugu ISCII does not encode the writing systems of India based on Persian but its writing system switching codes nonetheless provide for Kashmiri Sindhi Urdu Persian Pashto and Arabic The Persian-based writing systems were subsequently encoded in the PASCII encoding ISCII has not been widely used outside certain government institutions and has now been rendered largely obsolete by Unicode Unicode uses a separate block for each Indic writing

system and largely preserves the ISCII layout within each block

UNiCODEUnicode is a universal character encoding standard It defines the way individual characters are represented in text files web pages and other types of documents Unlike ASCII which was designed to represent only basic English characters Unicode was designed to support characters from all languages around the world The standard ASCII character set only supports 128 characters while Unicode can support roughly 1000000 characters While ASCII only uses one byte to represent each character Unicode supports up to 4 bytes for each character There are several different types of Unicode encodings though UTF-8 and UTF-16 are the most common UTF-8 has become the standard character encoding used on the Web and is also the default encoding used by many software programs While UTF-8 supports up to four bytes per character it would be inefficient to use four bytes to represent frequently used characters Therefore UTF-8 uses only one byte to represent common English characters European (Latin) Hebrew and Arabic characters are represented with two bytes while three bytes are used to Chinese Japanese Korean and other Asian characters Additional Unicode characters can be represented with four bytes

Subject ndashAccountsTopic- Cash BookQuestionFrom the following transactions of Mr Singh of Kolkata prepare single column cash book for the month of March 20202020Mar1Mar2Mar3Mar3Mar4Mar4

Mar9Mar20Mar21Mar28Mar29Mar30

Cash in HandCash salesDeposited cash into BankIssued Cheque to a creditor Rs 49900 after deducting Cash Discount of Rs 3100Wages paid in cash Cash Sales of Rs 180000 Out of which Rs 100000 was deposited into Bank on March 7Paid cash Rs 4500 to Transport Corporation of India(TCI)Paid cash for window cleaning servicePurchased Goods on credit from UampCoPaid cash to Sharpa creditor after deducting discount Rs 500Paid Electricity Bill in CashCash collected from Mahesh(Debtor) Rs 45000 after allowing discount of Rs 2500

Rs25000

220000200000

22500

200015000

95009000

SolutionIn the books of Mr Singh

Dr Cash Book CrDate Particulars LF Rs Date Particulars L

FRs

2020Mar1Mar2

Mar4

Mar30

To Balance bdTo sales Ac(Being goods sold)To sales Ac(Being goods sold)To Mahesh Ac(Being cash collected)

25000220000

180000

45000

2020Mar3

Mar4

Mar7

Mar9

By Bank Ac(Being cash deposited)By Wages Ac(Being wages paid)By Bank Ac(Being cash deposited out of sales made on 4th March)By Freight Ac(Being paid to TCI)

200000

22500

100000

4500

Apr1To Balance bd

_______470000

122500

Mar20

Mar28

Mar29

Mar30

By Office Expenses Ac(Being paid window cleaning service)By Sharp Ac(Being paid to creditor)By Electricity ExpensesAc(Being paid electricity bill)By Balance cd

2000

9500

9000

122500470000

Note 1) March 3 discount entry will be not recorded in single column cash book 2) March 21 entry transaction will not be recorded since it is credit transaction No credit transactions are recorded in cash book

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

COMMERCE

CAPITAL-FIXED AND WORKING

ldquoWORKING CAPITALrsquorsquo

Now let us start with the meaning and concept of WORKING CAPITAL

The capital invested in current or working assets such as stock of material and finished goods accounts receivable bills receivable short term securities and cash or bank balance for meeting day- to- day expenses is known as working capital or current capital It represents investment for a short period and changes its form from time to time therefore it is also known as circulating capital

Now let us discuss gross working capital

Gross working capital means the amount invested in current assets such as cash in hand cash at bank accounts receivable bills receivable stock etc

Thus Gross working capital= Current assets

Net working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilitiesThus Net working capital = Current assets ndash Current liabilities

Now us discuss the variable working capitalVariable working capital is the amount which is required to meet seasonal demand and special exigencies

1What is working capitalAnswerThe capital invested in current or working assets such as stock of material and finished goods accounts receivable bills receivable short term securities and cash or bank balance for meeting day- to- day expenses is known as working capital or current capital It represents investment for a short period and changes its form from time to time therefore it is also known as circulating capital

2What is gross working capitalAnswerGross working capital means the amount invested in current assets such as cash in hand cash at bank accounts receivable bills receivable stock etcThus gross working capital= current assets

It consists of seasonal working capital and special working capitalThe later is needed to meet special exigencies such as investment in inventory during recession launching a special marketing campaign etc

3 What is net working capitalAnswerNet working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities

Thus Net working capital = Current assets ndash Current liabilities

4 What is variable working capitalAnswerVariable working capital is the amount which is required to meet seasonal demand and special exigencies It consists of seasonal working capital and special working capital The later is needed to meet special exigencies such as investment in inventory during recession launching a special marketing campaign etc

Physics Chapter 3 Gauss Theorem

ExecutionWhat is Gauss Law

According to the Gauss law the total flux linked with a closed surface is 1ε0 times the charge enclosed by the closed surface

Φ = ∮Eds=qϵ

For example A point charge q is placed inside a cube of edge lsquoarsquo Now as per the Gauss law the flux through each face of the cube is q6ε0

The electric field is the basic concept to know about electricity Generally the electric field of the surface is calculated by applying Coulombrsquos law but to calculate the electric field distribution in a closed surface we need to understand the concept of Gauss law It explains about the electric charge enclosed in a closed or the electric charge present in the enclosed closed surface

Gauss Law Formula

As per the Gauss theorem the total charge enclosed in a closed surface is proportional to the total flux enclosed by the surface Therefore If ϕ is total flux and ϵ0 is electric constant the total electric charge Q enclosed by the surface is

Q = ϕ ϵ0

The Gauss law formula is expressed by

ϕ = Qϵ0

Where

Q = total charge within the given surface

ε0 = the electric constant

rArr Also Read Equipotential Surface

The Gauss theorem statement also gives an important corollary

The electric flux from any closed surface is only due to the sources (positive charges) and sinks (negative charges) of electric fields enclosed by the surface Any charges outside the surface do not contribute to the electric flux Also only electric charges can act as sources or sinks of electric fields Changing magnetic fields for example cannot act as sources or sinks of electric fields

Biology Chapter - 02Reproduction in Flowering plants

Today we will discuss about post fertilization events1 Endosperm and embryo development2 Maturation of ovule(s) into seed(s)3 Maturation of ovary into fruits

Q6 Describe endosperm and embryo development The primary endosperm

cell divides repeatedlyto form a triploid endosperm tissue filled with reserve food materials which provides the nutrition for the developing embryo bull Later the cell wall formation occurs and the endosperm becomes cellularbull Endosperm may either be completely consumed by the developing embryo as seen in pea ground nut beans etc before seedmaturation or it may persist in the mature seed as seen in castor and coconut and be used up during seed germination

Embryo Embryo develops at the micropylar end of the embryo sac where the zygote is situated

The early stages of embryo development embryogeny are similarin both monocotyledon and dicotyledon The zygote gives rise

to the proembryo and then to globular heart shaped and mature embryo

Dicotyledonous Embryo

It has an embryonal axis and two cotyledons

The portion of embryonal axis above is

Epicotyl terminates as plumule ( stem tip ) below is hypocotyl terminates as radicle ( root tip ) The root tip is

covered by a root cap

Monocotyledonous Embryo

has one cotyledon In grass it is called

scutellum lower end of it the embryonal axis has the radicle and root cap enclosed in an undifferentiated sheath coleorhiza

The portion of the embryonal axis above is epicotyl has a shoot apex

English Literature

The Darkling Thrush

The Darkling Thrush Line by Line Explanation-The landrsquos sharp features seemed to beThe centuryrsquos corpse outleantHis crypt cloudy canopyThe wind his death-lamentExplanation-Winter in the Northern Hemisphere is also the end of the year Here it becomes even more meaningful as the end of the year in this case also marks the end of the century This is why the century is personified as a corpse the harsh winter landscape defining its wasted body The lsquocloudy canopyrsquo or sky covers the centuryrsquos tomb and the sad wind becomes a song of death

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Differentiability Suppose f is a real function and c is a point in its domain The derivative of f at c is defined bylimhrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hProvided this limit exists Derivative of f at c is denoted by f (c) or ddx(f(x )) |prime c The function defined byf(x) = lim hrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hWherever the limit exists is defined to be the derivative of f The derivative of is defined by f(x) or ddx (x) or if y= f(x) then by y or dydxThe process of finding derivative of a function is called differentiation We also use the phrase differentiate f (x) with respect to x to mean find f (x)primeThe following rules were established as a part of algebra of derivatives(1) (u plusmn v) = u plusmn vprime prime prime(2) (uv) = u v + uv (Leibnitz or product rule)prime prime prime(3)(uv)= (uv-vu) v2 wherever v ne 0 (Quotient rule)The following table gives a list of derivatives of certain standard functions

f(x) xn Sin x Cos x tan x

f(x) nxn-1 cos x -sin x sec 2 x

Example Find derivative of the following functions i) x3 +3xii) 3 x7 +2 sin xSolution i) let f(x) = x3 +3xOr f(x)= ddx( x3 +3x) Or f(x) = 3x2 +3ii) Let f(x) = 3 x7 + 2 sin xOr f(x) = 37 x6 + 2 cos xOr f(x) = 21 x6 + 2cos x

History TOPIC- TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC NATIONAL MOVEMENTS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WARVIOLENT PUBLIC REACTION OF QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

Violent public reaction Besides repressive measures recourse was taken to machine gun and aerial firing This only increased the peoplersquos fury and led them more violent In some places like Midnapore in West Bengal Balia in UPeven parallel government was set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from many placesImpotant Storm Centres Of The Movement The revolt of 1942 or Quit India Movement revealed the Peoplersquos fighting spirit and their desparate longing for freedom Five important storm centres of movement embracing whole India

1 Question How did the public react towards the Quit India MovementAnswer The Quit India Movement became violent In many places like Satara in Maharashtra Midnapore in Bengal Balia in UP parallel governments were set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from the people of Bombay Bihar Gujrat Orissa Assam Bengal and Karnataka The working class went on strikes underground revolutionary activities also started under

Jayprakash Narayan Ramananda Mishra etc The most daring act was establishment of Congress Radio by underground rebels

2 Question Who was Usha MehtaAnswer Usha Mehta who was later known as Ushaben was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi She was a freedom fighter of India She helped to set up an underground radio station It was known as secret Congres Radio which led to the awakening the people in Nationalism during the Quit India Movement

3 Question Name two women who participated in the Quit India MovementAnswer Aruna Asaf Ali Sarojini Naidu

4 Question What were the important storm centres of Quit India MovementAnswer a) The district of Bhagalpur Hazaribagh Saranin Biharb) Benaras Gazipur Balia and Azamgarh

districts in UPC) Tamluk in Midnapur district in South Bengald)Balasore Koraput and Talcher in OrissaE) Nasik and Satara in Maharashtra

Business studies

Staff Recruitment chapter 3

Today we are going to start a new topic -Staff recruitmentEvery organisation requires well-qualified and motivated staff to functions effectivelyThuss to acquire effective staff recruitment selection training motivation etc is necessary

Questions1 Define staff

recruitment

Answer) Recruitment is a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the requirements of the staffing schedule and to employee effective measures for attracting that manpower inadequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of an efficient working course

2 Mention some characteristics of recruitmentAnswers) Some characteristics of recruitment are as

i) It is a process or a series of activities rather than a single act or event

ii) it is a linking activity as it brings together employer and prospective employees

iii) The basic purpose of recruitment is to locate the source of people required to meet in job requirements

iv) It is pervasive function as all organisations engage in recruiting activity But

itrsquosvolume and nature depends on the size and nature of business organisations

v) It is a two way process as it takes a recruiter and recruiting

Computer Science

Implementation of algorithms to solve problems

Problems Solutions and ToolsI have a problem I need to thank Aunt Kay for the birthday present she sent me I could send a thank you note through the mail I could call her on the telephone I could send her an email message I could drive to her house and thank her in person In fact there are many ways I could thank her but thats not the point The point is that I must decide how I want to solve the problem and use the appropriate tool to implement (carry out) my plan The postal service the telephone the internet and my automobile are tools that I can use but none of these actually solves my problem In a similar way a computer does not solve problems its just a tool that I can use to implement my plan for solving the problem

Knowing that Aunt Kay appreciates creative and unusual things I have decided to hire a singing messenger to deliver my thanks In this context the messenger is a tool but one that needs instructions from me I have to tell the messenger where Aunt Kay lives what time I would like the message to be delivered and what lyrics I want sung A computer program is similar to my instructions to the messenger

The story of Aunt Kay uses a familiar context to set the stage for a useful point of view concerning computers and computer programs The following list summarizes the key aspects of this point of view

A computer is a tool that can be used to implement a plan for solving a problem

A computer program is a set of instructions for a computer These instructions describe the steps that the computer must follow to implement a plan

An algorithm is a plan for solving a problem A person must design an algorithm A person must translate an algorithm into a computer program

This point of view sets the stage for a process that we will use to develop solutions to Jeroo problems The basic process is important because it can be used to solve a wide variety of problems including ones where the solution will be written in some other programming language

An Algorithm Development Process

Every problem solution starts with a plan That plan is called an algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem

There are many ways to write an algorithm Some are very informal some are quite formal and mathematical in nature and some are quite graphical The instructions for connecting a DVD player to a television are an algorithm A mathematical formula such as πR2 is a special case of an algorithm The form is not particularly important as long as it provides a good way to describe and check the logic of the planThe development of an algorithm (a plan) is a key step in solving a problem Once we have an algorithm we can translate it into a computer program in some programming language Our algorithm development process consists of five major

stepsStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemStep 2 Analyze the problemStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailStep 5 Review the algorithmStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemThis step is much more difficult than it appears In the following discussion the word client refers to someone who wants to find a solution to a problem and the word developer refers to someone who finds a way to solve the problem The developer must create an algorithm that will solve the clients problemThe client is responsible for creating a description of the problem but this is often the weakest part of the process Its quite common for a problem description to suffer from one or more of the following types of defects (1) the description relies on unstated assumptions (2) the description is ambiguous (3) the description is incomplete or (4) the description has internal contradictions These defects are seldom due to carelessness by the client Instead they are due to the fact that natural languages (English French Korean etc) are rather imprecise Part of the developers responsibility is to identify defects in the description of a problem and to work with the client to remedy those defectsStep 2 Analyze the problemThe purpose of this step is to determine both the starting and ending points for solving the problem This process is analogous to a mathematician determining what is given and what must be proven A good problem description makes it easier to perform this stepWhen determining the starting point we should start by seeking answers to the following questionsWhat data are availableWhere is that dataWhat formulas pertain to the problemWhat rules exist for working with the dataWhat relationships exist among the data valuesWhen determining the ending point we need to describe the characteristics of a solution In other words how will we know when were done Asking the following questions often helps to determine the ending pointWhat new facts will we haveWhat items will have changedWhat changes will have been made to those itemsWhat things will no longer existStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem but plans come in several levels of detail Its usually better to start with a high-level algorithm that includes the major part of a solution but leaves the details until later We can use an everyday example to demonstrate a high-level algorithmProblem I need a send a birthday card to my brother MarkAnalysis I dont have a card I prefer to buy a card rather than make one myselfHigh-level algorithmGo to a store that sells greeting cardsSelect a cardPurchase a cardMail the cardThis algorithm is satisfactory for daily use but it lacks details that would have to be added were a computer to carry out the solution These details include answers to questions such as the followingWhich store will I visitHow will I get there walk drive ride my bicycle take the busWhat kind of card does Mark like humorous sentimental risqueacute

These kinds of details are considered in the next step of our processStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailA high-level algorithm shows the major steps that need to be followed to solve a problem Now we need to add details to these steps but how much detail should we add Unfortunately the answer to this question depends on the situation We have to consider who (or what) is going to implement the algorithm and how much that person (or thing) already knows how to do If someone is going to purchase Marks birthday card on my behalf my instructions have to be adapted to whether or not that person is familiar with the stores in the community and how well the purchaser known my brothers taste in greeting cardsWhen our goal is to develop algorithms that will lead to computer programs we need to consider the capabilities of the computer and provide enough detail so that someone else could use our algorithm to write a computer program that follows the steps in our algorithm As with the birthday card problem we need to adjust the level of detail to match the ability of the programmer When in doubt or when you are learning it is better to have too much detail than to have too littleMost of our examples will move from a high-level to a detailed algorithm in a single step but this is not always reasonable For larger more complex problems it is common to go through this process several times developing intermediate level algorithms as we go Each time we add more detail to the previous algorithm stopping when we see no benefit to further refinement This technique of gradually working from a high-level to a detailed algorithm is often called stepwise refinementStepwise refinement is a process for developing a detailed algorithm by gradually adding detail to a high-level algorithmStep 5 Review the algorithmThe final step is to review the algorithm What are we looking for First we need to work through the algorithm step by step to determine whether or not it will solve the original problem Once we are satisfied that the algorithm does provide a solution to the problem we start to look for other things The following questions are typical of ones that should be asked whenever we review an algorithm Asking these questions and seeking their answers is a good way to develop skills that can be applied to the next problemDoes this algorithm solve a very specific problem or does it solve a more general problem If it solves a very specific problem should it be generalizedFor example an algorithm that computes the area of a circle having radius 52 meters (formula π522) solves a very specific problem but an algorithm that computes the area of any circle (formula πR2) solves a more general problemCan this algorithm be simplifiedOne formula for computing the perimeter of a rectangle islength + width + length + widthA simpler formula would be20 (length + width)Is this solution similar to the solution to another problem How are they alike How are they differentFor example consider the following two formulaeRectangle area = length widthTriangle area = 05 base heightSimilarities Each computes an area Each multiplies two measurementsDifferences Different measurements are used The triangle formula contains 05Hypothesis Perhaps every area formula involves multiplying two measurements

Ac-12 29420 topic Sums of Admission of a partner

Question

Ashu and Pankaj are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 their Balance sheet on March 31 2014 was as follows

Balance Sheet of Ashu and Pankaj as at March 312014

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount

Creditors 38000 Cash in hand 15000 Bills Payable 40000 Cash at Bank 62000 Salaries outstanding 5000 Debtors 58000 Profit amp Loss 40000 Stock 85000 Capitals Machinery 145000 Ashu 150000 Goodwill 38000 Pankaj 130000 280000

403000 403000

They admitted Gurdeep into partnership on the following terms on March 31 2014(a)New profit sharing ratio is agreed as 3 2 l

(b) He will bring in 1 00000 as his share of capital and ` 30000 as his share of goodwill(c) Machinery is appreciated by 10(d) Stock is valued at ` 87000(e) Creditors are unrecorded to the extent of ` 6000(f) A provision for doubtful debts is to be created by 4 on debtorsPrepare Revaluation account Capital Accounts Bank account and Balance Sheet of the new firm after admission of Gurdeep

ECO ndash12 2942020Topic- ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

FACTORS AFFECTING PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

As discussed earlier in case of some goods responsiveness of quantity demanded to the change in price is more than some other goods For example a very small change in price of luxury goods may affect their demand to a considerable extent but a large change in price of salt may not affect its demand This means price elasticity of demand is different for different goods Following factors may affect the price elasticity of demand for a good

(i) Availability of close substitutes Demand for a commodity which has large number of substitutes is usually more elastic than those commodities which have no substitutes For example coke Pepsi limca etc are good substitutes Even a small rise in price of coke will induce the buyers to go for its substitutes On the other hand demand for electricity will be less elastic because it has no close substitutes

(ii) Nature of the Commodity Demand for necessities like medicines food grains is less elastic because we have to consume them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be But demand for comforts and luxuries like refrigerators

air conditioners etc is more elastic because their consumption may be postponed for future if their price rises

(iii) Share in Total Expenditure Greater the proportion of income spent on the commodity more is the elasticity of demand for it Demand for a commodity is inelastic if proportion of income spent on that commodity is very small

(iv)Level of Price Demand for a commodity at higher level of price (like air conditioners cars etc) is generally more elastic than for a commodity at lower level of price (like match box pencils etc)

(v) Level of Income Demand for a commodity is generally less elastic for higher income level groups in comparison to people with low incomes For example

• Subatomic Particles
• • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • • Atomic Structure of Isotopes
    • Isotopes of Some Elements
    • Hydrogen
    • • Carbon
      • Oxygen
      • • Rutherford Atomic Theory
        • • Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom
          • Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model
          • • Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

the next step is to estimate the needs of people or employees to perform different jobs in the internal organization structure

10 Compliance with statutory requirements-The new venture must comply with all the prescribed statutory conditions such as registration licensing listing on one or more recognized stock exchange constitution of the board of directors filing the prescribed documents obtaining no objection certificate from the pollution control boardetc11 Launching the enterprise- The completion of physical organizational and financial aspects leads ultimately to the actual launching of the enterprise

enterprise

COMMERCE

NATURE AND OBJECTIVES OF BUSINESS

REVISONToday before going to a new chapter let us revise the chapter lsquoNATURE AND OBJECTIVES OF BUSINESSrsquo by discussing the questions already discussed in the earlier classes

1 What do you mean by businessAnswerBusiness-It includes all those economic activities which are concerned with production and exchange of goods and services with the object of earning profit Example A factory shop beauty parlour also business enterprises

2 Discuss the salient features of businessAnswer The salient features of business are

a Creation of utilities-Business makes goods more useful to satisfy human wants

b Dealings in goods and services-Every business enterprise produces and buys goods and services for selling them to others

c Continuity in dealings-Dealings in goods and services become business only if undertaken on a regular basis

d Saletransfer or exchange-All business activities involve transfer or exchange of goods and services forsome price or money

e Profit motive-The primary aim of business is to earn profit

3 Explain the need and

functions of businessAnswer Business is needed due to the following reasons

To remove poverty-The economic development of a country depends upon the growth of business

To generate employment-Business offers employment to millions of people

To improve standard of living-Business helps to increase the purchasing power of people

To earn foreign exchange-As we know that a country cannot produce everything due to which imports the products and through this foreign currency is required similarly business helps to earn foreign currency through exports

To promote social welfare-Business can enrich human life and establish a better society

History TOPIC ndash EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMYSUB TOPIC- Development of the means of transport and communication

Development of the Means of Transport and Communication Means of transport refers to the ways and modes of which people and commodities are moved from one place to another Means of communication refers to the ways in which news and messages get transmitted from one place to another The modern means of transport and communication were backward The East India Company was busy for the expansion of territories trade They neglected the transport and communication system of IndiaWith the growth of Industrial Revolution the need was felt by the British Government for the development and of transport and communication of India because the British needed the Indian market for the surplus British goods produced in British industry They also needed to bring raw materials like Jute cotton etc to the port to export to EnglandThe British capitalists were agreed to invest in India but they demanded that the Court of

1 Question Why did the merchants feel the need of transport and good communicationAnswer With the growth of Industrial Revolution in England the British merchants needed the Indian market to sale the surplus machine made goods and to bring the raw materials like Jute Cotton saltpeter etc To the port for export

2 Question Which factors prompted the Company to start steamer services between Calcutta and AssamAnswer Assam was

Directors of the East India Company had to assure them guarantee against possible loseThirdly the British needed to develop transport and communication for their administrative purpose - Quick movement of troops to keep link between different headquarters of the British government Lord Dalhousie was the father of Indian RailwaysLord William Bentinck had taken initiatives to build trunk road between Calcutta and UP and river transport between Calcutta and AssamLord Dalhousie founded the central PWD for improvement road building activities

the lucrative field of plantation industry Transport of tea from Calcutta to Assam would be easier through riverine routes of East Bengal That is why Lord Bentinck gave importance for importance of river transport from Calcutta to Assam

3 Question What do you know about PWD introduced by the British GovernmentAnswer PWD stands for Public Works Department It was founded by Lord Dalhousie through which roads railways bridges irrigation and other public utility works were undertaken

4 Question Who was known as the Father of Indian Railways Answer Lord Dalhousie was known as the father of Indian Railways

Computer Science

ASCII ISCII and UNICODE

ASCII Code Pronounced ask-ee ASCII is the acronym for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange It is a code for representing 128 English characters as numbers with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127 For example the ASCII code for uppercase M is 77 Most computers use ASCII codes to represent text which makes it possible to transfer data from one computer to another The standard ASCII character set uses just 7 bits for each character There are several larger character sets that use 8 bits which gives them 128 additional characters The extra characters are used to represent non-English characters graphics symbols and mathematical symbols

ISCII CodeIndian Script Code for Information Interchange (ISCII) is a coding scheme for representing various writing systems of India It encodes the main Indic scripts and a Roman transliteration The supported scripts are Assamese Bengali (Bangla) Devanagari Gujarati Gurmukhi Kannada Malayalam Oriya Tamiland Telugu ISCII does not encode the writing systems of India based on Persian but its writing system switching codes nonetheless provide for Kashmiri Sindhi Urdu Persian Pashto and Arabic The Persian-based writing systems were subsequently encoded in the PASCII encoding ISCII has not been widely used outside certain government institutions and has now been rendered largely obsolete by Unicode Unicode uses a separate block for each Indic writing

system and largely preserves the ISCII layout within each block

UNiCODEUnicode is a universal character encoding standard It defines the way individual characters are represented in text files web pages and other types of documents Unlike ASCII which was designed to represent only basic English characters Unicode was designed to support characters from all languages around the world The standard ASCII character set only supports 128 characters while Unicode can support roughly 1000000 characters While ASCII only uses one byte to represent each character Unicode supports up to 4 bytes for each character There are several different types of Unicode encodings though UTF-8 and UTF-16 are the most common UTF-8 has become the standard character encoding used on the Web and is also the default encoding used by many software programs While UTF-8 supports up to four bytes per character it would be inefficient to use four bytes to represent frequently used characters Therefore UTF-8 uses only one byte to represent common English characters European (Latin) Hebrew and Arabic characters are represented with two bytes while three bytes are used to Chinese Japanese Korean and other Asian characters Additional Unicode characters can be represented with four bytes

Subject ndashAccountsTopic- Cash BookQuestionFrom the following transactions of Mr Singh of Kolkata prepare single column cash book for the month of March 20202020Mar1Mar2Mar3Mar3Mar4Mar4

Mar9Mar20Mar21Mar28Mar29Mar30

Cash in HandCash salesDeposited cash into BankIssued Cheque to a creditor Rs 49900 after deducting Cash Discount of Rs 3100Wages paid in cash Cash Sales of Rs 180000 Out of which Rs 100000 was deposited into Bank on March 7Paid cash Rs 4500 to Transport Corporation of India(TCI)Paid cash for window cleaning servicePurchased Goods on credit from UampCoPaid cash to Sharpa creditor after deducting discount Rs 500Paid Electricity Bill in CashCash collected from Mahesh(Debtor) Rs 45000 after allowing discount of Rs 2500

Rs25000

220000200000

22500

200015000

95009000

SolutionIn the books of Mr Singh

Dr Cash Book CrDate Particulars LF Rs Date Particulars L

FRs

2020Mar1Mar2

Mar4

Mar30

To Balance bdTo sales Ac(Being goods sold)To sales Ac(Being goods sold)To Mahesh Ac(Being cash collected)

25000220000

180000

45000

2020Mar3

Mar4

Mar7

Mar9

By Bank Ac(Being cash deposited)By Wages Ac(Being wages paid)By Bank Ac(Being cash deposited out of sales made on 4th March)By Freight Ac(Being paid to TCI)

200000

22500

100000

4500

Apr1To Balance bd

_______470000

122500

Mar20

Mar28

Mar29

Mar30

By Office Expenses Ac(Being paid window cleaning service)By Sharp Ac(Being paid to creditor)By Electricity ExpensesAc(Being paid electricity bill)By Balance cd

2000

9500

9000

122500470000

Note 1) March 3 discount entry will be not recorded in single column cash book 2) March 21 entry transaction will not be recorded since it is credit transaction No credit transactions are recorded in cash book

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

COMMERCE

CAPITAL-FIXED AND WORKING

ldquoWORKING CAPITALrsquorsquo

Now let us start with the meaning and concept of WORKING CAPITAL

The capital invested in current or working assets such as stock of material and finished goods accounts receivable bills receivable short term securities and cash or bank balance for meeting day- to- day expenses is known as working capital or current capital It represents investment for a short period and changes its form from time to time therefore it is also known as circulating capital

Now let us discuss gross working capital

Gross working capital means the amount invested in current assets such as cash in hand cash at bank accounts receivable bills receivable stock etc

Thus Gross working capital= Current assets

Net working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilitiesThus Net working capital = Current assets ndash Current liabilities

Now us discuss the variable working capitalVariable working capital is the amount which is required to meet seasonal demand and special exigencies

1What is working capitalAnswerThe capital invested in current or working assets such as stock of material and finished goods accounts receivable bills receivable short term securities and cash or bank balance for meeting day- to- day expenses is known as working capital or current capital It represents investment for a short period and changes its form from time to time therefore it is also known as circulating capital

2What is gross working capitalAnswerGross working capital means the amount invested in current assets such as cash in hand cash at bank accounts receivable bills receivable stock etcThus gross working capital= current assets

It consists of seasonal working capital and special working capitalThe later is needed to meet special exigencies such as investment in inventory during recession launching a special marketing campaign etc

3 What is net working capitalAnswerNet working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities

Thus Net working capital = Current assets ndash Current liabilities

4 What is variable working capitalAnswerVariable working capital is the amount which is required to meet seasonal demand and special exigencies It consists of seasonal working capital and special working capital The later is needed to meet special exigencies such as investment in inventory during recession launching a special marketing campaign etc

Physics Chapter 3 Gauss Theorem

ExecutionWhat is Gauss Law

According to the Gauss law the total flux linked with a closed surface is 1ε0 times the charge enclosed by the closed surface

Φ = ∮Eds=qϵ

For example A point charge q is placed inside a cube of edge lsquoarsquo Now as per the Gauss law the flux through each face of the cube is q6ε0

The electric field is the basic concept to know about electricity Generally the electric field of the surface is calculated by applying Coulombrsquos law but to calculate the electric field distribution in a closed surface we need to understand the concept of Gauss law It explains about the electric charge enclosed in a closed or the electric charge present in the enclosed closed surface

Gauss Law Formula

As per the Gauss theorem the total charge enclosed in a closed surface is proportional to the total flux enclosed by the surface Therefore If ϕ is total flux and ϵ0 is electric constant the total electric charge Q enclosed by the surface is

Q = ϕ ϵ0

The Gauss law formula is expressed by

ϕ = Qϵ0

Where

Q = total charge within the given surface

ε0 = the electric constant

rArr Also Read Equipotential Surface

The Gauss theorem statement also gives an important corollary

The electric flux from any closed surface is only due to the sources (positive charges) and sinks (negative charges) of electric fields enclosed by the surface Any charges outside the surface do not contribute to the electric flux Also only electric charges can act as sources or sinks of electric fields Changing magnetic fields for example cannot act as sources or sinks of electric fields

Biology Chapter - 02Reproduction in Flowering plants

Today we will discuss about post fertilization events1 Endosperm and embryo development2 Maturation of ovule(s) into seed(s)3 Maturation of ovary into fruits

Q6 Describe endosperm and embryo development The primary endosperm

cell divides repeatedlyto form a triploid endosperm tissue filled with reserve food materials which provides the nutrition for the developing embryo bull Later the cell wall formation occurs and the endosperm becomes cellularbull Endosperm may either be completely consumed by the developing embryo as seen in pea ground nut beans etc before seedmaturation or it may persist in the mature seed as seen in castor and coconut and be used up during seed germination

Embryo Embryo develops at the micropylar end of the embryo sac where the zygote is situated

The early stages of embryo development embryogeny are similarin both monocotyledon and dicotyledon The zygote gives rise

to the proembryo and then to globular heart shaped and mature embryo

Dicotyledonous Embryo

It has an embryonal axis and two cotyledons

The portion of embryonal axis above is

Epicotyl terminates as plumule ( stem tip ) below is hypocotyl terminates as radicle ( root tip ) The root tip is

covered by a root cap

Monocotyledonous Embryo

has one cotyledon In grass it is called

scutellum lower end of it the embryonal axis has the radicle and root cap enclosed in an undifferentiated sheath coleorhiza

The portion of the embryonal axis above is epicotyl has a shoot apex

English Literature

The Darkling Thrush

The Darkling Thrush Line by Line Explanation-The landrsquos sharp features seemed to beThe centuryrsquos corpse outleantHis crypt cloudy canopyThe wind his death-lamentExplanation-Winter in the Northern Hemisphere is also the end of the year Here it becomes even more meaningful as the end of the year in this case also marks the end of the century This is why the century is personified as a corpse the harsh winter landscape defining its wasted body The lsquocloudy canopyrsquo or sky covers the centuryrsquos tomb and the sad wind becomes a song of death

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Differentiability Suppose f is a real function and c is a point in its domain The derivative of f at c is defined bylimhrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hProvided this limit exists Derivative of f at c is denoted by f (c) or ddx(f(x )) |prime c The function defined byf(x) = lim hrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hWherever the limit exists is defined to be the derivative of f The derivative of is defined by f(x) or ddx (x) or if y= f(x) then by y or dydxThe process of finding derivative of a function is called differentiation We also use the phrase differentiate f (x) with respect to x to mean find f (x)primeThe following rules were established as a part of algebra of derivatives(1) (u plusmn v) = u plusmn vprime prime prime(2) (uv) = u v + uv (Leibnitz or product rule)prime prime prime(3)(uv)= (uv-vu) v2 wherever v ne 0 (Quotient rule)The following table gives a list of derivatives of certain standard functions

f(x) xn Sin x Cos x tan x

f(x) nxn-1 cos x -sin x sec 2 x

Example Find derivative of the following functions i) x3 +3xii) 3 x7 +2 sin xSolution i) let f(x) = x3 +3xOr f(x)= ddx( x3 +3x) Or f(x) = 3x2 +3ii) Let f(x) = 3 x7 + 2 sin xOr f(x) = 37 x6 + 2 cos xOr f(x) = 21 x6 + 2cos x

History TOPIC- TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC NATIONAL MOVEMENTS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WARVIOLENT PUBLIC REACTION OF QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

Violent public reaction Besides repressive measures recourse was taken to machine gun and aerial firing This only increased the peoplersquos fury and led them more violent In some places like Midnapore in West Bengal Balia in UPeven parallel government was set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from many placesImpotant Storm Centres Of The Movement The revolt of 1942 or Quit India Movement revealed the Peoplersquos fighting spirit and their desparate longing for freedom Five important storm centres of movement embracing whole India

1 Question How did the public react towards the Quit India MovementAnswer The Quit India Movement became violent In many places like Satara in Maharashtra Midnapore in Bengal Balia in UP parallel governments were set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from the people of Bombay Bihar Gujrat Orissa Assam Bengal and Karnataka The working class went on strikes underground revolutionary activities also started under

Jayprakash Narayan Ramananda Mishra etc The most daring act was establishment of Congress Radio by underground rebels

2 Question Who was Usha MehtaAnswer Usha Mehta who was later known as Ushaben was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi She was a freedom fighter of India She helped to set up an underground radio station It was known as secret Congres Radio which led to the awakening the people in Nationalism during the Quit India Movement

3 Question Name two women who participated in the Quit India MovementAnswer Aruna Asaf Ali Sarojini Naidu

4 Question What were the important storm centres of Quit India MovementAnswer a) The district of Bhagalpur Hazaribagh Saranin Biharb) Benaras Gazipur Balia and Azamgarh

districts in UPC) Tamluk in Midnapur district in South Bengald)Balasore Koraput and Talcher in OrissaE) Nasik and Satara in Maharashtra

Business studies

Staff Recruitment chapter 3

Today we are going to start a new topic -Staff recruitmentEvery organisation requires well-qualified and motivated staff to functions effectivelyThuss to acquire effective staff recruitment selection training motivation etc is necessary

Questions1 Define staff

recruitment

Answer) Recruitment is a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the requirements of the staffing schedule and to employee effective measures for attracting that manpower inadequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of an efficient working course

2 Mention some characteristics of recruitmentAnswers) Some characteristics of recruitment are as

i) It is a process or a series of activities rather than a single act or event

ii) it is a linking activity as it brings together employer and prospective employees

iii) The basic purpose of recruitment is to locate the source of people required to meet in job requirements

iv) It is pervasive function as all organisations engage in recruiting activity But

itrsquosvolume and nature depends on the size and nature of business organisations

v) It is a two way process as it takes a recruiter and recruiting

Computer Science

Implementation of algorithms to solve problems

Problems Solutions and ToolsI have a problem I need to thank Aunt Kay for the birthday present she sent me I could send a thank you note through the mail I could call her on the telephone I could send her an email message I could drive to her house and thank her in person In fact there are many ways I could thank her but thats not the point The point is that I must decide how I want to solve the problem and use the appropriate tool to implement (carry out) my plan The postal service the telephone the internet and my automobile are tools that I can use but none of these actually solves my problem In a similar way a computer does not solve problems its just a tool that I can use to implement my plan for solving the problem

Knowing that Aunt Kay appreciates creative and unusual things I have decided to hire a singing messenger to deliver my thanks In this context the messenger is a tool but one that needs instructions from me I have to tell the messenger where Aunt Kay lives what time I would like the message to be delivered and what lyrics I want sung A computer program is similar to my instructions to the messenger

The story of Aunt Kay uses a familiar context to set the stage for a useful point of view concerning computers and computer programs The following list summarizes the key aspects of this point of view

A computer is a tool that can be used to implement a plan for solving a problem

A computer program is a set of instructions for a computer These instructions describe the steps that the computer must follow to implement a plan

An algorithm is a plan for solving a problem A person must design an algorithm A person must translate an algorithm into a computer program

This point of view sets the stage for a process that we will use to develop solutions to Jeroo problems The basic process is important because it can be used to solve a wide variety of problems including ones where the solution will be written in some other programming language

An Algorithm Development Process

Every problem solution starts with a plan That plan is called an algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem

There are many ways to write an algorithm Some are very informal some are quite formal and mathematical in nature and some are quite graphical The instructions for connecting a DVD player to a television are an algorithm A mathematical formula such as πR2 is a special case of an algorithm The form is not particularly important as long as it provides a good way to describe and check the logic of the planThe development of an algorithm (a plan) is a key step in solving a problem Once we have an algorithm we can translate it into a computer program in some programming language Our algorithm development process consists of five major

stepsStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemStep 2 Analyze the problemStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailStep 5 Review the algorithmStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemThis step is much more difficult than it appears In the following discussion the word client refers to someone who wants to find a solution to a problem and the word developer refers to someone who finds a way to solve the problem The developer must create an algorithm that will solve the clients problemThe client is responsible for creating a description of the problem but this is often the weakest part of the process Its quite common for a problem description to suffer from one or more of the following types of defects (1) the description relies on unstated assumptions (2) the description is ambiguous (3) the description is incomplete or (4) the description has internal contradictions These defects are seldom due to carelessness by the client Instead they are due to the fact that natural languages (English French Korean etc) are rather imprecise Part of the developers responsibility is to identify defects in the description of a problem and to work with the client to remedy those defectsStep 2 Analyze the problemThe purpose of this step is to determine both the starting and ending points for solving the problem This process is analogous to a mathematician determining what is given and what must be proven A good problem description makes it easier to perform this stepWhen determining the starting point we should start by seeking answers to the following questionsWhat data are availableWhere is that dataWhat formulas pertain to the problemWhat rules exist for working with the dataWhat relationships exist among the data valuesWhen determining the ending point we need to describe the characteristics of a solution In other words how will we know when were done Asking the following questions often helps to determine the ending pointWhat new facts will we haveWhat items will have changedWhat changes will have been made to those itemsWhat things will no longer existStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem but plans come in several levels of detail Its usually better to start with a high-level algorithm that includes the major part of a solution but leaves the details until later We can use an everyday example to demonstrate a high-level algorithmProblem I need a send a birthday card to my brother MarkAnalysis I dont have a card I prefer to buy a card rather than make one myselfHigh-level algorithmGo to a store that sells greeting cardsSelect a cardPurchase a cardMail the cardThis algorithm is satisfactory for daily use but it lacks details that would have to be added were a computer to carry out the solution These details include answers to questions such as the followingWhich store will I visitHow will I get there walk drive ride my bicycle take the busWhat kind of card does Mark like humorous sentimental risqueacute

These kinds of details are considered in the next step of our processStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailA high-level algorithm shows the major steps that need to be followed to solve a problem Now we need to add details to these steps but how much detail should we add Unfortunately the answer to this question depends on the situation We have to consider who (or what) is going to implement the algorithm and how much that person (or thing) already knows how to do If someone is going to purchase Marks birthday card on my behalf my instructions have to be adapted to whether or not that person is familiar with the stores in the community and how well the purchaser known my brothers taste in greeting cardsWhen our goal is to develop algorithms that will lead to computer programs we need to consider the capabilities of the computer and provide enough detail so that someone else could use our algorithm to write a computer program that follows the steps in our algorithm As with the birthday card problem we need to adjust the level of detail to match the ability of the programmer When in doubt or when you are learning it is better to have too much detail than to have too littleMost of our examples will move from a high-level to a detailed algorithm in a single step but this is not always reasonable For larger more complex problems it is common to go through this process several times developing intermediate level algorithms as we go Each time we add more detail to the previous algorithm stopping when we see no benefit to further refinement This technique of gradually working from a high-level to a detailed algorithm is often called stepwise refinementStepwise refinement is a process for developing a detailed algorithm by gradually adding detail to a high-level algorithmStep 5 Review the algorithmThe final step is to review the algorithm What are we looking for First we need to work through the algorithm step by step to determine whether or not it will solve the original problem Once we are satisfied that the algorithm does provide a solution to the problem we start to look for other things The following questions are typical of ones that should be asked whenever we review an algorithm Asking these questions and seeking their answers is a good way to develop skills that can be applied to the next problemDoes this algorithm solve a very specific problem or does it solve a more general problem If it solves a very specific problem should it be generalizedFor example an algorithm that computes the area of a circle having radius 52 meters (formula π522) solves a very specific problem but an algorithm that computes the area of any circle (formula πR2) solves a more general problemCan this algorithm be simplifiedOne formula for computing the perimeter of a rectangle islength + width + length + widthA simpler formula would be20 (length + width)Is this solution similar to the solution to another problem How are they alike How are they differentFor example consider the following two formulaeRectangle area = length widthTriangle area = 05 base heightSimilarities Each computes an area Each multiplies two measurementsDifferences Different measurements are used The triangle formula contains 05Hypothesis Perhaps every area formula involves multiplying two measurements

Ac-12 29420 topic Sums of Admission of a partner

Question

Ashu and Pankaj are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 their Balance sheet on March 31 2014 was as follows

Balance Sheet of Ashu and Pankaj as at March 312014

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount

Creditors 38000 Cash in hand 15000 Bills Payable 40000 Cash at Bank 62000 Salaries outstanding 5000 Debtors 58000 Profit amp Loss 40000 Stock 85000 Capitals Machinery 145000 Ashu 150000 Goodwill 38000 Pankaj 130000 280000

403000 403000

They admitted Gurdeep into partnership on the following terms on March 31 2014(a)New profit sharing ratio is agreed as 3 2 l

(b) He will bring in 1 00000 as his share of capital and ` 30000 as his share of goodwill(c) Machinery is appreciated by 10(d) Stock is valued at ` 87000(e) Creditors are unrecorded to the extent of ` 6000(f) A provision for doubtful debts is to be created by 4 on debtorsPrepare Revaluation account Capital Accounts Bank account and Balance Sheet of the new firm after admission of Gurdeep

ECO ndash12 2942020Topic- ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

FACTORS AFFECTING PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

As discussed earlier in case of some goods responsiveness of quantity demanded to the change in price is more than some other goods For example a very small change in price of luxury goods may affect their demand to a considerable extent but a large change in price of salt may not affect its demand This means price elasticity of demand is different for different goods Following factors may affect the price elasticity of demand for a good

(i) Availability of close substitutes Demand for a commodity which has large number of substitutes is usually more elastic than those commodities which have no substitutes For example coke Pepsi limca etc are good substitutes Even a small rise in price of coke will induce the buyers to go for its substitutes On the other hand demand for electricity will be less elastic because it has no close substitutes

(ii) Nature of the Commodity Demand for necessities like medicines food grains is less elastic because we have to consume them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be But demand for comforts and luxuries like refrigerators

air conditioners etc is more elastic because their consumption may be postponed for future if their price rises

(iii) Share in Total Expenditure Greater the proportion of income spent on the commodity more is the elasticity of demand for it Demand for a commodity is inelastic if proportion of income spent on that commodity is very small

(iv)Level of Price Demand for a commodity at higher level of price (like air conditioners cars etc) is generally more elastic than for a commodity at lower level of price (like match box pencils etc)

(v) Level of Income Demand for a commodity is generally less elastic for higher income level groups in comparison to people with low incomes For example

• Subatomic Particles
• • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • • Atomic Structure of Isotopes
    • Isotopes of Some Elements
    • Hydrogen
    • • Carbon
      • Oxygen
      • • Rutherford Atomic Theory
        • • Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom
          • Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model
          • • Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

functions of businessAnswer Business is needed due to the following reasons

To remove poverty-The economic development of a country depends upon the growth of business

To generate employment-Business offers employment to millions of people

To improve standard of living-Business helps to increase the purchasing power of people

To earn foreign exchange-As we know that a country cannot produce everything due to which imports the products and through this foreign currency is required similarly business helps to earn foreign currency through exports

To promote social welfare-Business can enrich human life and establish a better society

History TOPIC ndash EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMYSUB TOPIC- Development of the means of transport and communication

Development of the Means of Transport and Communication Means of transport refers to the ways and modes of which people and commodities are moved from one place to another Means of communication refers to the ways in which news and messages get transmitted from one place to another The modern means of transport and communication were backward The East India Company was busy for the expansion of territories trade They neglected the transport and communication system of IndiaWith the growth of Industrial Revolution the need was felt by the British Government for the development and of transport and communication of India because the British needed the Indian market for the surplus British goods produced in British industry They also needed to bring raw materials like Jute cotton etc to the port to export to EnglandThe British capitalists were agreed to invest in India but they demanded that the Court of

1 Question Why did the merchants feel the need of transport and good communicationAnswer With the growth of Industrial Revolution in England the British merchants needed the Indian market to sale the surplus machine made goods and to bring the raw materials like Jute Cotton saltpeter etc To the port for export

2 Question Which factors prompted the Company to start steamer services between Calcutta and AssamAnswer Assam was

Directors of the East India Company had to assure them guarantee against possible loseThirdly the British needed to develop transport and communication for their administrative purpose - Quick movement of troops to keep link between different headquarters of the British government Lord Dalhousie was the father of Indian RailwaysLord William Bentinck had taken initiatives to build trunk road between Calcutta and UP and river transport between Calcutta and AssamLord Dalhousie founded the central PWD for improvement road building activities

the lucrative field of plantation industry Transport of tea from Calcutta to Assam would be easier through riverine routes of East Bengal That is why Lord Bentinck gave importance for importance of river transport from Calcutta to Assam

3 Question What do you know about PWD introduced by the British GovernmentAnswer PWD stands for Public Works Department It was founded by Lord Dalhousie through which roads railways bridges irrigation and other public utility works were undertaken

4 Question Who was known as the Father of Indian Railways Answer Lord Dalhousie was known as the father of Indian Railways

Computer Science

ASCII ISCII and UNICODE

ASCII Code Pronounced ask-ee ASCII is the acronym for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange It is a code for representing 128 English characters as numbers with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127 For example the ASCII code for uppercase M is 77 Most computers use ASCII codes to represent text which makes it possible to transfer data from one computer to another The standard ASCII character set uses just 7 bits for each character There are several larger character sets that use 8 bits which gives them 128 additional characters The extra characters are used to represent non-English characters graphics symbols and mathematical symbols

ISCII CodeIndian Script Code for Information Interchange (ISCII) is a coding scheme for representing various writing systems of India It encodes the main Indic scripts and a Roman transliteration The supported scripts are Assamese Bengali (Bangla) Devanagari Gujarati Gurmukhi Kannada Malayalam Oriya Tamiland Telugu ISCII does not encode the writing systems of India based on Persian but its writing system switching codes nonetheless provide for Kashmiri Sindhi Urdu Persian Pashto and Arabic The Persian-based writing systems were subsequently encoded in the PASCII encoding ISCII has not been widely used outside certain government institutions and has now been rendered largely obsolete by Unicode Unicode uses a separate block for each Indic writing

system and largely preserves the ISCII layout within each block

UNiCODEUnicode is a universal character encoding standard It defines the way individual characters are represented in text files web pages and other types of documents Unlike ASCII which was designed to represent only basic English characters Unicode was designed to support characters from all languages around the world The standard ASCII character set only supports 128 characters while Unicode can support roughly 1000000 characters While ASCII only uses one byte to represent each character Unicode supports up to 4 bytes for each character There are several different types of Unicode encodings though UTF-8 and UTF-16 are the most common UTF-8 has become the standard character encoding used on the Web and is also the default encoding used by many software programs While UTF-8 supports up to four bytes per character it would be inefficient to use four bytes to represent frequently used characters Therefore UTF-8 uses only one byte to represent common English characters European (Latin) Hebrew and Arabic characters are represented with two bytes while three bytes are used to Chinese Japanese Korean and other Asian characters Additional Unicode characters can be represented with four bytes

Subject ndashAccountsTopic- Cash BookQuestionFrom the following transactions of Mr Singh of Kolkata prepare single column cash book for the month of March 20202020Mar1Mar2Mar3Mar3Mar4Mar4

Mar9Mar20Mar21Mar28Mar29Mar30

Cash in HandCash salesDeposited cash into BankIssued Cheque to a creditor Rs 49900 after deducting Cash Discount of Rs 3100Wages paid in cash Cash Sales of Rs 180000 Out of which Rs 100000 was deposited into Bank on March 7Paid cash Rs 4500 to Transport Corporation of India(TCI)Paid cash for window cleaning servicePurchased Goods on credit from UampCoPaid cash to Sharpa creditor after deducting discount Rs 500Paid Electricity Bill in CashCash collected from Mahesh(Debtor) Rs 45000 after allowing discount of Rs 2500

Rs25000

220000200000

22500

200015000

95009000

SolutionIn the books of Mr Singh

Dr Cash Book CrDate Particulars LF Rs Date Particulars L

FRs

2020Mar1Mar2

Mar4

Mar30

To Balance bdTo sales Ac(Being goods sold)To sales Ac(Being goods sold)To Mahesh Ac(Being cash collected)

25000220000

180000

45000

2020Mar3

Mar4

Mar7

Mar9

By Bank Ac(Being cash deposited)By Wages Ac(Being wages paid)By Bank Ac(Being cash deposited out of sales made on 4th March)By Freight Ac(Being paid to TCI)

200000

22500

100000

4500

Apr1To Balance bd

_______470000

122500

Mar20

Mar28

Mar29

Mar30

By Office Expenses Ac(Being paid window cleaning service)By Sharp Ac(Being paid to creditor)By Electricity ExpensesAc(Being paid electricity bill)By Balance cd

2000

9500

9000

122500470000

Note 1) March 3 discount entry will be not recorded in single column cash book 2) March 21 entry transaction will not be recorded since it is credit transaction No credit transactions are recorded in cash book

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

COMMERCE

CAPITAL-FIXED AND WORKING

ldquoWORKING CAPITALrsquorsquo

Now let us start with the meaning and concept of WORKING CAPITAL

The capital invested in current or working assets such as stock of material and finished goods accounts receivable bills receivable short term securities and cash or bank balance for meeting day- to- day expenses is known as working capital or current capital It represents investment for a short period and changes its form from time to time therefore it is also known as circulating capital

Now let us discuss gross working capital

Gross working capital means the amount invested in current assets such as cash in hand cash at bank accounts receivable bills receivable stock etc

Thus Gross working capital= Current assets

Net working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilitiesThus Net working capital = Current assets ndash Current liabilities

Now us discuss the variable working capitalVariable working capital is the amount which is required to meet seasonal demand and special exigencies

1What is working capitalAnswerThe capital invested in current or working assets such as stock of material and finished goods accounts receivable bills receivable short term securities and cash or bank balance for meeting day- to- day expenses is known as working capital or current capital It represents investment for a short period and changes its form from time to time therefore it is also known as circulating capital

2What is gross working capitalAnswerGross working capital means the amount invested in current assets such as cash in hand cash at bank accounts receivable bills receivable stock etcThus gross working capital= current assets

It consists of seasonal working capital and special working capitalThe later is needed to meet special exigencies such as investment in inventory during recession launching a special marketing campaign etc

3 What is net working capitalAnswerNet working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities

Thus Net working capital = Current assets ndash Current liabilities

4 What is variable working capitalAnswerVariable working capital is the amount which is required to meet seasonal demand and special exigencies It consists of seasonal working capital and special working capital The later is needed to meet special exigencies such as investment in inventory during recession launching a special marketing campaign etc

Physics Chapter 3 Gauss Theorem

ExecutionWhat is Gauss Law

According to the Gauss law the total flux linked with a closed surface is 1ε0 times the charge enclosed by the closed surface

Φ = ∮Eds=qϵ

For example A point charge q is placed inside a cube of edge lsquoarsquo Now as per the Gauss law the flux through each face of the cube is q6ε0

The electric field is the basic concept to know about electricity Generally the electric field of the surface is calculated by applying Coulombrsquos law but to calculate the electric field distribution in a closed surface we need to understand the concept of Gauss law It explains about the electric charge enclosed in a closed or the electric charge present in the enclosed closed surface

Gauss Law Formula

As per the Gauss theorem the total charge enclosed in a closed surface is proportional to the total flux enclosed by the surface Therefore If ϕ is total flux and ϵ0 is electric constant the total electric charge Q enclosed by the surface is

Q = ϕ ϵ0

The Gauss law formula is expressed by

ϕ = Qϵ0

Where

Q = total charge within the given surface

ε0 = the electric constant

rArr Also Read Equipotential Surface

The Gauss theorem statement also gives an important corollary

The electric flux from any closed surface is only due to the sources (positive charges) and sinks (negative charges) of electric fields enclosed by the surface Any charges outside the surface do not contribute to the electric flux Also only electric charges can act as sources or sinks of electric fields Changing magnetic fields for example cannot act as sources or sinks of electric fields

Biology Chapter - 02Reproduction in Flowering plants

Today we will discuss about post fertilization events1 Endosperm and embryo development2 Maturation of ovule(s) into seed(s)3 Maturation of ovary into fruits

Q6 Describe endosperm and embryo development The primary endosperm

cell divides repeatedlyto form a triploid endosperm tissue filled with reserve food materials which provides the nutrition for the developing embryo bull Later the cell wall formation occurs and the endosperm becomes cellularbull Endosperm may either be completely consumed by the developing embryo as seen in pea ground nut beans etc before seedmaturation or it may persist in the mature seed as seen in castor and coconut and be used up during seed germination

Embryo Embryo develops at the micropylar end of the embryo sac where the zygote is situated

The early stages of embryo development embryogeny are similarin both monocotyledon and dicotyledon The zygote gives rise

to the proembryo and then to globular heart shaped and mature embryo

Dicotyledonous Embryo

It has an embryonal axis and two cotyledons

The portion of embryonal axis above is

Epicotyl terminates as plumule ( stem tip ) below is hypocotyl terminates as radicle ( root tip ) The root tip is

covered by a root cap

Monocotyledonous Embryo

has one cotyledon In grass it is called

scutellum lower end of it the embryonal axis has the radicle and root cap enclosed in an undifferentiated sheath coleorhiza

The portion of the embryonal axis above is epicotyl has a shoot apex

English Literature

The Darkling Thrush

The Darkling Thrush Line by Line Explanation-The landrsquos sharp features seemed to beThe centuryrsquos corpse outleantHis crypt cloudy canopyThe wind his death-lamentExplanation-Winter in the Northern Hemisphere is also the end of the year Here it becomes even more meaningful as the end of the year in this case also marks the end of the century This is why the century is personified as a corpse the harsh winter landscape defining its wasted body The lsquocloudy canopyrsquo or sky covers the centuryrsquos tomb and the sad wind becomes a song of death

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Differentiability Suppose f is a real function and c is a point in its domain The derivative of f at c is defined bylimhrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hProvided this limit exists Derivative of f at c is denoted by f (c) or ddx(f(x )) |prime c The function defined byf(x) = lim hrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hWherever the limit exists is defined to be the derivative of f The derivative of is defined by f(x) or ddx (x) or if y= f(x) then by y or dydxThe process of finding derivative of a function is called differentiation We also use the phrase differentiate f (x) with respect to x to mean find f (x)primeThe following rules were established as a part of algebra of derivatives(1) (u plusmn v) = u plusmn vprime prime prime(2) (uv) = u v + uv (Leibnitz or product rule)prime prime prime(3)(uv)= (uv-vu) v2 wherever v ne 0 (Quotient rule)The following table gives a list of derivatives of certain standard functions

f(x) xn Sin x Cos x tan x

f(x) nxn-1 cos x -sin x sec 2 x

Example Find derivative of the following functions i) x3 +3xii) 3 x7 +2 sin xSolution i) let f(x) = x3 +3xOr f(x)= ddx( x3 +3x) Or f(x) = 3x2 +3ii) Let f(x) = 3 x7 + 2 sin xOr f(x) = 37 x6 + 2 cos xOr f(x) = 21 x6 + 2cos x

History TOPIC- TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC NATIONAL MOVEMENTS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WARVIOLENT PUBLIC REACTION OF QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

Violent public reaction Besides repressive measures recourse was taken to machine gun and aerial firing This only increased the peoplersquos fury and led them more violent In some places like Midnapore in West Bengal Balia in UPeven parallel government was set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from many placesImpotant Storm Centres Of The Movement The revolt of 1942 or Quit India Movement revealed the Peoplersquos fighting spirit and their desparate longing for freedom Five important storm centres of movement embracing whole India

1 Question How did the public react towards the Quit India MovementAnswer The Quit India Movement became violent In many places like Satara in Maharashtra Midnapore in Bengal Balia in UP parallel governments were set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from the people of Bombay Bihar Gujrat Orissa Assam Bengal and Karnataka The working class went on strikes underground revolutionary activities also started under

Jayprakash Narayan Ramananda Mishra etc The most daring act was establishment of Congress Radio by underground rebels

2 Question Who was Usha MehtaAnswer Usha Mehta who was later known as Ushaben was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi She was a freedom fighter of India She helped to set up an underground radio station It was known as secret Congres Radio which led to the awakening the people in Nationalism during the Quit India Movement

3 Question Name two women who participated in the Quit India MovementAnswer Aruna Asaf Ali Sarojini Naidu

4 Question What were the important storm centres of Quit India MovementAnswer a) The district of Bhagalpur Hazaribagh Saranin Biharb) Benaras Gazipur Balia and Azamgarh

districts in UPC) Tamluk in Midnapur district in South Bengald)Balasore Koraput and Talcher in OrissaE) Nasik and Satara in Maharashtra

Business studies

Staff Recruitment chapter 3

Today we are going to start a new topic -Staff recruitmentEvery organisation requires well-qualified and motivated staff to functions effectivelyThuss to acquire effective staff recruitment selection training motivation etc is necessary

Questions1 Define staff

recruitment

Answer) Recruitment is a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the requirements of the staffing schedule and to employee effective measures for attracting that manpower inadequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of an efficient working course

2 Mention some characteristics of recruitmentAnswers) Some characteristics of recruitment are as

i) It is a process or a series of activities rather than a single act or event

ii) it is a linking activity as it brings together employer and prospective employees

iii) The basic purpose of recruitment is to locate the source of people required to meet in job requirements

iv) It is pervasive function as all organisations engage in recruiting activity But

itrsquosvolume and nature depends on the size and nature of business organisations

v) It is a two way process as it takes a recruiter and recruiting

Computer Science

Implementation of algorithms to solve problems

Problems Solutions and ToolsI have a problem I need to thank Aunt Kay for the birthday present she sent me I could send a thank you note through the mail I could call her on the telephone I could send her an email message I could drive to her house and thank her in person In fact there are many ways I could thank her but thats not the point The point is that I must decide how I want to solve the problem and use the appropriate tool to implement (carry out) my plan The postal service the telephone the internet and my automobile are tools that I can use but none of these actually solves my problem In a similar way a computer does not solve problems its just a tool that I can use to implement my plan for solving the problem

Knowing that Aunt Kay appreciates creative and unusual things I have decided to hire a singing messenger to deliver my thanks In this context the messenger is a tool but one that needs instructions from me I have to tell the messenger where Aunt Kay lives what time I would like the message to be delivered and what lyrics I want sung A computer program is similar to my instructions to the messenger

The story of Aunt Kay uses a familiar context to set the stage for a useful point of view concerning computers and computer programs The following list summarizes the key aspects of this point of view

A computer is a tool that can be used to implement a plan for solving a problem

A computer program is a set of instructions for a computer These instructions describe the steps that the computer must follow to implement a plan

An algorithm is a plan for solving a problem A person must design an algorithm A person must translate an algorithm into a computer program

This point of view sets the stage for a process that we will use to develop solutions to Jeroo problems The basic process is important because it can be used to solve a wide variety of problems including ones where the solution will be written in some other programming language

An Algorithm Development Process

Every problem solution starts with a plan That plan is called an algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem

There are many ways to write an algorithm Some are very informal some are quite formal and mathematical in nature and some are quite graphical The instructions for connecting a DVD player to a television are an algorithm A mathematical formula such as πR2 is a special case of an algorithm The form is not particularly important as long as it provides a good way to describe and check the logic of the planThe development of an algorithm (a plan) is a key step in solving a problem Once we have an algorithm we can translate it into a computer program in some programming language Our algorithm development process consists of five major

stepsStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemStep 2 Analyze the problemStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailStep 5 Review the algorithmStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemThis step is much more difficult than it appears In the following discussion the word client refers to someone who wants to find a solution to a problem and the word developer refers to someone who finds a way to solve the problem The developer must create an algorithm that will solve the clients problemThe client is responsible for creating a description of the problem but this is often the weakest part of the process Its quite common for a problem description to suffer from one or more of the following types of defects (1) the description relies on unstated assumptions (2) the description is ambiguous (3) the description is incomplete or (4) the description has internal contradictions These defects are seldom due to carelessness by the client Instead they are due to the fact that natural languages (English French Korean etc) are rather imprecise Part of the developers responsibility is to identify defects in the description of a problem and to work with the client to remedy those defectsStep 2 Analyze the problemThe purpose of this step is to determine both the starting and ending points for solving the problem This process is analogous to a mathematician determining what is given and what must be proven A good problem description makes it easier to perform this stepWhen determining the starting point we should start by seeking answers to the following questionsWhat data are availableWhere is that dataWhat formulas pertain to the problemWhat rules exist for working with the dataWhat relationships exist among the data valuesWhen determining the ending point we need to describe the characteristics of a solution In other words how will we know when were done Asking the following questions often helps to determine the ending pointWhat new facts will we haveWhat items will have changedWhat changes will have been made to those itemsWhat things will no longer existStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem but plans come in several levels of detail Its usually better to start with a high-level algorithm that includes the major part of a solution but leaves the details until later We can use an everyday example to demonstrate a high-level algorithmProblem I need a send a birthday card to my brother MarkAnalysis I dont have a card I prefer to buy a card rather than make one myselfHigh-level algorithmGo to a store that sells greeting cardsSelect a cardPurchase a cardMail the cardThis algorithm is satisfactory for daily use but it lacks details that would have to be added were a computer to carry out the solution These details include answers to questions such as the followingWhich store will I visitHow will I get there walk drive ride my bicycle take the busWhat kind of card does Mark like humorous sentimental risqueacute

These kinds of details are considered in the next step of our processStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailA high-level algorithm shows the major steps that need to be followed to solve a problem Now we need to add details to these steps but how much detail should we add Unfortunately the answer to this question depends on the situation We have to consider who (or what) is going to implement the algorithm and how much that person (or thing) already knows how to do If someone is going to purchase Marks birthday card on my behalf my instructions have to be adapted to whether or not that person is familiar with the stores in the community and how well the purchaser known my brothers taste in greeting cardsWhen our goal is to develop algorithms that will lead to computer programs we need to consider the capabilities of the computer and provide enough detail so that someone else could use our algorithm to write a computer program that follows the steps in our algorithm As with the birthday card problem we need to adjust the level of detail to match the ability of the programmer When in doubt or when you are learning it is better to have too much detail than to have too littleMost of our examples will move from a high-level to a detailed algorithm in a single step but this is not always reasonable For larger more complex problems it is common to go through this process several times developing intermediate level algorithms as we go Each time we add more detail to the previous algorithm stopping when we see no benefit to further refinement This technique of gradually working from a high-level to a detailed algorithm is often called stepwise refinementStepwise refinement is a process for developing a detailed algorithm by gradually adding detail to a high-level algorithmStep 5 Review the algorithmThe final step is to review the algorithm What are we looking for First we need to work through the algorithm step by step to determine whether or not it will solve the original problem Once we are satisfied that the algorithm does provide a solution to the problem we start to look for other things The following questions are typical of ones that should be asked whenever we review an algorithm Asking these questions and seeking their answers is a good way to develop skills that can be applied to the next problemDoes this algorithm solve a very specific problem or does it solve a more general problem If it solves a very specific problem should it be generalizedFor example an algorithm that computes the area of a circle having radius 52 meters (formula π522) solves a very specific problem but an algorithm that computes the area of any circle (formula πR2) solves a more general problemCan this algorithm be simplifiedOne formula for computing the perimeter of a rectangle islength + width + length + widthA simpler formula would be20 (length + width)Is this solution similar to the solution to another problem How are they alike How are they differentFor example consider the following two formulaeRectangle area = length widthTriangle area = 05 base heightSimilarities Each computes an area Each multiplies two measurementsDifferences Different measurements are used The triangle formula contains 05Hypothesis Perhaps every area formula involves multiplying two measurements

Ac-12 29420 topic Sums of Admission of a partner

Question

Ashu and Pankaj are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 their Balance sheet on March 31 2014 was as follows

Balance Sheet of Ashu and Pankaj as at March 312014

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount

Creditors 38000 Cash in hand 15000 Bills Payable 40000 Cash at Bank 62000 Salaries outstanding 5000 Debtors 58000 Profit amp Loss 40000 Stock 85000 Capitals Machinery 145000 Ashu 150000 Goodwill 38000 Pankaj 130000 280000

403000 403000

They admitted Gurdeep into partnership on the following terms on March 31 2014(a)New profit sharing ratio is agreed as 3 2 l

(b) He will bring in 1 00000 as his share of capital and ` 30000 as his share of goodwill(c) Machinery is appreciated by 10(d) Stock is valued at ` 87000(e) Creditors are unrecorded to the extent of ` 6000(f) A provision for doubtful debts is to be created by 4 on debtorsPrepare Revaluation account Capital Accounts Bank account and Balance Sheet of the new firm after admission of Gurdeep

ECO ndash12 2942020Topic- ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

FACTORS AFFECTING PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

As discussed earlier in case of some goods responsiveness of quantity demanded to the change in price is more than some other goods For example a very small change in price of luxury goods may affect their demand to a considerable extent but a large change in price of salt may not affect its demand This means price elasticity of demand is different for different goods Following factors may affect the price elasticity of demand for a good

(i) Availability of close substitutes Demand for a commodity which has large number of substitutes is usually more elastic than those commodities which have no substitutes For example coke Pepsi limca etc are good substitutes Even a small rise in price of coke will induce the buyers to go for its substitutes On the other hand demand for electricity will be less elastic because it has no close substitutes

(ii) Nature of the Commodity Demand for necessities like medicines food grains is less elastic because we have to consume them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be But demand for comforts and luxuries like refrigerators

air conditioners etc is more elastic because their consumption may be postponed for future if their price rises

(iii) Share in Total Expenditure Greater the proportion of income spent on the commodity more is the elasticity of demand for it Demand for a commodity is inelastic if proportion of income spent on that commodity is very small

(iv)Level of Price Demand for a commodity at higher level of price (like air conditioners cars etc) is generally more elastic than for a commodity at lower level of price (like match box pencils etc)

(v) Level of Income Demand for a commodity is generally less elastic for higher income level groups in comparison to people with low incomes For example

• Subatomic Particles
• • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • • Atomic Structure of Isotopes
    • Isotopes of Some Elements
    • Hydrogen
    • • Carbon
      • Oxygen
      • • Rutherford Atomic Theory
        • • Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom
          • Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model
          • • Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Directors of the East India Company had to assure them guarantee against possible loseThirdly the British needed to develop transport and communication for their administrative purpose - Quick movement of troops to keep link between different headquarters of the British government Lord Dalhousie was the father of Indian RailwaysLord William Bentinck had taken initiatives to build trunk road between Calcutta and UP and river transport between Calcutta and AssamLord Dalhousie founded the central PWD for improvement road building activities

the lucrative field of plantation industry Transport of tea from Calcutta to Assam would be easier through riverine routes of East Bengal That is why Lord Bentinck gave importance for importance of river transport from Calcutta to Assam

3 Question What do you know about PWD introduced by the British GovernmentAnswer PWD stands for Public Works Department It was founded by Lord Dalhousie through which roads railways bridges irrigation and other public utility works were undertaken

4 Question Who was known as the Father of Indian Railways Answer Lord Dalhousie was known as the father of Indian Railways

Computer Science

ASCII ISCII and UNICODE

ASCII Code Pronounced ask-ee ASCII is the acronym for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange It is a code for representing 128 English characters as numbers with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127 For example the ASCII code for uppercase M is 77 Most computers use ASCII codes to represent text which makes it possible to transfer data from one computer to another The standard ASCII character set uses just 7 bits for each character There are several larger character sets that use 8 bits which gives them 128 additional characters The extra characters are used to represent non-English characters graphics symbols and mathematical symbols

ISCII CodeIndian Script Code for Information Interchange (ISCII) is a coding scheme for representing various writing systems of India It encodes the main Indic scripts and a Roman transliteration The supported scripts are Assamese Bengali (Bangla) Devanagari Gujarati Gurmukhi Kannada Malayalam Oriya Tamiland Telugu ISCII does not encode the writing systems of India based on Persian but its writing system switching codes nonetheless provide for Kashmiri Sindhi Urdu Persian Pashto and Arabic The Persian-based writing systems were subsequently encoded in the PASCII encoding ISCII has not been widely used outside certain government institutions and has now been rendered largely obsolete by Unicode Unicode uses a separate block for each Indic writing

system and largely preserves the ISCII layout within each block

UNiCODEUnicode is a universal character encoding standard It defines the way individual characters are represented in text files web pages and other types of documents Unlike ASCII which was designed to represent only basic English characters Unicode was designed to support characters from all languages around the world The standard ASCII character set only supports 128 characters while Unicode can support roughly 1000000 characters While ASCII only uses one byte to represent each character Unicode supports up to 4 bytes for each character There are several different types of Unicode encodings though UTF-8 and UTF-16 are the most common UTF-8 has become the standard character encoding used on the Web and is also the default encoding used by many software programs While UTF-8 supports up to four bytes per character it would be inefficient to use four bytes to represent frequently used characters Therefore UTF-8 uses only one byte to represent common English characters European (Latin) Hebrew and Arabic characters are represented with two bytes while three bytes are used to Chinese Japanese Korean and other Asian characters Additional Unicode characters can be represented with four bytes

Subject ndashAccountsTopic- Cash BookQuestionFrom the following transactions of Mr Singh of Kolkata prepare single column cash book for the month of March 20202020Mar1Mar2Mar3Mar3Mar4Mar4

Mar9Mar20Mar21Mar28Mar29Mar30

Cash in HandCash salesDeposited cash into BankIssued Cheque to a creditor Rs 49900 after deducting Cash Discount of Rs 3100Wages paid in cash Cash Sales of Rs 180000 Out of which Rs 100000 was deposited into Bank on March 7Paid cash Rs 4500 to Transport Corporation of India(TCI)Paid cash for window cleaning servicePurchased Goods on credit from UampCoPaid cash to Sharpa creditor after deducting discount Rs 500Paid Electricity Bill in CashCash collected from Mahesh(Debtor) Rs 45000 after allowing discount of Rs 2500

Rs25000

220000200000

22500

200015000

95009000

SolutionIn the books of Mr Singh

Dr Cash Book CrDate Particulars LF Rs Date Particulars L

FRs

2020Mar1Mar2

Mar4

Mar30

To Balance bdTo sales Ac(Being goods sold)To sales Ac(Being goods sold)To Mahesh Ac(Being cash collected)

25000220000

180000

45000

2020Mar3

Mar4

Mar7

Mar9

By Bank Ac(Being cash deposited)By Wages Ac(Being wages paid)By Bank Ac(Being cash deposited out of sales made on 4th March)By Freight Ac(Being paid to TCI)

200000

22500

100000

4500

Apr1To Balance bd

_______470000

122500

Mar20

Mar28

Mar29

Mar30

By Office Expenses Ac(Being paid window cleaning service)By Sharp Ac(Being paid to creditor)By Electricity ExpensesAc(Being paid electricity bill)By Balance cd

2000

9500

9000

122500470000

Note 1) March 3 discount entry will be not recorded in single column cash book 2) March 21 entry transaction will not be recorded since it is credit transaction No credit transactions are recorded in cash book

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

COMMERCE

CAPITAL-FIXED AND WORKING

ldquoWORKING CAPITALrsquorsquo

Now let us start with the meaning and concept of WORKING CAPITAL

The capital invested in current or working assets such as stock of material and finished goods accounts receivable bills receivable short term securities and cash or bank balance for meeting day- to- day expenses is known as working capital or current capital It represents investment for a short period and changes its form from time to time therefore it is also known as circulating capital

Now let us discuss gross working capital

Gross working capital means the amount invested in current assets such as cash in hand cash at bank accounts receivable bills receivable stock etc

Thus Gross working capital= Current assets

Net working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilitiesThus Net working capital = Current assets ndash Current liabilities

Now us discuss the variable working capitalVariable working capital is the amount which is required to meet seasonal demand and special exigencies

1What is working capitalAnswerThe capital invested in current or working assets such as stock of material and finished goods accounts receivable bills receivable short term securities and cash or bank balance for meeting day- to- day expenses is known as working capital or current capital It represents investment for a short period and changes its form from time to time therefore it is also known as circulating capital

2What is gross working capitalAnswerGross working capital means the amount invested in current assets such as cash in hand cash at bank accounts receivable bills receivable stock etcThus gross working capital= current assets

It consists of seasonal working capital and special working capitalThe later is needed to meet special exigencies such as investment in inventory during recession launching a special marketing campaign etc

3 What is net working capitalAnswerNet working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities

Thus Net working capital = Current assets ndash Current liabilities

4 What is variable working capitalAnswerVariable working capital is the amount which is required to meet seasonal demand and special exigencies It consists of seasonal working capital and special working capital The later is needed to meet special exigencies such as investment in inventory during recession launching a special marketing campaign etc

Physics Chapter 3 Gauss Theorem

ExecutionWhat is Gauss Law

According to the Gauss law the total flux linked with a closed surface is 1ε0 times the charge enclosed by the closed surface

Φ = ∮Eds=qϵ

For example A point charge q is placed inside a cube of edge lsquoarsquo Now as per the Gauss law the flux through each face of the cube is q6ε0

The electric field is the basic concept to know about electricity Generally the electric field of the surface is calculated by applying Coulombrsquos law but to calculate the electric field distribution in a closed surface we need to understand the concept of Gauss law It explains about the electric charge enclosed in a closed or the electric charge present in the enclosed closed surface

Gauss Law Formula

As per the Gauss theorem the total charge enclosed in a closed surface is proportional to the total flux enclosed by the surface Therefore If ϕ is total flux and ϵ0 is electric constant the total electric charge Q enclosed by the surface is

Q = ϕ ϵ0

The Gauss law formula is expressed by

ϕ = Qϵ0

Where

Q = total charge within the given surface

ε0 = the electric constant

rArr Also Read Equipotential Surface

The Gauss theorem statement also gives an important corollary

The electric flux from any closed surface is only due to the sources (positive charges) and sinks (negative charges) of electric fields enclosed by the surface Any charges outside the surface do not contribute to the electric flux Also only electric charges can act as sources or sinks of electric fields Changing magnetic fields for example cannot act as sources or sinks of electric fields

Biology Chapter - 02Reproduction in Flowering plants

Today we will discuss about post fertilization events1 Endosperm and embryo development2 Maturation of ovule(s) into seed(s)3 Maturation of ovary into fruits

Q6 Describe endosperm and embryo development The primary endosperm

cell divides repeatedlyto form a triploid endosperm tissue filled with reserve food materials which provides the nutrition for the developing embryo bull Later the cell wall formation occurs and the endosperm becomes cellularbull Endosperm may either be completely consumed by the developing embryo as seen in pea ground nut beans etc before seedmaturation or it may persist in the mature seed as seen in castor and coconut and be used up during seed germination

Embryo Embryo develops at the micropylar end of the embryo sac where the zygote is situated

The early stages of embryo development embryogeny are similarin both monocotyledon and dicotyledon The zygote gives rise

to the proembryo and then to globular heart shaped and mature embryo

Dicotyledonous Embryo

It has an embryonal axis and two cotyledons

The portion of embryonal axis above is

Epicotyl terminates as plumule ( stem tip ) below is hypocotyl terminates as radicle ( root tip ) The root tip is

covered by a root cap

Monocotyledonous Embryo

has one cotyledon In grass it is called

scutellum lower end of it the embryonal axis has the radicle and root cap enclosed in an undifferentiated sheath coleorhiza

The portion of the embryonal axis above is epicotyl has a shoot apex

English Literature

The Darkling Thrush

The Darkling Thrush Line by Line Explanation-The landrsquos sharp features seemed to beThe centuryrsquos corpse outleantHis crypt cloudy canopyThe wind his death-lamentExplanation-Winter in the Northern Hemisphere is also the end of the year Here it becomes even more meaningful as the end of the year in this case also marks the end of the century This is why the century is personified as a corpse the harsh winter landscape defining its wasted body The lsquocloudy canopyrsquo or sky covers the centuryrsquos tomb and the sad wind becomes a song of death

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Differentiability Suppose f is a real function and c is a point in its domain The derivative of f at c is defined bylimhrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hProvided this limit exists Derivative of f at c is denoted by f (c) or ddx(f(x )) |prime c The function defined byf(x) = lim hrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hWherever the limit exists is defined to be the derivative of f The derivative of is defined by f(x) or ddx (x) or if y= f(x) then by y or dydxThe process of finding derivative of a function is called differentiation We also use the phrase differentiate f (x) with respect to x to mean find f (x)primeThe following rules were established as a part of algebra of derivatives(1) (u plusmn v) = u plusmn vprime prime prime(2) (uv) = u v + uv (Leibnitz or product rule)prime prime prime(3)(uv)= (uv-vu) v2 wherever v ne 0 (Quotient rule)The following table gives a list of derivatives of certain standard functions

f(x) xn Sin x Cos x tan x

f(x) nxn-1 cos x -sin x sec 2 x

Example Find derivative of the following functions i) x3 +3xii) 3 x7 +2 sin xSolution i) let f(x) = x3 +3xOr f(x)= ddx( x3 +3x) Or f(x) = 3x2 +3ii) Let f(x) = 3 x7 + 2 sin xOr f(x) = 37 x6 + 2 cos xOr f(x) = 21 x6 + 2cos x

History TOPIC- TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC NATIONAL MOVEMENTS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WARVIOLENT PUBLIC REACTION OF QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

Violent public reaction Besides repressive measures recourse was taken to machine gun and aerial firing This only increased the peoplersquos fury and led them more violent In some places like Midnapore in West Bengal Balia in UPeven parallel government was set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from many placesImpotant Storm Centres Of The Movement The revolt of 1942 or Quit India Movement revealed the Peoplersquos fighting spirit and their desparate longing for freedom Five important storm centres of movement embracing whole India

1 Question How did the public react towards the Quit India MovementAnswer The Quit India Movement became violent In many places like Satara in Maharashtra Midnapore in Bengal Balia in UP parallel governments were set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from the people of Bombay Bihar Gujrat Orissa Assam Bengal and Karnataka The working class went on strikes underground revolutionary activities also started under

Jayprakash Narayan Ramananda Mishra etc The most daring act was establishment of Congress Radio by underground rebels

2 Question Who was Usha MehtaAnswer Usha Mehta who was later known as Ushaben was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi She was a freedom fighter of India She helped to set up an underground radio station It was known as secret Congres Radio which led to the awakening the people in Nationalism during the Quit India Movement

3 Question Name two women who participated in the Quit India MovementAnswer Aruna Asaf Ali Sarojini Naidu

4 Question What were the important storm centres of Quit India MovementAnswer a) The district of Bhagalpur Hazaribagh Saranin Biharb) Benaras Gazipur Balia and Azamgarh

districts in UPC) Tamluk in Midnapur district in South Bengald)Balasore Koraput and Talcher in OrissaE) Nasik and Satara in Maharashtra

Business studies

Staff Recruitment chapter 3

Today we are going to start a new topic -Staff recruitmentEvery organisation requires well-qualified and motivated staff to functions effectivelyThuss to acquire effective staff recruitment selection training motivation etc is necessary

Questions1 Define staff

recruitment

Answer) Recruitment is a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the requirements of the staffing schedule and to employee effective measures for attracting that manpower inadequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of an efficient working course

2 Mention some characteristics of recruitmentAnswers) Some characteristics of recruitment are as

i) It is a process or a series of activities rather than a single act or event

ii) it is a linking activity as it brings together employer and prospective employees

iii) The basic purpose of recruitment is to locate the source of people required to meet in job requirements

iv) It is pervasive function as all organisations engage in recruiting activity But

itrsquosvolume and nature depends on the size and nature of business organisations

v) It is a two way process as it takes a recruiter and recruiting

Computer Science

Implementation of algorithms to solve problems

Problems Solutions and ToolsI have a problem I need to thank Aunt Kay for the birthday present she sent me I could send a thank you note through the mail I could call her on the telephone I could send her an email message I could drive to her house and thank her in person In fact there are many ways I could thank her but thats not the point The point is that I must decide how I want to solve the problem and use the appropriate tool to implement (carry out) my plan The postal service the telephone the internet and my automobile are tools that I can use but none of these actually solves my problem In a similar way a computer does not solve problems its just a tool that I can use to implement my plan for solving the problem

Knowing that Aunt Kay appreciates creative and unusual things I have decided to hire a singing messenger to deliver my thanks In this context the messenger is a tool but one that needs instructions from me I have to tell the messenger where Aunt Kay lives what time I would like the message to be delivered and what lyrics I want sung A computer program is similar to my instructions to the messenger

The story of Aunt Kay uses a familiar context to set the stage for a useful point of view concerning computers and computer programs The following list summarizes the key aspects of this point of view

A computer is a tool that can be used to implement a plan for solving a problem

A computer program is a set of instructions for a computer These instructions describe the steps that the computer must follow to implement a plan

An algorithm is a plan for solving a problem A person must design an algorithm A person must translate an algorithm into a computer program

This point of view sets the stage for a process that we will use to develop solutions to Jeroo problems The basic process is important because it can be used to solve a wide variety of problems including ones where the solution will be written in some other programming language

An Algorithm Development Process

Every problem solution starts with a plan That plan is called an algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem

There are many ways to write an algorithm Some are very informal some are quite formal and mathematical in nature and some are quite graphical The instructions for connecting a DVD player to a television are an algorithm A mathematical formula such as πR2 is a special case of an algorithm The form is not particularly important as long as it provides a good way to describe and check the logic of the planThe development of an algorithm (a plan) is a key step in solving a problem Once we have an algorithm we can translate it into a computer program in some programming language Our algorithm development process consists of five major

stepsStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemStep 2 Analyze the problemStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailStep 5 Review the algorithmStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemThis step is much more difficult than it appears In the following discussion the word client refers to someone who wants to find a solution to a problem and the word developer refers to someone who finds a way to solve the problem The developer must create an algorithm that will solve the clients problemThe client is responsible for creating a description of the problem but this is often the weakest part of the process Its quite common for a problem description to suffer from one or more of the following types of defects (1) the description relies on unstated assumptions (2) the description is ambiguous (3) the description is incomplete or (4) the description has internal contradictions These defects are seldom due to carelessness by the client Instead they are due to the fact that natural languages (English French Korean etc) are rather imprecise Part of the developers responsibility is to identify defects in the description of a problem and to work with the client to remedy those defectsStep 2 Analyze the problemThe purpose of this step is to determine both the starting and ending points for solving the problem This process is analogous to a mathematician determining what is given and what must be proven A good problem description makes it easier to perform this stepWhen determining the starting point we should start by seeking answers to the following questionsWhat data are availableWhere is that dataWhat formulas pertain to the problemWhat rules exist for working with the dataWhat relationships exist among the data valuesWhen determining the ending point we need to describe the characteristics of a solution In other words how will we know when were done Asking the following questions often helps to determine the ending pointWhat new facts will we haveWhat items will have changedWhat changes will have been made to those itemsWhat things will no longer existStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem but plans come in several levels of detail Its usually better to start with a high-level algorithm that includes the major part of a solution but leaves the details until later We can use an everyday example to demonstrate a high-level algorithmProblem I need a send a birthday card to my brother MarkAnalysis I dont have a card I prefer to buy a card rather than make one myselfHigh-level algorithmGo to a store that sells greeting cardsSelect a cardPurchase a cardMail the cardThis algorithm is satisfactory for daily use but it lacks details that would have to be added were a computer to carry out the solution These details include answers to questions such as the followingWhich store will I visitHow will I get there walk drive ride my bicycle take the busWhat kind of card does Mark like humorous sentimental risqueacute

These kinds of details are considered in the next step of our processStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailA high-level algorithm shows the major steps that need to be followed to solve a problem Now we need to add details to these steps but how much detail should we add Unfortunately the answer to this question depends on the situation We have to consider who (or what) is going to implement the algorithm and how much that person (or thing) already knows how to do If someone is going to purchase Marks birthday card on my behalf my instructions have to be adapted to whether or not that person is familiar with the stores in the community and how well the purchaser known my brothers taste in greeting cardsWhen our goal is to develop algorithms that will lead to computer programs we need to consider the capabilities of the computer and provide enough detail so that someone else could use our algorithm to write a computer program that follows the steps in our algorithm As with the birthday card problem we need to adjust the level of detail to match the ability of the programmer When in doubt or when you are learning it is better to have too much detail than to have too littleMost of our examples will move from a high-level to a detailed algorithm in a single step but this is not always reasonable For larger more complex problems it is common to go through this process several times developing intermediate level algorithms as we go Each time we add more detail to the previous algorithm stopping when we see no benefit to further refinement This technique of gradually working from a high-level to a detailed algorithm is often called stepwise refinementStepwise refinement is a process for developing a detailed algorithm by gradually adding detail to a high-level algorithmStep 5 Review the algorithmThe final step is to review the algorithm What are we looking for First we need to work through the algorithm step by step to determine whether or not it will solve the original problem Once we are satisfied that the algorithm does provide a solution to the problem we start to look for other things The following questions are typical of ones that should be asked whenever we review an algorithm Asking these questions and seeking their answers is a good way to develop skills that can be applied to the next problemDoes this algorithm solve a very specific problem or does it solve a more general problem If it solves a very specific problem should it be generalizedFor example an algorithm that computes the area of a circle having radius 52 meters (formula π522) solves a very specific problem but an algorithm that computes the area of any circle (formula πR2) solves a more general problemCan this algorithm be simplifiedOne formula for computing the perimeter of a rectangle islength + width + length + widthA simpler formula would be20 (length + width)Is this solution similar to the solution to another problem How are they alike How are they differentFor example consider the following two formulaeRectangle area = length widthTriangle area = 05 base heightSimilarities Each computes an area Each multiplies two measurementsDifferences Different measurements are used The triangle formula contains 05Hypothesis Perhaps every area formula involves multiplying two measurements

Ac-12 29420 topic Sums of Admission of a partner

Question

Ashu and Pankaj are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 their Balance sheet on March 31 2014 was as follows

Balance Sheet of Ashu and Pankaj as at March 312014

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount

Creditors 38000 Cash in hand 15000 Bills Payable 40000 Cash at Bank 62000 Salaries outstanding 5000 Debtors 58000 Profit amp Loss 40000 Stock 85000 Capitals Machinery 145000 Ashu 150000 Goodwill 38000 Pankaj 130000 280000

403000 403000

They admitted Gurdeep into partnership on the following terms on March 31 2014(a)New profit sharing ratio is agreed as 3 2 l

(b) He will bring in 1 00000 as his share of capital and ` 30000 as his share of goodwill(c) Machinery is appreciated by 10(d) Stock is valued at ` 87000(e) Creditors are unrecorded to the extent of ` 6000(f) A provision for doubtful debts is to be created by 4 on debtorsPrepare Revaluation account Capital Accounts Bank account and Balance Sheet of the new firm after admission of Gurdeep

ECO ndash12 2942020Topic- ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

FACTORS AFFECTING PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

As discussed earlier in case of some goods responsiveness of quantity demanded to the change in price is more than some other goods For example a very small change in price of luxury goods may affect their demand to a considerable extent but a large change in price of salt may not affect its demand This means price elasticity of demand is different for different goods Following factors may affect the price elasticity of demand for a good

(i) Availability of close substitutes Demand for a commodity which has large number of substitutes is usually more elastic than those commodities which have no substitutes For example coke Pepsi limca etc are good substitutes Even a small rise in price of coke will induce the buyers to go for its substitutes On the other hand demand for electricity will be less elastic because it has no close substitutes

(ii) Nature of the Commodity Demand for necessities like medicines food grains is less elastic because we have to consume them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be But demand for comforts and luxuries like refrigerators

air conditioners etc is more elastic because their consumption may be postponed for future if their price rises

(iii) Share in Total Expenditure Greater the proportion of income spent on the commodity more is the elasticity of demand for it Demand for a commodity is inelastic if proportion of income spent on that commodity is very small

(iv)Level of Price Demand for a commodity at higher level of price (like air conditioners cars etc) is generally more elastic than for a commodity at lower level of price (like match box pencils etc)

(v) Level of Income Demand for a commodity is generally less elastic for higher income level groups in comparison to people with low incomes For example

• Subatomic Particles
• • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • • Atomic Structure of Isotopes
    • Isotopes of Some Elements
    • Hydrogen
    • • Carbon
      • Oxygen
      • • Rutherford Atomic Theory
        • • Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom
          • Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model
          • • Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

system and largely preserves the ISCII layout within each block

UNiCODEUnicode is a universal character encoding standard It defines the way individual characters are represented in text files web pages and other types of documents Unlike ASCII which was designed to represent only basic English characters Unicode was designed to support characters from all languages around the world The standard ASCII character set only supports 128 characters while Unicode can support roughly 1000000 characters While ASCII only uses one byte to represent each character Unicode supports up to 4 bytes for each character There are several different types of Unicode encodings though UTF-8 and UTF-16 are the most common UTF-8 has become the standard character encoding used on the Web and is also the default encoding used by many software programs While UTF-8 supports up to four bytes per character it would be inefficient to use four bytes to represent frequently used characters Therefore UTF-8 uses only one byte to represent common English characters European (Latin) Hebrew and Arabic characters are represented with two bytes while three bytes are used to Chinese Japanese Korean and other Asian characters Additional Unicode characters can be represented with four bytes

Subject ndashAccountsTopic- Cash BookQuestionFrom the following transactions of Mr Singh of Kolkata prepare single column cash book for the month of March 20202020Mar1Mar2Mar3Mar3Mar4Mar4

Mar9Mar20Mar21Mar28Mar29Mar30

Cash in HandCash salesDeposited cash into BankIssued Cheque to a creditor Rs 49900 after deducting Cash Discount of Rs 3100Wages paid in cash Cash Sales of Rs 180000 Out of which Rs 100000 was deposited into Bank on March 7Paid cash Rs 4500 to Transport Corporation of India(TCI)Paid cash for window cleaning servicePurchased Goods on credit from UampCoPaid cash to Sharpa creditor after deducting discount Rs 500Paid Electricity Bill in CashCash collected from Mahesh(Debtor) Rs 45000 after allowing discount of Rs 2500

Rs25000

220000200000

22500

200015000

95009000

SolutionIn the books of Mr Singh

Dr Cash Book CrDate Particulars LF Rs Date Particulars L

FRs

2020Mar1Mar2

Mar4

Mar30

To Balance bdTo sales Ac(Being goods sold)To sales Ac(Being goods sold)To Mahesh Ac(Being cash collected)

25000220000

180000

45000

2020Mar3

Mar4

Mar7

Mar9

By Bank Ac(Being cash deposited)By Wages Ac(Being wages paid)By Bank Ac(Being cash deposited out of sales made on 4th March)By Freight Ac(Being paid to TCI)

200000

22500

100000

4500

Apr1To Balance bd

_______470000

122500

Mar20

Mar28

Mar29

Mar30

By Office Expenses Ac(Being paid window cleaning service)By Sharp Ac(Being paid to creditor)By Electricity ExpensesAc(Being paid electricity bill)By Balance cd

2000

9500

9000

122500470000

Note 1) March 3 discount entry will be not recorded in single column cash book 2) March 21 entry transaction will not be recorded since it is credit transaction No credit transactions are recorded in cash book

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

COMMERCE

CAPITAL-FIXED AND WORKING

ldquoWORKING CAPITALrsquorsquo

Now let us start with the meaning and concept of WORKING CAPITAL

The capital invested in current or working assets such as stock of material and finished goods accounts receivable bills receivable short term securities and cash or bank balance for meeting day- to- day expenses is known as working capital or current capital It represents investment for a short period and changes its form from time to time therefore it is also known as circulating capital

Now let us discuss gross working capital

Gross working capital means the amount invested in current assets such as cash in hand cash at bank accounts receivable bills receivable stock etc

Thus Gross working capital= Current assets

Net working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilitiesThus Net working capital = Current assets ndash Current liabilities

Now us discuss the variable working capitalVariable working capital is the amount which is required to meet seasonal demand and special exigencies

1What is working capitalAnswerThe capital invested in current or working assets such as stock of material and finished goods accounts receivable bills receivable short term securities and cash or bank balance for meeting day- to- day expenses is known as working capital or current capital It represents investment for a short period and changes its form from time to time therefore it is also known as circulating capital

2What is gross working capitalAnswerGross working capital means the amount invested in current assets such as cash in hand cash at bank accounts receivable bills receivable stock etcThus gross working capital= current assets

It consists of seasonal working capital and special working capitalThe later is needed to meet special exigencies such as investment in inventory during recession launching a special marketing campaign etc

3 What is net working capitalAnswerNet working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities

Thus Net working capital = Current assets ndash Current liabilities

4 What is variable working capitalAnswerVariable working capital is the amount which is required to meet seasonal demand and special exigencies It consists of seasonal working capital and special working capital The later is needed to meet special exigencies such as investment in inventory during recession launching a special marketing campaign etc

Physics Chapter 3 Gauss Theorem

ExecutionWhat is Gauss Law

According to the Gauss law the total flux linked with a closed surface is 1ε0 times the charge enclosed by the closed surface

Φ = ∮Eds=qϵ

For example A point charge q is placed inside a cube of edge lsquoarsquo Now as per the Gauss law the flux through each face of the cube is q6ε0

The electric field is the basic concept to know about electricity Generally the electric field of the surface is calculated by applying Coulombrsquos law but to calculate the electric field distribution in a closed surface we need to understand the concept of Gauss law It explains about the electric charge enclosed in a closed or the electric charge present in the enclosed closed surface

Gauss Law Formula

As per the Gauss theorem the total charge enclosed in a closed surface is proportional to the total flux enclosed by the surface Therefore If ϕ is total flux and ϵ0 is electric constant the total electric charge Q enclosed by the surface is

Q = ϕ ϵ0

The Gauss law formula is expressed by

ϕ = Qϵ0

Where

Q = total charge within the given surface

ε0 = the electric constant

rArr Also Read Equipotential Surface

The Gauss theorem statement also gives an important corollary

The electric flux from any closed surface is only due to the sources (positive charges) and sinks (negative charges) of electric fields enclosed by the surface Any charges outside the surface do not contribute to the electric flux Also only electric charges can act as sources or sinks of electric fields Changing magnetic fields for example cannot act as sources or sinks of electric fields

Biology Chapter - 02Reproduction in Flowering plants

Today we will discuss about post fertilization events1 Endosperm and embryo development2 Maturation of ovule(s) into seed(s)3 Maturation of ovary into fruits

Q6 Describe endosperm and embryo development The primary endosperm

cell divides repeatedlyto form a triploid endosperm tissue filled with reserve food materials which provides the nutrition for the developing embryo bull Later the cell wall formation occurs and the endosperm becomes cellularbull Endosperm may either be completely consumed by the developing embryo as seen in pea ground nut beans etc before seedmaturation or it may persist in the mature seed as seen in castor and coconut and be used up during seed germination

Embryo Embryo develops at the micropylar end of the embryo sac where the zygote is situated

The early stages of embryo development embryogeny are similarin both monocotyledon and dicotyledon The zygote gives rise

to the proembryo and then to globular heart shaped and mature embryo

Dicotyledonous Embryo

It has an embryonal axis and two cotyledons

The portion of embryonal axis above is

Epicotyl terminates as plumule ( stem tip ) below is hypocotyl terminates as radicle ( root tip ) The root tip is

covered by a root cap

Monocotyledonous Embryo

has one cotyledon In grass it is called

scutellum lower end of it the embryonal axis has the radicle and root cap enclosed in an undifferentiated sheath coleorhiza

The portion of the embryonal axis above is epicotyl has a shoot apex

English Literature

The Darkling Thrush

The Darkling Thrush Line by Line Explanation-The landrsquos sharp features seemed to beThe centuryrsquos corpse outleantHis crypt cloudy canopyThe wind his death-lamentExplanation-Winter in the Northern Hemisphere is also the end of the year Here it becomes even more meaningful as the end of the year in this case also marks the end of the century This is why the century is personified as a corpse the harsh winter landscape defining its wasted body The lsquocloudy canopyrsquo or sky covers the centuryrsquos tomb and the sad wind becomes a song of death

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Differentiability Suppose f is a real function and c is a point in its domain The derivative of f at c is defined bylimhrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hProvided this limit exists Derivative of f at c is denoted by f (c) or ddx(f(x )) |prime c The function defined byf(x) = lim hrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hWherever the limit exists is defined to be the derivative of f The derivative of is defined by f(x) or ddx (x) or if y= f(x) then by y or dydxThe process of finding derivative of a function is called differentiation We also use the phrase differentiate f (x) with respect to x to mean find f (x)primeThe following rules were established as a part of algebra of derivatives(1) (u plusmn v) = u plusmn vprime prime prime(2) (uv) = u v + uv (Leibnitz or product rule)prime prime prime(3)(uv)= (uv-vu) v2 wherever v ne 0 (Quotient rule)The following table gives a list of derivatives of certain standard functions

f(x) xn Sin x Cos x tan x

f(x) nxn-1 cos x -sin x sec 2 x

Example Find derivative of the following functions i) x3 +3xii) 3 x7 +2 sin xSolution i) let f(x) = x3 +3xOr f(x)= ddx( x3 +3x) Or f(x) = 3x2 +3ii) Let f(x) = 3 x7 + 2 sin xOr f(x) = 37 x6 + 2 cos xOr f(x) = 21 x6 + 2cos x

History TOPIC- TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC NATIONAL MOVEMENTS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WARVIOLENT PUBLIC REACTION OF QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

Violent public reaction Besides repressive measures recourse was taken to machine gun and aerial firing This only increased the peoplersquos fury and led them more violent In some places like Midnapore in West Bengal Balia in UPeven parallel government was set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from many placesImpotant Storm Centres Of The Movement The revolt of 1942 or Quit India Movement revealed the Peoplersquos fighting spirit and their desparate longing for freedom Five important storm centres of movement embracing whole India

1 Question How did the public react towards the Quit India MovementAnswer The Quit India Movement became violent In many places like Satara in Maharashtra Midnapore in Bengal Balia in UP parallel governments were set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from the people of Bombay Bihar Gujrat Orissa Assam Bengal and Karnataka The working class went on strikes underground revolutionary activities also started under

Jayprakash Narayan Ramananda Mishra etc The most daring act was establishment of Congress Radio by underground rebels

2 Question Who was Usha MehtaAnswer Usha Mehta who was later known as Ushaben was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi She was a freedom fighter of India She helped to set up an underground radio station It was known as secret Congres Radio which led to the awakening the people in Nationalism during the Quit India Movement

3 Question Name two women who participated in the Quit India MovementAnswer Aruna Asaf Ali Sarojini Naidu

4 Question What were the important storm centres of Quit India MovementAnswer a) The district of Bhagalpur Hazaribagh Saranin Biharb) Benaras Gazipur Balia and Azamgarh

districts in UPC) Tamluk in Midnapur district in South Bengald)Balasore Koraput and Talcher in OrissaE) Nasik and Satara in Maharashtra

Business studies

Staff Recruitment chapter 3

Today we are going to start a new topic -Staff recruitmentEvery organisation requires well-qualified and motivated staff to functions effectivelyThuss to acquire effective staff recruitment selection training motivation etc is necessary

Questions1 Define staff

recruitment

Answer) Recruitment is a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the requirements of the staffing schedule and to employee effective measures for attracting that manpower inadequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of an efficient working course

2 Mention some characteristics of recruitmentAnswers) Some characteristics of recruitment are as

i) It is a process or a series of activities rather than a single act or event

ii) it is a linking activity as it brings together employer and prospective employees

iii) The basic purpose of recruitment is to locate the source of people required to meet in job requirements

iv) It is pervasive function as all organisations engage in recruiting activity But

itrsquosvolume and nature depends on the size and nature of business organisations

v) It is a two way process as it takes a recruiter and recruiting

Computer Science

Implementation of algorithms to solve problems

Problems Solutions and ToolsI have a problem I need to thank Aunt Kay for the birthday present she sent me I could send a thank you note through the mail I could call her on the telephone I could send her an email message I could drive to her house and thank her in person In fact there are many ways I could thank her but thats not the point The point is that I must decide how I want to solve the problem and use the appropriate tool to implement (carry out) my plan The postal service the telephone the internet and my automobile are tools that I can use but none of these actually solves my problem In a similar way a computer does not solve problems its just a tool that I can use to implement my plan for solving the problem

Knowing that Aunt Kay appreciates creative and unusual things I have decided to hire a singing messenger to deliver my thanks In this context the messenger is a tool but one that needs instructions from me I have to tell the messenger where Aunt Kay lives what time I would like the message to be delivered and what lyrics I want sung A computer program is similar to my instructions to the messenger

The story of Aunt Kay uses a familiar context to set the stage for a useful point of view concerning computers and computer programs The following list summarizes the key aspects of this point of view

A computer is a tool that can be used to implement a plan for solving a problem

A computer program is a set of instructions for a computer These instructions describe the steps that the computer must follow to implement a plan

An algorithm is a plan for solving a problem A person must design an algorithm A person must translate an algorithm into a computer program

This point of view sets the stage for a process that we will use to develop solutions to Jeroo problems The basic process is important because it can be used to solve a wide variety of problems including ones where the solution will be written in some other programming language

An Algorithm Development Process

Every problem solution starts with a plan That plan is called an algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem

There are many ways to write an algorithm Some are very informal some are quite formal and mathematical in nature and some are quite graphical The instructions for connecting a DVD player to a television are an algorithm A mathematical formula such as πR2 is a special case of an algorithm The form is not particularly important as long as it provides a good way to describe and check the logic of the planThe development of an algorithm (a plan) is a key step in solving a problem Once we have an algorithm we can translate it into a computer program in some programming language Our algorithm development process consists of five major

stepsStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemStep 2 Analyze the problemStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailStep 5 Review the algorithmStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemThis step is much more difficult than it appears In the following discussion the word client refers to someone who wants to find a solution to a problem and the word developer refers to someone who finds a way to solve the problem The developer must create an algorithm that will solve the clients problemThe client is responsible for creating a description of the problem but this is often the weakest part of the process Its quite common for a problem description to suffer from one or more of the following types of defects (1) the description relies on unstated assumptions (2) the description is ambiguous (3) the description is incomplete or (4) the description has internal contradictions These defects are seldom due to carelessness by the client Instead they are due to the fact that natural languages (English French Korean etc) are rather imprecise Part of the developers responsibility is to identify defects in the description of a problem and to work with the client to remedy those defectsStep 2 Analyze the problemThe purpose of this step is to determine both the starting and ending points for solving the problem This process is analogous to a mathematician determining what is given and what must be proven A good problem description makes it easier to perform this stepWhen determining the starting point we should start by seeking answers to the following questionsWhat data are availableWhere is that dataWhat formulas pertain to the problemWhat rules exist for working with the dataWhat relationships exist among the data valuesWhen determining the ending point we need to describe the characteristics of a solution In other words how will we know when were done Asking the following questions often helps to determine the ending pointWhat new facts will we haveWhat items will have changedWhat changes will have been made to those itemsWhat things will no longer existStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem but plans come in several levels of detail Its usually better to start with a high-level algorithm that includes the major part of a solution but leaves the details until later We can use an everyday example to demonstrate a high-level algorithmProblem I need a send a birthday card to my brother MarkAnalysis I dont have a card I prefer to buy a card rather than make one myselfHigh-level algorithmGo to a store that sells greeting cardsSelect a cardPurchase a cardMail the cardThis algorithm is satisfactory for daily use but it lacks details that would have to be added were a computer to carry out the solution These details include answers to questions such as the followingWhich store will I visitHow will I get there walk drive ride my bicycle take the busWhat kind of card does Mark like humorous sentimental risqueacute

These kinds of details are considered in the next step of our processStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailA high-level algorithm shows the major steps that need to be followed to solve a problem Now we need to add details to these steps but how much detail should we add Unfortunately the answer to this question depends on the situation We have to consider who (or what) is going to implement the algorithm and how much that person (or thing) already knows how to do If someone is going to purchase Marks birthday card on my behalf my instructions have to be adapted to whether or not that person is familiar with the stores in the community and how well the purchaser known my brothers taste in greeting cardsWhen our goal is to develop algorithms that will lead to computer programs we need to consider the capabilities of the computer and provide enough detail so that someone else could use our algorithm to write a computer program that follows the steps in our algorithm As with the birthday card problem we need to adjust the level of detail to match the ability of the programmer When in doubt or when you are learning it is better to have too much detail than to have too littleMost of our examples will move from a high-level to a detailed algorithm in a single step but this is not always reasonable For larger more complex problems it is common to go through this process several times developing intermediate level algorithms as we go Each time we add more detail to the previous algorithm stopping when we see no benefit to further refinement This technique of gradually working from a high-level to a detailed algorithm is often called stepwise refinementStepwise refinement is a process for developing a detailed algorithm by gradually adding detail to a high-level algorithmStep 5 Review the algorithmThe final step is to review the algorithm What are we looking for First we need to work through the algorithm step by step to determine whether or not it will solve the original problem Once we are satisfied that the algorithm does provide a solution to the problem we start to look for other things The following questions are typical of ones that should be asked whenever we review an algorithm Asking these questions and seeking their answers is a good way to develop skills that can be applied to the next problemDoes this algorithm solve a very specific problem or does it solve a more general problem If it solves a very specific problem should it be generalizedFor example an algorithm that computes the area of a circle having radius 52 meters (formula π522) solves a very specific problem but an algorithm that computes the area of any circle (formula πR2) solves a more general problemCan this algorithm be simplifiedOne formula for computing the perimeter of a rectangle islength + width + length + widthA simpler formula would be20 (length + width)Is this solution similar to the solution to another problem How are they alike How are they differentFor example consider the following two formulaeRectangle area = length widthTriangle area = 05 base heightSimilarities Each computes an area Each multiplies two measurementsDifferences Different measurements are used The triangle formula contains 05Hypothesis Perhaps every area formula involves multiplying two measurements

Ac-12 29420 topic Sums of Admission of a partner

Question

Ashu and Pankaj are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 their Balance sheet on March 31 2014 was as follows

Balance Sheet of Ashu and Pankaj as at March 312014

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount

Creditors 38000 Cash in hand 15000 Bills Payable 40000 Cash at Bank 62000 Salaries outstanding 5000 Debtors 58000 Profit amp Loss 40000 Stock 85000 Capitals Machinery 145000 Ashu 150000 Goodwill 38000 Pankaj 130000 280000

403000 403000

They admitted Gurdeep into partnership on the following terms on March 31 2014(a)New profit sharing ratio is agreed as 3 2 l

(b) He will bring in 1 00000 as his share of capital and ` 30000 as his share of goodwill(c) Machinery is appreciated by 10(d) Stock is valued at ` 87000(e) Creditors are unrecorded to the extent of ` 6000(f) A provision for doubtful debts is to be created by 4 on debtorsPrepare Revaluation account Capital Accounts Bank account and Balance Sheet of the new firm after admission of Gurdeep

ECO ndash12 2942020Topic- ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

FACTORS AFFECTING PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

As discussed earlier in case of some goods responsiveness of quantity demanded to the change in price is more than some other goods For example a very small change in price of luxury goods may affect their demand to a considerable extent but a large change in price of salt may not affect its demand This means price elasticity of demand is different for different goods Following factors may affect the price elasticity of demand for a good

(i) Availability of close substitutes Demand for a commodity which has large number of substitutes is usually more elastic than those commodities which have no substitutes For example coke Pepsi limca etc are good substitutes Even a small rise in price of coke will induce the buyers to go for its substitutes On the other hand demand for electricity will be less elastic because it has no close substitutes

(ii) Nature of the Commodity Demand for necessities like medicines food grains is less elastic because we have to consume them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be But demand for comforts and luxuries like refrigerators

air conditioners etc is more elastic because their consumption may be postponed for future if their price rises

(iii) Share in Total Expenditure Greater the proportion of income spent on the commodity more is the elasticity of demand for it Demand for a commodity is inelastic if proportion of income spent on that commodity is very small

(iv)Level of Price Demand for a commodity at higher level of price (like air conditioners cars etc) is generally more elastic than for a commodity at lower level of price (like match box pencils etc)

(v) Level of Income Demand for a commodity is generally less elastic for higher income level groups in comparison to people with low incomes For example

• Subatomic Particles
• • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • • Atomic Structure of Isotopes
    • Isotopes of Some Elements
    • Hydrogen
    • • Carbon
      • Oxygen
      • • Rutherford Atomic Theory
        • • Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom
          • Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model
          • • Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Apr1To Balance bd

_______470000

122500

Mar20

Mar28

Mar29

Mar30

By Office Expenses Ac(Being paid window cleaning service)By Sharp Ac(Being paid to creditor)By Electricity ExpensesAc(Being paid electricity bill)By Balance cd

2000

9500

9000

122500470000

Note 1) March 3 discount entry will be not recorded in single column cash book 2) March 21 entry transaction will not be recorded since it is credit transaction No credit transactions are recorded in cash book

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

COMMERCE

CAPITAL-FIXED AND WORKING

ldquoWORKING CAPITALrsquorsquo

Now let us start with the meaning and concept of WORKING CAPITAL

The capital invested in current or working assets such as stock of material and finished goods accounts receivable bills receivable short term securities and cash or bank balance for meeting day- to- day expenses is known as working capital or current capital It represents investment for a short period and changes its form from time to time therefore it is also known as circulating capital

Now let us discuss gross working capital

Gross working capital means the amount invested in current assets such as cash in hand cash at bank accounts receivable bills receivable stock etc

Thus Gross working capital= Current assets

Net working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilitiesThus Net working capital = Current assets ndash Current liabilities

Now us discuss the variable working capitalVariable working capital is the amount which is required to meet seasonal demand and special exigencies

1What is working capitalAnswerThe capital invested in current or working assets such as stock of material and finished goods accounts receivable bills receivable short term securities and cash or bank balance for meeting day- to- day expenses is known as working capital or current capital It represents investment for a short period and changes its form from time to time therefore it is also known as circulating capital

2What is gross working capitalAnswerGross working capital means the amount invested in current assets such as cash in hand cash at bank accounts receivable bills receivable stock etcThus gross working capital= current assets

It consists of seasonal working capital and special working capitalThe later is needed to meet special exigencies such as investment in inventory during recession launching a special marketing campaign etc

3 What is net working capitalAnswerNet working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities

Thus Net working capital = Current assets ndash Current liabilities

4 What is variable working capitalAnswerVariable working capital is the amount which is required to meet seasonal demand and special exigencies It consists of seasonal working capital and special working capital The later is needed to meet special exigencies such as investment in inventory during recession launching a special marketing campaign etc

Physics Chapter 3 Gauss Theorem

ExecutionWhat is Gauss Law

According to the Gauss law the total flux linked with a closed surface is 1ε0 times the charge enclosed by the closed surface

Φ = ∮Eds=qϵ

For example A point charge q is placed inside a cube of edge lsquoarsquo Now as per the Gauss law the flux through each face of the cube is q6ε0

The electric field is the basic concept to know about electricity Generally the electric field of the surface is calculated by applying Coulombrsquos law but to calculate the electric field distribution in a closed surface we need to understand the concept of Gauss law It explains about the electric charge enclosed in a closed or the electric charge present in the enclosed closed surface

Gauss Law Formula

As per the Gauss theorem the total charge enclosed in a closed surface is proportional to the total flux enclosed by the surface Therefore If ϕ is total flux and ϵ0 is electric constant the total electric charge Q enclosed by the surface is

Q = ϕ ϵ0

The Gauss law formula is expressed by

ϕ = Qϵ0

Where

Q = total charge within the given surface

ε0 = the electric constant

rArr Also Read Equipotential Surface

The Gauss theorem statement also gives an important corollary

The electric flux from any closed surface is only due to the sources (positive charges) and sinks (negative charges) of electric fields enclosed by the surface Any charges outside the surface do not contribute to the electric flux Also only electric charges can act as sources or sinks of electric fields Changing magnetic fields for example cannot act as sources or sinks of electric fields

Biology Chapter - 02Reproduction in Flowering plants

Today we will discuss about post fertilization events1 Endosperm and embryo development2 Maturation of ovule(s) into seed(s)3 Maturation of ovary into fruits

Q6 Describe endosperm and embryo development The primary endosperm

cell divides repeatedlyto form a triploid endosperm tissue filled with reserve food materials which provides the nutrition for the developing embryo bull Later the cell wall formation occurs and the endosperm becomes cellularbull Endosperm may either be completely consumed by the developing embryo as seen in pea ground nut beans etc before seedmaturation or it may persist in the mature seed as seen in castor and coconut and be used up during seed germination

Embryo Embryo develops at the micropylar end of the embryo sac where the zygote is situated

The early stages of embryo development embryogeny are similarin both monocotyledon and dicotyledon The zygote gives rise

to the proembryo and then to globular heart shaped and mature embryo

Dicotyledonous Embryo

It has an embryonal axis and two cotyledons

The portion of embryonal axis above is

Epicotyl terminates as plumule ( stem tip ) below is hypocotyl terminates as radicle ( root tip ) The root tip is

covered by a root cap

Monocotyledonous Embryo

has one cotyledon In grass it is called

scutellum lower end of it the embryonal axis has the radicle and root cap enclosed in an undifferentiated sheath coleorhiza

The portion of the embryonal axis above is epicotyl has a shoot apex

English Literature

The Darkling Thrush

The Darkling Thrush Line by Line Explanation-The landrsquos sharp features seemed to beThe centuryrsquos corpse outleantHis crypt cloudy canopyThe wind his death-lamentExplanation-Winter in the Northern Hemisphere is also the end of the year Here it becomes even more meaningful as the end of the year in this case also marks the end of the century This is why the century is personified as a corpse the harsh winter landscape defining its wasted body The lsquocloudy canopyrsquo or sky covers the centuryrsquos tomb and the sad wind becomes a song of death

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Differentiability Suppose f is a real function and c is a point in its domain The derivative of f at c is defined bylimhrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hProvided this limit exists Derivative of f at c is denoted by f (c) or ddx(f(x )) |prime c The function defined byf(x) = lim hrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hWherever the limit exists is defined to be the derivative of f The derivative of is defined by f(x) or ddx (x) or if y= f(x) then by y or dydxThe process of finding derivative of a function is called differentiation We also use the phrase differentiate f (x) with respect to x to mean find f (x)primeThe following rules were established as a part of algebra of derivatives(1) (u plusmn v) = u plusmn vprime prime prime(2) (uv) = u v + uv (Leibnitz or product rule)prime prime prime(3)(uv)= (uv-vu) v2 wherever v ne 0 (Quotient rule)The following table gives a list of derivatives of certain standard functions

f(x) xn Sin x Cos x tan x

f(x) nxn-1 cos x -sin x sec 2 x

Example Find derivative of the following functions i) x3 +3xii) 3 x7 +2 sin xSolution i) let f(x) = x3 +3xOr f(x)= ddx( x3 +3x) Or f(x) = 3x2 +3ii) Let f(x) = 3 x7 + 2 sin xOr f(x) = 37 x6 + 2 cos xOr f(x) = 21 x6 + 2cos x

History TOPIC- TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC NATIONAL MOVEMENTS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WARVIOLENT PUBLIC REACTION OF QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

Violent public reaction Besides repressive measures recourse was taken to machine gun and aerial firing This only increased the peoplersquos fury and led them more violent In some places like Midnapore in West Bengal Balia in UPeven parallel government was set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from many placesImpotant Storm Centres Of The Movement The revolt of 1942 or Quit India Movement revealed the Peoplersquos fighting spirit and their desparate longing for freedom Five important storm centres of movement embracing whole India

1 Question How did the public react towards the Quit India MovementAnswer The Quit India Movement became violent In many places like Satara in Maharashtra Midnapore in Bengal Balia in UP parallel governments were set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from the people of Bombay Bihar Gujrat Orissa Assam Bengal and Karnataka The working class went on strikes underground revolutionary activities also started under

Jayprakash Narayan Ramananda Mishra etc The most daring act was establishment of Congress Radio by underground rebels

2 Question Who was Usha MehtaAnswer Usha Mehta who was later known as Ushaben was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi She was a freedom fighter of India She helped to set up an underground radio station It was known as secret Congres Radio which led to the awakening the people in Nationalism during the Quit India Movement

3 Question Name two women who participated in the Quit India MovementAnswer Aruna Asaf Ali Sarojini Naidu

4 Question What were the important storm centres of Quit India MovementAnswer a) The district of Bhagalpur Hazaribagh Saranin Biharb) Benaras Gazipur Balia and Azamgarh

districts in UPC) Tamluk in Midnapur district in South Bengald)Balasore Koraput and Talcher in OrissaE) Nasik and Satara in Maharashtra

Business studies

Staff Recruitment chapter 3

Today we are going to start a new topic -Staff recruitmentEvery organisation requires well-qualified and motivated staff to functions effectivelyThuss to acquire effective staff recruitment selection training motivation etc is necessary

Questions1 Define staff

recruitment

Answer) Recruitment is a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the requirements of the staffing schedule and to employee effective measures for attracting that manpower inadequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of an efficient working course

2 Mention some characteristics of recruitmentAnswers) Some characteristics of recruitment are as

i) It is a process or a series of activities rather than a single act or event

ii) it is a linking activity as it brings together employer and prospective employees

iii) The basic purpose of recruitment is to locate the source of people required to meet in job requirements

iv) It is pervasive function as all organisations engage in recruiting activity But

itrsquosvolume and nature depends on the size and nature of business organisations

v) It is a two way process as it takes a recruiter and recruiting

Computer Science

Implementation of algorithms to solve problems

Problems Solutions and ToolsI have a problem I need to thank Aunt Kay for the birthday present she sent me I could send a thank you note through the mail I could call her on the telephone I could send her an email message I could drive to her house and thank her in person In fact there are many ways I could thank her but thats not the point The point is that I must decide how I want to solve the problem and use the appropriate tool to implement (carry out) my plan The postal service the telephone the internet and my automobile are tools that I can use but none of these actually solves my problem In a similar way a computer does not solve problems its just a tool that I can use to implement my plan for solving the problem

Knowing that Aunt Kay appreciates creative and unusual things I have decided to hire a singing messenger to deliver my thanks In this context the messenger is a tool but one that needs instructions from me I have to tell the messenger where Aunt Kay lives what time I would like the message to be delivered and what lyrics I want sung A computer program is similar to my instructions to the messenger

The story of Aunt Kay uses a familiar context to set the stage for a useful point of view concerning computers and computer programs The following list summarizes the key aspects of this point of view

A computer is a tool that can be used to implement a plan for solving a problem

A computer program is a set of instructions for a computer These instructions describe the steps that the computer must follow to implement a plan

An algorithm is a plan for solving a problem A person must design an algorithm A person must translate an algorithm into a computer program

This point of view sets the stage for a process that we will use to develop solutions to Jeroo problems The basic process is important because it can be used to solve a wide variety of problems including ones where the solution will be written in some other programming language

An Algorithm Development Process

Every problem solution starts with a plan That plan is called an algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem

There are many ways to write an algorithm Some are very informal some are quite formal and mathematical in nature and some are quite graphical The instructions for connecting a DVD player to a television are an algorithm A mathematical formula such as πR2 is a special case of an algorithm The form is not particularly important as long as it provides a good way to describe and check the logic of the planThe development of an algorithm (a plan) is a key step in solving a problem Once we have an algorithm we can translate it into a computer program in some programming language Our algorithm development process consists of five major

stepsStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemStep 2 Analyze the problemStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailStep 5 Review the algorithmStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemThis step is much more difficult than it appears In the following discussion the word client refers to someone who wants to find a solution to a problem and the word developer refers to someone who finds a way to solve the problem The developer must create an algorithm that will solve the clients problemThe client is responsible for creating a description of the problem but this is often the weakest part of the process Its quite common for a problem description to suffer from one or more of the following types of defects (1) the description relies on unstated assumptions (2) the description is ambiguous (3) the description is incomplete or (4) the description has internal contradictions These defects are seldom due to carelessness by the client Instead they are due to the fact that natural languages (English French Korean etc) are rather imprecise Part of the developers responsibility is to identify defects in the description of a problem and to work with the client to remedy those defectsStep 2 Analyze the problemThe purpose of this step is to determine both the starting and ending points for solving the problem This process is analogous to a mathematician determining what is given and what must be proven A good problem description makes it easier to perform this stepWhen determining the starting point we should start by seeking answers to the following questionsWhat data are availableWhere is that dataWhat formulas pertain to the problemWhat rules exist for working with the dataWhat relationships exist among the data valuesWhen determining the ending point we need to describe the characteristics of a solution In other words how will we know when were done Asking the following questions often helps to determine the ending pointWhat new facts will we haveWhat items will have changedWhat changes will have been made to those itemsWhat things will no longer existStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem but plans come in several levels of detail Its usually better to start with a high-level algorithm that includes the major part of a solution but leaves the details until later We can use an everyday example to demonstrate a high-level algorithmProblem I need a send a birthday card to my brother MarkAnalysis I dont have a card I prefer to buy a card rather than make one myselfHigh-level algorithmGo to a store that sells greeting cardsSelect a cardPurchase a cardMail the cardThis algorithm is satisfactory for daily use but it lacks details that would have to be added were a computer to carry out the solution These details include answers to questions such as the followingWhich store will I visitHow will I get there walk drive ride my bicycle take the busWhat kind of card does Mark like humorous sentimental risqueacute

These kinds of details are considered in the next step of our processStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailA high-level algorithm shows the major steps that need to be followed to solve a problem Now we need to add details to these steps but how much detail should we add Unfortunately the answer to this question depends on the situation We have to consider who (or what) is going to implement the algorithm and how much that person (or thing) already knows how to do If someone is going to purchase Marks birthday card on my behalf my instructions have to be adapted to whether or not that person is familiar with the stores in the community and how well the purchaser known my brothers taste in greeting cardsWhen our goal is to develop algorithms that will lead to computer programs we need to consider the capabilities of the computer and provide enough detail so that someone else could use our algorithm to write a computer program that follows the steps in our algorithm As with the birthday card problem we need to adjust the level of detail to match the ability of the programmer When in doubt or when you are learning it is better to have too much detail than to have too littleMost of our examples will move from a high-level to a detailed algorithm in a single step but this is not always reasonable For larger more complex problems it is common to go through this process several times developing intermediate level algorithms as we go Each time we add more detail to the previous algorithm stopping when we see no benefit to further refinement This technique of gradually working from a high-level to a detailed algorithm is often called stepwise refinementStepwise refinement is a process for developing a detailed algorithm by gradually adding detail to a high-level algorithmStep 5 Review the algorithmThe final step is to review the algorithm What are we looking for First we need to work through the algorithm step by step to determine whether or not it will solve the original problem Once we are satisfied that the algorithm does provide a solution to the problem we start to look for other things The following questions are typical of ones that should be asked whenever we review an algorithm Asking these questions and seeking their answers is a good way to develop skills that can be applied to the next problemDoes this algorithm solve a very specific problem or does it solve a more general problem If it solves a very specific problem should it be generalizedFor example an algorithm that computes the area of a circle having radius 52 meters (formula π522) solves a very specific problem but an algorithm that computes the area of any circle (formula πR2) solves a more general problemCan this algorithm be simplifiedOne formula for computing the perimeter of a rectangle islength + width + length + widthA simpler formula would be20 (length + width)Is this solution similar to the solution to another problem How are they alike How are they differentFor example consider the following two formulaeRectangle area = length widthTriangle area = 05 base heightSimilarities Each computes an area Each multiplies two measurementsDifferences Different measurements are used The triangle formula contains 05Hypothesis Perhaps every area formula involves multiplying two measurements

Ac-12 29420 topic Sums of Admission of a partner

Question

Ashu and Pankaj are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 their Balance sheet on March 31 2014 was as follows

Balance Sheet of Ashu and Pankaj as at March 312014

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount

Creditors 38000 Cash in hand 15000 Bills Payable 40000 Cash at Bank 62000 Salaries outstanding 5000 Debtors 58000 Profit amp Loss 40000 Stock 85000 Capitals Machinery 145000 Ashu 150000 Goodwill 38000 Pankaj 130000 280000

403000 403000

They admitted Gurdeep into partnership on the following terms on March 31 2014(a)New profit sharing ratio is agreed as 3 2 l

(b) He will bring in 1 00000 as his share of capital and ` 30000 as his share of goodwill(c) Machinery is appreciated by 10(d) Stock is valued at ` 87000(e) Creditors are unrecorded to the extent of ` 6000(f) A provision for doubtful debts is to be created by 4 on debtorsPrepare Revaluation account Capital Accounts Bank account and Balance Sheet of the new firm after admission of Gurdeep

ECO ndash12 2942020Topic- ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

FACTORS AFFECTING PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

As discussed earlier in case of some goods responsiveness of quantity demanded to the change in price is more than some other goods For example a very small change in price of luxury goods may affect their demand to a considerable extent but a large change in price of salt may not affect its demand This means price elasticity of demand is different for different goods Following factors may affect the price elasticity of demand for a good

(i) Availability of close substitutes Demand for a commodity which has large number of substitutes is usually more elastic than those commodities which have no substitutes For example coke Pepsi limca etc are good substitutes Even a small rise in price of coke will induce the buyers to go for its substitutes On the other hand demand for electricity will be less elastic because it has no close substitutes

(ii) Nature of the Commodity Demand for necessities like medicines food grains is less elastic because we have to consume them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be But demand for comforts and luxuries like refrigerators

air conditioners etc is more elastic because their consumption may be postponed for future if their price rises

(iii) Share in Total Expenditure Greater the proportion of income spent on the commodity more is the elasticity of demand for it Demand for a commodity is inelastic if proportion of income spent on that commodity is very small

(iv)Level of Price Demand for a commodity at higher level of price (like air conditioners cars etc) is generally more elastic than for a commodity at lower level of price (like match box pencils etc)

(v) Level of Income Demand for a commodity is generally less elastic for higher income level groups in comparison to people with low incomes For example

• Subatomic Particles
• • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • • Atomic Structure of Isotopes
    • Isotopes of Some Elements
    • Hydrogen
    • • Carbon
      • Oxygen
      • • Rutherford Atomic Theory
        • • Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom
          • Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model
          • • Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

It consists of seasonal working capital and special working capitalThe later is needed to meet special exigencies such as investment in inventory during recession launching a special marketing campaign etc

3 What is net working capitalAnswerNet working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities

Thus Net working capital = Current assets ndash Current liabilities

4 What is variable working capitalAnswerVariable working capital is the amount which is required to meet seasonal demand and special exigencies It consists of seasonal working capital and special working capital The later is needed to meet special exigencies such as investment in inventory during recession launching a special marketing campaign etc

Physics Chapter 3 Gauss Theorem

ExecutionWhat is Gauss Law

According to the Gauss law the total flux linked with a closed surface is 1ε0 times the charge enclosed by the closed surface

Φ = ∮Eds=qϵ

For example A point charge q is placed inside a cube of edge lsquoarsquo Now as per the Gauss law the flux through each face of the cube is q6ε0

The electric field is the basic concept to know about electricity Generally the electric field of the surface is calculated by applying Coulombrsquos law but to calculate the electric field distribution in a closed surface we need to understand the concept of Gauss law It explains about the electric charge enclosed in a closed or the electric charge present in the enclosed closed surface

Gauss Law Formula

As per the Gauss theorem the total charge enclosed in a closed surface is proportional to the total flux enclosed by the surface Therefore If ϕ is total flux and ϵ0 is electric constant the total electric charge Q enclosed by the surface is

Q = ϕ ϵ0

The Gauss law formula is expressed by

ϕ = Qϵ0

Where

Q = total charge within the given surface

ε0 = the electric constant

rArr Also Read Equipotential Surface

The Gauss theorem statement also gives an important corollary

The electric flux from any closed surface is only due to the sources (positive charges) and sinks (negative charges) of electric fields enclosed by the surface Any charges outside the surface do not contribute to the electric flux Also only electric charges can act as sources or sinks of electric fields Changing magnetic fields for example cannot act as sources or sinks of electric fields

Biology Chapter - 02Reproduction in Flowering plants

Today we will discuss about post fertilization events1 Endosperm and embryo development2 Maturation of ovule(s) into seed(s)3 Maturation of ovary into fruits

Q6 Describe endosperm and embryo development The primary endosperm

cell divides repeatedlyto form a triploid endosperm tissue filled with reserve food materials which provides the nutrition for the developing embryo bull Later the cell wall formation occurs and the endosperm becomes cellularbull Endosperm may either be completely consumed by the developing embryo as seen in pea ground nut beans etc before seedmaturation or it may persist in the mature seed as seen in castor and coconut and be used up during seed germination

Embryo Embryo develops at the micropylar end of the embryo sac where the zygote is situated

The early stages of embryo development embryogeny are similarin both monocotyledon and dicotyledon The zygote gives rise

to the proembryo and then to globular heart shaped and mature embryo

Dicotyledonous Embryo

It has an embryonal axis and two cotyledons

The portion of embryonal axis above is

Epicotyl terminates as plumule ( stem tip ) below is hypocotyl terminates as radicle ( root tip ) The root tip is

covered by a root cap

Monocotyledonous Embryo

has one cotyledon In grass it is called

scutellum lower end of it the embryonal axis has the radicle and root cap enclosed in an undifferentiated sheath coleorhiza

The portion of the embryonal axis above is epicotyl has a shoot apex

English Literature

The Darkling Thrush

The Darkling Thrush Line by Line Explanation-The landrsquos sharp features seemed to beThe centuryrsquos corpse outleantHis crypt cloudy canopyThe wind his death-lamentExplanation-Winter in the Northern Hemisphere is also the end of the year Here it becomes even more meaningful as the end of the year in this case also marks the end of the century This is why the century is personified as a corpse the harsh winter landscape defining its wasted body The lsquocloudy canopyrsquo or sky covers the centuryrsquos tomb and the sad wind becomes a song of death

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Differentiability Suppose f is a real function and c is a point in its domain The derivative of f at c is defined bylimhrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hProvided this limit exists Derivative of f at c is denoted by f (c) or ddx(f(x )) |prime c The function defined byf(x) = lim hrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hWherever the limit exists is defined to be the derivative of f The derivative of is defined by f(x) or ddx (x) or if y= f(x) then by y or dydxThe process of finding derivative of a function is called differentiation We also use the phrase differentiate f (x) with respect to x to mean find f (x)primeThe following rules were established as a part of algebra of derivatives(1) (u plusmn v) = u plusmn vprime prime prime(2) (uv) = u v + uv (Leibnitz or product rule)prime prime prime(3)(uv)= (uv-vu) v2 wherever v ne 0 (Quotient rule)The following table gives a list of derivatives of certain standard functions

f(x) xn Sin x Cos x tan x

f(x) nxn-1 cos x -sin x sec 2 x

Example Find derivative of the following functions i) x3 +3xii) 3 x7 +2 sin xSolution i) let f(x) = x3 +3xOr f(x)= ddx( x3 +3x) Or f(x) = 3x2 +3ii) Let f(x) = 3 x7 + 2 sin xOr f(x) = 37 x6 + 2 cos xOr f(x) = 21 x6 + 2cos x

History TOPIC- TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC NATIONAL MOVEMENTS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WARVIOLENT PUBLIC REACTION OF QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

Violent public reaction Besides repressive measures recourse was taken to machine gun and aerial firing This only increased the peoplersquos fury and led them more violent In some places like Midnapore in West Bengal Balia in UPeven parallel government was set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from many placesImpotant Storm Centres Of The Movement The revolt of 1942 or Quit India Movement revealed the Peoplersquos fighting spirit and their desparate longing for freedom Five important storm centres of movement embracing whole India

1 Question How did the public react towards the Quit India MovementAnswer The Quit India Movement became violent In many places like Satara in Maharashtra Midnapore in Bengal Balia in UP parallel governments were set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from the people of Bombay Bihar Gujrat Orissa Assam Bengal and Karnataka The working class went on strikes underground revolutionary activities also started under

Jayprakash Narayan Ramananda Mishra etc The most daring act was establishment of Congress Radio by underground rebels

2 Question Who was Usha MehtaAnswer Usha Mehta who was later known as Ushaben was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi She was a freedom fighter of India She helped to set up an underground radio station It was known as secret Congres Radio which led to the awakening the people in Nationalism during the Quit India Movement

3 Question Name two women who participated in the Quit India MovementAnswer Aruna Asaf Ali Sarojini Naidu

4 Question What were the important storm centres of Quit India MovementAnswer a) The district of Bhagalpur Hazaribagh Saranin Biharb) Benaras Gazipur Balia and Azamgarh

districts in UPC) Tamluk in Midnapur district in South Bengald)Balasore Koraput and Talcher in OrissaE) Nasik and Satara in Maharashtra

Business studies

Staff Recruitment chapter 3

Today we are going to start a new topic -Staff recruitmentEvery organisation requires well-qualified and motivated staff to functions effectivelyThuss to acquire effective staff recruitment selection training motivation etc is necessary

Questions1 Define staff

recruitment

Answer) Recruitment is a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the requirements of the staffing schedule and to employee effective measures for attracting that manpower inadequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of an efficient working course

2 Mention some characteristics of recruitmentAnswers) Some characteristics of recruitment are as

i) It is a process or a series of activities rather than a single act or event

ii) it is a linking activity as it brings together employer and prospective employees

iii) The basic purpose of recruitment is to locate the source of people required to meet in job requirements

iv) It is pervasive function as all organisations engage in recruiting activity But

itrsquosvolume and nature depends on the size and nature of business organisations

v) It is a two way process as it takes a recruiter and recruiting

Computer Science

Implementation of algorithms to solve problems

Problems Solutions and ToolsI have a problem I need to thank Aunt Kay for the birthday present she sent me I could send a thank you note through the mail I could call her on the telephone I could send her an email message I could drive to her house and thank her in person In fact there are many ways I could thank her but thats not the point The point is that I must decide how I want to solve the problem and use the appropriate tool to implement (carry out) my plan The postal service the telephone the internet and my automobile are tools that I can use but none of these actually solves my problem In a similar way a computer does not solve problems its just a tool that I can use to implement my plan for solving the problem

Knowing that Aunt Kay appreciates creative and unusual things I have decided to hire a singing messenger to deliver my thanks In this context the messenger is a tool but one that needs instructions from me I have to tell the messenger where Aunt Kay lives what time I would like the message to be delivered and what lyrics I want sung A computer program is similar to my instructions to the messenger

The story of Aunt Kay uses a familiar context to set the stage for a useful point of view concerning computers and computer programs The following list summarizes the key aspects of this point of view

A computer is a tool that can be used to implement a plan for solving a problem

A computer program is a set of instructions for a computer These instructions describe the steps that the computer must follow to implement a plan

An algorithm is a plan for solving a problem A person must design an algorithm A person must translate an algorithm into a computer program

This point of view sets the stage for a process that we will use to develop solutions to Jeroo problems The basic process is important because it can be used to solve a wide variety of problems including ones where the solution will be written in some other programming language

An Algorithm Development Process

Every problem solution starts with a plan That plan is called an algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem

There are many ways to write an algorithm Some are very informal some are quite formal and mathematical in nature and some are quite graphical The instructions for connecting a DVD player to a television are an algorithm A mathematical formula such as πR2 is a special case of an algorithm The form is not particularly important as long as it provides a good way to describe and check the logic of the planThe development of an algorithm (a plan) is a key step in solving a problem Once we have an algorithm we can translate it into a computer program in some programming language Our algorithm development process consists of five major

stepsStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemStep 2 Analyze the problemStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailStep 5 Review the algorithmStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemThis step is much more difficult than it appears In the following discussion the word client refers to someone who wants to find a solution to a problem and the word developer refers to someone who finds a way to solve the problem The developer must create an algorithm that will solve the clients problemThe client is responsible for creating a description of the problem but this is often the weakest part of the process Its quite common for a problem description to suffer from one or more of the following types of defects (1) the description relies on unstated assumptions (2) the description is ambiguous (3) the description is incomplete or (4) the description has internal contradictions These defects are seldom due to carelessness by the client Instead they are due to the fact that natural languages (English French Korean etc) are rather imprecise Part of the developers responsibility is to identify defects in the description of a problem and to work with the client to remedy those defectsStep 2 Analyze the problemThe purpose of this step is to determine both the starting and ending points for solving the problem This process is analogous to a mathematician determining what is given and what must be proven A good problem description makes it easier to perform this stepWhen determining the starting point we should start by seeking answers to the following questionsWhat data are availableWhere is that dataWhat formulas pertain to the problemWhat rules exist for working with the dataWhat relationships exist among the data valuesWhen determining the ending point we need to describe the characteristics of a solution In other words how will we know when were done Asking the following questions often helps to determine the ending pointWhat new facts will we haveWhat items will have changedWhat changes will have been made to those itemsWhat things will no longer existStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem but plans come in several levels of detail Its usually better to start with a high-level algorithm that includes the major part of a solution but leaves the details until later We can use an everyday example to demonstrate a high-level algorithmProblem I need a send a birthday card to my brother MarkAnalysis I dont have a card I prefer to buy a card rather than make one myselfHigh-level algorithmGo to a store that sells greeting cardsSelect a cardPurchase a cardMail the cardThis algorithm is satisfactory for daily use but it lacks details that would have to be added were a computer to carry out the solution These details include answers to questions such as the followingWhich store will I visitHow will I get there walk drive ride my bicycle take the busWhat kind of card does Mark like humorous sentimental risqueacute

These kinds of details are considered in the next step of our processStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailA high-level algorithm shows the major steps that need to be followed to solve a problem Now we need to add details to these steps but how much detail should we add Unfortunately the answer to this question depends on the situation We have to consider who (or what) is going to implement the algorithm and how much that person (or thing) already knows how to do If someone is going to purchase Marks birthday card on my behalf my instructions have to be adapted to whether or not that person is familiar with the stores in the community and how well the purchaser known my brothers taste in greeting cardsWhen our goal is to develop algorithms that will lead to computer programs we need to consider the capabilities of the computer and provide enough detail so that someone else could use our algorithm to write a computer program that follows the steps in our algorithm As with the birthday card problem we need to adjust the level of detail to match the ability of the programmer When in doubt or when you are learning it is better to have too much detail than to have too littleMost of our examples will move from a high-level to a detailed algorithm in a single step but this is not always reasonable For larger more complex problems it is common to go through this process several times developing intermediate level algorithms as we go Each time we add more detail to the previous algorithm stopping when we see no benefit to further refinement This technique of gradually working from a high-level to a detailed algorithm is often called stepwise refinementStepwise refinement is a process for developing a detailed algorithm by gradually adding detail to a high-level algorithmStep 5 Review the algorithmThe final step is to review the algorithm What are we looking for First we need to work through the algorithm step by step to determine whether or not it will solve the original problem Once we are satisfied that the algorithm does provide a solution to the problem we start to look for other things The following questions are typical of ones that should be asked whenever we review an algorithm Asking these questions and seeking their answers is a good way to develop skills that can be applied to the next problemDoes this algorithm solve a very specific problem or does it solve a more general problem If it solves a very specific problem should it be generalizedFor example an algorithm that computes the area of a circle having radius 52 meters (formula π522) solves a very specific problem but an algorithm that computes the area of any circle (formula πR2) solves a more general problemCan this algorithm be simplifiedOne formula for computing the perimeter of a rectangle islength + width + length + widthA simpler formula would be20 (length + width)Is this solution similar to the solution to another problem How are they alike How are they differentFor example consider the following two formulaeRectangle area = length widthTriangle area = 05 base heightSimilarities Each computes an area Each multiplies two measurementsDifferences Different measurements are used The triangle formula contains 05Hypothesis Perhaps every area formula involves multiplying two measurements

Ac-12 29420 topic Sums of Admission of a partner

Question

Ashu and Pankaj are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 their Balance sheet on March 31 2014 was as follows

Balance Sheet of Ashu and Pankaj as at March 312014

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount

Creditors 38000 Cash in hand 15000 Bills Payable 40000 Cash at Bank 62000 Salaries outstanding 5000 Debtors 58000 Profit amp Loss 40000 Stock 85000 Capitals Machinery 145000 Ashu 150000 Goodwill 38000 Pankaj 130000 280000

403000 403000

They admitted Gurdeep into partnership on the following terms on March 31 2014(a)New profit sharing ratio is agreed as 3 2 l

(b) He will bring in 1 00000 as his share of capital and ` 30000 as his share of goodwill(c) Machinery is appreciated by 10(d) Stock is valued at ` 87000(e) Creditors are unrecorded to the extent of ` 6000(f) A provision for doubtful debts is to be created by 4 on debtorsPrepare Revaluation account Capital Accounts Bank account and Balance Sheet of the new firm after admission of Gurdeep

ECO ndash12 2942020Topic- ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

FACTORS AFFECTING PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

As discussed earlier in case of some goods responsiveness of quantity demanded to the change in price is more than some other goods For example a very small change in price of luxury goods may affect their demand to a considerable extent but a large change in price of salt may not affect its demand This means price elasticity of demand is different for different goods Following factors may affect the price elasticity of demand for a good

(i) Availability of close substitutes Demand for a commodity which has large number of substitutes is usually more elastic than those commodities which have no substitutes For example coke Pepsi limca etc are good substitutes Even a small rise in price of coke will induce the buyers to go for its substitutes On the other hand demand for electricity will be less elastic because it has no close substitutes

(ii) Nature of the Commodity Demand for necessities like medicines food grains is less elastic because we have to consume them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be But demand for comforts and luxuries like refrigerators

air conditioners etc is more elastic because their consumption may be postponed for future if their price rises

(iii) Share in Total Expenditure Greater the proportion of income spent on the commodity more is the elasticity of demand for it Demand for a commodity is inelastic if proportion of income spent on that commodity is very small

(iv)Level of Price Demand for a commodity at higher level of price (like air conditioners cars etc) is generally more elastic than for a commodity at lower level of price (like match box pencils etc)

(v) Level of Income Demand for a commodity is generally less elastic for higher income level groups in comparison to people with low incomes For example

• Subatomic Particles
• • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • • Atomic Structure of Isotopes
    • Isotopes of Some Elements
    • Hydrogen
    • • Carbon
      • Oxygen
      • • Rutherford Atomic Theory
        • • Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom
          • Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model
          • • Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Q = ϕ ϵ0

The Gauss law formula is expressed by

ϕ = Qϵ0

Where

Q = total charge within the given surface

ε0 = the electric constant

rArr Also Read Equipotential Surface

The Gauss theorem statement also gives an important corollary

The electric flux from any closed surface is only due to the sources (positive charges) and sinks (negative charges) of electric fields enclosed by the surface Any charges outside the surface do not contribute to the electric flux Also only electric charges can act as sources or sinks of electric fields Changing magnetic fields for example cannot act as sources or sinks of electric fields

Biology Chapter - 02Reproduction in Flowering plants

Today we will discuss about post fertilization events1 Endosperm and embryo development2 Maturation of ovule(s) into seed(s)3 Maturation of ovary into fruits

Q6 Describe endosperm and embryo development The primary endosperm

cell divides repeatedlyto form a triploid endosperm tissue filled with reserve food materials which provides the nutrition for the developing embryo bull Later the cell wall formation occurs and the endosperm becomes cellularbull Endosperm may either be completely consumed by the developing embryo as seen in pea ground nut beans etc before seedmaturation or it may persist in the mature seed as seen in castor and coconut and be used up during seed germination

Embryo Embryo develops at the micropylar end of the embryo sac where the zygote is situated

The early stages of embryo development embryogeny are similarin both monocotyledon and dicotyledon The zygote gives rise

to the proembryo and then to globular heart shaped and mature embryo

Dicotyledonous Embryo

It has an embryonal axis and two cotyledons

The portion of embryonal axis above is

Epicotyl terminates as plumule ( stem tip ) below is hypocotyl terminates as radicle ( root tip ) The root tip is

covered by a root cap

Monocotyledonous Embryo

has one cotyledon In grass it is called

scutellum lower end of it the embryonal axis has the radicle and root cap enclosed in an undifferentiated sheath coleorhiza

The portion of the embryonal axis above is epicotyl has a shoot apex

English Literature

The Darkling Thrush

The Darkling Thrush Line by Line Explanation-The landrsquos sharp features seemed to beThe centuryrsquos corpse outleantHis crypt cloudy canopyThe wind his death-lamentExplanation-Winter in the Northern Hemisphere is also the end of the year Here it becomes even more meaningful as the end of the year in this case also marks the end of the century This is why the century is personified as a corpse the harsh winter landscape defining its wasted body The lsquocloudy canopyrsquo or sky covers the centuryrsquos tomb and the sad wind becomes a song of death

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Differentiability Suppose f is a real function and c is a point in its domain The derivative of f at c is defined bylimhrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hProvided this limit exists Derivative of f at c is denoted by f (c) or ddx(f(x )) |prime c The function defined byf(x) = lim hrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hWherever the limit exists is defined to be the derivative of f The derivative of is defined by f(x) or ddx (x) or if y= f(x) then by y or dydxThe process of finding derivative of a function is called differentiation We also use the phrase differentiate f (x) with respect to x to mean find f (x)primeThe following rules were established as a part of algebra of derivatives(1) (u plusmn v) = u plusmn vprime prime prime(2) (uv) = u v + uv (Leibnitz or product rule)prime prime prime(3)(uv)= (uv-vu) v2 wherever v ne 0 (Quotient rule)The following table gives a list of derivatives of certain standard functions

f(x) xn Sin x Cos x tan x

f(x) nxn-1 cos x -sin x sec 2 x

Example Find derivative of the following functions i) x3 +3xii) 3 x7 +2 sin xSolution i) let f(x) = x3 +3xOr f(x)= ddx( x3 +3x) Or f(x) = 3x2 +3ii) Let f(x) = 3 x7 + 2 sin xOr f(x) = 37 x6 + 2 cos xOr f(x) = 21 x6 + 2cos x

History TOPIC- TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC NATIONAL MOVEMENTS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WARVIOLENT PUBLIC REACTION OF QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

Violent public reaction Besides repressive measures recourse was taken to machine gun and aerial firing This only increased the peoplersquos fury and led them more violent In some places like Midnapore in West Bengal Balia in UPeven parallel government was set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from many placesImpotant Storm Centres Of The Movement The revolt of 1942 or Quit India Movement revealed the Peoplersquos fighting spirit and their desparate longing for freedom Five important storm centres of movement embracing whole India

1 Question How did the public react towards the Quit India MovementAnswer The Quit India Movement became violent In many places like Satara in Maharashtra Midnapore in Bengal Balia in UP parallel governments were set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from the people of Bombay Bihar Gujrat Orissa Assam Bengal and Karnataka The working class went on strikes underground revolutionary activities also started under

Jayprakash Narayan Ramananda Mishra etc The most daring act was establishment of Congress Radio by underground rebels

2 Question Who was Usha MehtaAnswer Usha Mehta who was later known as Ushaben was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi She was a freedom fighter of India She helped to set up an underground radio station It was known as secret Congres Radio which led to the awakening the people in Nationalism during the Quit India Movement

3 Question Name two women who participated in the Quit India MovementAnswer Aruna Asaf Ali Sarojini Naidu

4 Question What were the important storm centres of Quit India MovementAnswer a) The district of Bhagalpur Hazaribagh Saranin Biharb) Benaras Gazipur Balia and Azamgarh

districts in UPC) Tamluk in Midnapur district in South Bengald)Balasore Koraput and Talcher in OrissaE) Nasik and Satara in Maharashtra

Business studies

Staff Recruitment chapter 3

Today we are going to start a new topic -Staff recruitmentEvery organisation requires well-qualified and motivated staff to functions effectivelyThuss to acquire effective staff recruitment selection training motivation etc is necessary

Questions1 Define staff

recruitment

Answer) Recruitment is a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the requirements of the staffing schedule and to employee effective measures for attracting that manpower inadequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of an efficient working course

2 Mention some characteristics of recruitmentAnswers) Some characteristics of recruitment are as

i) It is a process or a series of activities rather than a single act or event

ii) it is a linking activity as it brings together employer and prospective employees

iii) The basic purpose of recruitment is to locate the source of people required to meet in job requirements

iv) It is pervasive function as all organisations engage in recruiting activity But

itrsquosvolume and nature depends on the size and nature of business organisations

v) It is a two way process as it takes a recruiter and recruiting

Computer Science

Implementation of algorithms to solve problems

Problems Solutions and ToolsI have a problem I need to thank Aunt Kay for the birthday present she sent me I could send a thank you note through the mail I could call her on the telephone I could send her an email message I could drive to her house and thank her in person In fact there are many ways I could thank her but thats not the point The point is that I must decide how I want to solve the problem and use the appropriate tool to implement (carry out) my plan The postal service the telephone the internet and my automobile are tools that I can use but none of these actually solves my problem In a similar way a computer does not solve problems its just a tool that I can use to implement my plan for solving the problem

Knowing that Aunt Kay appreciates creative and unusual things I have decided to hire a singing messenger to deliver my thanks In this context the messenger is a tool but one that needs instructions from me I have to tell the messenger where Aunt Kay lives what time I would like the message to be delivered and what lyrics I want sung A computer program is similar to my instructions to the messenger

The story of Aunt Kay uses a familiar context to set the stage for a useful point of view concerning computers and computer programs The following list summarizes the key aspects of this point of view

A computer is a tool that can be used to implement a plan for solving a problem

A computer program is a set of instructions for a computer These instructions describe the steps that the computer must follow to implement a plan

An algorithm is a plan for solving a problem A person must design an algorithm A person must translate an algorithm into a computer program

This point of view sets the stage for a process that we will use to develop solutions to Jeroo problems The basic process is important because it can be used to solve a wide variety of problems including ones where the solution will be written in some other programming language

An Algorithm Development Process

Every problem solution starts with a plan That plan is called an algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem

There are many ways to write an algorithm Some are very informal some are quite formal and mathematical in nature and some are quite graphical The instructions for connecting a DVD player to a television are an algorithm A mathematical formula such as πR2 is a special case of an algorithm The form is not particularly important as long as it provides a good way to describe and check the logic of the planThe development of an algorithm (a plan) is a key step in solving a problem Once we have an algorithm we can translate it into a computer program in some programming language Our algorithm development process consists of five major

stepsStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemStep 2 Analyze the problemStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailStep 5 Review the algorithmStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemThis step is much more difficult than it appears In the following discussion the word client refers to someone who wants to find a solution to a problem and the word developer refers to someone who finds a way to solve the problem The developer must create an algorithm that will solve the clients problemThe client is responsible for creating a description of the problem but this is often the weakest part of the process Its quite common for a problem description to suffer from one or more of the following types of defects (1) the description relies on unstated assumptions (2) the description is ambiguous (3) the description is incomplete or (4) the description has internal contradictions These defects are seldom due to carelessness by the client Instead they are due to the fact that natural languages (English French Korean etc) are rather imprecise Part of the developers responsibility is to identify defects in the description of a problem and to work with the client to remedy those defectsStep 2 Analyze the problemThe purpose of this step is to determine both the starting and ending points for solving the problem This process is analogous to a mathematician determining what is given and what must be proven A good problem description makes it easier to perform this stepWhen determining the starting point we should start by seeking answers to the following questionsWhat data are availableWhere is that dataWhat formulas pertain to the problemWhat rules exist for working with the dataWhat relationships exist among the data valuesWhen determining the ending point we need to describe the characteristics of a solution In other words how will we know when were done Asking the following questions often helps to determine the ending pointWhat new facts will we haveWhat items will have changedWhat changes will have been made to those itemsWhat things will no longer existStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem but plans come in several levels of detail Its usually better to start with a high-level algorithm that includes the major part of a solution but leaves the details until later We can use an everyday example to demonstrate a high-level algorithmProblem I need a send a birthday card to my brother MarkAnalysis I dont have a card I prefer to buy a card rather than make one myselfHigh-level algorithmGo to a store that sells greeting cardsSelect a cardPurchase a cardMail the cardThis algorithm is satisfactory for daily use but it lacks details that would have to be added were a computer to carry out the solution These details include answers to questions such as the followingWhich store will I visitHow will I get there walk drive ride my bicycle take the busWhat kind of card does Mark like humorous sentimental risqueacute

These kinds of details are considered in the next step of our processStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailA high-level algorithm shows the major steps that need to be followed to solve a problem Now we need to add details to these steps but how much detail should we add Unfortunately the answer to this question depends on the situation We have to consider who (or what) is going to implement the algorithm and how much that person (or thing) already knows how to do If someone is going to purchase Marks birthday card on my behalf my instructions have to be adapted to whether or not that person is familiar with the stores in the community and how well the purchaser known my brothers taste in greeting cardsWhen our goal is to develop algorithms that will lead to computer programs we need to consider the capabilities of the computer and provide enough detail so that someone else could use our algorithm to write a computer program that follows the steps in our algorithm As with the birthday card problem we need to adjust the level of detail to match the ability of the programmer When in doubt or when you are learning it is better to have too much detail than to have too littleMost of our examples will move from a high-level to a detailed algorithm in a single step but this is not always reasonable For larger more complex problems it is common to go through this process several times developing intermediate level algorithms as we go Each time we add more detail to the previous algorithm stopping when we see no benefit to further refinement This technique of gradually working from a high-level to a detailed algorithm is often called stepwise refinementStepwise refinement is a process for developing a detailed algorithm by gradually adding detail to a high-level algorithmStep 5 Review the algorithmThe final step is to review the algorithm What are we looking for First we need to work through the algorithm step by step to determine whether or not it will solve the original problem Once we are satisfied that the algorithm does provide a solution to the problem we start to look for other things The following questions are typical of ones that should be asked whenever we review an algorithm Asking these questions and seeking their answers is a good way to develop skills that can be applied to the next problemDoes this algorithm solve a very specific problem or does it solve a more general problem If it solves a very specific problem should it be generalizedFor example an algorithm that computes the area of a circle having radius 52 meters (formula π522) solves a very specific problem but an algorithm that computes the area of any circle (formula πR2) solves a more general problemCan this algorithm be simplifiedOne formula for computing the perimeter of a rectangle islength + width + length + widthA simpler formula would be20 (length + width)Is this solution similar to the solution to another problem How are they alike How are they differentFor example consider the following two formulaeRectangle area = length widthTriangle area = 05 base heightSimilarities Each computes an area Each multiplies two measurementsDifferences Different measurements are used The triangle formula contains 05Hypothesis Perhaps every area formula involves multiplying two measurements

Ac-12 29420 topic Sums of Admission of a partner

Question

Ashu and Pankaj are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 their Balance sheet on March 31 2014 was as follows

Balance Sheet of Ashu and Pankaj as at March 312014

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount

Creditors 38000 Cash in hand 15000 Bills Payable 40000 Cash at Bank 62000 Salaries outstanding 5000 Debtors 58000 Profit amp Loss 40000 Stock 85000 Capitals Machinery 145000 Ashu 150000 Goodwill 38000 Pankaj 130000 280000

403000 403000

They admitted Gurdeep into partnership on the following terms on March 31 2014(a)New profit sharing ratio is agreed as 3 2 l

(b) He will bring in 1 00000 as his share of capital and ` 30000 as his share of goodwill(c) Machinery is appreciated by 10(d) Stock is valued at ` 87000(e) Creditors are unrecorded to the extent of ` 6000(f) A provision for doubtful debts is to be created by 4 on debtorsPrepare Revaluation account Capital Accounts Bank account and Balance Sheet of the new firm after admission of Gurdeep

ECO ndash12 2942020Topic- ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

FACTORS AFFECTING PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

As discussed earlier in case of some goods responsiveness of quantity demanded to the change in price is more than some other goods For example a very small change in price of luxury goods may affect their demand to a considerable extent but a large change in price of salt may not affect its demand This means price elasticity of demand is different for different goods Following factors may affect the price elasticity of demand for a good

(i) Availability of close substitutes Demand for a commodity which has large number of substitutes is usually more elastic than those commodities which have no substitutes For example coke Pepsi limca etc are good substitutes Even a small rise in price of coke will induce the buyers to go for its substitutes On the other hand demand for electricity will be less elastic because it has no close substitutes

(ii) Nature of the Commodity Demand for necessities like medicines food grains is less elastic because we have to consume them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be But demand for comforts and luxuries like refrigerators

air conditioners etc is more elastic because their consumption may be postponed for future if their price rises

(iii) Share in Total Expenditure Greater the proportion of income spent on the commodity more is the elasticity of demand for it Demand for a commodity is inelastic if proportion of income spent on that commodity is very small

(iv)Level of Price Demand for a commodity at higher level of price (like air conditioners cars etc) is generally more elastic than for a commodity at lower level of price (like match box pencils etc)

(v) Level of Income Demand for a commodity is generally less elastic for higher income level groups in comparison to people with low incomes For example

• Subatomic Particles
• • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • • Atomic Structure of Isotopes
    • Isotopes of Some Elements
    • Hydrogen
    • • Carbon
      • Oxygen
      • • Rutherford Atomic Theory
        • • Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom
          • Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model
          • • Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

The early stages of embryo development embryogeny are similarin both monocotyledon and dicotyledon The zygote gives rise

to the proembryo and then to globular heart shaped and mature embryo

Dicotyledonous Embryo

It has an embryonal axis and two cotyledons

The portion of embryonal axis above is

Epicotyl terminates as plumule ( stem tip ) below is hypocotyl terminates as radicle ( root tip ) The root tip is

covered by a root cap

Monocotyledonous Embryo

has one cotyledon In grass it is called

scutellum lower end of it the embryonal axis has the radicle and root cap enclosed in an undifferentiated sheath coleorhiza

The portion of the embryonal axis above is epicotyl has a shoot apex

English Literature

The Darkling Thrush

The Darkling Thrush Line by Line Explanation-The landrsquos sharp features seemed to beThe centuryrsquos corpse outleantHis crypt cloudy canopyThe wind his death-lamentExplanation-Winter in the Northern Hemisphere is also the end of the year Here it becomes even more meaningful as the end of the year in this case also marks the end of the century This is why the century is personified as a corpse the harsh winter landscape defining its wasted body The lsquocloudy canopyrsquo or sky covers the centuryrsquos tomb and the sad wind becomes a song of death

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Differentiability Suppose f is a real function and c is a point in its domain The derivative of f at c is defined bylimhrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hProvided this limit exists Derivative of f at c is denoted by f (c) or ddx(f(x )) |prime c The function defined byf(x) = lim hrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hWherever the limit exists is defined to be the derivative of f The derivative of is defined by f(x) or ddx (x) or if y= f(x) then by y or dydxThe process of finding derivative of a function is called differentiation We also use the phrase differentiate f (x) with respect to x to mean find f (x)primeThe following rules were established as a part of algebra of derivatives(1) (u plusmn v) = u plusmn vprime prime prime(2) (uv) = u v + uv (Leibnitz or product rule)prime prime prime(3)(uv)= (uv-vu) v2 wherever v ne 0 (Quotient rule)The following table gives a list of derivatives of certain standard functions

f(x) xn Sin x Cos x tan x

f(x) nxn-1 cos x -sin x sec 2 x

Example Find derivative of the following functions i) x3 +3xii) 3 x7 +2 sin xSolution i) let f(x) = x3 +3xOr f(x)= ddx( x3 +3x) Or f(x) = 3x2 +3ii) Let f(x) = 3 x7 + 2 sin xOr f(x) = 37 x6 + 2 cos xOr f(x) = 21 x6 + 2cos x

History TOPIC- TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC NATIONAL MOVEMENTS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WARVIOLENT PUBLIC REACTION OF QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

Violent public reaction Besides repressive measures recourse was taken to machine gun and aerial firing This only increased the peoplersquos fury and led them more violent In some places like Midnapore in West Bengal Balia in UPeven parallel government was set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from many placesImpotant Storm Centres Of The Movement The revolt of 1942 or Quit India Movement revealed the Peoplersquos fighting spirit and their desparate longing for freedom Five important storm centres of movement embracing whole India

1 Question How did the public react towards the Quit India MovementAnswer The Quit India Movement became violent In many places like Satara in Maharashtra Midnapore in Bengal Balia in UP parallel governments were set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from the people of Bombay Bihar Gujrat Orissa Assam Bengal and Karnataka The working class went on strikes underground revolutionary activities also started under

Jayprakash Narayan Ramananda Mishra etc The most daring act was establishment of Congress Radio by underground rebels

2 Question Who was Usha MehtaAnswer Usha Mehta who was later known as Ushaben was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi She was a freedom fighter of India She helped to set up an underground radio station It was known as secret Congres Radio which led to the awakening the people in Nationalism during the Quit India Movement

3 Question Name two women who participated in the Quit India MovementAnswer Aruna Asaf Ali Sarojini Naidu

4 Question What were the important storm centres of Quit India MovementAnswer a) The district of Bhagalpur Hazaribagh Saranin Biharb) Benaras Gazipur Balia and Azamgarh

districts in UPC) Tamluk in Midnapur district in South Bengald)Balasore Koraput and Talcher in OrissaE) Nasik and Satara in Maharashtra

Business studies

Staff Recruitment chapter 3

Today we are going to start a new topic -Staff recruitmentEvery organisation requires well-qualified and motivated staff to functions effectivelyThuss to acquire effective staff recruitment selection training motivation etc is necessary

Questions1 Define staff

recruitment

Answer) Recruitment is a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the requirements of the staffing schedule and to employee effective measures for attracting that manpower inadequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of an efficient working course

2 Mention some characteristics of recruitmentAnswers) Some characteristics of recruitment are as

i) It is a process or a series of activities rather than a single act or event

ii) it is a linking activity as it brings together employer and prospective employees

iii) The basic purpose of recruitment is to locate the source of people required to meet in job requirements

iv) It is pervasive function as all organisations engage in recruiting activity But

itrsquosvolume and nature depends on the size and nature of business organisations

v) It is a two way process as it takes a recruiter and recruiting

Computer Science

Implementation of algorithms to solve problems

Problems Solutions and ToolsI have a problem I need to thank Aunt Kay for the birthday present she sent me I could send a thank you note through the mail I could call her on the telephone I could send her an email message I could drive to her house and thank her in person In fact there are many ways I could thank her but thats not the point The point is that I must decide how I want to solve the problem and use the appropriate tool to implement (carry out) my plan The postal service the telephone the internet and my automobile are tools that I can use but none of these actually solves my problem In a similar way a computer does not solve problems its just a tool that I can use to implement my plan for solving the problem

Knowing that Aunt Kay appreciates creative and unusual things I have decided to hire a singing messenger to deliver my thanks In this context the messenger is a tool but one that needs instructions from me I have to tell the messenger where Aunt Kay lives what time I would like the message to be delivered and what lyrics I want sung A computer program is similar to my instructions to the messenger

The story of Aunt Kay uses a familiar context to set the stage for a useful point of view concerning computers and computer programs The following list summarizes the key aspects of this point of view

A computer is a tool that can be used to implement a plan for solving a problem

A computer program is a set of instructions for a computer These instructions describe the steps that the computer must follow to implement a plan

An algorithm is a plan for solving a problem A person must design an algorithm A person must translate an algorithm into a computer program

This point of view sets the stage for a process that we will use to develop solutions to Jeroo problems The basic process is important because it can be used to solve a wide variety of problems including ones where the solution will be written in some other programming language

An Algorithm Development Process

Every problem solution starts with a plan That plan is called an algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem

There are many ways to write an algorithm Some are very informal some are quite formal and mathematical in nature and some are quite graphical The instructions for connecting a DVD player to a television are an algorithm A mathematical formula such as πR2 is a special case of an algorithm The form is not particularly important as long as it provides a good way to describe and check the logic of the planThe development of an algorithm (a plan) is a key step in solving a problem Once we have an algorithm we can translate it into a computer program in some programming language Our algorithm development process consists of five major

stepsStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemStep 2 Analyze the problemStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailStep 5 Review the algorithmStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemThis step is much more difficult than it appears In the following discussion the word client refers to someone who wants to find a solution to a problem and the word developer refers to someone who finds a way to solve the problem The developer must create an algorithm that will solve the clients problemThe client is responsible for creating a description of the problem but this is often the weakest part of the process Its quite common for a problem description to suffer from one or more of the following types of defects (1) the description relies on unstated assumptions (2) the description is ambiguous (3) the description is incomplete or (4) the description has internal contradictions These defects are seldom due to carelessness by the client Instead they are due to the fact that natural languages (English French Korean etc) are rather imprecise Part of the developers responsibility is to identify defects in the description of a problem and to work with the client to remedy those defectsStep 2 Analyze the problemThe purpose of this step is to determine both the starting and ending points for solving the problem This process is analogous to a mathematician determining what is given and what must be proven A good problem description makes it easier to perform this stepWhen determining the starting point we should start by seeking answers to the following questionsWhat data are availableWhere is that dataWhat formulas pertain to the problemWhat rules exist for working with the dataWhat relationships exist among the data valuesWhen determining the ending point we need to describe the characteristics of a solution In other words how will we know when were done Asking the following questions often helps to determine the ending pointWhat new facts will we haveWhat items will have changedWhat changes will have been made to those itemsWhat things will no longer existStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem but plans come in several levels of detail Its usually better to start with a high-level algorithm that includes the major part of a solution but leaves the details until later We can use an everyday example to demonstrate a high-level algorithmProblem I need a send a birthday card to my brother MarkAnalysis I dont have a card I prefer to buy a card rather than make one myselfHigh-level algorithmGo to a store that sells greeting cardsSelect a cardPurchase a cardMail the cardThis algorithm is satisfactory for daily use but it lacks details that would have to be added were a computer to carry out the solution These details include answers to questions such as the followingWhich store will I visitHow will I get there walk drive ride my bicycle take the busWhat kind of card does Mark like humorous sentimental risqueacute

These kinds of details are considered in the next step of our processStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailA high-level algorithm shows the major steps that need to be followed to solve a problem Now we need to add details to these steps but how much detail should we add Unfortunately the answer to this question depends on the situation We have to consider who (or what) is going to implement the algorithm and how much that person (or thing) already knows how to do If someone is going to purchase Marks birthday card on my behalf my instructions have to be adapted to whether or not that person is familiar with the stores in the community and how well the purchaser known my brothers taste in greeting cardsWhen our goal is to develop algorithms that will lead to computer programs we need to consider the capabilities of the computer and provide enough detail so that someone else could use our algorithm to write a computer program that follows the steps in our algorithm As with the birthday card problem we need to adjust the level of detail to match the ability of the programmer When in doubt or when you are learning it is better to have too much detail than to have too littleMost of our examples will move from a high-level to a detailed algorithm in a single step but this is not always reasonable For larger more complex problems it is common to go through this process several times developing intermediate level algorithms as we go Each time we add more detail to the previous algorithm stopping when we see no benefit to further refinement This technique of gradually working from a high-level to a detailed algorithm is often called stepwise refinementStepwise refinement is a process for developing a detailed algorithm by gradually adding detail to a high-level algorithmStep 5 Review the algorithmThe final step is to review the algorithm What are we looking for First we need to work through the algorithm step by step to determine whether or not it will solve the original problem Once we are satisfied that the algorithm does provide a solution to the problem we start to look for other things The following questions are typical of ones that should be asked whenever we review an algorithm Asking these questions and seeking their answers is a good way to develop skills that can be applied to the next problemDoes this algorithm solve a very specific problem or does it solve a more general problem If it solves a very specific problem should it be generalizedFor example an algorithm that computes the area of a circle having radius 52 meters (formula π522) solves a very specific problem but an algorithm that computes the area of any circle (formula πR2) solves a more general problemCan this algorithm be simplifiedOne formula for computing the perimeter of a rectangle islength + width + length + widthA simpler formula would be20 (length + width)Is this solution similar to the solution to another problem How are they alike How are they differentFor example consider the following two formulaeRectangle area = length widthTriangle area = 05 base heightSimilarities Each computes an area Each multiplies two measurementsDifferences Different measurements are used The triangle formula contains 05Hypothesis Perhaps every area formula involves multiplying two measurements

Ac-12 29420 topic Sums of Admission of a partner

Question

Ashu and Pankaj are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 their Balance sheet on March 31 2014 was as follows

Balance Sheet of Ashu and Pankaj as at March 312014

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount

Creditors 38000 Cash in hand 15000 Bills Payable 40000 Cash at Bank 62000 Salaries outstanding 5000 Debtors 58000 Profit amp Loss 40000 Stock 85000 Capitals Machinery 145000 Ashu 150000 Goodwill 38000 Pankaj 130000 280000

403000 403000

They admitted Gurdeep into partnership on the following terms on March 31 2014(a)New profit sharing ratio is agreed as 3 2 l

(b) He will bring in 1 00000 as his share of capital and ` 30000 as his share of goodwill(c) Machinery is appreciated by 10(d) Stock is valued at ` 87000(e) Creditors are unrecorded to the extent of ` 6000(f) A provision for doubtful debts is to be created by 4 on debtorsPrepare Revaluation account Capital Accounts Bank account and Balance Sheet of the new firm after admission of Gurdeep

ECO ndash12 2942020Topic- ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

FACTORS AFFECTING PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

As discussed earlier in case of some goods responsiveness of quantity demanded to the change in price is more than some other goods For example a very small change in price of luxury goods may affect their demand to a considerable extent but a large change in price of salt may not affect its demand This means price elasticity of demand is different for different goods Following factors may affect the price elasticity of demand for a good

(i) Availability of close substitutes Demand for a commodity which has large number of substitutes is usually more elastic than those commodities which have no substitutes For example coke Pepsi limca etc are good substitutes Even a small rise in price of coke will induce the buyers to go for its substitutes On the other hand demand for electricity will be less elastic because it has no close substitutes

(ii) Nature of the Commodity Demand for necessities like medicines food grains is less elastic because we have to consume them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be But demand for comforts and luxuries like refrigerators

air conditioners etc is more elastic because their consumption may be postponed for future if their price rises

(iii) Share in Total Expenditure Greater the proportion of income spent on the commodity more is the elasticity of demand for it Demand for a commodity is inelastic if proportion of income spent on that commodity is very small

(iv)Level of Price Demand for a commodity at higher level of price (like air conditioners cars etc) is generally more elastic than for a commodity at lower level of price (like match box pencils etc)

(v) Level of Income Demand for a commodity is generally less elastic for higher income level groups in comparison to people with low incomes For example

• Subatomic Particles
• • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • • Atomic Structure of Isotopes
    • Isotopes of Some Elements
    • Hydrogen
    • • Carbon
      • Oxygen
      • • Rutherford Atomic Theory
        • • Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom
          • Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model
          • • Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Differentiability Suppose f is a real function and c is a point in its domain The derivative of f at c is defined bylimhrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hProvided this limit exists Derivative of f at c is denoted by f (c) or ddx(f(x )) |prime c The function defined byf(x) = lim hrarr0 [f(c+h) -f(c) ]hWherever the limit exists is defined to be the derivative of f The derivative of is defined by f(x) or ddx (x) or if y= f(x) then by y or dydxThe process of finding derivative of a function is called differentiation We also use the phrase differentiate f (x) with respect to x to mean find f (x)primeThe following rules were established as a part of algebra of derivatives(1) (u plusmn v) = u plusmn vprime prime prime(2) (uv) = u v + uv (Leibnitz or product rule)prime prime prime(3)(uv)= (uv-vu) v2 wherever v ne 0 (Quotient rule)The following table gives a list of derivatives of certain standard functions

f(x) xn Sin x Cos x tan x

f(x) nxn-1 cos x -sin x sec 2 x

Example Find derivative of the following functions i) x3 +3xii) 3 x7 +2 sin xSolution i) let f(x) = x3 +3xOr f(x)= ddx( x3 +3x) Or f(x) = 3x2 +3ii) Let f(x) = 3 x7 + 2 sin xOr f(x) = 37 x6 + 2 cos xOr f(x) = 21 x6 + 2cos x

History TOPIC- TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC NATIONAL MOVEMENTS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WARVIOLENT PUBLIC REACTION OF QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

Violent public reaction Besides repressive measures recourse was taken to machine gun and aerial firing This only increased the peoplersquos fury and led them more violent In some places like Midnapore in West Bengal Balia in UPeven parallel government was set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from many placesImpotant Storm Centres Of The Movement The revolt of 1942 or Quit India Movement revealed the Peoplersquos fighting spirit and their desparate longing for freedom Five important storm centres of movement embracing whole India

1 Question How did the public react towards the Quit India MovementAnswer The Quit India Movement became violent In many places like Satara in Maharashtra Midnapore in Bengal Balia in UP parallel governments were set up by the people The Quit India Movement got a massive response from the people of Bombay Bihar Gujrat Orissa Assam Bengal and Karnataka The working class went on strikes underground revolutionary activities also started under

Jayprakash Narayan Ramananda Mishra etc The most daring act was establishment of Congress Radio by underground rebels

2 Question Who was Usha MehtaAnswer Usha Mehta who was later known as Ushaben was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi She was a freedom fighter of India She helped to set up an underground radio station It was known as secret Congres Radio which led to the awakening the people in Nationalism during the Quit India Movement

3 Question Name two women who participated in the Quit India MovementAnswer Aruna Asaf Ali Sarojini Naidu

4 Question What were the important storm centres of Quit India MovementAnswer a) The district of Bhagalpur Hazaribagh Saranin Biharb) Benaras Gazipur Balia and Azamgarh

districts in UPC) Tamluk in Midnapur district in South Bengald)Balasore Koraput and Talcher in OrissaE) Nasik and Satara in Maharashtra

Business studies

Staff Recruitment chapter 3

Today we are going to start a new topic -Staff recruitmentEvery organisation requires well-qualified and motivated staff to functions effectivelyThuss to acquire effective staff recruitment selection training motivation etc is necessary

Questions1 Define staff

recruitment

Answer) Recruitment is a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the requirements of the staffing schedule and to employee effective measures for attracting that manpower inadequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of an efficient working course

2 Mention some characteristics of recruitmentAnswers) Some characteristics of recruitment are as

i) It is a process or a series of activities rather than a single act or event

ii) it is a linking activity as it brings together employer and prospective employees

iii) The basic purpose of recruitment is to locate the source of people required to meet in job requirements

iv) It is pervasive function as all organisations engage in recruiting activity But

itrsquosvolume and nature depends on the size and nature of business organisations

v) It is a two way process as it takes a recruiter and recruiting

Computer Science

Implementation of algorithms to solve problems

Problems Solutions and ToolsI have a problem I need to thank Aunt Kay for the birthday present she sent me I could send a thank you note through the mail I could call her on the telephone I could send her an email message I could drive to her house and thank her in person In fact there are many ways I could thank her but thats not the point The point is that I must decide how I want to solve the problem and use the appropriate tool to implement (carry out) my plan The postal service the telephone the internet and my automobile are tools that I can use but none of these actually solves my problem In a similar way a computer does not solve problems its just a tool that I can use to implement my plan for solving the problem

Knowing that Aunt Kay appreciates creative and unusual things I have decided to hire a singing messenger to deliver my thanks In this context the messenger is a tool but one that needs instructions from me I have to tell the messenger where Aunt Kay lives what time I would like the message to be delivered and what lyrics I want sung A computer program is similar to my instructions to the messenger

The story of Aunt Kay uses a familiar context to set the stage for a useful point of view concerning computers and computer programs The following list summarizes the key aspects of this point of view

A computer is a tool that can be used to implement a plan for solving a problem

A computer program is a set of instructions for a computer These instructions describe the steps that the computer must follow to implement a plan

An algorithm is a plan for solving a problem A person must design an algorithm A person must translate an algorithm into a computer program

This point of view sets the stage for a process that we will use to develop solutions to Jeroo problems The basic process is important because it can be used to solve a wide variety of problems including ones where the solution will be written in some other programming language

An Algorithm Development Process

Every problem solution starts with a plan That plan is called an algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem

There are many ways to write an algorithm Some are very informal some are quite formal and mathematical in nature and some are quite graphical The instructions for connecting a DVD player to a television are an algorithm A mathematical formula such as πR2 is a special case of an algorithm The form is not particularly important as long as it provides a good way to describe and check the logic of the planThe development of an algorithm (a plan) is a key step in solving a problem Once we have an algorithm we can translate it into a computer program in some programming language Our algorithm development process consists of five major

stepsStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemStep 2 Analyze the problemStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailStep 5 Review the algorithmStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemThis step is much more difficult than it appears In the following discussion the word client refers to someone who wants to find a solution to a problem and the word developer refers to someone who finds a way to solve the problem The developer must create an algorithm that will solve the clients problemThe client is responsible for creating a description of the problem but this is often the weakest part of the process Its quite common for a problem description to suffer from one or more of the following types of defects (1) the description relies on unstated assumptions (2) the description is ambiguous (3) the description is incomplete or (4) the description has internal contradictions These defects are seldom due to carelessness by the client Instead they are due to the fact that natural languages (English French Korean etc) are rather imprecise Part of the developers responsibility is to identify defects in the description of a problem and to work with the client to remedy those defectsStep 2 Analyze the problemThe purpose of this step is to determine both the starting and ending points for solving the problem This process is analogous to a mathematician determining what is given and what must be proven A good problem description makes it easier to perform this stepWhen determining the starting point we should start by seeking answers to the following questionsWhat data are availableWhere is that dataWhat formulas pertain to the problemWhat rules exist for working with the dataWhat relationships exist among the data valuesWhen determining the ending point we need to describe the characteristics of a solution In other words how will we know when were done Asking the following questions often helps to determine the ending pointWhat new facts will we haveWhat items will have changedWhat changes will have been made to those itemsWhat things will no longer existStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem but plans come in several levels of detail Its usually better to start with a high-level algorithm that includes the major part of a solution but leaves the details until later We can use an everyday example to demonstrate a high-level algorithmProblem I need a send a birthday card to my brother MarkAnalysis I dont have a card I prefer to buy a card rather than make one myselfHigh-level algorithmGo to a store that sells greeting cardsSelect a cardPurchase a cardMail the cardThis algorithm is satisfactory for daily use but it lacks details that would have to be added were a computer to carry out the solution These details include answers to questions such as the followingWhich store will I visitHow will I get there walk drive ride my bicycle take the busWhat kind of card does Mark like humorous sentimental risqueacute

These kinds of details are considered in the next step of our processStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailA high-level algorithm shows the major steps that need to be followed to solve a problem Now we need to add details to these steps but how much detail should we add Unfortunately the answer to this question depends on the situation We have to consider who (or what) is going to implement the algorithm and how much that person (or thing) already knows how to do If someone is going to purchase Marks birthday card on my behalf my instructions have to be adapted to whether or not that person is familiar with the stores in the community and how well the purchaser known my brothers taste in greeting cardsWhen our goal is to develop algorithms that will lead to computer programs we need to consider the capabilities of the computer and provide enough detail so that someone else could use our algorithm to write a computer program that follows the steps in our algorithm As with the birthday card problem we need to adjust the level of detail to match the ability of the programmer When in doubt or when you are learning it is better to have too much detail than to have too littleMost of our examples will move from a high-level to a detailed algorithm in a single step but this is not always reasonable For larger more complex problems it is common to go through this process several times developing intermediate level algorithms as we go Each time we add more detail to the previous algorithm stopping when we see no benefit to further refinement This technique of gradually working from a high-level to a detailed algorithm is often called stepwise refinementStepwise refinement is a process for developing a detailed algorithm by gradually adding detail to a high-level algorithmStep 5 Review the algorithmThe final step is to review the algorithm What are we looking for First we need to work through the algorithm step by step to determine whether or not it will solve the original problem Once we are satisfied that the algorithm does provide a solution to the problem we start to look for other things The following questions are typical of ones that should be asked whenever we review an algorithm Asking these questions and seeking their answers is a good way to develop skills that can be applied to the next problemDoes this algorithm solve a very specific problem or does it solve a more general problem If it solves a very specific problem should it be generalizedFor example an algorithm that computes the area of a circle having radius 52 meters (formula π522) solves a very specific problem but an algorithm that computes the area of any circle (formula πR2) solves a more general problemCan this algorithm be simplifiedOne formula for computing the perimeter of a rectangle islength + width + length + widthA simpler formula would be20 (length + width)Is this solution similar to the solution to another problem How are they alike How are they differentFor example consider the following two formulaeRectangle area = length widthTriangle area = 05 base heightSimilarities Each computes an area Each multiplies two measurementsDifferences Different measurements are used The triangle formula contains 05Hypothesis Perhaps every area formula involves multiplying two measurements

Ac-12 29420 topic Sums of Admission of a partner

Question

Ashu and Pankaj are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 their Balance sheet on March 31 2014 was as follows

Balance Sheet of Ashu and Pankaj as at March 312014

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount

Creditors 38000 Cash in hand 15000 Bills Payable 40000 Cash at Bank 62000 Salaries outstanding 5000 Debtors 58000 Profit amp Loss 40000 Stock 85000 Capitals Machinery 145000 Ashu 150000 Goodwill 38000 Pankaj 130000 280000

403000 403000

They admitted Gurdeep into partnership on the following terms on March 31 2014(a)New profit sharing ratio is agreed as 3 2 l

(b) He will bring in 1 00000 as his share of capital and ` 30000 as his share of goodwill(c) Machinery is appreciated by 10(d) Stock is valued at ` 87000(e) Creditors are unrecorded to the extent of ` 6000(f) A provision for doubtful debts is to be created by 4 on debtorsPrepare Revaluation account Capital Accounts Bank account and Balance Sheet of the new firm after admission of Gurdeep

ECO ndash12 2942020Topic- ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

FACTORS AFFECTING PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

As discussed earlier in case of some goods responsiveness of quantity demanded to the change in price is more than some other goods For example a very small change in price of luxury goods may affect their demand to a considerable extent but a large change in price of salt may not affect its demand This means price elasticity of demand is different for different goods Following factors may affect the price elasticity of demand for a good

(i) Availability of close substitutes Demand for a commodity which has large number of substitutes is usually more elastic than those commodities which have no substitutes For example coke Pepsi limca etc are good substitutes Even a small rise in price of coke will induce the buyers to go for its substitutes On the other hand demand for electricity will be less elastic because it has no close substitutes

(ii) Nature of the Commodity Demand for necessities like medicines food grains is less elastic because we have to consume them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be But demand for comforts and luxuries like refrigerators

air conditioners etc is more elastic because their consumption may be postponed for future if their price rises

(iii) Share in Total Expenditure Greater the proportion of income spent on the commodity more is the elasticity of demand for it Demand for a commodity is inelastic if proportion of income spent on that commodity is very small

(iv)Level of Price Demand for a commodity at higher level of price (like air conditioners cars etc) is generally more elastic than for a commodity at lower level of price (like match box pencils etc)

(v) Level of Income Demand for a commodity is generally less elastic for higher income level groups in comparison to people with low incomes For example

• Subatomic Particles
• • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • • Atomic Structure of Isotopes
    • Isotopes of Some Elements
    • Hydrogen
    • • Carbon
      • Oxygen
      • • Rutherford Atomic Theory
        • • Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom
          • Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model
          • • Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Jayprakash Narayan Ramananda Mishra etc The most daring act was establishment of Congress Radio by underground rebels

2 Question Who was Usha MehtaAnswer Usha Mehta who was later known as Ushaben was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi She was a freedom fighter of India She helped to set up an underground radio station It was known as secret Congres Radio which led to the awakening the people in Nationalism during the Quit India Movement

3 Question Name two women who participated in the Quit India MovementAnswer Aruna Asaf Ali Sarojini Naidu

4 Question What were the important storm centres of Quit India MovementAnswer a) The district of Bhagalpur Hazaribagh Saranin Biharb) Benaras Gazipur Balia and Azamgarh

districts in UPC) Tamluk in Midnapur district in South Bengald)Balasore Koraput and Talcher in OrissaE) Nasik and Satara in Maharashtra

Business studies

Staff Recruitment chapter 3

Today we are going to start a new topic -Staff recruitmentEvery organisation requires well-qualified and motivated staff to functions effectivelyThuss to acquire effective staff recruitment selection training motivation etc is necessary

Questions1 Define staff

recruitment

Answer) Recruitment is a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the requirements of the staffing schedule and to employee effective measures for attracting that manpower inadequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of an efficient working course

2 Mention some characteristics of recruitmentAnswers) Some characteristics of recruitment are as

i) It is a process or a series of activities rather than a single act or event

ii) it is a linking activity as it brings together employer and prospective employees

iii) The basic purpose of recruitment is to locate the source of people required to meet in job requirements

iv) It is pervasive function as all organisations engage in recruiting activity But

itrsquosvolume and nature depends on the size and nature of business organisations

v) It is a two way process as it takes a recruiter and recruiting

Computer Science

Implementation of algorithms to solve problems

Problems Solutions and ToolsI have a problem I need to thank Aunt Kay for the birthday present she sent me I could send a thank you note through the mail I could call her on the telephone I could send her an email message I could drive to her house and thank her in person In fact there are many ways I could thank her but thats not the point The point is that I must decide how I want to solve the problem and use the appropriate tool to implement (carry out) my plan The postal service the telephone the internet and my automobile are tools that I can use but none of these actually solves my problem In a similar way a computer does not solve problems its just a tool that I can use to implement my plan for solving the problem

Knowing that Aunt Kay appreciates creative and unusual things I have decided to hire a singing messenger to deliver my thanks In this context the messenger is a tool but one that needs instructions from me I have to tell the messenger where Aunt Kay lives what time I would like the message to be delivered and what lyrics I want sung A computer program is similar to my instructions to the messenger

The story of Aunt Kay uses a familiar context to set the stage for a useful point of view concerning computers and computer programs The following list summarizes the key aspects of this point of view

A computer is a tool that can be used to implement a plan for solving a problem

A computer program is a set of instructions for a computer These instructions describe the steps that the computer must follow to implement a plan

An algorithm is a plan for solving a problem A person must design an algorithm A person must translate an algorithm into a computer program

This point of view sets the stage for a process that we will use to develop solutions to Jeroo problems The basic process is important because it can be used to solve a wide variety of problems including ones where the solution will be written in some other programming language

An Algorithm Development Process

Every problem solution starts with a plan That plan is called an algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem

There are many ways to write an algorithm Some are very informal some are quite formal and mathematical in nature and some are quite graphical The instructions for connecting a DVD player to a television are an algorithm A mathematical formula such as πR2 is a special case of an algorithm The form is not particularly important as long as it provides a good way to describe and check the logic of the planThe development of an algorithm (a plan) is a key step in solving a problem Once we have an algorithm we can translate it into a computer program in some programming language Our algorithm development process consists of five major

stepsStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemStep 2 Analyze the problemStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailStep 5 Review the algorithmStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemThis step is much more difficult than it appears In the following discussion the word client refers to someone who wants to find a solution to a problem and the word developer refers to someone who finds a way to solve the problem The developer must create an algorithm that will solve the clients problemThe client is responsible for creating a description of the problem but this is often the weakest part of the process Its quite common for a problem description to suffer from one or more of the following types of defects (1) the description relies on unstated assumptions (2) the description is ambiguous (3) the description is incomplete or (4) the description has internal contradictions These defects are seldom due to carelessness by the client Instead they are due to the fact that natural languages (English French Korean etc) are rather imprecise Part of the developers responsibility is to identify defects in the description of a problem and to work with the client to remedy those defectsStep 2 Analyze the problemThe purpose of this step is to determine both the starting and ending points for solving the problem This process is analogous to a mathematician determining what is given and what must be proven A good problem description makes it easier to perform this stepWhen determining the starting point we should start by seeking answers to the following questionsWhat data are availableWhere is that dataWhat formulas pertain to the problemWhat rules exist for working with the dataWhat relationships exist among the data valuesWhen determining the ending point we need to describe the characteristics of a solution In other words how will we know when were done Asking the following questions often helps to determine the ending pointWhat new facts will we haveWhat items will have changedWhat changes will have been made to those itemsWhat things will no longer existStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem but plans come in several levels of detail Its usually better to start with a high-level algorithm that includes the major part of a solution but leaves the details until later We can use an everyday example to demonstrate a high-level algorithmProblem I need a send a birthday card to my brother MarkAnalysis I dont have a card I prefer to buy a card rather than make one myselfHigh-level algorithmGo to a store that sells greeting cardsSelect a cardPurchase a cardMail the cardThis algorithm is satisfactory for daily use but it lacks details that would have to be added were a computer to carry out the solution These details include answers to questions such as the followingWhich store will I visitHow will I get there walk drive ride my bicycle take the busWhat kind of card does Mark like humorous sentimental risqueacute

These kinds of details are considered in the next step of our processStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailA high-level algorithm shows the major steps that need to be followed to solve a problem Now we need to add details to these steps but how much detail should we add Unfortunately the answer to this question depends on the situation We have to consider who (or what) is going to implement the algorithm and how much that person (or thing) already knows how to do If someone is going to purchase Marks birthday card on my behalf my instructions have to be adapted to whether or not that person is familiar with the stores in the community and how well the purchaser known my brothers taste in greeting cardsWhen our goal is to develop algorithms that will lead to computer programs we need to consider the capabilities of the computer and provide enough detail so that someone else could use our algorithm to write a computer program that follows the steps in our algorithm As with the birthday card problem we need to adjust the level of detail to match the ability of the programmer When in doubt or when you are learning it is better to have too much detail than to have too littleMost of our examples will move from a high-level to a detailed algorithm in a single step but this is not always reasonable For larger more complex problems it is common to go through this process several times developing intermediate level algorithms as we go Each time we add more detail to the previous algorithm stopping when we see no benefit to further refinement This technique of gradually working from a high-level to a detailed algorithm is often called stepwise refinementStepwise refinement is a process for developing a detailed algorithm by gradually adding detail to a high-level algorithmStep 5 Review the algorithmThe final step is to review the algorithm What are we looking for First we need to work through the algorithm step by step to determine whether or not it will solve the original problem Once we are satisfied that the algorithm does provide a solution to the problem we start to look for other things The following questions are typical of ones that should be asked whenever we review an algorithm Asking these questions and seeking their answers is a good way to develop skills that can be applied to the next problemDoes this algorithm solve a very specific problem or does it solve a more general problem If it solves a very specific problem should it be generalizedFor example an algorithm that computes the area of a circle having radius 52 meters (formula π522) solves a very specific problem but an algorithm that computes the area of any circle (formula πR2) solves a more general problemCan this algorithm be simplifiedOne formula for computing the perimeter of a rectangle islength + width + length + widthA simpler formula would be20 (length + width)Is this solution similar to the solution to another problem How are they alike How are they differentFor example consider the following two formulaeRectangle area = length widthTriangle area = 05 base heightSimilarities Each computes an area Each multiplies two measurementsDifferences Different measurements are used The triangle formula contains 05Hypothesis Perhaps every area formula involves multiplying two measurements

Ac-12 29420 topic Sums of Admission of a partner

Question

Ashu and Pankaj are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 their Balance sheet on March 31 2014 was as follows

Balance Sheet of Ashu and Pankaj as at March 312014

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount

Creditors 38000 Cash in hand 15000 Bills Payable 40000 Cash at Bank 62000 Salaries outstanding 5000 Debtors 58000 Profit amp Loss 40000 Stock 85000 Capitals Machinery 145000 Ashu 150000 Goodwill 38000 Pankaj 130000 280000

403000 403000

They admitted Gurdeep into partnership on the following terms on March 31 2014(a)New profit sharing ratio is agreed as 3 2 l

(b) He will bring in 1 00000 as his share of capital and ` 30000 as his share of goodwill(c) Machinery is appreciated by 10(d) Stock is valued at ` 87000(e) Creditors are unrecorded to the extent of ` 6000(f) A provision for doubtful debts is to be created by 4 on debtorsPrepare Revaluation account Capital Accounts Bank account and Balance Sheet of the new firm after admission of Gurdeep

ECO ndash12 2942020Topic- ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

FACTORS AFFECTING PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

As discussed earlier in case of some goods responsiveness of quantity demanded to the change in price is more than some other goods For example a very small change in price of luxury goods may affect their demand to a considerable extent but a large change in price of salt may not affect its demand This means price elasticity of demand is different for different goods Following factors may affect the price elasticity of demand for a good

(i) Availability of close substitutes Demand for a commodity which has large number of substitutes is usually more elastic than those commodities which have no substitutes For example coke Pepsi limca etc are good substitutes Even a small rise in price of coke will induce the buyers to go for its substitutes On the other hand demand for electricity will be less elastic because it has no close substitutes

(ii) Nature of the Commodity Demand for necessities like medicines food grains is less elastic because we have to consume them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be But demand for comforts and luxuries like refrigerators

air conditioners etc is more elastic because their consumption may be postponed for future if their price rises

(iii) Share in Total Expenditure Greater the proportion of income spent on the commodity more is the elasticity of demand for it Demand for a commodity is inelastic if proportion of income spent on that commodity is very small

(iv)Level of Price Demand for a commodity at higher level of price (like air conditioners cars etc) is generally more elastic than for a commodity at lower level of price (like match box pencils etc)

(v) Level of Income Demand for a commodity is generally less elastic for higher income level groups in comparison to people with low incomes For example

• Subatomic Particles
• • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • • Atomic Structure of Isotopes
    • Isotopes of Some Elements
    • Hydrogen
    • • Carbon
      • Oxygen
      • • Rutherford Atomic Theory
        • • Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom
          • Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model
          • • Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

districts in UPC) Tamluk in Midnapur district in South Bengald)Balasore Koraput and Talcher in OrissaE) Nasik and Satara in Maharashtra

Business studies

Staff Recruitment chapter 3

Today we are going to start a new topic -Staff recruitmentEvery organisation requires well-qualified and motivated staff to functions effectivelyThuss to acquire effective staff recruitment selection training motivation etc is necessary

Questions1 Define staff

recruitment

Answer) Recruitment is a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the requirements of the staffing schedule and to employee effective measures for attracting that manpower inadequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of an efficient working course

2 Mention some characteristics of recruitmentAnswers) Some characteristics of recruitment are as

i) It is a process or a series of activities rather than a single act or event

ii) it is a linking activity as it brings together employer and prospective employees

iii) The basic purpose of recruitment is to locate the source of people required to meet in job requirements

iv) It is pervasive function as all organisations engage in recruiting activity But

itrsquosvolume and nature depends on the size and nature of business organisations

v) It is a two way process as it takes a recruiter and recruiting

Computer Science

Implementation of algorithms to solve problems

Problems Solutions and ToolsI have a problem I need to thank Aunt Kay for the birthday present she sent me I could send a thank you note through the mail I could call her on the telephone I could send her an email message I could drive to her house and thank her in person In fact there are many ways I could thank her but thats not the point The point is that I must decide how I want to solve the problem and use the appropriate tool to implement (carry out) my plan The postal service the telephone the internet and my automobile are tools that I can use but none of these actually solves my problem In a similar way a computer does not solve problems its just a tool that I can use to implement my plan for solving the problem

Knowing that Aunt Kay appreciates creative and unusual things I have decided to hire a singing messenger to deliver my thanks In this context the messenger is a tool but one that needs instructions from me I have to tell the messenger where Aunt Kay lives what time I would like the message to be delivered and what lyrics I want sung A computer program is similar to my instructions to the messenger

The story of Aunt Kay uses a familiar context to set the stage for a useful point of view concerning computers and computer programs The following list summarizes the key aspects of this point of view

A computer is a tool that can be used to implement a plan for solving a problem

A computer program is a set of instructions for a computer These instructions describe the steps that the computer must follow to implement a plan

An algorithm is a plan for solving a problem A person must design an algorithm A person must translate an algorithm into a computer program

This point of view sets the stage for a process that we will use to develop solutions to Jeroo problems The basic process is important because it can be used to solve a wide variety of problems including ones where the solution will be written in some other programming language

An Algorithm Development Process

Every problem solution starts with a plan That plan is called an algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem

There are many ways to write an algorithm Some are very informal some are quite formal and mathematical in nature and some are quite graphical The instructions for connecting a DVD player to a television are an algorithm A mathematical formula such as πR2 is a special case of an algorithm The form is not particularly important as long as it provides a good way to describe and check the logic of the planThe development of an algorithm (a plan) is a key step in solving a problem Once we have an algorithm we can translate it into a computer program in some programming language Our algorithm development process consists of five major

stepsStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemStep 2 Analyze the problemStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailStep 5 Review the algorithmStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemThis step is much more difficult than it appears In the following discussion the word client refers to someone who wants to find a solution to a problem and the word developer refers to someone who finds a way to solve the problem The developer must create an algorithm that will solve the clients problemThe client is responsible for creating a description of the problem but this is often the weakest part of the process Its quite common for a problem description to suffer from one or more of the following types of defects (1) the description relies on unstated assumptions (2) the description is ambiguous (3) the description is incomplete or (4) the description has internal contradictions These defects are seldom due to carelessness by the client Instead they are due to the fact that natural languages (English French Korean etc) are rather imprecise Part of the developers responsibility is to identify defects in the description of a problem and to work with the client to remedy those defectsStep 2 Analyze the problemThe purpose of this step is to determine both the starting and ending points for solving the problem This process is analogous to a mathematician determining what is given and what must be proven A good problem description makes it easier to perform this stepWhen determining the starting point we should start by seeking answers to the following questionsWhat data are availableWhere is that dataWhat formulas pertain to the problemWhat rules exist for working with the dataWhat relationships exist among the data valuesWhen determining the ending point we need to describe the characteristics of a solution In other words how will we know when were done Asking the following questions often helps to determine the ending pointWhat new facts will we haveWhat items will have changedWhat changes will have been made to those itemsWhat things will no longer existStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem but plans come in several levels of detail Its usually better to start with a high-level algorithm that includes the major part of a solution but leaves the details until later We can use an everyday example to demonstrate a high-level algorithmProblem I need a send a birthday card to my brother MarkAnalysis I dont have a card I prefer to buy a card rather than make one myselfHigh-level algorithmGo to a store that sells greeting cardsSelect a cardPurchase a cardMail the cardThis algorithm is satisfactory for daily use but it lacks details that would have to be added were a computer to carry out the solution These details include answers to questions such as the followingWhich store will I visitHow will I get there walk drive ride my bicycle take the busWhat kind of card does Mark like humorous sentimental risqueacute

These kinds of details are considered in the next step of our processStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailA high-level algorithm shows the major steps that need to be followed to solve a problem Now we need to add details to these steps but how much detail should we add Unfortunately the answer to this question depends on the situation We have to consider who (or what) is going to implement the algorithm and how much that person (or thing) already knows how to do If someone is going to purchase Marks birthday card on my behalf my instructions have to be adapted to whether or not that person is familiar with the stores in the community and how well the purchaser known my brothers taste in greeting cardsWhen our goal is to develop algorithms that will lead to computer programs we need to consider the capabilities of the computer and provide enough detail so that someone else could use our algorithm to write a computer program that follows the steps in our algorithm As with the birthday card problem we need to adjust the level of detail to match the ability of the programmer When in doubt or when you are learning it is better to have too much detail than to have too littleMost of our examples will move from a high-level to a detailed algorithm in a single step but this is not always reasonable For larger more complex problems it is common to go through this process several times developing intermediate level algorithms as we go Each time we add more detail to the previous algorithm stopping when we see no benefit to further refinement This technique of gradually working from a high-level to a detailed algorithm is often called stepwise refinementStepwise refinement is a process for developing a detailed algorithm by gradually adding detail to a high-level algorithmStep 5 Review the algorithmThe final step is to review the algorithm What are we looking for First we need to work through the algorithm step by step to determine whether or not it will solve the original problem Once we are satisfied that the algorithm does provide a solution to the problem we start to look for other things The following questions are typical of ones that should be asked whenever we review an algorithm Asking these questions and seeking their answers is a good way to develop skills that can be applied to the next problemDoes this algorithm solve a very specific problem or does it solve a more general problem If it solves a very specific problem should it be generalizedFor example an algorithm that computes the area of a circle having radius 52 meters (formula π522) solves a very specific problem but an algorithm that computes the area of any circle (formula πR2) solves a more general problemCan this algorithm be simplifiedOne formula for computing the perimeter of a rectangle islength + width + length + widthA simpler formula would be20 (length + width)Is this solution similar to the solution to another problem How are they alike How are they differentFor example consider the following two formulaeRectangle area = length widthTriangle area = 05 base heightSimilarities Each computes an area Each multiplies two measurementsDifferences Different measurements are used The triangle formula contains 05Hypothesis Perhaps every area formula involves multiplying two measurements

Ac-12 29420 topic Sums of Admission of a partner

Question

Ashu and Pankaj are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 their Balance sheet on March 31 2014 was as follows

Balance Sheet of Ashu and Pankaj as at March 312014

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount

Creditors 38000 Cash in hand 15000 Bills Payable 40000 Cash at Bank 62000 Salaries outstanding 5000 Debtors 58000 Profit amp Loss 40000 Stock 85000 Capitals Machinery 145000 Ashu 150000 Goodwill 38000 Pankaj 130000 280000

403000 403000

They admitted Gurdeep into partnership on the following terms on March 31 2014(a)New profit sharing ratio is agreed as 3 2 l

(b) He will bring in 1 00000 as his share of capital and ` 30000 as his share of goodwill(c) Machinery is appreciated by 10(d) Stock is valued at ` 87000(e) Creditors are unrecorded to the extent of ` 6000(f) A provision for doubtful debts is to be created by 4 on debtorsPrepare Revaluation account Capital Accounts Bank account and Balance Sheet of the new firm after admission of Gurdeep

ECO ndash12 2942020Topic- ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

FACTORS AFFECTING PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

As discussed earlier in case of some goods responsiveness of quantity demanded to the change in price is more than some other goods For example a very small change in price of luxury goods may affect their demand to a considerable extent but a large change in price of salt may not affect its demand This means price elasticity of demand is different for different goods Following factors may affect the price elasticity of demand for a good

(i) Availability of close substitutes Demand for a commodity which has large number of substitutes is usually more elastic than those commodities which have no substitutes For example coke Pepsi limca etc are good substitutes Even a small rise in price of coke will induce the buyers to go for its substitutes On the other hand demand for electricity will be less elastic because it has no close substitutes

(ii) Nature of the Commodity Demand for necessities like medicines food grains is less elastic because we have to consume them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be But demand for comforts and luxuries like refrigerators

air conditioners etc is more elastic because their consumption may be postponed for future if their price rises

(iii) Share in Total Expenditure Greater the proportion of income spent on the commodity more is the elasticity of demand for it Demand for a commodity is inelastic if proportion of income spent on that commodity is very small

(iv)Level of Price Demand for a commodity at higher level of price (like air conditioners cars etc) is generally more elastic than for a commodity at lower level of price (like match box pencils etc)

(v) Level of Income Demand for a commodity is generally less elastic for higher income level groups in comparison to people with low incomes For example

• Subatomic Particles
• • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • • Atomic Structure of Isotopes
    • Isotopes of Some Elements
    • Hydrogen
    • • Carbon
      • Oxygen
      • • Rutherford Atomic Theory
        • • Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom
          • Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model
          • • Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

itrsquosvolume and nature depends on the size and nature of business organisations

v) It is a two way process as it takes a recruiter and recruiting

Computer Science

Implementation of algorithms to solve problems

Problems Solutions and ToolsI have a problem I need to thank Aunt Kay for the birthday present she sent me I could send a thank you note through the mail I could call her on the telephone I could send her an email message I could drive to her house and thank her in person In fact there are many ways I could thank her but thats not the point The point is that I must decide how I want to solve the problem and use the appropriate tool to implement (carry out) my plan The postal service the telephone the internet and my automobile are tools that I can use but none of these actually solves my problem In a similar way a computer does not solve problems its just a tool that I can use to implement my plan for solving the problem

Knowing that Aunt Kay appreciates creative and unusual things I have decided to hire a singing messenger to deliver my thanks In this context the messenger is a tool but one that needs instructions from me I have to tell the messenger where Aunt Kay lives what time I would like the message to be delivered and what lyrics I want sung A computer program is similar to my instructions to the messenger

The story of Aunt Kay uses a familiar context to set the stage for a useful point of view concerning computers and computer programs The following list summarizes the key aspects of this point of view

A computer is a tool that can be used to implement a plan for solving a problem

A computer program is a set of instructions for a computer These instructions describe the steps that the computer must follow to implement a plan

An algorithm is a plan for solving a problem A person must design an algorithm A person must translate an algorithm into a computer program

This point of view sets the stage for a process that we will use to develop solutions to Jeroo problems The basic process is important because it can be used to solve a wide variety of problems including ones where the solution will be written in some other programming language

An Algorithm Development Process

Every problem solution starts with a plan That plan is called an algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem

There are many ways to write an algorithm Some are very informal some are quite formal and mathematical in nature and some are quite graphical The instructions for connecting a DVD player to a television are an algorithm A mathematical formula such as πR2 is a special case of an algorithm The form is not particularly important as long as it provides a good way to describe and check the logic of the planThe development of an algorithm (a plan) is a key step in solving a problem Once we have an algorithm we can translate it into a computer program in some programming language Our algorithm development process consists of five major

stepsStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemStep 2 Analyze the problemStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailStep 5 Review the algorithmStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemThis step is much more difficult than it appears In the following discussion the word client refers to someone who wants to find a solution to a problem and the word developer refers to someone who finds a way to solve the problem The developer must create an algorithm that will solve the clients problemThe client is responsible for creating a description of the problem but this is often the weakest part of the process Its quite common for a problem description to suffer from one or more of the following types of defects (1) the description relies on unstated assumptions (2) the description is ambiguous (3) the description is incomplete or (4) the description has internal contradictions These defects are seldom due to carelessness by the client Instead they are due to the fact that natural languages (English French Korean etc) are rather imprecise Part of the developers responsibility is to identify defects in the description of a problem and to work with the client to remedy those defectsStep 2 Analyze the problemThe purpose of this step is to determine both the starting and ending points for solving the problem This process is analogous to a mathematician determining what is given and what must be proven A good problem description makes it easier to perform this stepWhen determining the starting point we should start by seeking answers to the following questionsWhat data are availableWhere is that dataWhat formulas pertain to the problemWhat rules exist for working with the dataWhat relationships exist among the data valuesWhen determining the ending point we need to describe the characteristics of a solution In other words how will we know when were done Asking the following questions often helps to determine the ending pointWhat new facts will we haveWhat items will have changedWhat changes will have been made to those itemsWhat things will no longer existStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem but plans come in several levels of detail Its usually better to start with a high-level algorithm that includes the major part of a solution but leaves the details until later We can use an everyday example to demonstrate a high-level algorithmProblem I need a send a birthday card to my brother MarkAnalysis I dont have a card I prefer to buy a card rather than make one myselfHigh-level algorithmGo to a store that sells greeting cardsSelect a cardPurchase a cardMail the cardThis algorithm is satisfactory for daily use but it lacks details that would have to be added were a computer to carry out the solution These details include answers to questions such as the followingWhich store will I visitHow will I get there walk drive ride my bicycle take the busWhat kind of card does Mark like humorous sentimental risqueacute

These kinds of details are considered in the next step of our processStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailA high-level algorithm shows the major steps that need to be followed to solve a problem Now we need to add details to these steps but how much detail should we add Unfortunately the answer to this question depends on the situation We have to consider who (or what) is going to implement the algorithm and how much that person (or thing) already knows how to do If someone is going to purchase Marks birthday card on my behalf my instructions have to be adapted to whether or not that person is familiar with the stores in the community and how well the purchaser known my brothers taste in greeting cardsWhen our goal is to develop algorithms that will lead to computer programs we need to consider the capabilities of the computer and provide enough detail so that someone else could use our algorithm to write a computer program that follows the steps in our algorithm As with the birthday card problem we need to adjust the level of detail to match the ability of the programmer When in doubt or when you are learning it is better to have too much detail than to have too littleMost of our examples will move from a high-level to a detailed algorithm in a single step but this is not always reasonable For larger more complex problems it is common to go through this process several times developing intermediate level algorithms as we go Each time we add more detail to the previous algorithm stopping when we see no benefit to further refinement This technique of gradually working from a high-level to a detailed algorithm is often called stepwise refinementStepwise refinement is a process for developing a detailed algorithm by gradually adding detail to a high-level algorithmStep 5 Review the algorithmThe final step is to review the algorithm What are we looking for First we need to work through the algorithm step by step to determine whether or not it will solve the original problem Once we are satisfied that the algorithm does provide a solution to the problem we start to look for other things The following questions are typical of ones that should be asked whenever we review an algorithm Asking these questions and seeking their answers is a good way to develop skills that can be applied to the next problemDoes this algorithm solve a very specific problem or does it solve a more general problem If it solves a very specific problem should it be generalizedFor example an algorithm that computes the area of a circle having radius 52 meters (formula π522) solves a very specific problem but an algorithm that computes the area of any circle (formula πR2) solves a more general problemCan this algorithm be simplifiedOne formula for computing the perimeter of a rectangle islength + width + length + widthA simpler formula would be20 (length + width)Is this solution similar to the solution to another problem How are they alike How are they differentFor example consider the following two formulaeRectangle area = length widthTriangle area = 05 base heightSimilarities Each computes an area Each multiplies two measurementsDifferences Different measurements are used The triangle formula contains 05Hypothesis Perhaps every area formula involves multiplying two measurements

Ac-12 29420 topic Sums of Admission of a partner

Question

Ashu and Pankaj are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 their Balance sheet on March 31 2014 was as follows

Balance Sheet of Ashu and Pankaj as at March 312014

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount

Creditors 38000 Cash in hand 15000 Bills Payable 40000 Cash at Bank 62000 Salaries outstanding 5000 Debtors 58000 Profit amp Loss 40000 Stock 85000 Capitals Machinery 145000 Ashu 150000 Goodwill 38000 Pankaj 130000 280000

403000 403000

They admitted Gurdeep into partnership on the following terms on March 31 2014(a)New profit sharing ratio is agreed as 3 2 l

(b) He will bring in 1 00000 as his share of capital and ` 30000 as his share of goodwill(c) Machinery is appreciated by 10(d) Stock is valued at ` 87000(e) Creditors are unrecorded to the extent of ` 6000(f) A provision for doubtful debts is to be created by 4 on debtorsPrepare Revaluation account Capital Accounts Bank account and Balance Sheet of the new firm after admission of Gurdeep

ECO ndash12 2942020Topic- ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

FACTORS AFFECTING PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

As discussed earlier in case of some goods responsiveness of quantity demanded to the change in price is more than some other goods For example a very small change in price of luxury goods may affect their demand to a considerable extent but a large change in price of salt may not affect its demand This means price elasticity of demand is different for different goods Following factors may affect the price elasticity of demand for a good

(i) Availability of close substitutes Demand for a commodity which has large number of substitutes is usually more elastic than those commodities which have no substitutes For example coke Pepsi limca etc are good substitutes Even a small rise in price of coke will induce the buyers to go for its substitutes On the other hand demand for electricity will be less elastic because it has no close substitutes

(ii) Nature of the Commodity Demand for necessities like medicines food grains is less elastic because we have to consume them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be But demand for comforts and luxuries like refrigerators

air conditioners etc is more elastic because their consumption may be postponed for future if their price rises

(iii) Share in Total Expenditure Greater the proportion of income spent on the commodity more is the elasticity of demand for it Demand for a commodity is inelastic if proportion of income spent on that commodity is very small

(iv)Level of Price Demand for a commodity at higher level of price (like air conditioners cars etc) is generally more elastic than for a commodity at lower level of price (like match box pencils etc)

(v) Level of Income Demand for a commodity is generally less elastic for higher income level groups in comparison to people with low incomes For example

• Subatomic Particles
• • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • • Atomic Structure of Isotopes
    • Isotopes of Some Elements
    • Hydrogen
    • • Carbon
      • Oxygen
      • • Rutherford Atomic Theory
        • • Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom
          • Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model
          • • Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

stepsStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemStep 2 Analyze the problemStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailStep 5 Review the algorithmStep 1 Obtain a description of the problemThis step is much more difficult than it appears In the following discussion the word client refers to someone who wants to find a solution to a problem and the word developer refers to someone who finds a way to solve the problem The developer must create an algorithm that will solve the clients problemThe client is responsible for creating a description of the problem but this is often the weakest part of the process Its quite common for a problem description to suffer from one or more of the following types of defects (1) the description relies on unstated assumptions (2) the description is ambiguous (3) the description is incomplete or (4) the description has internal contradictions These defects are seldom due to carelessness by the client Instead they are due to the fact that natural languages (English French Korean etc) are rather imprecise Part of the developers responsibility is to identify defects in the description of a problem and to work with the client to remedy those defectsStep 2 Analyze the problemThe purpose of this step is to determine both the starting and ending points for solving the problem This process is analogous to a mathematician determining what is given and what must be proven A good problem description makes it easier to perform this stepWhen determining the starting point we should start by seeking answers to the following questionsWhat data are availableWhere is that dataWhat formulas pertain to the problemWhat rules exist for working with the dataWhat relationships exist among the data valuesWhen determining the ending point we need to describe the characteristics of a solution In other words how will we know when were done Asking the following questions often helps to determine the ending pointWhat new facts will we haveWhat items will have changedWhat changes will have been made to those itemsWhat things will no longer existStep 3 Develop a high-level algorithmAn algorithm is a plan for solving a problem but plans come in several levels of detail Its usually better to start with a high-level algorithm that includes the major part of a solution but leaves the details until later We can use an everyday example to demonstrate a high-level algorithmProblem I need a send a birthday card to my brother MarkAnalysis I dont have a card I prefer to buy a card rather than make one myselfHigh-level algorithmGo to a store that sells greeting cardsSelect a cardPurchase a cardMail the cardThis algorithm is satisfactory for daily use but it lacks details that would have to be added were a computer to carry out the solution These details include answers to questions such as the followingWhich store will I visitHow will I get there walk drive ride my bicycle take the busWhat kind of card does Mark like humorous sentimental risqueacute

These kinds of details are considered in the next step of our processStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailA high-level algorithm shows the major steps that need to be followed to solve a problem Now we need to add details to these steps but how much detail should we add Unfortunately the answer to this question depends on the situation We have to consider who (or what) is going to implement the algorithm and how much that person (or thing) already knows how to do If someone is going to purchase Marks birthday card on my behalf my instructions have to be adapted to whether or not that person is familiar with the stores in the community and how well the purchaser known my brothers taste in greeting cardsWhen our goal is to develop algorithms that will lead to computer programs we need to consider the capabilities of the computer and provide enough detail so that someone else could use our algorithm to write a computer program that follows the steps in our algorithm As with the birthday card problem we need to adjust the level of detail to match the ability of the programmer When in doubt or when you are learning it is better to have too much detail than to have too littleMost of our examples will move from a high-level to a detailed algorithm in a single step but this is not always reasonable For larger more complex problems it is common to go through this process several times developing intermediate level algorithms as we go Each time we add more detail to the previous algorithm stopping when we see no benefit to further refinement This technique of gradually working from a high-level to a detailed algorithm is often called stepwise refinementStepwise refinement is a process for developing a detailed algorithm by gradually adding detail to a high-level algorithmStep 5 Review the algorithmThe final step is to review the algorithm What are we looking for First we need to work through the algorithm step by step to determine whether or not it will solve the original problem Once we are satisfied that the algorithm does provide a solution to the problem we start to look for other things The following questions are typical of ones that should be asked whenever we review an algorithm Asking these questions and seeking their answers is a good way to develop skills that can be applied to the next problemDoes this algorithm solve a very specific problem or does it solve a more general problem If it solves a very specific problem should it be generalizedFor example an algorithm that computes the area of a circle having radius 52 meters (formula π522) solves a very specific problem but an algorithm that computes the area of any circle (formula πR2) solves a more general problemCan this algorithm be simplifiedOne formula for computing the perimeter of a rectangle islength + width + length + widthA simpler formula would be20 (length + width)Is this solution similar to the solution to another problem How are they alike How are they differentFor example consider the following two formulaeRectangle area = length widthTriangle area = 05 base heightSimilarities Each computes an area Each multiplies two measurementsDifferences Different measurements are used The triangle formula contains 05Hypothesis Perhaps every area formula involves multiplying two measurements

Ac-12 29420 topic Sums of Admission of a partner

Question

Ashu and Pankaj are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 their Balance sheet on March 31 2014 was as follows

Balance Sheet of Ashu and Pankaj as at March 312014

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount

Creditors 38000 Cash in hand 15000 Bills Payable 40000 Cash at Bank 62000 Salaries outstanding 5000 Debtors 58000 Profit amp Loss 40000 Stock 85000 Capitals Machinery 145000 Ashu 150000 Goodwill 38000 Pankaj 130000 280000

403000 403000

They admitted Gurdeep into partnership on the following terms on March 31 2014(a)New profit sharing ratio is agreed as 3 2 l

(b) He will bring in 1 00000 as his share of capital and ` 30000 as his share of goodwill(c) Machinery is appreciated by 10(d) Stock is valued at ` 87000(e) Creditors are unrecorded to the extent of ` 6000(f) A provision for doubtful debts is to be created by 4 on debtorsPrepare Revaluation account Capital Accounts Bank account and Balance Sheet of the new firm after admission of Gurdeep

ECO ndash12 2942020Topic- ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

FACTORS AFFECTING PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

As discussed earlier in case of some goods responsiveness of quantity demanded to the change in price is more than some other goods For example a very small change in price of luxury goods may affect their demand to a considerable extent but a large change in price of salt may not affect its demand This means price elasticity of demand is different for different goods Following factors may affect the price elasticity of demand for a good

(i) Availability of close substitutes Demand for a commodity which has large number of substitutes is usually more elastic than those commodities which have no substitutes For example coke Pepsi limca etc are good substitutes Even a small rise in price of coke will induce the buyers to go for its substitutes On the other hand demand for electricity will be less elastic because it has no close substitutes

(ii) Nature of the Commodity Demand for necessities like medicines food grains is less elastic because we have to consume them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be But demand for comforts and luxuries like refrigerators

air conditioners etc is more elastic because their consumption may be postponed for future if their price rises

(iii) Share in Total Expenditure Greater the proportion of income spent on the commodity more is the elasticity of demand for it Demand for a commodity is inelastic if proportion of income spent on that commodity is very small

(iv)Level of Price Demand for a commodity at higher level of price (like air conditioners cars etc) is generally more elastic than for a commodity at lower level of price (like match box pencils etc)

(v) Level of Income Demand for a commodity is generally less elastic for higher income level groups in comparison to people with low incomes For example

• Subatomic Particles
• • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • • Atomic Structure of Isotopes
    • Isotopes of Some Elements
    • Hydrogen
    • • Carbon
      • Oxygen
      • • Rutherford Atomic Theory
        • • Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom
          • Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model
          • • Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

These kinds of details are considered in the next step of our processStep 4 Refine the algorithm by adding more detailA high-level algorithm shows the major steps that need to be followed to solve a problem Now we need to add details to these steps but how much detail should we add Unfortunately the answer to this question depends on the situation We have to consider who (or what) is going to implement the algorithm and how much that person (or thing) already knows how to do If someone is going to purchase Marks birthday card on my behalf my instructions have to be adapted to whether or not that person is familiar with the stores in the community and how well the purchaser known my brothers taste in greeting cardsWhen our goal is to develop algorithms that will lead to computer programs we need to consider the capabilities of the computer and provide enough detail so that someone else could use our algorithm to write a computer program that follows the steps in our algorithm As with the birthday card problem we need to adjust the level of detail to match the ability of the programmer When in doubt or when you are learning it is better to have too much detail than to have too littleMost of our examples will move from a high-level to a detailed algorithm in a single step but this is not always reasonable For larger more complex problems it is common to go through this process several times developing intermediate level algorithms as we go Each time we add more detail to the previous algorithm stopping when we see no benefit to further refinement This technique of gradually working from a high-level to a detailed algorithm is often called stepwise refinementStepwise refinement is a process for developing a detailed algorithm by gradually adding detail to a high-level algorithmStep 5 Review the algorithmThe final step is to review the algorithm What are we looking for First we need to work through the algorithm step by step to determine whether or not it will solve the original problem Once we are satisfied that the algorithm does provide a solution to the problem we start to look for other things The following questions are typical of ones that should be asked whenever we review an algorithm Asking these questions and seeking their answers is a good way to develop skills that can be applied to the next problemDoes this algorithm solve a very specific problem or does it solve a more general problem If it solves a very specific problem should it be generalizedFor example an algorithm that computes the area of a circle having radius 52 meters (formula π522) solves a very specific problem but an algorithm that computes the area of any circle (formula πR2) solves a more general problemCan this algorithm be simplifiedOne formula for computing the perimeter of a rectangle islength + width + length + widthA simpler formula would be20 (length + width)Is this solution similar to the solution to another problem How are they alike How are they differentFor example consider the following two formulaeRectangle area = length widthTriangle area = 05 base heightSimilarities Each computes an area Each multiplies two measurementsDifferences Different measurements are used The triangle formula contains 05Hypothesis Perhaps every area formula involves multiplying two measurements

Ac-12 29420 topic Sums of Admission of a partner

Question

Ashu and Pankaj are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 their Balance sheet on March 31 2014 was as follows

Balance Sheet of Ashu and Pankaj as at March 312014

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount

Creditors 38000 Cash in hand 15000 Bills Payable 40000 Cash at Bank 62000 Salaries outstanding 5000 Debtors 58000 Profit amp Loss 40000 Stock 85000 Capitals Machinery 145000 Ashu 150000 Goodwill 38000 Pankaj 130000 280000

403000 403000

They admitted Gurdeep into partnership on the following terms on March 31 2014(a)New profit sharing ratio is agreed as 3 2 l

(b) He will bring in 1 00000 as his share of capital and ` 30000 as his share of goodwill(c) Machinery is appreciated by 10(d) Stock is valued at ` 87000(e) Creditors are unrecorded to the extent of ` 6000(f) A provision for doubtful debts is to be created by 4 on debtorsPrepare Revaluation account Capital Accounts Bank account and Balance Sheet of the new firm after admission of Gurdeep

ECO ndash12 2942020Topic- ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

FACTORS AFFECTING PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

As discussed earlier in case of some goods responsiveness of quantity demanded to the change in price is more than some other goods For example a very small change in price of luxury goods may affect their demand to a considerable extent but a large change in price of salt may not affect its demand This means price elasticity of demand is different for different goods Following factors may affect the price elasticity of demand for a good

(i) Availability of close substitutes Demand for a commodity which has large number of substitutes is usually more elastic than those commodities which have no substitutes For example coke Pepsi limca etc are good substitutes Even a small rise in price of coke will induce the buyers to go for its substitutes On the other hand demand for electricity will be less elastic because it has no close substitutes

(ii) Nature of the Commodity Demand for necessities like medicines food grains is less elastic because we have to consume them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be But demand for comforts and luxuries like refrigerators

air conditioners etc is more elastic because their consumption may be postponed for future if their price rises

(iii) Share in Total Expenditure Greater the proportion of income spent on the commodity more is the elasticity of demand for it Demand for a commodity is inelastic if proportion of income spent on that commodity is very small

(iv)Level of Price Demand for a commodity at higher level of price (like air conditioners cars etc) is generally more elastic than for a commodity at lower level of price (like match box pencils etc)

(v) Level of Income Demand for a commodity is generally less elastic for higher income level groups in comparison to people with low incomes For example

• Subatomic Particles
• • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • • Atomic Structure of Isotopes
    • Isotopes of Some Elements
    • Hydrogen
    • • Carbon
      • Oxygen
      • • Rutherford Atomic Theory
        • • Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom
          • Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model
          • • Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

Ashu and Pankaj are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 their Balance sheet on March 31 2014 was as follows

Balance Sheet of Ashu and Pankaj as at March 312014

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount

Creditors 38000 Cash in hand 15000 Bills Payable 40000 Cash at Bank 62000 Salaries outstanding 5000 Debtors 58000 Profit amp Loss 40000 Stock 85000 Capitals Machinery 145000 Ashu 150000 Goodwill 38000 Pankaj 130000 280000

403000 403000

They admitted Gurdeep into partnership on the following terms on March 31 2014(a)New profit sharing ratio is agreed as 3 2 l

(b) He will bring in 1 00000 as his share of capital and ` 30000 as his share of goodwill(c) Machinery is appreciated by 10(d) Stock is valued at ` 87000(e) Creditors are unrecorded to the extent of ` 6000(f) A provision for doubtful debts is to be created by 4 on debtorsPrepare Revaluation account Capital Accounts Bank account and Balance Sheet of the new firm after admission of Gurdeep

ECO ndash12 2942020Topic- ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

FACTORS AFFECTING PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

As discussed earlier in case of some goods responsiveness of quantity demanded to the change in price is more than some other goods For example a very small change in price of luxury goods may affect their demand to a considerable extent but a large change in price of salt may not affect its demand This means price elasticity of demand is different for different goods Following factors may affect the price elasticity of demand for a good

(i) Availability of close substitutes Demand for a commodity which has large number of substitutes is usually more elastic than those commodities which have no substitutes For example coke Pepsi limca etc are good substitutes Even a small rise in price of coke will induce the buyers to go for its substitutes On the other hand demand for electricity will be less elastic because it has no close substitutes

(ii) Nature of the Commodity Demand for necessities like medicines food grains is less elastic because we have to consume them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be But demand for comforts and luxuries like refrigerators

air conditioners etc is more elastic because their consumption may be postponed for future if their price rises

(iii) Share in Total Expenditure Greater the proportion of income spent on the commodity more is the elasticity of demand for it Demand for a commodity is inelastic if proportion of income spent on that commodity is very small

(iv)Level of Price Demand for a commodity at higher level of price (like air conditioners cars etc) is generally more elastic than for a commodity at lower level of price (like match box pencils etc)

(v) Level of Income Demand for a commodity is generally less elastic for higher income level groups in comparison to people with low incomes For example

• Subatomic Particles
• • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • • Atomic Structure of Isotopes
    • Isotopes of Some Elements
    • Hydrogen
    • • Carbon
      • Oxygen
      • • Rutherford Atomic Theory
        • • Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom
          • Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model
          • • Chapter 1 Force (Summary)

air conditioners etc is more elastic because their consumption may be postponed for future if their price rises

(iii) Share in Total Expenditure Greater the proportion of income spent on the commodity more is the elasticity of demand for it Demand for a commodity is inelastic if proportion of income spent on that commodity is very small

(iv)Level of Price Demand for a commodity at higher level of price (like air conditioners cars etc) is generally more elastic than for a commodity at lower level of price (like match box pencils etc)

(v) Level of Income Demand for a commodity is generally less elastic for higher income level groups in comparison to people with low incomes For example

• Subatomic Particles
• • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • • Atomic Structure of Isotopes
    • Isotopes of Some Elements
    • Hydrogen
    • • Carbon
      • Oxygen
      • • Rutherford Atomic Theory
        • • Rutherfordrsquos Structure of Atom
          • Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model
          • • Chapter 1 Force (Summary)