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CHAMBER: SPECIALITY CHEMICALS AND SURFACE COATINGS

SUBSECTOR: SURFACE COATINGSMARCH 2014

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Please Note:

The CHIETA developed subsector skills plans for the first time in 2013/2014, to achieve the mandate of the Chambers in terms of schedule 9(a) of the SDA 97 of 1998; to consult with the 9 sub-sectors of the Chemical Sector in areas of skills development and planning. The objective of such consultation is to compile a SSP for the sector that takes into consideration areas of skills demand, and skills supply.

The CHIETA subsector skills plans are a great start but will continue to be strengthened going forward as work in progress with particular emphasis on detailed planning.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................1

1.1 BACKGROUND..............................................................................................................................1

1.2 FORMAT OF THE SUBSECTOR SKILLS PLAN..................................................................................1

1.3 SCOPE OF THE SUBSECTOR..........................................................................................................2

2 PROFILE OF THE SUBSECTOR...............................................................................................................4

2.1 ORGANISATIONS IN THE SUBSECTOR..........................................................................................4

2.1.1 EMPLOYERS.......................................................................................................................4

2.1.2 EMPLOYER ASSOCIATIONS...................................................................................................5

2.1.3 INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS....................................................................................................5

2.1.4 TRADE UNIONS....................................................................................................................6

2.2 EMPLOYEES REPRESENTED BY THE CHAMBER.............................................................................6

2.2.1 TOTAL EMPLOYMENT..........................................................................................................6

2.2.2 EMPLOYMENT IN THE SUBSECTOR......................................................................................7

2.3 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................13

3 ECONOMIC GROWTH AND FACTORS IMPACTING ON THE SUBSECTOR............................................14

3.1 ECONOMIC GROWTH.................................................................................................................14

3.2 FACTORS THAT IMPACT ON THE SECTOR...................................................................................15

3.2.1 LINKAGES WITH OTHER SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY........................................................15

3.2.1 LEGISLATION, REGULATIONS, POLICIES AND PLANS..........................................................16

3.3 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................16

4 THE SUPPLY OF SKILLS TO THE SUBSECTOR.......................................................................................17

4.1 TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT..........................................................................................................17

4.2 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................21

5 THE SUPPLY OF SKILLS TO THE SUBSECTOR.......................................................................................23

5.1 NEW ENTRANTS TO THE LABOUR MARKET................................................................................23

5.2 TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OF EMPLOYEES........................................................................23

5.3 CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................25

6 SKILLS SHORTAGES........................................................................................................................26

6.1 SCARCE SKILLS IN THE SUBSECTOR............................................................................................26

6.2 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................28

7 SKILLS PLAN FOR THE SUBSECTOR.....................................................................................................29

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..30

ANNEXURE 1………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....31

ANNEXURE 2………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………33

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1 Scope of the Surface Coatings Subsector.....................................................................................2Table 2-1 Levy-paying companies and WSP submissions according to subsector.......................................4Table 2-2 Size of levy-paying companies and companies that submitted WSPs..........................................4Table 2-3 Highest qualifications of employees in the Surface Coatings Subsector....................................10Table 2-4 Unidentified qualifications.........................................................................................................10Table 2-5 Age distribution of employees per occupational category in the Surface Coatings Subsector. .11Table 4-1 Managers in the Surface Coatings Subsector.............................................................................19Table 4-2 Professionals in the Surface Coatings Subsector........................................................................20Table 4-3 Technicians and associate professionals in the Surface Coatings Subsector..............................20Table 4-4 Clerical support workers in the Surface Coatings Subsector......................................................21Table 4-5 Service and sales workers in the Surface Coatings Subsector....................................................21Table 4-6 Skilled agricultural, forestry, fishery, craft and related trades workers in the Surface Coatings Subsector...................................................................................................................................................21Table 4-7 Plant and machine operators and assemblers in the Surface Coatings Subsector.....................22Table 4-8 Elementary occupations in the Surface Coatings Subsector......................................................22Table 6-1 Scarce skills in the Surface Coatings Subsector..........................................................................29

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1 Employment in the Chemical Sector according to subsector.....................................................6Figure 2-2 Employment in the Surface Coating Subsector according to employment type.........................7Figure 2-3 Employment in the Surface Coatings Subsector according to race.............................................7Figure 2-4 Employment in the Surface Coatings subsector according to gender........................................8Figure 2-5 Percentage employees with disabilities per subsector: March 2012..........................................9Figure 3-1 Average percentage change of Gross Value Added: 1970-2020: Other chemicals and man-made fibres................................................................................................................................................15Figure 4-1 Employment in the Surface Coatings Subsector according to occupational groups.................18

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ABET Adult Basic Education and Training

BET Basic Education and Training

CAIA Chemical and Allied Industries’ AssociationCEPPWAWU Chemical, Energy, Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers Union

CHIETA Chemical Industries Education and Training Authority

GIWUSA General Industries Workers Union of South Africa

HET Higher Education and Training

IPAP Industrial Policy Action Plan

ISOE Institute of Sectoral or Occupational Excellence

NIPF The National Industrial Policy Framework

NNMU Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University

OFO Organising Framework for Occupations

PAP Industrial Policy Action Plan

SACWU South African Chemical Workers Union

SAPITI The South African Paint Training Institute

SAPMA The South African Paint Manufacturers Association

SHE&Q Safety, Health, Environment and Quality

UASA United Association of South Africa

WITS University of the Witwatersrand

WSP Workplace Skills Plan

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Chemical Sector Education and Training Authority (CHIETA) consists of five chambers that represent the nine subsectors of the Chemical Sector. In 2013 CHIETA started with the development of skills plans for each of its subsectors. This skills plan deals with the subsector Surface Coatings.

This document provides a detailed analysis of the subsector and is meant to assist the Surface Coatings and Speciality Chemicals Chamber in skills planning for the subsector. This subsector skills plan reflects the skills needs of the subsector and is based on a detailed analysis of the workplace skills plans (WSPs) and annual training reports (ATRs) submitted to CHIETA by employers in the subsector in June 2012. The analysis was augmented with information obtained through a workshop with role-players in the subsector, held in June 2013.

The main role players in the Surface Coatings Subsector are private companies (employers), industry associations, employer associations and trade unions. There are 118 levy-paying companies in the subsector. The levy contribution of the 118 companies is 3.5% of the total levies paid in the Chemical Sector.

The Surface Coatings Industry Employers’ Association is a registered employer organisation specifically for employers in the Surface Coatings Subsector, while the South African Paint Manufacturers Association (SAPMA) is an industry organisation that represents roughly 120 (mostly large and medium) companies. Employees in the subsector belong to the following trade unions:

Chemical, Energy, Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers Union (CEPPWAWU) General Industries Workers Union of South Africa (GIWUSA) Solidarity South African Chemical Workers Union (SACWU) United Association of South Africa (UASA)

In 2012 the Surface Coatings Subsector employed about 8 200 people – 5.3% of the employees in the total Chemical Sector. The majority of employees (91.6%) were employed permanently, while 6.8% were temporary workers and 1.6% were working as contractors. The majority of workers in the subsector were African (57.2%) and 75.6% were male. Employment of people with disabilities amounted to only 0.4% of total employment. Employees in the sector are relatively well educated and in 2012 39.1% held qualifications at NQF Level 4 while 34.9% held post-school qualifications. The average age of employees in the Surface Coatings Subsector in 2012 was 41 and 8.6% were 55 or older (i.e. close to retirement).

In terms of economic data, the Surface Coatings Subsector falls within the Other Chemicals and Man-made Fibers Subsector. This susector showed positive growth in every five-year period since 1970 with the highest average growth (of more than 10%) in the period 1975-1980. The lowest average growth was experienced in 2005-2010 – mainly because of the global recession.

The surface coatings industry is to a large extent affected by the growth of the building industry, which in turn still struggles to overcome the effects of the recession. However, it is possible that the Surface Coatings Subsector will benefit from Governement interventions to stimulate the economy. For example: the Automotive Production and Development Programme, which is instituted under IPAP aims to increase local production of motor vehicles and to provide assistance to component manufactures so that they can provide cost-competitive components to the automotive manufacturers. If successful, this programmed will indirectly increase the demand for paint and other surface coatings used in motor manufacturing. Similarly, the Governments’ infrastructure development programme may have a

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positive effect on the growth of the Surface Coatings Subsector – specifically the Strategic Integrated Projects (SIPs).

The demand for skills in the subsector can be understood by analysing the occupational composition of the industry. In 2011/2012 the largest occupation category in the subsector (23.9%) was plant and machine operators and assemblers, followed by workers in elementary occupations (22.8%). Professionals formed 9.5% of the subsector workforce, clerical and support workers 13.0%, while 11.3% worked as managers. Skilled and trade workers only accounted for 1.8% of workers in the subsector. Chapter 4 of this document provides detailed information on the specific occupations in each of the occupational groups that occur in the subsector. Education and training should provide for a flow of new entrants into the labour market who can take up positions in these occupations.

An important part of skills development in the Surface Coatings Subsector takes place through t he South African Paint Training Institute (SAPITI), the training arm of the South African Paint Manufacturers Association (SAPMA). SAPITI offers a full qualification, skills programmes and short courses. The training is aimed not only at the paint manufacturing industry, but also at retail sales people and contractors who use and apply paint products.

Information on scarce skills provided by employers suggest that the Surface Coatings Subsector is not severely affected by skills shortages. However, certain areas that need focussed attention have been identified. These include, for example the training of paint tinters/mixers, chemical instrumentation officers, sales representatives/salespersons (industrial products) and chemists.

Specific areas that the Surface Coatings and Speciality Chemicals Chamber needs to consider in its skills planning are:

The training and possible accreditation or registration of unemployed painters – this will help with job creation and it will lift the standards of work and the employability of these people;

Technical training of sales staff to increase their technical knowledge and ability to provide sound advice to customers;

The training of artisans specifically for the industry; The effect that mechanisation has and in future may have on the skills needs of the industry and The development of skills for research and development to ensure that the local industry keep

up with international trends and standards.

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

The Chemical Sector Education and Training Authority (CHIETA) consists of five chambers that represent the nine subsectors of the Chemical Sector. The five chambers are:

Petroleum and Base Chemicals Fast Moving Consumer Goods and Pharmaceuticals Explosives and Fertilisers Speciality Chemicals and Surface Coatings Glass.

Skills planning is a core function of all SETAs and according to CHIETA’s constitution, this function cascades down to its constituent chambers. According to the CHIETA constitution, the chambers are (among other things) responsible to consult with the nine subsectors in areas of skills development and planning. The ultimate objective of such consultation is to compile a SSP for the Chemical Sector that takes into consideration areas of skills demand, skills supply, and scarce and critical skills as they manifest in the respective subsectors and a strategic plan that addresses the needs of the total Chemical Sector and its subsectors.

In 2013 the CHIETA commissioned subsector skills plans for each of the nine subsectors. These documents provide detailed analyses of each of the subsectors and are meant to assist the respective chambers in skills planning and to reflect the skills needs of and skills planning for each of the subsectors.

In June 2013 nine workshops were held with representatives of each of the nine subsectors. The workshops were meant to inform the subsector skills plans and covered the following topics:

• The skills planning process and chambers’ responsibilities in this regard.• The profiles of the subsectors.• Economic growth of the subsectors and factors that influence the growth of the subsectors.• The demand for skills in the respective subsectors.• The supply of skills and supply-side challenges and constraints.• Skill shortages.• Key interventions taking place and needed in the respective subsectors.

Apart from the workshops, the subsector skills plans are also based on a detailed analysis of the workplace skills plans (WSPs) and annual training reports (ATRs) submitted to CHIETA by employers in the sector in June 2012. In 2012 employers for the first time submitted individual employee records to CHIETA. For the purpose of this report, the data were weighted to extrapolate it to subsectoral totals.

Further information was obtained from desktop research and national data sources such as national accounts data. (National accounts data series were obtained from Quantec.)

1.2 SCOPE OF THE SUBSECTOR

Surface coatings include any mixture of film-forming materials plus pigments, solvents and other additives, which yields a thin film that is functional and often decorative when applied to a surface and dried. Surface coatings include paints, drying oils and varnishes, synthetic clear coatings and other

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products with the primary function of protecting the surface of an object from the environment. These products can also enhance the aesthetic appeal of an object by emphasising its surface features or even by concealing them from view.1

The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes that are applicable to the Surface Coatings Subsector are listed in the table below. The scope includes the manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, printing ink and mastics, and powder coating.

Table 1-1 Scope of the Surface Coatings Subsector

SIC Code Scope of Coverage/Description33520 Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, printing ink and mastics39005 Powder coating

1.3 FORMAT OF THE SUBSECTOR SKILLS PLAN

Chapter 2 provides a profile of the subsector. This profile includes the most important organisations in the subsector, as well as the employees working in the subsector.

Chapter 3 deals with the economic performance of the subsector and the factors that influence its performance. These factors include Government interventions specifically aimed at stimulating the growth of the Chemical Sector.

Chapter 4 of this subsector skills plan focuses on the demand for labour. The demand for labour is analysed from the perspective of the occupations that make up the subsector. The occupational information in turn provides insight into the type and level of skills needed.

Chapter 5 describes the supply of skills. As the subsector shares in the broader supply of skills to the Chemical Sector as a whole and to the total South African labour market, it is not possible to give a detailed analysis of supply as it would meet the demand for skills in the subsector. Instead a broad overview of supply trends are given together with supply-side interventions and constraints as identified by subsector representatives in the workshops.

Chapter 6 hones in on the mismatches that exist between the demand and supply sides of the labour market. Typically, these mismatches manifest in skills shortages and in skills deficiencies in the current workforce.

The last chapter of the subsector skills plan should include the strategic planning of skills interventions aimed specifically at this subsector. This chapter will be completed once the Speciality Chemicals and Surface Coatings Chamber has engaged with the content of the report and has attended to its own strategic plan.

1 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Surface Coating. http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/575029/surface-coating. Accessed 3 June 2013.

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http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/575029/surface-coating

2 PROFILE OF THE SUBSECTOR

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Surface coating originated in prehistoric times with the oldest paint making studio being discovered on the South African coast dating back 100 000 years. Homo sapiens used iron-rich dirt, mixing it with heated bone in abalone shells to create a red paint-like mixture.2 In ancient Egyptian society (3150 BC), painters mixed ground glass or semiprecious stones, lead, earth or animal blood with oil or fat to create surface coatings.3

In the 13th century, English house painters formed guilds to protect their trade secrets and standardise their craft. In the 1600s, new processes and technology transformed house paint. In the 18th century, England was a hive of paint innovation. Marshall Smith created a machine for grinding colours in 1718. By the beginning of the 1800s, steam engines powered most paint mills. Around this time, white pigment made with nontoxic zinc oxide was developed in Europe to replace poisonous lead. In the 19th century, paint manufacturers began employing roller mills such as the ones used to process grain, and the English painters’ guilds became trade unions. In mid-20th century, the house paint industry underwent another significant development. During World War II, linseed oil became scarce and chemists began mixing alcohols and acids to make alkyds (artificial resins). They generally replaced oil as a paint base.4

Today the surface coatings industry is well-developed modern industry with its own industry organisations. The South African paint and surface coatings industry is a multi-billion rand industry and is closely linked to the building and infrastructure development of the country.

This chapter provides a profile of the Surface Coatings Subsector, looking at the organisations in the subsector as well as the people employed.

2.2 ORGANISATIONS IN THE SUBSECTOR

The role-players in the Surface Coatings Subsector are private companies (employers), industry associations, employer associations and trade unions.

2.2.1 EMPLOYERS

There are 118 levy-paying companies in the Surface Coatings Subsector, which forms 7.7% of levy-paying companies in the Chemical Sector as a whole (see Table 2-1). Only 60 of these companies submitted WSPs in 2011/2012. The levy contribution of the 118 companies is 3.5% of the total levies paid in the Chemical Sector.

2 Pappa (October 13, 2011). "Oldest Human Paint-Making Studio Discovered in Cave". Live Science. http://www.livescience.com/16538-oldest-human-paint-studio.html. Accessed 3 June 2013.3 http://www.shearerpainting.com/blog/resources/history-of-paint. Accessed 3 June 2013.4 http://www.shearerpainting.com/blog/resources/history-of-paint. Accessed 4 June 2013.

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http://www.shearerpainting.com/blog/resources/history-of-paint


http://www.livescience.com/16538-oldest-human-paint-studio.html

Table 2-2 Levy-paying companies and WSP submissions according to subsector

Subsector Number ofLevy-payingcompanies

% WSPsubmissions

% of totalcompanies

in sector

% of totalcompanies

in subsector

% of total levies paid

Base Chemicals 314 20.4 127 8.2 40.4 13.2

Explosives 7 0.5 2 0.1 28.6 1.8

Fertilisers 89 5.8 23 1.5 25.8 8.2

FMCG 162 10.5 72 4.7 44.4 3.5

Glass 124 8.0 19 1.2 15.3 5.4

Petroleum 251 16.3 85 5.5 33.9 43.2

Pharmaceuticals

131 8.5 64 4.2 48.9 12.9

Speciality Chemicals

266 17.3 113 7.3 42.5 7.9

Surface Coatings

118 7.7 60 3.9 50.8 3.5

Other 80 5.2 6 0.4 7.5 0.4

Total 1 542 100.0 571 37.0 100.0

Source: SARS Levy data, 2011/2012; WSP data, 2011/2012.

Thirteen of the levy-paying companies were categorised as large (employing 150 and more people), 24 were categorised as medium (employing between 50 and 149 people), 26 as small (employing between 20 and 49 people) and 55 as micro (employing between 1 and 19 people) (Table 2-2).

Table 2-3 Size of levy-paying companies and companies that submitted WSPs

Size Levy-paying companies WSP submissionsN % N % of levy-paying companies

Large 13 11.0 13 100Medium 24 20.3 20 83.3Small 26 22.0 17 65.4Micro 55 46.6 10 18.2Total 118 100.0 60 50.8Source: SARS Levy data, 2011/2012; WSP data, 2011/2012.

2.2.2 EMPLOYER ASSOCIATIONS

Employers in the Surface Coatings Subsector form part of the employers’ organisations in the Chemical Sector as a whole such as the Chemical and Allied Industries’ Association (CAIA) and specifically of the Surface Coatings Industry Employers’ Association. The CAIA has 172 members including chemical manufacturers, traders and industry service providers. Members are mainly large and medium size

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companies from base chemicals, fertilisers, plastics in primary form, pesticides and other agricultural products, explosives and speciality chemicals. CAIA’s primary goals are to promote responsible care, earn public trust for the chemical industry, improve the efficiency of its efforts and to support education initiatives in science, engineering and technology. The association interacts with a number of employer bodies, the Chemical Industries Education & Training Authority (CHIETA), various professional societies and other associations representing subsections of the industry.5

The Surface Coatings Industry Employers’ Association is a registered employer organisation specifically for employers in the Surface Coatings Subsector.6

2.2.3 INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS

The South African Paint Manufacturers Association (SAPMA) represents roughly 120 companies out of 350 paint manufacturers in South Afica. SAPMA’s manufacturing members represent 90% of the volume of paints and coatings produced in South Africa. 7 (Most of the companies that don’t belong to SAPMA are small enterprises).

The Association has been in existence for over 70 years. Its overall objective is to promote the industry as a responsible supplier of quality products and services. SAPMA releases quarterly statistical information relating to the value and volume of products in the main market segments, as well as key productivity information. It also focuses on the promotion of the industry’s views and interests by presentations to or membership of statutory bodies, and provides liaison with organisations which draft national or private specifications for paints and coatings, as well as the Board of Tariffs and Trade to present the industry’s view relating to tariffs and tariff classification. SAPMA also facilitates liaison with Government departments such as the departments of Health, Labour and Transport to assist in the drafting of regulations pertaining to safety, health, environment and the packaging, handling and transportation of hazardous goods

2.2.4 TRADE UNIONS

The following are the main trade unions active in the Chemical Sector:8

Chemical, Energy, Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers Union (CEPPWAWU) General Industries Workers Union of South Africa (GIWUSA) Solidarity South African Chemical Workers Union (SACWU) United Association of South Africa (UASA)

These trade unions are all active in the CHIETA structures and the first four are members of the National Bargaining Council for the Chemical Industry.

5 http://www.icca-chem.org/Home/About-us/Members-of-the-ICCA/?country=za. Accessed 3 June 2013.

6http://www.labour.gov.za/downloads/documents/useful-documents/labour-relations/Useful%20Document%20-%20LRA%20- %20Employers%20Organisations.do c . Accessed 3 June 2013.7 Information provided in Surface Coatings Subsector workshop, 25 June 2013.8 CHIETA, Five year Sector Skills Plan for the Chemical Sector: Annual update 2013-2018.

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http://www.labour.gov.za/downloads/documents/useful-documents/labour-relations/Useful%20Document%20-%20LRA%20-%20Employers%20Organisations.doc

http://www.labour.gov.za/downloads/documents/useful-documents/labour-relations/Useful%20Document%20-%20LRA%20-%20Employers%20Organisations.doc

http://www.icca-chem.org/Home/About-us/Members-of-the-ICCA/?country=za

2.3 EMPLOYEES EMPLOYED IN THE SUBSECTOR

2.3.1 TOTAL EMPLOYMENT

Figure 2-1 below shows the total employment in the Chemical Sector on 31 March 2012. The Petroleum Subsector provided most of the employment opportunities in the Chemical Sector; the subsector employed 28.4% of the total workers in the sector. The Surface Coatings Subsector employed about 8 200 people – 5.3% of the employees in the total sector (Figure 2-1).

Base Chemicals 14.4% (22 466)

Explosives3.4% (5 287)

Fast Moving Consumer Goods15.2% (23 794)

Fertilisers3.6% (5 651)

Glass5.1% (8 002)

Petroleum28.4% (44 371)

Pharmaceuticals 14.2% (22 100)

Speciality Chemicals9.9% (15 381)

Surface Coatings5.3% (8 261) Other

0.5% (786)

Figure 2-1 Employment in the Chemical Sector according to subsector

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

2.3.2 TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT

In 2012 the majority of employees in the Surface Coatings Subsector (91.6%) were employed permanently, while 6.8% were temporary workers and 1.6% were working as contractors (Figure 2-2). Companies that are not registered with employers’ organisations may have larger numbers of temporary workers.9

9 Information provided in Surface Coatings Subsector workshop, 25 June 2013.

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Contractor1.6% (132)

Permanent91.6% (7 568)

Temporary6.8% (561)

Figure 2-2 Employment in the Surface Coating Subsector according to employment type


2.3.3 EQUITY PROFILE OF THE SUBSECTOR

Race and gender

Figures 2-3 and 2-4 show the race and gender distribution of workers in the Surface Coatings Subsector. The majority of workers in the subsector were African (57.2%). Coloured workers accounted for 11.8% of the employees and Whites for 21.2%. Indians constituted 9.9% of the workforce. The majority (75.6%) of workers in the Surface Coatings Subsector were male.

African 57.2% (4 723)

Coloured11.8% (974)

Indian9.9% (814)

White21.2% (1 749)

Figure 2-3 Employment in the Surface Coatings Subsector according to race


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Female24.4% (2 013)

Male75.6% (6 249)

Figure 2-4 Employment in the Surface Coatings subsector according to gender


Annexure 1 reports the race and gender distribution across the different occupational categories. Africans were well represented in all the occupational categories except for managers and professionals. Only 12.1% of managers and 19.3% of professionals were African. Females formed half of the clerical support workers, and services and sales workers respectively.

Disability

There are 892 employees with disabilities working in the Chemical Sector. This equates to 0.6% of all employees in the sector. Figure 2-5 below displays the proportion of disabled employees by subsector. In the Surface Coatings Subsector employment of people with disabilities amounted to only 0.4% of total employment.

Stakeholders noted that it is difficult to employ disabled people (depending on their disability) in certain occupations due to health and safety requirements. It is particularly difficult in key production occupations. However, there was an acknowledgement that more effort needs to be made to identify those occupations in which people with disabilities can be employed and to recruit people with disabilities for these occupations. In addition, CHIETA will work with stakeholders on training around disability awareness. CHIETA is supporting projects aimed at people with disabilities through the discretionary grants.

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Base Chem

icals

Explosiv

esFM

CG

Fertilise

rsGlas

s

Petroleu

m

Pharmace

uticals

Speci

ality

Chemica

ls

Surfa

ce Coati

ngsOther

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

0.7

0.9

0.3

0.4

1.1

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.4

0.25

Perc

enta

ge

Figure 2-5 Percentage employees with disabilities per subsector: March 2012


2.3.4 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS

In the 2011/2012 WSP submissions, employers provided information on the qualifications of the workers employed in the Surface Coatings Subsector. Regrettably a total of 2 090 of employees’ qualification levels were not specified. However, based on the information that was available 39.1% of employees held qualifications at NQF Level 4 and only 5.5% had very limited schooling and had not reached NQF Level 1. Just over a third (34.9%) held post-school qualifications (Table 2-3).

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Table 2-4 Highest qualifications of employees in the Surface Coatings Subsector

NQF Level N %Below NQF Level 1 338 5.5NQF Level 1 215 3.5NQF Level 2 491 8.0NQF Level 3 562 9.1NQF Level 4 2 413 39.1NQF Level 5 1 011 16.4NQF Level 6 577 9.4NQF Level 7 234 3.8NQF Level 8 217 3.5NQF Level 9 96 1.6NQF Level 10 16 0.3 Total 6 170 100.0 Undefined 2 090Total subsector employment 8 260Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

Of the workers with undefined educational attainment the majority (36.7%) worked in elementary occupations and a further 23.7% as plant and machine operators and assemblers. The rest of this group were employed as clerical support workers (11.5%), technicians as associate professionals ((8.4%), managers (6.7%) and professionals (6.5%).

Table 2-5 Unidentified qualifications

Occupation N %Managers 140 6.7Professionals 139 6.6Technicians and associate professionals 175 8.4Clerical support workers 241 11.5Service and sales workers 108 5.1Skilled agricultural, forestry, fishery, craft and related trades workers 25 1.2Plant and machine operators and assemblers 495 23.7Elementary occupations 768 36.7Learners 0 0.0Total 2 091 100.0Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

2.3.5 AGE

The average age of employees in the Surface Coatings Subsector in 2012 was 41. A third (33.0%) were categorised as Youth (younger than 35) with 12.6% between 55 and 64. The data also showed that the oldest contingent of workers was managers. Their average age was 45. The proportion of workers in the subsector close to retirement was 8.6%. When looking at the occupational categories individually it seems that 10.3% of plant and machine operators and assemblers, 10.6% of managers, and 8.7% of skilled and trade workers were close to retirement (Table 2-5). The subsector needs to plan for the replacement of these workers sufficiently.

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Table 2-6 Age distribution of employees per occupational category in the Surface Coatings Subsector

Occupations

Age groupsTotal Averag

e age

Close to retirement

(55-60)15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+

N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N %

Managers 14 1.5 127 13.6

335 35.9

264 28.2

149 16.0

45 4.8

934 100 45 99 10.6

Professionals 25 3.2 249 31.6

272 34.6

138 17.5

80 10.1

23 2.9

787 100 41 47 6.0

Technicians and associate professionals

54 4.5 389 31.9

374 30.7

245 20.1

140 11.5

16 1.3

1 218 100 40 95 7.8

Clerical support workers 50 4.6 318 29.6

305 28.4

227 21.1

153 14.2

23 2.2

1 076 100. 41 91 8.5

Service and sales workers 9 3.9 94 39.9

80 34.0

32 13.8

14 5.9 6 2.5

235 100 38 12 4.9

Skilled related trades workers 2 1.6 38 26.0

54 37.0

28 18.9

23 15.7

1 0.8

147 100 42 13 8.7

Plant and machine operators and assemblers

52 2.6 619 31.5

591 30.1

405 20.6

279 14.2

21 1.1

1 967 100 41 202 10.3

Elementary occupations 108 5.7 640 34.0

555 29.5

366 19.5

201 10.7

13 0.7

1 883 100 39 148 7.9

Learners 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0

0 0.0 0 0 0.0

TOTAL 314 3.8 2 474 30.0

2 566 31.1

1 705 20.7

1 039 12.6

148

1.8

8 247 100 41 707 8.6

15Subsector Total employment 8 262


11

2.4 CONCLUSION

The Surface Coatings Subsector is relatively small and in 2012 it employed only 5.3% of all workers in the Chemical Sector. In terms of equity the majority of workers were African, females constituted about a quarter (24.4%) of the workforce, and 0.4% of employees lived with a disability. Africans were well represented in all the occupational categories except for managers and professionals. Females were only well represented in the clerical support workers, and services and sales workers categories. The average age of employees was 41.

13

3 ECONOMIC GROWTH AND FACTORS IMPACTING ON THE SUBSECTOR

This chapter looks at the economic performance of the Chemical Sector as a whole, as well as the Surface Coatings Subsector in particular. It also provides information on the factors that impact on the industry.

There is no industry specific data for the the surface coatings industry in South Africa. In the national accounts data surface coatings forms part of a subsector called “Other Chemicals and Man-made Fibres. This category includes explosives, fast moving consumer goods, pharmaceuticals, speciality chemicals and surface coatings.

3.1 ECONOMIC GROWTH

The global chemical industry has grown with output valued at USD171 billion in 1970 to USD4.12 trillion in 2010. Projections show that the industry will follow global GDP for the next couple of years. The expectation is that by 2020 developing countries will be responsible for almost a third (31%) of global chemical production. Annual chemical production growth rates for Africa and the Middle East are predicted to be just over 6% per year through 2013, and over 5% per year from 2014 to 2021.10

In Africa the chemical industry is well established in northern African countries such as Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia. Nigeria is the primary producer and user of chemicals in West Africa. Although the South African Chemical Sector (including Petrochemicals) produces only 1% of the total global market’s consumption, it is the largest of its kind in Africa. The sector is of considerable significance to the South African economy and a key constituent of the country's industrial base. Locally it contributes to about 5% of GDP and employs approximately 156 000 people. In 2011 petroleum, chemical products, rubber and plastic products contributed R318 million to the GDP. This forms about a quarter (23%) of total manufacturing sales.11

In terms of local economic data (in the national accounts), the Surface Coatings Subsector falls within the Other Chemicals and Man-made Fibers Subsector. Figure 3-1 shows the average percentage change in GDP over five-year periods from 1970 to 2010 in comparison with the total Petroleum, Chemicals and Glass Sector, as well as the total economy. It also shows the projections up to 2020. Other Chemicals and Man-made Fibres showed positive growth in every five-year period since 1970. The period 1975-1980 shows the best growth at more than 10%. The period of smallest growth was 2005-2010. This may have been a result of the global recession. The onset of the global recession, which began in 2008, and the resulting decline in production led to the loss of more than a million jobs in South Africa, over 200 000 of which were in the manufacturing sector (the whole manufacturing sector came under increasing levels of stress and declined by almost 20% between 2008 and 2009 and then recovered slightly with growth of 5% in 2010 and 2,5% in 2011).12 The projected figures for the Other Chemicals and Man-made Fibres component of the economy show an average growth of 2.8% for the 2010-2015 period and 4.0% for the 2015-2020 period. These figures are lower than the projections for the total economy. The 2010-2015 projection for the total Petroleum, Chemical and Glass Sector/Subsectors is also higher than the projection for the Other Chemicals and Man-made Fibres.

10 United Nations Environment Programme, (2013). Global Chemicals Outlook - Towards Sound Management of Chemicals. UNEP: www.unep.org.11 Statistics SA, 2012.12 The Department of Trade and Industry of South Africa, The Industrial Policy Action Plan, 2012-2015.

14

http://www.unep.org/

1970

-197

5

1975

-198

0

1980

-198

5

1985

-199

0

1990

-199

5

1995

-200

0

2000

-200

5

2005

-201

0

2010

-201

5

2015

-202

0

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

Other chemicals & man-made fibres Total petroleum, chemicals & glassTotal economy

Figure 3-6 Average percentage change of Gross Value Added: 1970-2020: Other chemicals and man-made fibres

Source: Quantec, July 2013.

3.2 FACTORS THAT IMPACT ON THE SECTOR

3.2.1 LINKAGES WITH OTHER SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY

The surface coatings industry is a cyclical business. There is a correlation between the demand for production and the seasons. The demand for surface coatings products increase during months where there is less rainfall.13

The surface coatings industry has linkages with the following sectors of the economy:

Construction (products for construction projects). Vehicle industry (products for vehicle manufacturing and refurbishment). Retail (for the sale of products to the general public). Timber and furniture (timber treatment products).14

The subsector is particularly affected by the fortunes of the building industry. This industry is still struggling to overcome the effects of the 2008/2009 recession and the slump that occurred after the 13 Information provided in Surface Coatings Subsector workshop, 25 June 2013.14 Information provided in Surface Coatings Subsector workshop, 25 June 2013.

15

2010 World Cup. Although some growth has occurred in the last year and there has been an increase in the number of housing plans approved, investor confidence is still relatively depressed and is negatively affected by factors such as demonstrations about service delivery, unrest in the mining industry, labour unrest etc.15

3.2.2 LEGISLATION, REGULATIONS, POLICIES AND GOVERNMENT PLANS

Due to the nature of the activities in the Surface Coatings Subsector, it is subjected to the standard legislation and regulations in terms of occupational health and safety, and environmental conservation and management.

In terms of environmental management the manufacturing component of the industry has well established waste management and –disposal mechanisms in place. The disposal of unused paint products by consumers is, however, a greated concern for the industry. At this stage South Africa does not have organised waste diposal mechanisms in place and left-over paint is mainly deposited in landfill – to the long-term detriment of the environment.16

In terms of economic development the South African Government’s developmental strategy aims to promote and accelerate economic growth along a path that generates sustainable, decent jobs and that reduces poverty and inequalities that characterise South African society and economy. The National Industrial Policy Framework (NIPF) is a central component of this strategy. The NIPF seeks to encourage value-added, labour-absorbing industrial production and diversify the economy away from its current over reliance on traditional commodities and non-tradable services, in order to conduce employment growth. Broader based industrialisation will assist growing participation of people in the mainstream of the industrial economy. The South African Trade Policy and Strategy Framework outlines how trade policy and strategy in South Africa can make a contribution to meeting the objectives of upgrading and diversifying the economic base in order to produce and export increasingly sophisticated, value-added products. The framework considers recent experiences of economic development, taking into account the changing basis of international competition, as well as the trade and industrial policy elements for success in an increasingly competitive global economy.17

The new industrial action plans as set out in the Industrial Policy Action Plan (IPAP) document outlines initiatives to leverage South Africa’s resource wealth into a beneficiation effort that can turn around the country’s unsustainable dependence on the export of unprocessed commodities, while at the same time providing a competitive advantage to domestic manufacturing. The Chemical Sector is one of the strategic IPAP sectors.18 Although the specific programmes that form part of IPAP 2013-2014 are not specifically directed at the Surface Coatings Subsector, some of the programmes may benefit the subsector indirectly. One such programme is the Automotive Production and Development Programme (APDP). The APDP is essentially a customised sector plan for the automotive industry and aims to increase local production of motor vehicles to 1.2 million by 2020, and to provide assistance to component manufactures so that they can provide cost-competitive components to the OEMs and international markets via exports. 19 If the APDP indeed proves to be successful, the demand for paint products will rise and the Surface Coatings Subsector will benefit.

15Industry Insight, http://www.industryinsight.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=256. Accessed 21 September 2013.16Information provided in Surface Coatings Subsector workshop, 25 June 2013.17 dti, (2010). A South African Trade Policy and Strategy Framework.18 IPAP, (2013). Industrial Policy Action Plan: Economic Sectors and Economic Cluster. IPAP 2013/14 – 2015/16. Pretoria: dti.19 dti (2011) Automotive Production and Development Programme, presentation at the Automotive Industry Conference 2011, 7 September 2011, http://www.aidc.co.za/files/Day2/Session1/01_AutoIndustryConferencePresentation_dti.pdf, Accessed 10 March 2012.

16

http://www.aidc.co.za/files/Day2/Session1/01_AutoIndustryConferencePresentation_dti.pdf

http://www.industryinsight.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=256

Similarly, the Governments’ infrastructure development programme may have a positive effect on the growth of the Surface Coatings Subsector – specifically the Strategic Integrated Projects (SIPs). These projects emanated from the work of Presidential Infrastructure Coordinating Commission which was tasked to assess the infrastructure gaps in the country through spatial mapping and in relation to future population growth, projected economic growth and areas of the country not served by water, electricity, roads, sanitation and communication. The result of the work of the Commission was a national infrastructure plan with 18 SIPs to support economic development and address service delivery in the poorest provinces. The Government’s continued commitment to infrastructure development is underpinned in the allocation of R827 billion to be spent over the next three years on building infrastructure.20 As indicated earlier in this chapter, the demand for surface coatings is strongly linked to construction and Government’s investment in infrastructure is bound to have an effect on the Surface Coating Subsector.

3.3 CONCLUSION

The economic data that is available showed that the Other Chemicals and Man-made Fibres component of the economy (within which the Surface Coatings Subsector falls) performed well in comparison with the total economy and the total Petroleum, Chemical and Glass Sector/Subsectors for most of the 1970-2010 period. It seems that drivers of growth relate to the linkages with and demand for products from the construction, vehicle, retail, as well as the timber and furniture industries.

20 Republic of South Africa (2013) 2013 Budget Speech by the Minister of Finance Pravin Gordhan, 27 February 2013, http://www.info.gov.za/speech/DynamicAction?pageid=461&sid=34533&tid=99785, Accessed 28 June 2013.

17

http://www.info.gov.za/speech/DynamicAction?pageid=461&sid=34533&tid=99785

4 THE DEMAND FOR SKILLS IN THE SUBSECTOR

This chapter looks at the demand for skills in the Surface Coatings Subsector. The chapter starts with the trends in employment and in the broad skills composition of the subsector. It then looks at the specific occupations that occur in the numbers of people employed in the occupations. Although the occupations give some indication of the types of skills required, at this stage it is not possible to provide a complete picture of the educational requirements of the subsector. For some of the occupations the educational requirements are relatively clear, while other occupations may require specific qualifications or registered professionals, but the requirement cannot be deducted from the occupation name. The CHIETA is currently engaged in a process of occupational profiling which will shed more light on specific skills requirements.

4.1 TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT

Managers11.3% (934)

Professionals9.5% (787)

Technicians and associate profes-sionals

14.8% (1 218)

Clerical support workers

13.0% (1 076)

Service and sales workers

2.8% (235)

Skilled agricultural and trade workers

1.8% (147)

Plant and machine operators and as-

semblers23.9% (1 967) Elementary occu-

pations22.8% (1 883)

Figure 4-7 Employment in the Surface Coatings Subsector according to occupational groups


Occupations in each of the eight main occupational groups in the Surface Coatings Subsector with a count of 10 or higher are shown in the following tables (Table 4-1 to 4-8). Specialist titles used by employers for these occupations are provided in Annexure 2.

The sales function in the subsector is very important as can be seen by the number of sales related managers (sales managers, sales and marketing managers, and retail managers). Production is also an important activity as reflected in occupations such as production/operations manager (manufacturing), quality systems managers, manufacturers and engineering managers (Table 4-1).

18

Table 4-7 Managers in the Surface Coatings Subsector

OFO Code Managers N122102 Sales Manager 108112101 Director (Enterprise/Organisation) 102132102 Production/Operations Manager (Manufacturing) 69122101 Sales and Marketing Manager 62121101 Finance Manager 60142103 Retail Manager (General) 50132401 Supply and Distribution Manager 44121908 Quality Systems Manager 43134902 Laboratory Manager 42121201 Personnel/Human Resource Manager 36121901 Corporate General Manager 35133101 Chief Information Officer 29132404 Warehouse Manager 23122301 Research and Development Manager 20132101 Manufacturer 17132104 Engineering Manager 17121206 Health and Safety Manager 16132402 Logistics Manager 16121202 Business Training Manager 15121902 Corporate Services Manager 15122105 Customer Service Manager 14121905 Programme or Project Manager 13122103 Director of Marketing 13133104 Application Development Manager 10Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

Sales representatives/salespersons (industrial products) formed the largest component of the professionals category. Marketing practitioners were also in demand. Again this shows the importance of the sales function in the subsector. The second largest group of professionals was chemists. (Table 4-2).

19

Table 4-8 Professionals in the Surface Coatings Subsector

OFO Code Professionals N243301 Sales Representative/Salesman (Industrial Products) 374211301 Chemist 65243103 Marketing Practitioner 60241101 Accountant (General) 45242303 Human Resource Advisor 30241102 Management Accountant 22252201 Systems Administrator 21242404 Student Support Service Officer 16251101 ICT Systems Analyst 16226302 Safety, Health, Environment and Quality (SHE&Q) Practitioner 15241107 Financial Accountant 13242401 Training and Development Professional 13 Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

The largest contingent of employees in the technicians and associate professionals category was chemistry technicians, followed by production/operations supervisors (manufacturing). Other key occupations in this category included chemical plant controllers, sales representatives and chemical sales representatives (Table 4-3).

Table 4-9 Technicians and associate professionals in the Surface Coatings Subsector

OFO Code Technicians and associate professionals N311101 Chemistry Technician 413312201 Production/Operations Supervisor (Manufacturing) 201313301 Chemical Plant Controller 60311102 Physical Science Technician 51332203 Sales Representative (Personal and Household Goods) 51331201 Credit or Loans Officer 50332207 Chemical Sales Representative 49332302 Purchasing Officer 42334102 Office Administrator 40311904 Manufacturing Technician 35331301 Bookkeeper 35334302 Personal Assistant 32332202 Sales Representative (Building and Plumbing Supplies) 27333908 Marketing Coordinator 15343203 Visual Merchandiser 14332205 Manufacturers Representative 13333903 Sales Representative (Business Services) 13332301 Retail Buyer 10 Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

20

The largest component of clerical support workers was general clerks followed by stock clerks/officers. Other occupations in this category, key to the subsector, included accounts clerks, production coordinators, dispatching and receiving clerks, and warehouse administrators/clerks/officers (Table 4-4).

Table 4-10 Clerical support workers in the Surface Coatings Subsector

OFO Code Clerical support workers N411101 General Clerk 260432101 Stock Clerk/Officer 170431101 Accounts Clerk 146432201 Production Coordinator 117432102 Dispatching and Receiving Clerk/Officer 106422601 Receptionist (General) 65432104 Warehouse Administrator/Clerk 47422206 Call or Contact Centre Agent 23432103 Order Clerk/Officer 19422202 Outbound Contact Centre Consultant 16413201 Data Entry Operator 15441903 Programme or Project Administrators 15431301 Payroll Clerk 14422501 Enquiry Clerk 13422201 Inbound Contact Centre Consultant 10 Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

The typical service and sales workers in the subsector were sales demonstrators, sales assistants (general), sales clerks/officers and security officers (Table 4-5).

Table 4-11 Service and sales workers in the Surface Coatings Subsector

OFO Code

Service and sales workers N

524201 Sales Demonstrator 84522301 Sales Assistant (General) 54524903 Sales Clerk/Officer 40541401 Security Officer 37Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

Compared to other manufacturing sectors, the Surface Coatings Subsector employed a small component of trades workers such as fitters and turners, painters, mechanical fitters, electricians, industrial spraypainters, boilermakers, industrial machinery mechanics and millwrights (Table 4-6).

21

Table 4-12 Skilled agricultural, forestry, fishery, craft and related trades workers in the Surface Coatings Subsector

OFO CodeSkilled agricultural, forestry, fishery, craft and related trades

workers N652302 Fitter and Turner 25643101 Painter 22653303 Mechanical Fitter 15671101 Electrician 12643201 Industrial Spraypainter 10651302 Boilermaker 10653301 Industrial Machinery Mechanic 10671202 Millwright 10 Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

The majority of plant and machine operators and assemblers worked as chemical production machine operators. Other key occupations in this category were truck drivers, filling line operators, delivery drivers, forklift drivers and bulk materials handling plant operators (Table 4-7).

Table 4-13 Plant and machine operators and assemblers in the Surface Coatings Subsector

OFO Code Plant and machine operators and assemblers N713101 Chemical Production Machine Operator 1 040733201 Truck Driver (General) 213718303 Filling Line Operator 205732101 Delivery Driver 177734402 Forklift Driver 143718906 Bulk Materials Handling Plant Operator 78714202 Plastic Compounding and Reclamation Machine Operator 19718914 Sand Blaster 17718301 Labelling Machine Operator 16711201 Mineral Processing Machine Operator 13718907 Weighbridge Operator 10Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

Elementary occupations most common in the Surface Coatings Subsector were chemical plant workers, store persons, packers (non-perishable products), commercial cleaners, shelf fillers and truck drivers (Table 4-8).

22

Table 4-14 Elementary occupations in the Surface Coatings Subsector

OFO Code Elementary occupations N832907 Chemical Plant Worker 768833402 Store Person 394832101 Packer (Non Perishable Products) 223811201 Commercial Cleaner 134833401 Shelf Filler 94833302 Truck Driver's Offsider 93862915 Chemical Mixer 35833301 Freight Handler (Rail or Road) 29862202 Handyperson 21862918 Electrical or Telecommunications Trades Assistant 18811203 Tea Attendant 14831301 Builder's Worker 14862926 Ticket Collector 12 Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

4.2 CONCLUSION

Due to the nature of the subsector, 46.7% of the workforce worked as plant and machine operators and assemblers and workers in elementary occupations. Another 14.8% were technicians and associate professionals. The main activities of the subsector relate to production of paint products and sales. Occupations in the production field that were in demand ranged from chemists and chemistry technicians to chemical production machine operators. In the sales field occupations such as marketing practitioners, sales representatives and sales clerks were in demand. The Surface Coatings Subsector has to compete with the other subsectors in the Chemical Sector for the skills employed in these occupations.

23

5 THE SUPPLY OF SKILLS TO THE SUBSECTOR

The supply of skills is viewed from different perspectives in this section. The supply of skills refers in the first instance to new entrants to the labour market from basic education, FET colleges and HET institutions (new skills). However, it is also important to consider the skills needs of the current workforce and the training initiatives aimed at developing their skills levels.

The first part of this chapter deals with new entrants to the labour market. Key trends and supply-side constraints are highlighted. The second part of the chapter describes the inputs of employers to train their current staff.

5.1 NEW ENTRANTS TO THE LABOUR MARKET

The formation of skills starts with general education and training (i.e. the school system). The output from this system remains a concern to the Chemical Sector, mainly because the system seems to be unable to supply adequate numbers (and quality) of school leavers with mathematics and physical science passes that can pursue studies to become engineers, technologists, technicians and artisans. The general standard of education of school leavers who enter the labour market without any further training is also insufficient.

The supply of new skills from the FET colleges into the Chemical Sector has traditionally been very limited. However, Government’s recent focus on increasing both the quality and quantity of output from FET colleges holds the promise that these institutions can play a more significant role in skills supply to the Chemical Sector in future.

The Surface Coatings Subsector draws on the general supply of skills produced by the Higher Education (HE) sector. There has been substantial growth in the numbers of new graduates from universities and universities of technology in certain engineering fields. In terms of average annual output of national diplomas, growth is reported at 7% for diplomas in chemical engineering and technology and 6% for first degrees in the same field. Despite these positive growth trends, increases have not yet been sufficient to meet the needs of the national economy and the Chemical Sector in particular. In order to ensure future growth, it will be necessary to support higher education institutions through a variety of initiatives. These include: bridging programmes to promote access and success; increased physical and teaching resources to engineering departments; and programmes that promote workplace training opportunities for students from the universities of technology.

Apart from the general HE qualifications that feed into the Surface Coatings Subsector, there are some courses that are very specific to the paint industry. One such course is the National Diploma in Polymer Technology that is offered by the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU). This course includes modules in paint technology. The content of these modules were taken, per agreement, from the modules offered by the South African Paint Training Institute (SAPITI). SAPMA is currently in a process of discussion with the University of the Witwatersrand (WITS) to offer a formal course in polymer technology in collaboration with SAPITI.21

21 SAPITI, Explanatory notes for submission of deliverable: Discretionary Grant 2013.

24

5.2 TRAINING OFFERED BY SAPITI

An important part of skills development in the Surface Coatings Subsector takes place through SAPITI. SAPITI offers the following training courses22:

a) Technical Training Course: Paint Technologist

This qualification based on the British Surface Coatings Industry’s distance education modules which are internationally recognised. The course is offered by SAPITI through a modular, distance education programme, allowing candidates who are already employed to proceed at their own pace. The course consists of 11 modules each taking approximately four and a half months to complete. Since this course was instituted in 1987 more than 7 000 studends have received training.23

b) Bridging course in Paint Technology for Laboratory Assistants

This is a bridging short course in basic paint technology.

c) Raw Materials Preparation Skills Programme

This skills programme consists of three sub-programmes:

Raw Material Preparation, Manufacture and Packaging

The programme is at NQF Level 2, it is unit standards based and quality assured by CHIETA. It is aimed at different groups of employees in the subsector, such as plant operators, labeling and packaging employees, raw material warehouse employees and trainee supervisors.

SAPITI also offers training for people outside the subsector such as short courses in decorative painting for retail sales people and consumers who want to apply paint themselves, and an applicators skills programme for painting contractors.

The training courses offered under b) and c) above are relatively new additions to SAPITI’s training offerings. While the Institute traditionally focussed on the technologist course, in 2011 SAPMA’s management took a decision to expand the services of SAPITI to factory level workers and to its distribution channels such as retail sales representatives and paint contractors. This led to the development of an Institute of Sectoral or Occupational Excellence (ISOE). With the assistance of CHIETA SAPITI obtained an old training centre in Springs and refurbished it for the training of various courses in paint technology. The training centre opened in 3013 and it is estimated that some 200 students will receive training in this year.24

5.3 TRAINING OFFERED BY EMPLOYERS

Companies in the Chemical Sector are involved in a range of training and development initiatives that focus on developing the skills of their employees. Such initiatives not only supplement, but also build on the training that supplies new skills to the sector. This training and development of the current workforce forms a critical source of skills supply.

22 http://sapiti.sapma.org.za/course-offerings/23 SAPITI, Explanatory notes for submission of deliverable: Discretionary Grant 2013.24 Ibid.

25

In 2011/2012 In total 11 813 training opportunities were afforded to employees in the Surface Coatings Subsector (one employee could have accessed more than one training opportunity). As many as 80.9% of the plant and machine operators and assemblers and 68.8% of the workers in elementary occupations received some form of training. A total of 63.2% of the technicians and associate professionals and clerical and support workers respectively, and 68.3% of managers received some form of training (Figure 5-1).

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

Perc

enta

ge

Figure 5-1 Proportion of employees who received training opportunities according to occupational category: March 2012

The type of training opportunities is listed in the table below. About 30% of these opportunities related to short courses, 29.5% to induction training, 24.5% to skills programmes and 14.0% to job specific development programmes (Table 5-1).

26

Table 5-1 Training opportunities for employees: March 2012

Qualification/learning type N %Short Course 3 628 30.7Induction and other training 3 487 29.5Skills Programme 2 893 24.5Job Specific Development Programme 1 658 14.0Below NQF Level 1 45 0.4Work Placement 38 0.3NQF Level 1 15 0.1Learnership 8 0.1NQF Level 5 8 0.1NQF Level 6 8 0.1CHIETA Learning Programme 6 0.0NQF Level 4 6 0.0NQF Level 7 6 0.0NQF Level 8 6 0.0NQF Level 9 1 0.0Total 11 813 100.0Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

5.4 CONCLUSION

This chapter provides a short overview of the most pertinent supply-side issues relevant to the Surface Coatings Subsector. For any industry a constant and sufficient supply of suitably qualified people is of critical importance. For the Surface Coatings Subsector that is reliant on technical staff and production workers, it is important to ensure that the supply from the school and post-school education and training sector is sufficient – in terms of quantity and quality. Furthermore, the training that is offered in the workplace by employers is crucial. As this chapter indicated employers in the Surface Coatings Subsector invest substantial amounts of time and money in the training and development of their own staff.

SAPITI, which was established by the industry to provide in its own needs, plays an important role in the supply of skills to this subsector. This institution also provides training outside the subsector to the downstream sales staff, contractors and final consumers and the establishment of its new training centre, which will be regarded as an ISOE, will certainly bring new impetus to training in the subsector.

Despite the initiatives to build the skills base of the industry and to stimulate and support the supply-side of the labour market, certain skills deficiencies still remain. These are discussed in the next chapter.

27

6 SKILLS SHORTAGES

There are various ways of identifying and monitoring skills shortages in a particular labour market. One of these is to ask employers about their experiences when recruiting people for positions in their organisations. Another way is by monitoring vacancy rates in that sector, because skills shortages are bound to lead to unusually high vacancy rates. Skills shortages will also drive up the costs of the skills that are in short supply and therefore the monitoring of remuneration trends can also shed light on trends in relation to skills shortages.

CHIETA attempts to glean an understanding of skills shortages in the Chemical Sector by asking employers to identify these shortages when they submit their mandatory grant applications to the SETA. This information was requested for the first time in June 2011 – i.e. in the WSPs submitted for the 2011/2012 financial year. The information submitted by employers in the Surface Coatings Subsector is analysed in this chapter. In addition, the feedback of stakeholders during the subsector workshops is also reported.

It has become customary in South Africa to use the term “scarce skills” to refer to quantitative shortages in the labour market – in other words there are not enough people with the necessary qualifications available to be appointed in positions that become available in the market. This term is also used in this chapter. Another aspect of skills shortages has to do with the qualitative components of the labour market – there may be people available to appoint, but they do not have the appropriate skills, abilities or other attributes that employers are looking for. Skills deficiencies can also develop among the workers that are already employed, because of the introduction of new technologies, new legislative requirements, etc

6.1 SCARCE SKILLS IN THE SUBSECTOR

As mentioned above, the information on scarce skills was obtained by analysing the WSPs submitted in June 2012. This information reflects the situation as experienced by employers at the end of March 2012.

In the scarce-skills table that employers completed, they first had to name the occupation in which they experienced scarcity, and then they had to select from two possible descriptions the one that best described the scarcity they experienced – i.e. “relative scarce skill” (referring to a situation where people are available in the labour market, but cannot easily be attracted to the sector); and “absolute scarce skill” (where people are generally in short supply in the labour market). For all the occupations in which scarcity was experienced, employers had to indicate how many vacant positions were available at the time they completed the WSP. In addition, they were requested to identify what type of learning interventions they were planning to use to address the skills shortages.

Of the 60 organisations whose WSPs were approved by the CHIETA, 16 (26.6%) indicated that they experienced a scarcity of skills. The number of people that employers said they would need can be seen in Table 6-1. The total number of people needed to fill the vacancies that existed at that time in these organisations is 81; this equates to 1% of total employment in the subsector. The data showed that workers such as paint tinters/mixers, chemical instrumentation officers, sales representatives/salespersons (industrial products) and chemists were hard to find.

The Surface Coatings Subsector stakeholders further mentioned that they are experiencing skills shortages relating to chemical engineers for process control and qualified chemists across a variety of occupations. Technical manager was specified as an occupation that is also in demand in the subsector.

28

This occupation involves determining the type of product that the company must manufacture and knowledge of chemistry is essential to fulfil the requirements of the occupation.

The stakeholders re-emphasised the fact that it is difficult to fill vacant positions for sales representatives, especially ones that have the technical background to give the right advice to consumers. They reiterated that it is important to develop a skills programme (if currently unavailable) for sales representatives to bridge the gap, which will allow them to understand the technical jargon used in the subsector.25

Employers indicated that they planned on using training interventions such as induction training, job specific development programmes, learnerships, mentorships, short courses, skills programmes and formal training to address the scarcity of skills.

Table 6-15 Scarce skills in the Surface Coatings Subsector

OFO Code Occupation Number of vacancies713101 Paint Tinter/Mixer 19311101 Chemical Instrumentation Officer 17243301 Sales Representative/Salesman (Industrial Products) 13211301 Chemist 5134902 Laboratory Manager 3311601 Chemical Engineering Technician 3132102 Production/Operations Manager (Manufacturing) 2332207 Chemical Sales Representative 2671101 Electrical Wireman 2734402 Forklift Driver 2121202 Business Training Manager 1121206 Safety, Health and Environmental (SHE) Manager 1121908 Quality Control Manager 1122301 Research and Development Manager 1132104 Engineering Manager 1132401 Supply Chain Manager 1214502 Chemical Engineering Technologist 1243103 Category Manager 1265405 Technical Director 1411101 Lab Administrator 1432201 Planning and Liaison Officer 1671202 Millwright 1862918 Artisan Aide Electrical 1Total 0% of employment in subsector 1.0 Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

6.2 CONCLUSION

25 CHIETA Subsector Workshop Report, 26 June 2013.

29

In 2012 employers were for the first time required to provide information on scarce skills in their WSP submissions. In total a relatively small percentage of employers reported that they experienced skills shortages. This leaves the impression that the subsector is not severely affected by skills shortages. Nevertheless, some evidence of shortages of skills of trade workers, professionals, plant and machine operators and assemblers, and managers was received.

The CHIETA is engaged in a range of partnerships, agreements and plans to contribute to both the development of new skills for the sector, as well as the development of skills within the existing workforce. These initiatives may serve to keep the development of serious skills shortages at bay.

30

7 SKILLS PLAN FOR THE SUBSECTOR

During the stakeholder workshop, the following issues were mentioned in terms of skills planning in future:26

CHIETA and SAPITI should collaborate in order to provide unemployed painters the opportunity to obtain accreditation/registration (there is work for the unemployed painters, but employers prefer employing individuals that are trained and accredited).

There is a need for technical training of sales staff in order to ensure that they know what surface coatings is about.

There is a skills shortage of qualified artisans in the Surface Coatings Subsector and the subsector should invest in training in this regard.

Manufacturing in the surface coatings industry is being mechanised and this will have an effect on the skills needs of employees in future.

There is a need to liaise with the international surface coatings industry to ensure that the South African industry is up to standard, especially in research and development.

26 Information provided in Surface Coatings Subsector workshop, 26 June 2013.

31

References

CHIETA, Five year Sector Skills Plan for the Chemical Sector: Annual update 2013-2018.

dti, (2010). A South African Trade Policy and Strategy Framework.

Encyclopaedia Britannica, Surface Coating. http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/575029/surface-coating. Accessed 3 June 2013.

Government of South Africa, (2011). National Climate Change Response Paper. Pretoria: Government Printer.

New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Paint. Accessed 2 June 2013.

Pappa, S. (October 13, 2011). "Oldest Human Paint-Making Studio Discovered in Cave". Live Science. http://www.livescience.com/16538-oldest-human-paint-studio.html Accessed 3 June 2013.

http://sapiti.sapma.org.za/about-us/. Accessed 20 June 2013.

http://sapma.sapma.org.za/background/. Accessed 6 June 2013.

http://www.acts.co.za. Accessed 24 May 2013.

http://www.hmgpaint.com/coatings-knowledge/function-of-surface-coatings. Accessed 4 June.

http://www.icca-chem.org/Home/About-us/Members-of-the-ICCA/?country=za. Accessed 3 June 2013.

http://www.labour.gov.za/legislation/acts/skills-development/skills-development-act-and-amendments. Accessed 2 June 2013.

http://www.lexisnexis.co.za. Accessed 23 May 2013.

http://www.photius.com/countries/south_africa/economy/south_africa_economy_consumer_goods.html. Accessed 4 June 2013.

http://www.shearerpainting.com/blog/resources/history-of-paint. Accessed 3 June 2013.

IPAP, (2013). Industrial Policy Action Plan: Economic Sectors and Economic Cluster. IPAP 2013/14 – 2015/16. Pretoria: dti.

32


http://www.photius.com/countries/south_africa/economy/south_africa_economy_consumer_goods.html

http://www.photius.com/countries/south_africa/economy/south_africa_economy_consumer_goods.html

http://www.lexisnexis.co.za/

http://www.labour.gov.za/legislation/acts/skills-development/skills-development-act-and-amendments

http://www.icca-chem.org/Home/About-us/Members-of-the-ICCA/?country=za

http://www.hmgpaint.com/coatings-knowledge/function-of-surface-coatings

http://www.acts.co.za/

http://sapma.sapma.org.za/background/

http://sapiti.sapma.org.za/about-us/

http://www.livescience.com/16538-oldest-human-paint-studio.html

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Paint

http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/575029/surface-coating

ANNEXURE 1 OCCUPATIONS BY RACE AND GENDER IN THE SURFACE COATINGS SUBSECTOR

Equity Managers Professionals




Skilled and trade workers


Elementary occupations

African Female

N 24 46 97 135 80 3 106 316

% 2.6 5.9 8.0 12.6 34.0 2.4 5.4 16.8

African Male

N 89 105 421 287 64 62 1 609 1 263

% 9.5 13.4 34.6 26.7 27.1 42.5 81.8 67.1

Total African

N 113 151 518 422 144 65 1 715 1 579

% 12.1 19.3 42.5 39.3 61.1 44.9 87.2 83.8

Coloured Female

N 16 24 49 120 10 0 10 44

% 1.7 3.1 4.0 11.2 4.4 0.0 0.5 2.3

Coloured Male

N 56 79 143 74 9 22 160 157

% 5.9 10.0 11.8 6.9 3.9 15.0 8.1 8.4

Total Coloured

N 72 103 192 194 19 22 170 201

% 7.7 13.1 15.8 18.1 8.4 15.0 8.6 10.7

Indian Female

N 32 35 49 69 8 0 0 2

% 3.5 4.4 4.0 6.5 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.1

Indian Male

N 112 98 171 88 14 10 61 62

% 12.0 12.5 14.1 8.2 5.9 7.1 3.1 3.3

Total N 144 133 220 157 22 10 61 64

31

Equity Managers Professionals




Skilled and trade workers


Elementary occupations

Indian % 15.5 16.9 18.0 14.6 9.4 7.1 3.1 3.4

White Female

N 161 152 169 221 20 2 1 7

% 17.2 19.3 13.9 20.5 8.4 1.6 0.1 0.4

White Male

N 444 247 119 81 30 46 19 31

% 47.5 31.5 9.8 7.5 12.8 31.5 0.9 1.7

Total White

N 605 399 288 302 50 48 20 38

% 64.7 50.7 23.6 28.0 21.2 33.1 1.0 2.0

Total Female

N 233 257 364 545 118 5 117 369

% 25.0 32.7 29.8 50.7 50.2 3.9 6.0 19.6

Total Male

N 701 529 854 530 117 140 1 849 1 513

% 75.0 67.3 70.2 49.3 49.8 96.1 94.0 80.4

TOTAL N 934 786 1 218 1 075 235 145 1 966 1 882 8 241

Occupation Not Specified 15

Subsector Total employment 8 256


32

ANNEXURE 2 OCCUPATIONS AND SPECIALISATIONS OR ALTERNATIVE TITLES FOUND IN THE SURFACE COATINGS SUBSECTOR

OFO Code

Occupation Specialisation name

111101 Local or Provincial Government Legislator Local or Provincial Government Legislator

111202 General Manager Public Service General Manager Public Service

112101 Director (Enterprise / Organisation) Alternative Director

Chief Executive Officer (CEO)

Company Director

Director (Enterprise / Organisation)

Executive Director

Managing Director

Managing Director (Enterprise / Organisation)

Non-executive Director

121101 Finance Manager Account Systems Manager

Chief Financial Officer (CFO)

Finance Director

Finance Manager

Financial Administration Manager

Financial Controller

Municipal Finance Manager

121102 Payroll Manager Payroll Manager

Remuneration Manager

121103 Credit Manager Credit Manager

121201 Personnel / Human Resource Manager Personnel / Human Resource Manager

121202 Business Training Manager Human Resources Development Manager

Learning and Development Manager

Technical Training Manager

Training & Development Manager

Training Manager

121206 Health and Safety Manager Health and Safety Manager

Safety, Health and Environmental (SHE) Manager

121301 Policy and Planning Manager Corporate Planning Manager

Policy and Planning Manager

121901 Corporate General Manager Business Operations Manager

Corporate General Manager

Administrative Services Manager

Business Services Manager

Corporate Services Manager

121903 Physical Asset Manager Resources Manager

121904 Contract Manager Contract Manager

121905 Programme or Project Manager Programme or Project Manager

121905 Programme or Project Manager Project Director

i

OFO Code


121908 Quality Systems Manager Quality Assurance / Systems Auditor

Quality Certification Manager

Quality Control Manager

Quality Manager

Quality Systems Coordinator

Quality Systems Manager

122101 Sales and Marketing Manager Business Development Manager

Key Account Manager

Sales and Marketing Manager

122102 Sales Manager Sales Director

Sales Executive

Sales Manager

122103 Director of Marketing Director of Marketing

Marketing Director

Marketing Manager

122105 Customer Service Manager Customer Care Manager / Representative

Customer Service Manager

122201 Advertising and Public Relations Manager Public Relations Manager

122301 Research and Development Manager Product Development Manager

Research and Development Manager

Research Director

132101 Manufacturer Factory Manager

132102 Production / Operations Manager (Manufacturing)

Operations Manager (Production)

Plant Manager (Manufacturing)

Plant Superintendent

Processing Manager

Production / Operations Manager (Manufacturing)

Works / Workshop Manager (Manufacturing)

132104 Engineering Manager Engineering Maintenance Manager

Engineering Manager

132105 Power Generation Production/Operations Manager

Geothermal Production Manager

132301 Construction Project Manager Construction Manager

Construction Project Manager

132401 Supply and Distribution Manager Depot Manager

Procurement Manager

Supply and Distribution Manager

Supply Chain Executive

Supply Chain Manager

132402 Logistics Manager Dispatch Logistics Manager

Logistics Manager

ii

OFO Code


132404 Warehouse Manager Warehouse Manager

133101 Chief Information Officer Chief Information Officer

ICT / IT Director

ICT / IT Manager

133102 ICT Project Manager ICT Project Manager

133104 Application Development Manager Application Development Manager

Technical Solutions Manager

133105 Information Technology Manager Information Technology Manager

134602 Credit Bureau Manager Credit Control Manager

134902 Laboratory Manager Laboratory Manager

134904 Office Manager Office Manager

134915 Operations Manager (Non Manufacturing) Field Production Manager (Seed)

Operations Manager (Non Manufacturing)

Operations Foreman (Non Manufacturing)

142101 Importer or Exporter Export Manager

Importer or Exporter

142103 Retail Manager (General) Retail Manager (General)

Retail Store Manager

Shop Manager

143102 Gaming Manager Slots Technical Manager

143901 Facilities Manager Facilities Manager

Facilities Supervisor

143904 Security Services Manager Security Services Manager

143905 Call or Contact Centre Manager Call or Contact Centre Manager

Telesales Manager

211301 Chemist Analytical Chemist

Chemist

Industrial Chemist

Laboratory Chemist

Manufacturing Chemist

211403 Materials Scientist Materials Scientist

213108 Microbiologist Microbiologist

214101 Industrial Engineer Production Engineer

214102 Industrial Engineering Technologist Process Technologist

Quality Management Technologist

214405 Marine Engineer Marine Engineer

214501 Chemical Engineer Chemical Engineer

215202 Electronics Engineering Technologist Instrumentation Technologist

216402 Transport Analyst Logistics Analyst

222101 Clinical Nurse Practitioner Clinical Nurse Practitioner

222104 Registered Nurse (Community Health) Occupational Health Nurse

iii

OFO Code


226302 Safety, Health, Environment and Quality (SHE&Q) Practitioner

Health and Safety Officer / Coordinator / Professional

Occupational Safety Advisor

Safety, Health, Environment and Quality (SHE&Q) Practitioner

241101 Accountant (General) Accountant (General)

Debtors Manager

241102 Management Accountant Cost Accountant

Management Accountant

Business Group Accountant

241107 Financial Accountant Financial Accountant

241301 Financial Investment Advisor Financial Business Analyst

242101 Management Consultant Business Analyst

Business Support Project Manager

Service Solutions Project Manager

Strategic Developer / Facilitator

242102 Organisation and Methods Analyst Organisational Performance Improvement Manager

242202 Policy Analyst Research and Evaluation Analyst

Research Consultant

242203 Company Secretary Company Secretary

242210 Business Administrator Business Administrator

242211 Internal Auditor Internal Auditor

242302 Skills Development Facilitator / Practitioner Human Resources Planner

Skills Development Facilitator / Practitioner

242303 Human Resource Advisor Hr Administrator

Hr Coordinator

Hr Officer

Human Resource Advisor

Personnel Officer

242307 Recreation Officer Recreation Officer

242401 Training and Development Professional Training and Development Professional

Training Coordinator

242402 Occupational Instructor / Trainer Maintenance Instructor

242404 Student Support Service Officer Student Support Service Officer

243102 Market Research Analyst Marketing Analyst

243103 Marketing Practitioner Brand Manager

Category Manager

Marketing Consultant

Marketing Officer

Marketing Practitioner

Product Manager

Sales Account Manager

Sales Coordinator

iv

OFO Code


243201 Communication Coordinator Public Relations (PR) Coordinator / Practitioner

243203 Corporate Communication Manager Manager Corporate Communications

243301 Sales Representative / Salesman (Industrial Products)

Sales Representative / Salesman (Industrial Products)

Technical Representative / Salesman

Technical Sales Consultant / Coordinator / Manager

Technical Service Advisor / Salesman

243302 Sales Representative (Medical and Pharmaceutical Products)

Sales Representative (Medical and Pharmaceutical Products)

251101 ICT Systems Analyst ICT Business Systems Analyst

ICT System Designer

ICT Systems Analyst

ICT Systems Consultant

ICT Systems Specialist

251202 Programmer Analyst Programmer Analyst

252201 Systems Administrator IT Information Systems Administrator

Network Administrator

Systems Administrator

Systems Administrator (Computers)

Systems Manager

252902 Technical (ICT) Support Services Manager Technical (ICT) Support Services Manager

261101 Attorney Attorney

Lawyer (Employment/ Entertainment / Financial / Commercial / Immigration)

262202 Information Services Manager Records Manager

264103 Technical Writer Technical Writer

265405 Technical Director Technical Director

311101 Chemistry Technician Chemical Laboratory Technician / Analyst

Chemical Manufacturing Technician

Chemical Technician (Food, Fuel, Gas, Paint, Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Leather)Chemistry Technical Officer

Chemistry Technician

Paint Maker

311102 Physical Science Technician Physical Science Technician

Physical Sciences Workshop Technician

Product Quality Laboratory Technician

311201 Civil Engineering Technician Civil Engineering Technician

311202 Surveying or Cartographic Technician Surveying Technician

311301 Electrical Engineering Technician Electrical Engineering Technician

311302 Electric Substation Operations Manager Power System Operator

311601 Chemical Engineering Technician Chemical Engineering Technician

311904 Manufacturing Technician Manufacturing Technician

v

OFO Code


312101 Production / Operations Supervisor (Mining) Production / Operations Supervisor (Mining)

Assembly Supervisor

Manufacturing Foreman

Production / Operations Supervisor (Manufacturing)

Production Plant Supervisor

Shift Manager (Production)

312202 Maintenance Planner Engineering Planner

Maintenance Planner

313301 Chemical Plant Controller Chemical Plant Controller

Chemical-Still and Reactor Operator

325201 Health Information Manager Health Information Clerk

331201 Credit or Loans Officer Credit Clerk

Credit Controller

Credit or Loans Officer

Finance Clerk / Officer

Finance Systems Assistant

331301 Bookkeeper Bookkeeper

331302 Accounting Technician Accounting Technician

331401 Statistical and Mathematical Assistant Data Quality Officer

332201 Commercial Sales Representative Commercial Sales Representative

332202 Sales Representative (Building and Plumbing Supplies)

Sales Representative (Building and Plumbing Supplies)

332203 Sales Representative (Personal and Household Goods)

Sales Representative (Personal and Household Goods)

332205 Manufacturers Representative Manufacturers Representative

Manufacturers Sales Agent

332207 Chemical Sales Representative Chemical Sales Representative

332301 Retail Buyer General / Company Buyer

332301 Retail Buyer Retail Buyer

332302 Purchasing Officer Procurement Administrator / Coordinator / Officer

Procurement Clerk

Procurement Officer (Consumer Sensitive Consumables)

Purchasing Agent / Assistant / Buyer / Clerk / Controller

Purchasing Officer

333101 Clearing and Forwarding Agent Shipping Agent

333401 Property Manager Property Manager (Services / Standards)

333903 Sales Representative (Business Services) Sales Representative (Business Services)

333905 Supply Chain Practitioner Supply Chain Administrator

Supply Chain Practitioner

333906 Stock and Station Agent Stock and Station Agent

333908 Marketing Coordinator Marketing Coordinator

Marketing Support Coordinator

vi

OFO Code


334101 Office Supervisor Clerical Supervisor

Filing Clerks Supervisor

Office Supervisor

334102 Office Administrator Office Administrator

Office Coordinator

334302 Personal Assistant Administrative Secretary

Personal Assistant

335402 Import-export Administrator Import-Export Administrator

341103 Paralegal Legal Assistant

343203 Visual Merchandiser Visual Merchandiser

351201 ICT Communications Assistant ICT Systems Analysis Assistant

351301 Computer Network Technician Computer Network Technician

351302 Geographic Information Systems Technicians Technical Support Specialist

351401 Web Technician Website Administrator

411101 General Clerk Administration Clerk / Officer

Administrative Assistant

Clerical Assistant / Officer

General Clerk

Lab Administrator

Office / Field Assistant

412101 Secretary (General) Secretary (General)

413201 Data Entry Operator Data Capturer

Data Control / Input Clerk

Data Entry Operator

Data Processing Operator

421105 Postal Frontline Service Worker Postal Clerk

421401 Debt Collector Debt Management Officer

Regional Manager Debt

422102 Travel Consultant Travel Clerk

422201 Inbound Contact Centre Consultant Inbound Call Centre Customer Service Representative

Inbound Contact Centre Consultant

Inbound Contact Centre Team Leader

422202 Outbound Contact Centre Consultant Call Centre Customer Service Representative (Outbound)

Call or Contact Centre Sales Agent / Consultant

Outbound Contact Centre Consultant

422206 Call or Contact Centre Agent Call or Contact Centre Agent

422301 Switchboard Operator Switchboard Operator

422501 Enquiry Clerk Corporate / Front Office Receptionist

Customer Services Clerk / Officer / Reception Officer

Public Counter Assistant / Clerk / Receptionist

422601 Receptionist (General) Front Desk Support Officer

vii

OFO Code


Receptionist (General)

422701 Survey Interviewer Field Worker

431101 Accounts Clerk Account Coordinator / Controller

Accounting Clerk

Accounts Clerk

Accounts Payable or Receivable Clerk

Creditors Clerk

Debtors Clerk

Ledger Clerk

431102 Cost Clerk Cost Clerk

Costing Clerk

431301 Payroll Clerk Payroll Assistant / Consultant / Coordinator

Payroll Clerk

Payroll Officer / Administrator / Advisor / Analyst

Wage Clerk

432101 Stock Clerk / Officer Inventory Clerk / Controller / Administrator

Purchasing and inventory officer

Stock Clerk / Officer

Stock Control Clerk

Stores Clerk / Officer

Stores Controller

Stores Coordinator

Stores Maintenance Clerk

Supply Clerk / Assistant / Officer / Scheduler

432102 Dispatching and Receiving Clerk / Officer Carton and Label Controller

Dispatch Clerk / Officer / Operator / Assistant / Worker

Dispatching and Receiving Clerk / Officer

Distribution Officer

Receiving Clerk

Shipping and Receiving Clerk

432103 Order Clerk / Officer Customer Orders Clerk

Order Clerk / Officer

432104 Warehouse Administrator / Clerk Seed Warehouse Manager

Warehouse Administrator / Clerk

432201 Production Coordinator Delivery Clerk

Distribution Controller

Logistics Clerk / Assistant / Controller / Coordinator / Planner / OfficerMaterial and Production Planning Clerk

Production Clerk

Production Coordinator

Production Foreman

viii

OFO Code


Production Leader

Production Planner / Officer

Production Recorder / Scheduler

Shift Controller

432301 Transport Clerk Transport Clerk

441201 Courier Courier

441203 Mail Clerk Mail Clerk

441501 Filing or Registry Clerk Filing or Registry Clerk

441502 Office Machine Operator Office Assistant Photocopying

441601 Human Resources Clerk Employment Office Clerk

Human Resources Clerk

Human Resources Systems Administrator

441603 Compensation and Benefits Clerk Compensation and Benefits Administrator

441902 Contract Administrator Contract Administrator

441903 Program or Project Administrators Administration Officer

Administrator

Program or Project Administrators

Project Advisor / Leader

515301 Caretaker Maintenance Officer

521202 Cash Van Salesperson Salesman Driver

522201 Retail Supervisor Checkout Supervisor

Retail Supervisor

Sales Department Supervisor

522301 Sales Assistant (General) Counterhand

522301 Sales Assistant (General) Hardware Sales Assistant

Sales Assistant (General)

Sales Person / Consultant

Shop Assistant

522304 ICT Sales Assistant ICT Sales Assistant

523102 Office Cashier Cash Accounting Clerk

Cashier

524201 Sales Demonstrator Merchandiser

Sales Demonstrator

524401 Call Centre Salesperson Call Centre Salesperson

524903 Sales Clerk / Officer Internal Salesperson

Sales Clerk / Officer

541401 Security Officer Guard

Security Guard

Security Officer

Security Safety and Emergency Services Manager

Security Services Coordinator

ix

OFO Code


611302 Landscape Gardener Gardener

641101 House Builder House Builder

641501 Carpenter and Joiner Building Maintenance Repairman

Carpenter and Joiner

643101 Painter Painter

Painter and Decorator

643201 Industrial Spraypainter Industrial Spraypainter

643202 Vehicle Painter Spraypainter

651202 Welder Welder

651302 Boilermaker Boilermaker

651401 Metal Fabricator Metal Fabricator

652201 Toolmaker Toolmaker

652301 Metal Machinist Machine Tool Operator

Machine Tool Setter

652302 Fitter and Turner Fitter and Turner

652404 Grinder Grinder

653101 Automotive Motor Mechanic Automotive Motor Mechanic

653301 Industrial Machinery Mechanic Plant Maintenance Mechanic

653303 Mechanical Fitter General Fitter

Maintenance Fitter

661601 Signwriter Signwriter and Painter

662216 Commercial Digital Printer Wide Format Digital Printer

671101 Electrician Electrical Fitter

Electrician

Electrician (Engineering)

Electrician (General)

671202 Millwright Millwright

671203 Mechatronics Technician Mechatronics Technician

672105 Instrument Mechanician Instrument Mechanician (Industrial Instrumentation & Process Control)

681505 Fruit and Vegetable Grader / Classer Picker Grader

711201 Mineral Processing Machine Operator Emery Press Operator

Gold Precipitator

Metallurgical Plant Operator

Milling Machine Operator (Minerals)

712201 Electroplater Metal Coating Machine Operator

Metal Finishing Machine Operator

713101 Chemical Production Machine Operator Candle Production Machine Operator

Chemical Extractor / Reactor / Still Operator

Chemical Production Machine Operator

Cosmetics Machine Operator

Nitrocellulose Maker

x

OFO Code


Paint Tinter / Mixer

714202 Plastic Compounding and Reclamation Machine Operator

Plastic Compounding and Reclamation Machine Operator

715101 Fibre Preparing, Spinning and Winding Machine Operator

Spinning / Thread and Yarn Machine Operator

718201 Boiler or Engine Operator Boiler or Engine Operator

Boiler Tender

718301 Labelling Machine Operator Labelling Machine Operator

718302 Packing Machine Operator Packing Machine Operator

Wrapping Machine Operator

718303 Filling Line Operator Automated Filling Line Operator

Bottle Filler

Can / Tin / Tube / Tray Filler

Container Filler

Filling Line Operator

Filling Machine Operator

Pressurised Container Filler

718304 Packaging Manufacturing Machine Minder Packaging Machine Operator

718905 Engineering Production Systems Worker Automated Machine Operator

718906 Bulk Materials Handling Plant Operator Bulk Materials Handling Plant Operator

718906 Bulk Materials Handling Plant Operator Palletiser Operator

718907 Weighbridge Operator Licensed Weigher

718914 Sand Blaster Sand Blaster

721901 Product Assembler Assembler, Plastic Products

732101 Delivery Driver Delivery Driver

732101 Delivery Driver Driver-messenger

Light Utility Vehicle (LUV) Driver

Van Driver

733201 Truck Driver (General) Dumper Truck Driver

Logging Truck Driver

Lorry Driver

Truck Driver (General)

734206 Loader Operator Loader Operator

734402 Forklift Driver Forklift Driver

Forklift Operator

811101 Domestic Cleaner Domestic Cleaner

811201 Commercial Cleaner Building Exterior / Interior Cleaner

Cleaner (Non-domestic)

Commercial Cleaner

Factory Cleaner / Sweeper

Office Cleaner

Workshop Cleaner

xi

OFO Code


811203 Tea Attendant Tea Attendant

Tea Lady

Tea person

812101 Laundry Worker (General) Laundry Worker (General)

812901 Septic Tank Cleaner Septic Tank Cleaner

821401 Garden Workers Garden Workers

831301 Builder's Worker Builder's Worker

Maintenance Person / Coordinator

831310 Surveyor's Assistant Geotechnical Assistant

Mineral Resource Assistant

832101 Packer (Non Perishable Products) Packer (Non Perishable Products)

832102 Meat Packer Meat Packer

Shrinkwrap Operator

832901 Metal Engineering Process Worker Boilermaker's Assistant / Aide

Metal Engineering Process Worker

832907 Chemical Plant Worker Chemical Plant Worker

Chemical Tester (Physical/ Routine)

Paint Factory Hand

832908 Clay Processing Factory Worker Clay Mixer

832910 Component Fitter Vehicle Window Tinter

833301 Freight Handler (Rail or Road) Checker and Loader Transport Vehicle

Freight Handler (Rail or Road)

833302 Truck Driver's Offsider Truck Driver's Offsider

833401 Shelf Filler Shelf Filler

Storeperson Packer / ShelverWarehouse Worker / Shelver

833402 Store Person Order Picker / Assembler

Store Person

Stores Assistant

Warehouse Assistant

861101 Recycling or Rubbish Collector Waste Removalist

862202 Handyperson Handy Man

Handy person

Handyperson

862915 Chemical Mixer Chemical Mixer

862918 Electrical or Telecommunications Trades Assistant

Artisan Aide Electrical

Auto Electrician's Assistant

Electrical Helper

Instrument Artisan Assistant

862926 Ticket Collector Ticket Collector

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012

xii

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