€¦ · web viewcells and tissues. anatomy. cells are considered as one of the basic structural,...

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Cells and Tissues

1. AnatomyCells are considered as one of the basic structural, functional and biological unit of all referred to as the living organism. Cells are considered to be the smallest unit of life and are therefore called the “building blocks of life” (Chinen et al. 2015).___________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Types of cells__the main types of cells that lie within a human body include the stem cells, the red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, nerve cells, neurological cells, muscle cells and the cartilage cells.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Tissues___There lays four main types of tissues including muscles, epithelial, connective and nervous. Each of them are made up of specialise cells that are grouped together based on their structure and functions throughout the human body._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Physiology____a group of collective cells which are found within a human body are often termed as tissues. The cells lying within a tissue often share a common set of embryonic origin. From the revelations carried out using a microscopic observation, it is evident that the cells in a tissue share several morphological features and are therefore arranged in an orderly pattern to meet their functions duly.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Pictorial Representation


4. Related systems/ howCells being the basic units of life are further grouped together into tissues. They are further distributed into various organs which are two or more connected tissues operating together. Organs further work separately and form the organ systems in a body. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Pathophysiology_____the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammation of the connective tissues.SLE affects each organ systems thereby degrading the oral health related quality of a human. Other is the Rheumatoid arthritis which is a systematic disorder where the immune cells attack and cause inflammations in the membrane situated around the joints.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Defence and Immune Responses

The adaptive immune system is specifically reactive to pathogens. When the immunity system gets weakened by the virus HIV, the T cells reduce thereby making the body susceptible to infections. Reductions in T cells further develop difficulties in coordinating the fight against the pathogens lying within the tissues. The cell therefore tend to group themselves to develop tissues and organs which together help to protect the body from diseases.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Medications and contraindications_Treatment for SLE follow guidance based on the individual patient’s manifestations. Some of the common side effects of their treatment include fever, rashes, musculoskeletal manifestations and serositis which are treated by the hydroxychlroquine, nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) followed by steroids at low to moderate doses in case of acute flares. Treatment for Rheumatoid arthritis include a disease modifying anti rheumatic drug (DMARDs). Their use may however lead to suppressing the immune system. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


8. Degenerative Changes___the process of aging take place when the body cells, tissues and organs get affected due to the internal changes in the functioning of the body systems. When cells tend to become larger and are less able to divide themselves, there increases pigments and fatty substances inside the cells which lead to building up of waste products in the tissues. The blood vessels, organs and airways become more rigid and experiences trouble in getting oxygen and nutrients throughout proeprly.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Types of TraumaSome of the soft tissue injuries include strain, sprain, bruise, trendinities and such. On the other hand, coagulation necrosis is a type of cell death that takes place on the core of dead cells which results in protein denaturation.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Nursing Interventions and planning services

The nursing care plans for SLE include relief of pain and discomfort, relief of fatigue, increase knowledge based on the disease and reductions in complications. The nursing interventions for Rheumatoid arthritis include taking care of joints and decreasing fatigue, delivery of knowledge to patients for self management decisions to better cope up with the chronic disease.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Integumentary System

1. Anatomy_the Integumentary System constitutes of skin and their appendages which seek to protect the body from different types of damages including loss of water and abrasion from outside. This system consists of hair, scales, feathers, hooves and the nails (Mauldin & Peters Kennedy, 2015)._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Physiology__ Integumentary System plays a major role in maintain homeostasis. Being the outermost organ system of the body, they carry out various functions thereby creating a barrier to protect the body from the outside world and diseases.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


4. Related systems/ how__ Body parts such as the skin and others lying with the Integumentary System work with other body systems to maintain and support the conditions of cells, tissues and other organs. The skin acts as the first defines mechanism lying within the immune system (Pang, Schiefer, & Beasley, 2017)._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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5. Pathophysiology__chronic skin conditions such as acne and warts followed by other problems including skin cancer. With problems relating to the skin, the chances for bacteria and viruses increase to enter into the body easily. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Defence and Immune Responses_presence of immune cells live within the skin and provide the first line of defence against infections thereby encouraging the system to uptake calcium from the diet._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Medications and contraindications_Lamisil, Lotimin and Nizoral are some of the drugs that are antifungal and help to treat skin acute conditions including acne. The side effects include upsets stomach, allergies, rashes, itchiness and such. Chemotheraphy for nonmelanoma skin cancer can be helpful in its treatment. Its however may disrupt the immune system of the body and produce interferon.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Degenerative ChangesThe stem cell production reduces with age which causes the epidermal cells to slow don their reproduction. This thins down the skin and makes it translucent thereby making it viable to skin injuries, tearing and inefctions.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Types of TraumaIt is susceptible to a variety of diseases and disorders thereby causing skin cancer. Skin grafts are made use of when the system gets damaged from trauma or inefctions._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Providing a warm environment to the patients followed by warm oral and intravenous fluids. Further application of heat and cold therapy base on physician and medications to reduce sensitivity._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Musculoskeletal System

1. AnatomySkeletal – bones_the Musculoskeletal System constitutes of bones of skeleton, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilages and other connective tissues that seek to bind them with other organs and support the body in movement (Evans & Huard, (2015)._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

JointsThey are a connection made between bones of the body and the skeletal system.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

MusclesThey are the soft tissue that contain protein filaments and help to provide a shape of the cell.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Physiology_____The Musculoskeletal System constitutes of the body bones including muscles, cartilages, tendons and such all of which help to provide support and binds the tissues and organs together, they further help to carry out movements within the body thereby protecting the vital organs (Del Grande et al. 2014)._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



4. Related systems/ how__the muscular system and the skeletal system work together to provide support to the body thereby forming the Musculoskeletal System. The bones lying with the skeletal system protect the body’s organs and provide shape to the body. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. PathophysiologyOsteoporosis causes the bones to become fragile and and prone to fractures. Leukemia on the other hand is a cancer that ius caused in the WBC.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Defence and Immune Responses_the muscles connect to the skeletal bones of the body and with contractions, they produce movements. The muscular system helps to move the body fluids including blood and lymph which assist their immunity functions. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Medications and contraindications_Fosamax anbd Actonel helps to prevent osteoporosis. However its long term use causes bone loss and weakening._Using drug therapy can help to treat leukaemia however its side effects may include change in heart muscles, hair loss and such.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Degenerative Changes

__decline in muscle strength, loss of proprioception, and increased bone turnoiver._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Types of Trauma


__trauma and foreign bodies affect the Musculoskeletal System by impacting upon the body and causing major injuries in the bones, muscles, tendons and such._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Nursing Interventions and planning services _A holistic assessment of the patient thereby formulating nursing diagnosis and development of plans to treat patients thoroughly. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Nervous System

1. Anatomy_the nervous system is the master controlling and communicating system which helps to signal the thoughts action and emotions of the body. By communicating with the body cells, they offer electrical impulses which are rapid and specific thereby providing immediate responces (Fung, Olson, & Hsiao, (2017).___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Physiology –_the central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord which is protected by bony structures, membranes and fluids. The nerves constitute of cranial nerves and the spinal nerves all of which transmit signals to different parts of the body._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


4. Related systems/ how___the endocrine system works closely with the brain and the central nervous systems thereby controlling the creation of specific hormones and enzymnes._________________________________________________________________


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5. PathophysiologyParkinson’s disease causes loss of brain cells that produce dopamine. The neurological disorder is the disorder of the nervous systems that create abnormalities within the brain and other nerves._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


6. Defence and Immune Responses_certain peripheral immune cells cross various blood barriers and respond to the pathogens that have entered into the brain. The injury macrophages and T cells of the immune system migrate into the spinal cord within the body.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Medications and contraindications_Levodopa is the most commonly prescribed medication for treating Parkinson’s disease. However it causes slow movements and stiff and rigid body parts.Haloperidfol is used to treat neurological disorders which however have painful side effects such as schizophrenia. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Degenerative Changes__Epilepsy and seizures are caused followed by Alzheimer's Disease.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Types of Trauma_it includes brain tumours, neural prosthetics after post injury recovery and such._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


For Parkinson's disease, the nurses require to increase the patient’s quality of life by minimising the symptoms and using a telephone receiver to amplify the patient’s voice. For neurological disorder, the nursing plans include seizing disorders thereby developing care plans for stroke. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Endocrine and Senses System

1. AnatomySensory – General Endocrine

For sensory system, elements include touch, sight, taste and smell, hearing, movement and body awareness. For endocrine system, there lies body growth, metabolism, physical and chemical processes, sexual developments and such (Fletcher, (2017)._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. PhysiologyThe endocrine system responds to stimulation by secreting hormones that lie within the circulatory system that travel to the target issues. The sensory systems on the other hand provide balance and agility in movement of the body.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



4. Related systems/ how_endocrine system has a close association with the nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system. The sensory system is also closely linked with the nervous system and helps to carry out highly functional associations with the conscious acitivty.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Pathophysiology_Adrenal insufficiency and cushing’s diseases are some of the endocrine disorders. The adrenal gland releases too little of the hormone cortisol which further impacts the body functions._Diseases for sensory system include bell palsy which causes abrupt paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face due to dysfunction of the cranial nerves and facial nerves. Other includes colour blindness. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Defence and Immune ResponsesThe endocrine and nervous system work together on the same organ and are influenced by actions for other systems. The immune system is a network of cells and tissues which work together to attack the pathogens which try to invade the body.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Medications and contraindicationsMedications for Adrenal insufficiency include dexamethasone and cortisone. Mitotane acts as an effective medication for Cushing’s disease. Medications for bellpalsy include corticosteroids. However their biggest side effect includes their ability to interfere with hypothalamic pituitary which can majorly affect the endocrine system. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Degenerative ChangesNepplastic changes within the endocrine glands followed by loss of hearing andvision.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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9. Types of Trauma___injury in the eye followed by a traumatic brain with varied consequences._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Nursing Interventions and planning services ___promoting skin integrity followed by improvements in body image, decreasing risk of injury and improvements in thought proceses._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Cardiovascular System

1. Anatomy_it consist of the heart which is an anatomical pump followed by arteries, veins and capillaries. They help to carry blood throughout the body by a continuum of blood vessels (Pilz et al. 2015)._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Physiology_the human Cardiovascular System constitutes of the hear which pump blood through a closed system of blood vessels. The heart is composed mostly of cardiac muscles that primarily function to transport nutrients, water, gases and other chemical signals throughout the body._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



4. Related systems/ howThe circulatory system and the circulatory system are responsible to carry waste and carbon dioxide out of the body thereby producing hormones within the endocrine system which gets transported throughout the blood by the circulatory systems.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Pathophysiology

Heart and cardiovascular diseases are most likely which cause conditions that affect the structural functions of the heart thereby making it viable to heart failure. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Defence and Immune ResponsesThe body defence mechanisms function to protect the body against disease causing micro organisms such as pathogens. Fever is the best body’s defence mechanism against inefction.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Medications and contraindicationsTo treat the heart and cardiovascular disease, use of drugs such as ACE inhibitors, ARBs, antiplatelets and such. Its common side effect include bleeding and necrosis followed by an elevated blood potassium level and low blood pressure. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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8. Degenerative Changes__langerhans and degeneration of the internal organs including the cardiovascular system with changes in the heart and blood.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Types of Trauma__PTSD and traumatic experiences which may rise the heart attack and stroke risks further. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Nursing Interventions and planning services Engaging in self care such as diet restrictions, sym0toms monitoring and medication adherance.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Lymphatic System

1. AnatomyThe Lymphatic System parallels to the cardiovascular system which is a series of vessels and nodes that collect and filter excess tissue fluids (Hogan et al. 2014).____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Physiology_the Lymphatic System’s main function is to drain the body fluids and return them to the bloodstream. The blood pressure that is caused due to the leakage of fluids from the capillaries result in accumulation of fluids in the interstitial space which lies within spaces between individual cells in the tissues.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


4. Related systems/ how___the Lymphatic System constitutes if organs, ducts and nodes which interact with the blood circulatory systems to drain fluids from cells and tissues._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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5. Pathophysiology_lymphatic disease is a class of disorder that is directly linked with impact on the components of the lymphatic system. Other diseases include Hodgkin's disease which affects the immune system of the body.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


6. Defence and Immune Responses_the Lymphatic system acts as a major part of the body’s defence against infections thereby detecting foreign materials and making use of immune cells that deal with infections. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Medications and contraindications_for lymphatic disease, use of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma immunotherapy drugs is used which acts as immune modulators. Their biggest side effect lie in pushing the body’s immune system thereby making them hard to fight against cancer._For Hodgkin's disease, various combinations of pills are used which are chemotherapy drugs. Its main side effects are nausea, hair los and such. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Degenerative Changes___the system is replaced by the adipose tissues which aim at protecting them body against infections and diseases._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Types of Trauma__the system is subjected to injuries and traumatic experiences which may lead to venous drainage changes and post traumatic lymphatic.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Nursing Interventions and planning services _for lymphatic disease, focus is laid on the use of the right dose of therapeutic immunosuppressive drugs thereby elevating the body temperature with better diagnosis and treatments.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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Immune System

1. AnatomyCells

_the lymphatic system is closely linked with the immune systems which are virtually indistinguishable. They consist of the lymphatic system, the lymphoid tissues, the lymph nodes, thymus and spleen (Moch et al. 2016)._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Physiology_they are comprised o interrelated functions including removal of excess fluids, lymph from the body tissues thereby adsorbing fatty acids to the circulatory system and formation of white blood cells thereby focusing on an initiation of immunity._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


4. Related systems/ how___they closely work with the circulatory system for their transportation needs and the lymphatic system for production of lymphocytes.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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5. PathophysiologyAsthma and allergies are involved with the immune system.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Defence and Immune Responses_the immune system protects the organisms from infection within layered defences of increasing specificity. When a pathogen breaches the barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate and non specific responce._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Medications and contraindications___short acting beta agonists act as effective medication for asthma. However the inhale steroids can lead to hoarseness._For allergies, cetrizine acts as an effective medication. Their overdose may however lead to drowsiness, nausea and such.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Degenerative Changes__the immune systems in patient arte related to age related macular degradation thereby changing the genetics and molecular changes in the mitochondoira.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Types of Trauma

__they include injuries and infections within the body thereby causing increased blood inflammation and emotional and physical stress.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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10. Nursing Interventions and planning services _providing aid to a patient experiencing asthma includes assessing their respiratory status by monitoring the severity of the symptoms and assessing their breathing sounds.For allergies, the patient ate are given a positive skin test to natural lubber latex thereby identifying their symptoms and giving medications accordingly. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Respiratory System

1. Anatomy

Upper Respiratory tract_it includes the nose and nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, the pharynx and positions of larynx above the vocal cords (Aspelund, Robciuc, Karaman, Makinen, & Alitalo, 2016)._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Lower Respiratory tract_they include the portion of the larynx below the vocal folds, trachea, bronchi and the bronchioles._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Physiology___they are a vital organ of the human body which makes sure that the oxygen enters into the body and leaves carbon dioxide, it follows the pathway for the air from the nose to the lungs._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



4. Related systems/ how___the circulatory and respiratory systems work together and circulate blood and oxygen throughout the body._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Pathophysiology___respiratory disease and respiratory failures are the main diseases that lie within this system which causes blockage in the respiratory tract and creates problems in breathing.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Defence and Immune ResponsesThe inhaled pollutants impact upon the airway innate immune responses thereby causing viral infections. These effects particularly underline the enhanced susceptibility to viral respiratory infections.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Medications and contraindications___for respiratory disease, a mast cell stabilizer is used named Mometasone furoate Nedocromil. For respiratory failures, medications include using nitrates, Xanthine Derivatives and such. Their biggest side effect includes a slow progression on the breathing conditions and control which takes a lot of time.

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8. Degenerative Changes_the effects of aging on the respiratory system are similar to that of other organs which reduces their functions slowly. Thereby causing a homogeneous degeneration of the elastic fibres.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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9. Types of Trauma__a pulmonary contusion leads to bruises in the longs thereby causing physical trauma such as chest pain and chest trauma.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


10. Nursing Interventions and planning services _for respiratory disease, several care programs are followed which provide an aggressive and supportive care using intubation and mechanical ventilation. For respiratory failures, focus is laid on a tremendous impact in developing the efficiency of the patient’s respiration and ventilation thereby increasing the chances of recovery of the patients._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Digestive System

1. AnatomyThe digestive system breaks food down into basic nutrients for the usage of the body. The digestive tract is a long muscular tube that extends from the mouth through the stomach and intestines to the anus.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Physiology_the organs in the alimentary canal include mouth, oesophagus, stomach and intestines which passes through the body (Chondronikola et al. 2017).______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



4. Related systems/ how__digestive system works closely with the circulatory system to absorb nutrients and distribute them throughout the body.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. PathophysiologyGastroesophageal Reflux Disease occurs when the stomach acid frequently flows back into the tube that connects the mouth and stomach.The Celiac Disease is a serious autoimmune disorder that occurs in genetically predisposed people where the ingestion of gluten results in damages to the small intestines.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Defence and Immune Responses__they follow an immune dynamics which involves recognition of a specific antigen and are responsive by lymphocytes thereby providing defence against invading pathogens.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Medications and contraindicationsFor the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, use of certain antacids help to reduce acid production. However its overuse may lead to diarrhea and other internal digestive problems.For Celiac Disease, certain steroids are used which help to heal the intestine. However, its overuse may lead to itchiness, blistering skin rashes and such. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Degenerative Changes__changes in bower movements with old age followed by several digestive


disorders.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Types of Trauma___when microbes enter into the gut nervous systems, the trauma may lead to stress and indigestion.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Nursing Interventions and planning services For Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, focus is led to prevent recurrent esophagitis or other complications within the patient followed by lifestyle modifications, control of gastric acid secretions using medical therapies and such._For Celiac Disease, focus is led on a gluten free diet thereby examining the risks and deficits within the patient duly._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Urinary System

1. Anatomy__the unitary system consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. They are responsible to filter and eliminate wastes form the body thereby maintaining a homeostasis of water, pH, blood pressure and such.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Physiology_the system is a group of organs in the body that are concerned with filtering out excess fluid and other substances from the bloodstream. The substances that are filtered from the body are in the form of urine which is produced by kidneys, get collected in the bladder and excreted through the urethra._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


4. Related systems/ howThe urinary system constitute of the kidneys,ureters, bladder and urethra. Their main puspose is to eliminate wastes from the body thereby regulating blood volume and blood presuure.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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5. Pathophysiology

____bladder cancer and chronic kidney disease are the main diseases of this system. Bladder cancer causes the blood to collect in the urine which leads to a cancer form.Chronic kidney disease is the gradual loss of kidney functions over a particular period of time. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Defence and Immune Responses_by following an innate immune defence against pathogens by trapping them and acting as an effective immunity response to the disease.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Medications and contraindications__to treat bladder cancer, chemotherapy is carried out whose main side effects include hair losses, loss of appetite and vomiting and in most severe cases can even lead to kidney damage._ chronic kidney disease requires usage of common adverse drugs including ACE inhibitors. Their biggest impact is headache, nausea, skin rashes and kidney dysfunction. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Degenerative ChangesPregnancy reduces degenerative changes within the reproductive system thereby causing an autonomic intervention of the female reproductive tarct._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Types of TraumaThey include urinary and genital trauma, urology and such.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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10. Nursing Interventions and planning services The patient is given a BCG treatment which leads to cancer progresses thereby treating their invasive bladder cancer.In case of chronic kidney disease, focus is laid on a nursing assessment to maintain a fluid balance thereby the monitoring laboratory results._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Reproductive System

1. Anatomy_the human reproduction system functions to produce human offspring’s with the male sperm and female ovum joining together. They are a set of organs that work together o produce offspring thereby emphasising ion the non living substances such as fluids, hormones, pheromones and such.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Physiology__the female reproduction system is composed of the internal and external sex organs which function in reproduction of the new offspring, this systems is mature at birth and develops into maturity at puberty which then becomes able to produce gametes and carry a fetus to full term. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



4. Related systems/ howThe reproductive system is linked with the endocrine system that secretes hormones into blood and other body fluids. The reproductive hormones affect the development of the nervous system. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. PathophysiologyOvarian cancer is a type of cancer which begins with the ovaries and leads to various changes within the female body both internally and externally. Cervical cancer is another type of cancer that arises form the cervix and spreads to other body parts thereby causing human papillomavirus infection (HPV)._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Defence and Immune Responses___the immune system in the reductive tract requires a demanding task of providing a protective environment for a fetal allograft which confers protection against potential pathogens._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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7. Medications and contraindications____Chemotheraphy for ovarian cancer act as an effective medication followed by providing a combination of drugs to treat the initial stage of the disease. It however causes physical, emotional and psychological side effects thereby weakening the healthy cells of the body._Medications of cervical cancer include radiation, chemotherapy and surgeries. It however lowers down the ability to have children in future for women.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Degenerative Changes___degenerative alteration within the reproductive organs leads to female schistosomes in relation to changes in egg laying rate.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Types of Trauma__gynologic trauma includes injury within the female genital areas internally which hampers their normal day to day activites (Bahmanpour et al. 2015).______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Nursing Interventions and planning services For ovarian cancer, the patients are given standard treatments thereby debulking surgery combined with platinum chemotherapy drugs to prolong the survival of the patients._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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€¦ · web viewcells and tissues. anatomy. cells are considered as one of the basic structural,...

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