Biology Practice for EOC #11. Scientists have discovered a large number of frogs with various mutations in ponds near agricultural fields. Which investigation will best test the scientists’ hypothesis that the cause of the mutations is from fertilizer runoff used on crops in nearby fields?

A compare the number of mutated frogs with the number of unaffected frogsB record the pH and temperature of the pond water and compare with the amount of fertilizer added to the fieldsC determine when the first mutations occurred and how many generations have been affected there afterD test frogs in ponds with fertilizer against frogs in ponds without fertilizer

2. Which procedure will best measure the amount of growth of a plant after adding fertilizer to the soil?A compare the color of the plant before and after adding fertilizerB compare the amount of sun exposure before and after adding fertilizerC compare the mass of the plant before and after adding fertilizerD compare the weight of the soil before and after adding fertilizer

3. Over time, differences in the frequencies of particular traits in a frog population led to the development of a new frog species. This happened when the frog population:A became geographically isolated.B migrated over winter months.C consumed a new food source.D inhabited a large territory.

4.The graph shows the number of producer species in four different locations.

Which location would be least affected by the introduction of a non-native herbivore?A Location 1B Location 2C Location 3D Location 4

5. Which macromolecule group is responsible for storing and transmitting geneticinformation?A carbohydrateB lipidC nucleic acidD protein

6. Two heterozygous pea plants are crossed. Which percentage of their offspring is expected to display a recessive phenotype?A 0%B 25%C 50%D 75%

7.Two energy transformation processes that occur in living cells are represented.

Which statements correctly describe the two processes?

A I. Sunlight energy is converted into the chemical energy found in glucose.II. Energy from glucose is used to produce high-energy bonds in ATP.

B I. Energy from glucose is used to produce high-energy bonds in ATP.II. Sunlight energy is converted into the chemical energy found in glucose.

C I. Energy from ATP is used to produce a high-energy molecule of glucose.II. Energy from the sun is converted into high-energy bonds in ATP.

D I. Energy from the sun is converted into high-energy bonds in ATP.II. Energy from ATP is used to produce a high-energy molecule of glucose.

8. The general trend graph below represents the changes in the deer population on an island over time.

Which best explains the decrease in the number of deer from 1925 to 1940?

A decreased number of predatorsB decreased number of competitorsC decreased number of parasitesD decreased number of producers

9. A student studies an inheritance shown in the pedigree. The shaded figures represent organisms that display the inherited trait.

Which conclusion is most likely supported based on the information in the pedigree?

A The trait is dominant, and the female parent is homozygous.B The trait is dominant, and the male parent is heterozygous.C The trait is recessive, and the female parent is homozygous.D The trait is recessive, and the male parent is heterozygous.

10. Researchers have discovered that the Paris japonica plant, a rare native plant in Japan, has the largest recorded genome.

It is more than 50 times larger than the human genome. This is a problem for the plant, because it takes a long time for a cell to copy its entire DNA and divide. In comparison, many desert plants have a small genome and can quickly complete their life cycle after it rains, while environmental conditions are favorable. Due to Paris japonica having a very large genome, what would most likely occur to the plant species if its environment were rapidly altered?

A The plants will cross-pollinate with more native plant species.B The plants will be at a greater risk of extinction.C The plants will manipulate their genes to adapt to a variety of habitats.D The plants will be able to grow in a wide range of extreme environmental conditions.

11. What is the most likely outcome of an increase in the rate of sediment formation and deposition in a lake ecosystem over time?

A a shift in fish species requiring high levels of dissolved oxygenB an increase in the amounts of floating water plants and algaeC a successional shift in the lake becoming a field or grasslandD an increase in the oxygen content of the water from additional sediments

12.Which cellular structure is present in all prokaryotic cells?

A endoplasmic reticulumB plasma membraneC chloroplastD lysosome

13.Energy is used by the cell to produce the illustrated change.

Because energy is spent, the illustrated change is classified as

A osmosis.B facilitated diffusion.C active transport.D passive transport.

14.Cystic fibrosis is a recessive, single-gene genetic disorder that affects mainly lung cells. It produces abnormally thick mucus, making breathing very difficult. Which best explains how this disorder is passed on to offspring?

A Both parents must express the disease.B Both parents must be carriers of the allele.C The allele must be carried on the Y-chromosome.D The allele must be carried on the X-chromosome.

15.Which organelle increases the plant cell size and surface area to increase the absorption of ions?

A mitochondrionB lysosomeC vacuoleD nucleus

16.Purple martins fly very long distances to reach their nesting grounds in North America. The birds’ bodies perform aerobic respiration to provide them with energy. Why is aerobic respiration necessary for these birds?

A Only small amounts of oxygen are needed to expend energy.B Only sugar is required to produce the necessary energy.C Large amounts of carbohydrates are needed for energy storage.D Large amounts of energy are required.

17. A team of engineers built a wind turbine using the following steps:

1. research turbines that currently exist2. brainstorm ideas on a new design of the turbine3. design the blades, body, and tail of the turbine4. produce a workable prototype of the turbineWhen finished, the prototype did not spin correctly. The engineers determined that the turbine blades were too small for the body. Which step in the design process needs to be corrected?

A Step 1B Step 2C Step 3D Step 4

18. Which cell organelle is correctly matched to its function?

A vacuole – stores materialsB mitochondrion – transports materialsC Golgi apparatus – supports cell shapeD ribosome – converts energy

19.Which substance should a student use to test for the presence of lipids?

A Lugol’s iodineB Sudan IIIC biuret reagentD Benedict’s solution

20.Researchers use differences in amino acid sequences to determine:

A the environment in which an organism lives.B the rate of mutation during protein synthesis.C the genetic relatedness among species.D the adaptive traits that species have acquired.

21.A student makes a chart to compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Which statement should be listed on both sides of the chart?

A synthesizes ATPB occurs in mitochondriaC requires oxygen to occurD requires sunlight to occur

22.Which pair of trees is most closely related?

A Sabal mexicana and Prunus mexicanaB Fraxinus americana and Cornus floridaC Acer floridanum and Acer rubrumD Juglans nigra and Salix nigra

23.Scientists can use DNA sequences to identify potential health risks such as susceptibility to certain cancers in individuals. What would be an ethical concern associated with this biotechnology?

A medical insurance companies denying certain individuals insurance due to their DNA profilesB pharmaceutical companies initiating research for individuals with genetic susceptibility to certain diseasesC fear of increased lawsuits against medical practitioners using genetic profiles in prescribing treatmentsD prescribing medicines and early administration of treatments on individuals with certain DNA profiles

24.A student conducted a controlled experiment to determine the optimal temperature for an enzyme to work effectively in a reaction.

The student repeated the experiment several times. She concluded that the optimal temperature was 37°C with a large decrease in activity after 40°C as the enzyme broke down. Which best explains why this student’s conclusion is free from bias?

A The conclusion suggests another possible experiment.B The conclusion incorporates the opinions of the researcher.C The conclusion involves a graph of the data collected.D The conclusion is based on results from a controlled experiment.

25.Which is an accurate statement regarding cell growth and reproduction?

A Cells must triple in size before they divide.B Cells divide once and then stop growing in size.C Cell division occurs continuously regardless of size.D Cell division is triggered when cells reach a certain size.

26.A student created this diagram to provide a general overview of a cellular process.

Which cellular process is represented in the diagram?

A respirationB cytokinesisC chemosynthesisD photosynthesis

27.Which process is responsible for synthesizing new strands of DNA from a supply ofnucleotides in the nucleus?A replicationB translationC respirationD transcription

28.Plant productivity in an ecosystem will increase when:

A oxygen is added to the leaves.B nitrogenous compounds are added to the soil.C oxygen is released in large quantities from the stomata.D carbohydrates enter the plant from the air.

29.An energy-flow diagram is shown.

Which statement most accurately describes this diagram?

A Heat is maintained and recycled within the system.B Waste products are only produced by the decomposers.C Decomposers directly flow the energy to producers and consumers.D Solar energy is required for the system to function.

30. A student wanted to investigate how an increase of a particular nutrient would affect the biodiversity of an area. She planted 100 plants each of three species in five equally sized tracts of land. To each tract of land, she added increasing amounts of the nutrient. Her data are shown below:

Which of these best describes the relationship between the amount of nutrient and the biodiversity of the habitat?A As the amount of nutrient increased, the biodiversity of the habitat increased.B As the amount of nutrient increased, the biodiversity of the habitat decreased.C As the amount of nutrient increased, the biodiversity of the habitat remained the same.D There is no relationship between the amount of nutrient and the biodiversity of the habitat.

31.A biology class was investigating how paramecia respond to different light intensities. The class formulated the following question: How does light affect the movement of a paramecium?What is the next step the class should take to answer the question?A record observationsB analyze dataC design an experimentD draw a conclusion

32.This setup involves a system of transport that does not use energy.

Larger solutes cannot pass through the membrane. Which diagram best represents the end result of the system setup?

A B C D

33. When two plants were crossed, the offspring showed a wide range of traits not visible in the parents. Which process is responsible for producing such genetic variability within the offspring?A mitosisB meiosisC replicationD transcription

34. Light energy is transformed into chemical energy during:A anaerobic respiration.B cellular respiration.C photosynthesis.D chemosynthesis.

35.The diagram represents the carbon cycle.

Which numbered process could function in removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?A 1B 2C 3D 4

36. A scientist studied a pond ecosystem to understand why a frog population had disappeared from that area. The scientist discovered that certain organisms had decreased dramatically over a two-month period. The decrease of which organisms most likely led to the extinction of the frog species in that ecosystem?A fish and ducksB snakes and birdsC bacteria and snailsD zooplankton and grasshoppers

37. Which type of cellular reproduction produces daughter cells with one-half the number of chromosomes found in the parent cell?A mitosisB meiosisC graftingD budding

38. Once the cell completes the process of synthesizing the protein, to which organelle is the protein sent for modification and packaging?A the nucleusB a ribosomeC a mitochondrionD the Golgi apparatus

39. Scientists evaluated four new pesticides for agricultural use. Their initial test results are shown in the table.

Based on the initial results of cost to benefit, which pesticide should be chosen for further evaluation?A Pesticide 1 because the average increase in yield is greatestB Pesticide 2 because it stays active in the soil for monthsC Pesticide 3 because the yield-to-cost ratio is greatestD Pesticide 4 because it remains in the water for months

40. Southeast Asian coral reefs have the highest levels of biodiversity among the world’s marine ecosystems. Dynamite fishing is the practice of using explosives to stun or kill large schools of fish. However, it is very destructive to the surrounding ecosystems, such as the coral reefs. What will most likely happen if the practice of dynamite fishing continues and intensifies over time?A decrease in many species living in the coral reefsB increase in biodiversity as the coral reefs are replaced by other habitatsC decrease in water salinity as the coral reef fragments dissolveD increase in other marine species as more habitats become available

41. Researchers have found a 245-base-pair sequence in the DNA of E. coli bacteria which binds to an initiator protein to begin DNA replication. What occurs first after binding?

A Hydrogen bonds between bases begin to break.B Phosphates are ejected from the DNA molecule.C Complementary bases are added to the DNA molecule.D DNA sugars are broken down to release chemical energy.

42. Thomas Malthus (1766 – 1834) wrote an essay that included the idea that if a population grows too large, the environment will no longer be able to support that population. Which statement also supports Malthus’s idea?

A Asexual reproduction ensures a high level of biodiversity in a population.B The amount of available energy in an environment determines its carrying capacity.C Environmental conditions determine genetic variation within individuals in a population.D Consumers dictate the amount of energy available at the producer level in a population.

43. The diagram illustrates a series of cell divisions in a pig.

Cell X represents aA red blood cell.B neuron.C sperm cell.D striated muscle.

44. An early sign that a eukaryotic cell is undergoing cell reproduction is when the:A cell engulfs foreign material.B plasma membrane begins to thin.C cell chemically bonds with a coenzyme.D replication of genetic material occurs in the nucleus.

45. A decrease in nitrifying bacteria in an ecosystem will cause a reduction in the ecosystem’s herbivore population by:A allowing herbivores to better digest cellulose.B causing plants eaten by herbivores to produce toxins.C reducing the availability of plants eaten by herbivores.D increasing the acidity of the water the herbivores drink.

46. The bar graph shown represents the energy content of the trophic levels found in a forest ecosystem.

Which bar represents primary consumers?A WB XC YD Z

47.The graph represents a reaction before and after the addition of an enzyme.

According to the graph, the addition of the enzyme

A lowered the overall energy change in the reaction.B decreased the amount of product produced.C increased the potential energy of the products.D lowered the activation energy needed to speed up the reaction.

48. In guinea pigs, black fur color is dominant to white fur color. If a homozygous dominant guinea pig is crossed with a heterozygous guinea pig, what percentage of the offspring will be white?A 0%B 25%C 50%D 100%

49. The osprey is one of the largest birds of prey in North America. Its diet consists almost exclusively of fish. Feeding on fish species that bask or feed near the surface of the water reduces competition from other raptors.

The osprey has a reversible fourth toe, allowing it to position two toes forward and two toes backwards. Also, the undersides of an osprey’s feet are covered in spiny spicules or barbs.Which best explains the function of these adaptations?A acts as a defense against other birds of preyB supports the weight of the bird when nestingC helps keep their prey from wriggling freeD protects the osprey’s feet when diving into the water

50. Which cellular process will directly use the information contained in a strand of DNA?A protein synthesisB active transportC cytokinesisD respiration

51. The diagram represents some feeding relationships in the African savanna.

What would most likely happen to the herbivore population if the primary producers in the food web were destroyed?

A The herbivores would become meat eaters.B The herbivore population would decrease, resulting in a decrease in other organisms.C The herbivores would begin to make their own energy through cellular processes.D The herbivore population would quickly become extinct while the carnivores would survive.

52. The structure shown represents a macromolecule.

The presence of which element indicates that this molecule should be classified as a protein rather than a lipid?A oxygenB hydrogenC carbonD nitrogen

53. Students are setting up an investigation to compare the mass of pepper plants grown with different types of fertilizers. Which tool or tools should be used to measure the mass of each pepper plant so that an accurate change in mass is calculated?A different balances to compare measurementsB the same digital balance for each measurementC spring scales that measure in micro unitsD recently calibrated dial-spring scale

54. Students measured the mass of potato slices and placed them in solutions with different sugar concentrations. Twenty-four hours later, students removed the slices and determined their final mass. Students calculated an average percent change for each set of potato slices. Their data are shown in the line graph below.

According to the graph, which concentration of sugar caused the potato slices to lose the highest percentage of mass?A 2 MB 4 MC 6 MD 8 M

55. One role of tRNA during the translation phase of protein synthesis is to:A transfer mRNA to tRNA.B transfer DNA to mRNA.C transport nucleotides out of the nucleus.D transport amino acids to the ribosome.