Neurobiology of Consciousness Homework 81. On the image below, indicate: Somatosensory cortex, Primary motor area, Premotor/Supplementary motor area, lateral PFC, Broca’s area

2. On the image below, indicate: Somatosensory cortex, Primary motor area, Premotor area, lateral PFC, ventromedial PFC, Cingulate gyrus, Corpus callosum

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Neurobiology of Consciousness Homework 8Problem 3. Indicate activity of each colored cortical region, as well as posterior cortex and cerebellum during the three different states of consciousness: awake, slow-wave deep sleep, and REM sleep. Use vertical lines to indicate high activation and horizontal lines to indicate low activation. For active regions, describe what experience the neurons in the region are encoding.CORTICAL ACTIVATION LEVELS IN AWAKE STATE:

CORTICAL ACTIVATION LEVELS IN DEEP SLOW-WAVE SLEEP:

CORTICAL ACTIVATION LEVELS IN REM SLEEP:

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Neurobiology of Consciousness Homework 8Problem 4. As we have discussed, the frontal cortex is the “DOER,” it controls the timing of neuronal firing: it schedules movement routines and thoughts in time. Please provide examples of a few movement routines that are scheduled by the frontal lobe. Where are the neurons that encode those movement routines located?

Problem 5. What is the approximate size of the PFC in humans in proportion to the rest of the cortex?in chimpanzees?in macaque monkeys?in dogs?in cats?

Problem 6. Name at least 6 functions of the PFC in humans.

Problem 7. What are the two main parts of the PFC in humans? What are their roles?

Are the same two parts identified in chimpanzees?in macaque monkeys?in dogs?in cats?

Problem 8. Can a patient with significant bilateral damage to his/her lateral PFC sparing all Broca’s area do the following:Recognize that the face in the picture is familiar Yes / NoCan tell a difference between an eatable object and not-eatable (a piece of banana and a pebble) Yes / NoCan talk Yes / NoCan write or tell a good novel fictional story Yes / NoCan explain what they want to eat Yes / NoCan understand a complex story like a fairy tale read aloud Yes / NoCan do drawing, coloring, art Yes / NoCan draw a VARIETY of recognizable images (objects, people, animals, etc.) Yes / NoCan draw a NOVEL image following YOUR description ( e.g. a three-headed horse) Yes / NoDisplay interest in sex Yes / NoCan inhibit his/her interest in sex Yes / No

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Neurobiology of Consciousness Homework 8Understands sentences describing combinations of two or more objects (“a cat ate a mouse” vs. “a mouse ate a cat”) Yes / NoUnderstands temporal relationship in sentences, e.g. “Touch your nose after you touch your ear.” Yes / NoUnderstands spatial prepositions (i.e. put the apple on top of the box vs. inside the box vs. behind the box) Y / NCan multiply 3 x 4 ? Yes / NoCan multiply 10 x 10 ? Yes / NoCan multiply 23 x 14 ? Yes / NoCan multiply 130 x 145 ? Yes / NoCan solve crossword puzzles? Yes / No

Problem 9. During a REM-sleep dreams:Can you perceive yourself standing? Yes / NoCan you perceive yourself walking? Yes / NoCan you perceive yourself running? Yes / NoCan you physically stand? Yes / NoCan you physically walk? Yes / NoCan you physically run? Yes / No

Why you cannot introspect during a dream?

Problem 10. Write an example of working memory:

Does working memory depend on hippocampus?Does working memory depend on posterior cortex?Does working memory depend on PFC?

Explain neurological model of working memory in one sentence:

Write an example of short-term memory:

Does short-term memory depend on hippocampus?Does short-term memory depend on posterior cortex?Does short-term memory depend on PFC?

Explain neurological model of short-term memory in one sentence:

What is the molecular mechanism of short-term memory? (if you don’t remember go to “Short-term mechanisms of regulation of the synaptic strength slide in the Lecture 2)

Write an example of intermediate-term memory:

Does intermediate-term memory depend on hippocampus?Does intermediate-term memory depend on posterior cortex?Does intermediate-term memory depend on PFC?

Explain neurological model of short-term memory in one sentence:4

Neurobiology of Consciousness Homework 8

Write an example of long-term memory:

Does long-term memory depend on hippocampus?Does long-term memory depend on posterior cortex?Does long-term memory depend on PFC?

Explain neurological model of short-term memory in one sentence:

Problem 11. A monkey is performing a delayed matching-to-sample experiment. You are recording from the brain. You are looking for neurons that fire only during the delay period. Please list several areas in the brain where you are likely to find such neurons?

Problem 12. Describe in your own words the inhibitory role of the PFC. Provide examples.

Problem 13. Name at least 5 psychological or behavioral tests that could detect the PFC damage in humans.

Problem 14. You are doing fMRI on a normal subject and giving the subject progressively more difficult arithmetical tasks starting with multiplication table and ending with mental multiplication of three digit numbers. Discuss changes in cortical activity.

Problem 15. During human evolution over the last 6 million years the brain tripled in size, but different brain areas have scaled up differently. Provide examples of brain areas that scaled up more than others, less than others.

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Neurobiology of Consciousness Homework 8Problem 16. What animals are the main predators of monkeys?

Problem 17. What is the neurological reason that all animals perceive moving objects better than motionless objects?

Problem 18. What are the benefits of centrally positioned eyes?

Problem 19. How many different types of color receptors do dogs have? cats? birds? reptiles? monkeys? apes?humans?

Problem 20. Were there any good outcomes from prefrontal lobotomy? if so in what conditions?

Problem 21. What was a common downside of lobotomy?

Problem 22. In what tasks would you expect to see a deficit in prefrontal lobotomy patient?A. Remembering the location of the restroom is in a new apartmentB. Recognizing his wifeC. Multiplying numbers under 10D. Visualizing his wife’s faceE. Playing chess

_________________________Notes: for AV -when discussing Problem 1 in class, project brain illustrations from Problem 2: good examples for Problem 4 include computer typing, dancing, writing letters of a word

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