1. Nick is keen on exercising.

He is using an exercise cycle.

(a) (i) When Nick cycles, his muscles use oxygen for respiration.

Finish the word equation for this type of respiration.

oxygen + ………………… → carbon dioxide + …………………… + energy[2]

(ii) When Nick cycles faster, he finds that his muscles start to hurt.

Nick knows that the pain is caused by lactic acid.

Why is lactic acid produced in Nick’s muscles when he cycles fast?

...............................................................................................................[1]

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(b) Nick looks in a book about exercise.

The book has a graph.

It shows the lactic acid levels in three different cyclists when they cycle at different speeds.

10

2345678

3 7 11 15 19 23 27 31 35 39 43

cyclist A cyclist B cyclist C

lactic acidlevels in

m M per litre

cycling speed in km per hour

level of lactic acid thatm akes m uscles hur t

Put a tick ( ) next to the only conclusion that cannot be made from the graph.

Cyclist C is healthier than cyclist A.

Cyclist C can cycle faster than cyclist A without his muscles hurting.

Cyclist C is fitter than cyclist A.

Cyclist B can cycle up to 27 km per hour before his muscles hurt.

At low speeds, the cyclists make very little lactic acid.

[1]

(c) After exercise, lactic acid is transported to an organ in the body for breakdown.

Write down the name of this organ.

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 5 marks]

2. A scientist measured the blood pressure and height of a large number of 9-year-old

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children.

He plotted the children’s diastolic pressure against their height on a graph.

(a) Child X has a blood pressure of 120 / 80.

What does this represent?

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to the correct answer.

a diastolic pressure of 120 and a height of 80

a diastolic pressure of 120 and a systolic pressure of 80

a systolic pressure of 120 and a diastolic pressure of 80

a systolic pressure of 120 and a height of 80

[1]

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(b) Look at the graph.

What does the graph show about the way diastolic blood pressure varies with height?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

(c) The scientist looks at all the children that are 135 cm tall.

He plots their diastolic blood pressure against their weight.

Suggest what pattern the scientist might find.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Low blood pressure and high blood pressure may have different effects on the body.

Write down one effect of each.

Low blood pressure may lead to .................................................................. .

High blood pressure may lead to ................................................................. .[2]

[Total 5 marks]

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3. Roy goes to basketball training.

He finds that many changes take place inside his body.

Pulse rate B reath ing rate increases

Breathes m ore deep ly

Produces sw eat

(a) Roy’s breathing rate increases during the training session.

Explain why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Roy is also breathing more deeply.

Complete these sentences.

When Roy breathes in the volume of his lungs ....................................... . This

means that the air pressure in the lungs ............................................. so that the

air rushes into the lungs.[2]

(c) In Roy.s muscle cells, glucose is converted into lactic acid, releasing a small amount of energy.

(i) Why is only a small amount of energy released?

...............................................................................................................[1]

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(ii) Describe what happens to the lactic acid when Roy stops exercising hard.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[2]

[Total 7 marks]

4. Chris and Sam want to see if they have suitable balanced diets.

They measure their mass and height.

mass in kg height in m

Chris 90 1.85

Sam 50 1.75

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(a) (i) Use the information in the table and the BMI chart to work out whether Chris is underweight, normal, overweight or obese.

heigh tin m

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.90

1.40

1.50

40 50 60 70 80 90 100m assin kg

110

underweight norm al overweigh t

obese

Put a ring around the correct answer.

underweight normal overweight obese[1]

(ii) Sam works out that he is slightly underweight.

How much should he increase his mass by to reach a normal mass?

Use the information in the table and the BMI chart to work out your answer.

answer ..................................................... kg[1]

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(b) Sam’s doctor tells him to eat the recommended daily average intake of protein.

Work out Sam’s recommended daily average intake (RDA).

Use information in the table and the formula:

RDA in g = 0.75 × body mass in kg

answer .....................................................[1]

(c) Sam can increase the amount of protein in his diet by eating more animal products such as meat or plant products such as beans.

Write down one factor that could influence what he eats.

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 4 marks]

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5. The graph shows some information about how survival rates for different cancers have changed from 1975 to 1997.

01974 1982 19941990 19981986

year1978

20

40

60percentage of

patien ts surviv ingfor five years

80

100

colorecta l

prostate

fem ale breast

lung & bronchus

(a) A doctor used the graph to give some information about cancer treatment.

Finish the sentences in the box.

The type of cancer tha t had the h ighest survival rate in

1980 was … … … … … … … … … … …

The greatest im provem ent in surviva l rates over the 22 year

period is in … … … … … … … … … … … cancer.

[2]

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(b) Tumours in the lungs can be either malignant or benign.

How do malignant tumours differ from benign tumours?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

[Total 4 marks]

6. Many diseases in the body are caused by microorganisms.

These microorganisms are called pathogens.

(a) If a pathogen enters a human body, the pathogen is attacked by the immune system.

A number of chemicals are important in this response.

Draw a line from each chemical to its correct meaning.

chem ical meaning

antibody a chem ical on the surface of pathogens

antigen a chem ical re leased by wh ite blood cells

toxin a poisonous chem ica l that is produced by pathogens

[2]

(b) A person can take drugs containing antibiotics to destroy certain pathogens.

Write down one reason why an antibiotic may not be able to destroy a particular pathogen.

.........................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................[1]

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(c) It is important that doctors only give patients antibiotics if they really need them.

Explain how the overuse of antibiotics can produce problems.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................[2]

[Total 5 marks]

7. This is part of a leaflet about malaria.

Protect yourself from malaria

• Malaria is one of the major causes of death worldwide. It is caused by a protozoan called Plasmodium.

• This organism is carried from one human to another by female Anopheles mosquitoes.

• If travelling to a country where there is a risk of catching malaria, there are a number of simple precautions that you can take to try to prevent getting malaria.

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(a) Look at the table.

host parasite vector

A Plasmodium mosquito human

B human mosquito Plasmodium

C human Plasmodium mosquito

Which row in the table correctly describes the relationships mentioned in the leaflet?

Choose from rows A, B or C.

row .........................................................[1]

(b) The leaflet says that people can take ‘simple precautions’ to try to prevent getting malaria.

Suggest one ‘simple precaution’.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Antibiotics cannot be used to cure people who have malaria.

Why is this?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 3 marks]

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8. Jane wears glasses.

This is because she is short-sighted.

Jane reads an article in a newspaper.

It describes a new operation to cure short-sight.

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(a) Several parts of the eye are labelled in the diagram.

Describe the function of the following two parts.

(i) The function of the cornea is ................................................................

...............................................................................................................

(ii) The function of the iris is ......................................................................

...............................................................................................................[2]

(b) Why is the lens replaced in people who are short-sighted?

........................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Write down one other type of surgery that Jane could have to cure her short-sight.

........................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Other people may be red-green colour blind.

What is the cause of this?

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 5 marks]

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9. (a) Look at the diagram of the structure of the eye.

Draw a line from each label and to its correct job.

label job

A react to light

B carry nerve im pulses

C focus ligh t rays

[1]

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(b) The eye can adjust to different light conditions.

Pupil

B right L ight D im Light

Explain why it is important for the eye to adjust to bright light.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[2]

(c) John is 80 years old.

He has problems with eye accommodation.

(i) Describe how the eye accommodates.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Explain why John’s poor eye accommodation could be a problem.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................[2]

[Total 7 marks]

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10. Claudia had a motor-cycle accident and had to have one of her arms removed.

This arm has been replaced by an artificial arm.

Scientists have managed to reconnect Claudia’s nerves to the artificial arm.

Claudia can now control the movement of her artificial arm by thinking about it.

(a) The nerves in Claudia’s healthy arm contain different types of nerve cells (neurones).

Look at the list of neurones.

motor neurone

relay neurone

sensory neurone

Put a ring around the type of neurone that takes signals to Claudia’s muscles.

[1]

(b) Claudia touches a hot object with her artificial arm.

She does not automatically move her arm away.

Suggest why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................[1]

[Total 2 marks]

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