web technologies unit-ii

8/9/2019 Web Technologies Unit-II

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IIMC Prasanth Kumar K

B.Sc (Comp uter Science)

Web Technologies

Unit-II

A. The Internet is a global system of networked computers together with their users

and data. It is a global communication network consisting of thousands of networkstypically interconnected.

1960s Telecommunications:

ARPANET, 1969: In 1969, a network called Advanced Research Projects Agency

Network for the United States Department of Defense. The military created ARPA to

enable researchers to share super-computing power. Initially, only four nodes

comprised the ARPANET. The ARPANET later became known as Internet.


In this decade, the ARPANET was used primarily by the military, some of the larger

companies such as IBM and universities (for email). The general population was not

yet connected to the system. The use of LANs became more prevalent during the

1970s.

UUCP, 1976: AT & T Bell Labs developed UNIX to UNIX CoPy. In 1977, UUCP was

distributed with UNIX.

USENET, 1979: User Network was started by using UUCP to connect Duke

University and the University of North Carolina.


In this decade, Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), a set of rules governing how network making up the ARPANET communicate was established.

For the first time, the term Internet was being used to describe the ARPANET.

CSNET, 1980: The Computer Science Network connected all university computer

science departments in the United States. Computer Science departments were

relatively new and only a limited number existed in 1980. CSNET joined ARPANET in

1981.

BITNE T, 1981: The Because It’s Time Network formed at the City University of New

York and connected to Yale University. Many mailing lists originated with BITNET.

TCP/ IP 1983: The United States Defense Communications Agency required that

TCP/IP be used for all ARPANET hosts. Since TCP/IP was distributed at no charge, the

Internet became what is called an open system.

Internet Work, 1988: The virus called Internet Worm (created by Robert Morris

while he was a computer science graduate student at Cornell University) was

released. It infected 10 percent of all Internet hosts.

1. What is Internet? Explain the history of Inte rnet.



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During the 1990s, lots of commercial organizations started getting online. Graphical

browsing tools were developed and the programming language HTML allowed users

all over the world to publish on WWW.

Gopher, 1991: Gopher allowed the users to fetch files on the Internet using a menu

based system. Gopher is st ill available and accessible through Web Browsers.

World Wide Web, 1991: The World Wide Web was created by Tim Beerners Lee as

a simple way to publish information and make it available on the Internet. It became

available to the public in 1992.

Mosaic, 1993: Mosaic, a graphical browser for the Web. It was first released under

Windows and graphical UNIX.

Netscape communications, 1994: Netscape released a browser called Netscape

Navigator, a web browser that captured the imagination of everyone who used it.

Yahoo, 1994: Stanford University students David Filo and Jerry Yang developed

their Internet search engine and directory called Yahoo which is now world famous.

Java, 1995: The internet programming language, Java was released by Sun

Microsystems. This language was originally called Oak which allowed programmers to

develop Web pages that were more interactive.

Microsoft discovers the Internet, 1995: The software giant Microsoft developed

its browser, Internet Explorer.

Google indexes over 1.3 Bill ion Web Pages, 2001: The search engine Google

has a huge index of more than 1.3 billion Web Pages.

A. Netwo rk Benefits: The following are the benefits of networks in general.

Provide Convenience: Computers on a network can back up their files over the

network.

Allow Sharing: Networked computers can share resources such as disks and printers.

Facilitate communication: Sending and receiving email, transferring files and

videoconferencing are examples of how networks promote communicat ion.

Generate Savings: Networked computers can provide more computing for less

money. Several small computers connected on a network can provide as much as or

more computing power than a singe computer. Also, since resources can be shared,

not everyone needs their own peripherals which can result in a substantial cost

savings.

Provide Reliability: If one part of a network is down, useful work may still possible

using a different network path.

Simplify scalability: It is relatively easy to add more computers to an existing

network.

Interconnected Networks and Communication: The internet is essentially a

network of networks and its success depends upon cooperation. Since no one

person, organization or government is responsible for the Internet, cooperation

among the networks and computers that compose the Internet is paramount. This is

2. Explain the way Internet Wo rks.



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accomplished by a common set of protocols. The protocol that determines how

computers connect, send and receive information on Transmission Control

Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). TCP/IP consists of about 100 different protocols

and new ones are developed and added regularly.

TCP/IP has been described as the language of the Internet. TCP/IP allows

many different kinds of computers from personal computers to mainframes to

exchange information.

If TCP/IP software is installed in the computer, then the information to be

sent is split into IP Packets The advantages of packets are as follows:

Error Recovery: If a packet gets corrupted, only that packet needs to be resent, not

the entire message.

Load Distribution: If one area of the network is congested, packets can be rerouted

to less busy areas.

Flexibility: If the network experiences failure or disruption in one locale, packets can

be rerouted.

In addition to the message pieces, each packet of data also contains information

about the computer that sent it, the computer it is being sent to, a sequence

number indicating where the packet fits in the overall message and error checking

information to ensure that packet is not corrupted while in transit. The packets are

reassembled after being received at the destination computer.

A message is sent from the destination computer to the sending computer to

resend any missing or corrupted packets. This method of packet switching does not

require the packets to be sent in sequential order.

Physical Components

In addition to various software protocols, Internet includes a host of physical

components as well:

· Servers

· Routers

· Communication Media

Server: Servers are the computers that answers the requests for services, such as

list servers, mail servers, & news servers.



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Router: Routers are the special-purpose computers that direct data packets along

the network. Routers can detect whether the part of the network is down or

congested and can then reroute traffic just like a traffic cop.

Communication Media: Communication media provides means to transport

packets of information like:

· Copper Wires – transmit messages as electrical impulses.

· Fiber Optic Cables – uses light waves to transmit messages.

· Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared Light & Visible Light – all carry messagesthrough air.

Netwo rk Connections:

Connecting to the Internet from homes generally requires the use of a m odem and

a r e g u l ar t e le p h o n e l i n e ( co p p e r w i r e ) to connect to an Internet Service

Provider (ISP).

A second modem at the ISP’s end completes the connection and slower the two

modem speeds determines the maximum connect ion speed, usually 56 kbps.

Modem (Modulator – Demodulator), is a device needed to convert data from

digital to analog and analog to digital.

Business, organization, network typically uses Ne t w o r k I n t e r f a c e Ca r d s ( N I C )

instead of modems. These systems have a higher speed connection, usually 56

kbps or better, to their ISPs. Such connections are usually leased from the

telephone company.

Another option is an I n t e g r a t e d Se r v i ce s D ig i t a l N et w o r k ( I SD N ) which is

slightly more expensive but uses regular telephone lines and replaces modems w ith

special adaptors upto five times faster than traditional modems.

Sender’s Computer.

Client – Se rver Model

The client – server model consists of two parts:

· Client, that request for some service

· Server, that serves the client for any request.



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The client makes a request to the server for any information or resources over

network by sending a request message.

Then the server serves the client on his request by providing the required

information or resources.

IP Ad dresses

Each computer connected over a network must have a unique name or address to

be identified uniquely. Computers are best suited to manipulate numbers, thus

every computer is assigned a numeric address, c alled I P Add ress .

An IP Address is a 32 bit or four byte address, each byte separated by a dot. One

byte represent a number from 0 (00000000) to 255 (11111111).

Each IP Address consists of a network component and a Host Component.

IP Address plays an important role in the routing of packets over the Internet.

Source and Destination IP Addresses are included in each packet. In essence, the

address provides direction on where the packets should go.

A central authority manages IP Addresses; otherwise conflicts might arise.

The Network Information Center (NIC) is in charge of assigning IP Addresses.

IP Addresses are 32 – bit numbers, whereas Domain Names are easy – to –

remember symbolic strings.

A program called a Reso lver takes care of the translation i.e., conversion of a

symbolic name into its c orresponding IP Address.

Types of IP Add resses:

Static IP A ddress.

A permanently assigned IP Address, one that is given to a computer or routerconnected to the Internet is called a s ta t i c I P add ress .

Dynamic IP A ddress.

If one is connected to the Internet through an ISP, then typically each time the

user connects, he will be assigned a different IP address, called a d y n a m i c I P

add ress, from the ISPs pool of IP addresses.



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A. Internet Congestio n

The number of users and their demands continue to grow almost without bound,

causing the congestion on the Internet.

Once a user get a network connection, the factor limiting how quickly one can viewWeb Pages often becomes the speed with which the computer renders the pages.

The computer speed depends on a complex balance of CPU speed, bus speed,

memory quantity, disc speed, and so on.

The slowest link speed involved in a connection determines the overall level of

performance.

A. “World Wide Wait” refers to the ever – increasing delays experienced when

trying to access information on the Internet. The literal translation of this phrase is “wait in the world network”.

With the advent of the WWW and the development of graphical browsers came a

surge of interest in the Internet. This increase in the number of Internet users,

coupled with the accompanying requests for Web Pages containing elaborate in –

line images, sound, and video clips, has degraded the speed of the Internet to the

point where the Information Superhighway sometimes appear to have a traffic jam.

A. Internet has emerged from being a research medium to one that includes

advertising, commerce, and forums for exchanging ideas on a nearly infinite set of subjects.

Critical Eva luat ion of In formation

Since the Internet is not regulated for content, anything and everything can be

found on the Web. To find valuable information, one needs to go through several

Web pages, and separate the useful from the useless, the valid from the invalid

information.

To evaluate the valuable information, one must consider several issues as

mentioned below:

· Who wrote the information? – Was the person who wrote the materialknowledgeable and careful? Was he aware of what others have written? Can

he be trusted?

· Is the writing quality high? – A document riddled with types is more

likely to have inaccurate content than carefully created Web page.

· Is the document up – to – date? – Try to determine whether the

information is current or up – to – date.

3. What is Internet Congestion?

4. Explain W orld Wide Wait P roblem.

5. Explain about Internet Culture.



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· Are there obvious errors in the content? – For example, if the user

knows that the same of baseball requires 9 players on a team and the

document says it only requires 6 players, be varying.

Freedom of Exp ression

The Internet facilitates the interchange of ideas. Anyone with an Internet

connection can express their views globally. This also allows small groups of people

with something in common to share their views.

Internet provides the facility of personal expression, but it is not necessary that

everything and anything should be published. For example, some people find the

availability of offensive material like articles encouraging violence (such as

encouraging terrorism).

Unfortunately, some people lose sight of all the great benefits that the Internet

provides:

· More educational opportunities

· Sharing of research ideas and information.

· Convenience of performing many functions, such as banking and shopping

on – line.

· Opportunity for entertainment like playing games, listening to music.

· World Wide discussion forums to promote solutions to global problems.

Communication Mechanism

People from all over the world can exchange ideas via email, Internet Relay Chat

(IRC), Instant Messaging, Mailing Lists, newsgroups, and so on. Since there are no

facial expressions, voice inflections, or body language to convey or interpret these

communications, users must avoid ambiguity or misunderstanding by either

spelling things out completely or using emoticons like:

O:-) angel :-D laugh>:-) devil :-) smile

:-( frown :-o Surprise

:-[ grim ;-) wink

To save time when typing messages, users sometimes employ a friendly shorthand

for commonly used phrases like:

BRB – Be Right Back

BTW – By The Way

LOL – Laughing Out Loud

TTYL – Talk To You Later

GM – Good Morning

HRU – How Are You

Advertising

Ads generate huge incomes for companies like Yahoo, Rediffmail, India Times, and

so on. The web pages of these companies get millions of hits per day, so an ad

placed on one of their web pages has a tremendous audience and provides the

marketing experts a potential consumer base.

· Most of the ads shown on web pages are c lickable images.



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· Many of the most popular web pages have revolving advertisements; i.e.

each time the user revisit the page, or while the user is visiting the page, he

gets a different ad.

· Many users manage to browse the web without paying too much attention

to the advertisements, other than noticing that the ads slow down the

loading process.

· Obviously, the ads influence some people, because companies continue to

invest huge amounts of money in them.

· The style, forms and content of ads is a rapidly emerging part of theInternet culture.

Societal Im pact

The Internet has had an enormous impact on society, and its influence will be

continued.

Nearly a ll facets of life have been affected.

· Many people work in Internet – related jobs, either building computer

network components, writing software, creating web pages, performing

marketing research, designing graphics, or conducting business on the web.

· Many people obtain required information and perform most of their

communication using the Internet.

· Weather, news, stock prices, and travel information are accessed by millions

of users every day.

A. On – line Business

The Internet provides a way to facilitate communications both within and between

companies. Internet is an excellent venue for advertising and conducting trade with

consumers.

It is currently possible to shop goods and services through on – line catalogs;

subscribe to on – line versions of magazines and newspapers; and purchase

software.

These are just a few types of business transactions taking place on the on – line

market place.

For companies, this means potential customers.

For consumers, this means a greater selection of services and products.

Internet provides various options for business like:

· Advertising

· Marketing

· Partnership

· Retail

· Service

· Software

· Subscription

6. Explain about B usiness Culture and I nternet.



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On – line Business Hu rdles

The most significant consumer concerns about doing business on – line are privacy

and security. When disclosing personal information and revealing spending habits

on – line, consumers want assurance that the information will go no further.

Some users could also get nervous if their favorite on – line catalog remembers

their hat sizes, shoe sizes, and credit card numbers.

What is to prevent this information from falling into the wrong hands?

These data are actually stored on the hard disk in a file usually called cookies.

Cookies.

Sometimes when a user visit a Web page, information about the user is collected.

· It might be the name, password, preferences, credit card number, phone

number, address, etc.

· A web server sends this information to the user’s browser, and the data is

written to the cookies file stored on the user’s disk. This process is known

as setting a cookie.

· Using cookies file, a web server can keep track of the web page the user

visits.

· The next time the user visit a particular web page, the server will search the

cookies file, retrieve the information stored there, and use that to customize

its web page to accommodate the user.

As the amount of data that can be stored in a cookie is very limited, the server

stores an “id” for the user, fetches that id from the cookie, and then looks up in the

server database for user’s more detailed profile and history.

The purpose of putting information in the cookies file on the hard disk is to reduce

the server’s search time in locat ing a specific cookie, as the cookies file is limited insize.

The information stored in cookies file may be retrieved and used to determine

one’s personal habits.

Credit card security is a valid concern, but such numbers are encrypted.

But it is generally considered to be harmful.

Business and Safety / Security on web

The biggest concern of consumers conducting business on – line is the issue of

secure payments. Is it safe to use credit card on – line?

Mechanisms for ensuring secure payments are currently being developed in the

private sector.

Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) is a new technical standard to be

implemented by Visa and MasterCard to make credit card payments over Internet

more secure.

Other payment option being developed includes Electronic Money.



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Business transactions over Internet are becoming more widespread and also more

secure.

A. Web: The World Wide Web or Web is a software application that makes it easy

and possible for nearly anyone to publish and browse hypertext documents on the

Internet. The information on Web is transported over the Internet.

A. Most Web Browsers have a number of options:

· Cookies: User can decide whether to use cookie or not.

· Disk Cache: User can set the size of the cache. The cache stores the HTML

source code and images of Web Presentation which are visited. If user

reloads one of these pages, the browser can load the cached copy and the

page will appear very quickly.

· Fonts: User can select a font specification and also set a default font size.

· Helper Applications: User can configure helper applications to handle

certain types of data that the browser is unable to process.

· Homepage Location: User can specify the page that loaded when the

browser if first launched.

· Images: User can specify whether or not images are loaded. Options for

color selection are also available.

· JavaScript and Java: User can enable or disable these types of programs

from running within the browser.

· Messages: User can specify a default signature file or default carbon copy

address for outgoing messages. This can be set for regular email or for

posts to newsgroups.

· Bookmarks: A convenient feature of browser allows the user to save the

URL of any webpage to display. The saved URL is called Bookmark or

Favorite . The bookmark is a pointer to a location on the Web. A collectionof bookmarks is sometimes referred to as a hot list, list of favorites or

simply bookmark list.

The two main reasons for saving a bookmark are:

1. It is a page user expects to visit often.

2. It is a page user may never find again.

A. Browsers are equipped with many features. New web products and file

formats are constantly being developed. When a browser is designed, it cannot

handle every product and file format that currently exists or may exist in the

future. Furthermore, browsers are not built to handle all existing data formats.

Browsers are already huge programs and bundling in more features makes them

even larger. To overcome this problem, we use two closely related mechanisms:

plug-ins and helper applications.

Plug-ins and Helper Applications do the same thing – they extend the power

of browser. Plug-ins are tightly integrated with the browser, so there is less work

for the user to do. User has to drag plug-ins into the browser’s plug-ins folder so

7. Define Web.

8. Explain about Web Browser Details.

9. Compare the features of P lug-ins and Hel per Applications.



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that it will find them and load them at start-up. However, there is a memory cost

to use plug-ins. There are plug-ins that are capable of playing audio, showing

movies, and running animations. The Adobe Acrobat plug-in is an example of

such program. Normally, plug-in runs inside the browser.

Helper Applications or Helpers are stand-alone programs that are used to

process or display data that is directly integrated into a web page. Helpers don’t

display their information inside the browser’s window; instead, they are launched

in their own window. The browser activates the appropriate helper applicationwhen the browser encounters a file type that it doesn’t handle. The Helper

Applications must be downloaded and p laced in appropriate directory.

P lug-ins He lper App licationsClosely tied to browser Program stands alone.

Displays inside browser window Displays in separate window

Installation involves downloading the

plug-in and running

Configuring involves downloading

the helper application

Broad selection available Broad selection available

Launches quickly May launch more slowly than plug-in

A. The two most popular graphical browsers are Navigator from Netscape and

Internet Explorer from Microsoft. The Netscape release includes the browser as

well as many other features; the entire suite is referred as Netscape

Communicator.

The two browsers are actually quite similar and they include many of the

same features. Both browsers are large programs and are approximately the same

size, depending on the exact versions. The number of HTML tags they support is

large; however we cannot assume that because Web Presentations looks great

under Navigator, it looks equally impressive using Internet Explore or vice versa.

Both companies have always incorporated some of their own features. For

example, Netscape introduced tables and frames whereas Microsoft supports

marquees and a wide range of font faces.

Currently for every person using Netscape, about two people use Internet

Explorer. Netscape’s market share used to be much greater than Internet

Explorer’s but it has decreased in recent years. Netscape is usually downloaded off

the Web or brought from a software-vendor as a stand-alone product. However,

Internet Explorer is packaged and distributed with a variety of other Microsoft

products like Windows 98, XP, Vista, etc.

A. Web Writing Styles: The writing style required for a typical web page is

different than the writing style for the average printed page because:

· Readers usually spend less time looking at a web page than they do reading

an off- line magazine or newspaper article.

· Web pages are typically very short, only one or two screens in length.

· Off-line material has greater longevity than on-line material.

· Web designers usually try to grab the reader’s attention. If a presentation is

not cleverly designed, a reader can easily move.

· Web pages are hyperlinked documents, so readers typically do not go

through them in sequential order.

9. Explain the comparison o f M icrosoft and Netscape We b browse rs.

10. Expla in about We b Writi ng Styles and W riting Genres.



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· Published off-line material is generally written and edited by professionals,

whereas Web pages may be published by anyone, sometimes with little or

no writing and editing skills.

· Web pages are dynamic and they often involve multimedia.

· With off-line material, the quality of the writing holds the reader’s attention.

The appearance and form of writing are secondary. However, appearance

and form are critical components of a web page.

Writing Genres: The key points that made writing genres effective are:· A theme and clear goals for the presentat ion.

· The ability to permit exploration, while providing sufficient navigation so

that user can easily avoid getting lost.

· Good choice of colors with the text easy to read.

· Consistent and careful page design with hyperlinks normally situated near

the top of the page.

· User-friendly navigation.

· Short, descriptive writing.

A. Registering a web page means having the page indexed by a search engine.

The goal is to have the page viewed by more users. If a search engine indexes a

page, then the search engine can return the page to user’s queries. The more

search engines that know about the page, the more likely the page will be

accessed.

Many search engines allow the designer to fill out and submit an on-line

form telling the search engine about the page. Search engine designers want their

programs to know about the more web pages than any other search engine.

Program performance is judged by the speed of the search and the number of hits

a search engine found a page that matched a query. By registering the web page,

we are helping a search engine to expand its knowledge base.

There are some businesses on the web whose pages get visited often.

Usually, a business will add a hyperlink to a specific page for a fee. This service ismost commonly used by people w ith commercial pages.

Another consideration to registration and publicity is traffic . The person

responsible for the server on which the pages reside may not be prepared to

handle an enormous bulge in traffic.

A. Web Presentation: A web presentation is a collection of associated,

hyperlinked web pages that usually have some underlying theme.

Some of the key elements in an effective web presentation are:

· Details: A presentation that includes well-thought-out touches can make apositive impression on the reader. Good choice of background color,

headers, footers and appropriate font size are all important. Typos, poorly

aligned images and a clashing color scheme create a negative image.

Carefully prepared pages help to enhance the credibility and readability of

the presentat ion.

· Coding: A competent HTML programmer uses the appropriate elements of

style to contribute to the overall quality of the presentation. Overly

simplistic pages could indicate a lack of knowledge by the designer and

cluttered pages indicate poor design.

11. Expla in the process of registering a web page.

12. Explain b riefly about o utl ine, design and ma nagement of a web

presentation.



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· Features: A few “bells and whistles” can improve the feel of a set of

pages. For example, splash screens, applets or JavaScript can add things

up. Remember each feature takes extra time to download and display.

· Graphics: A modest use of in-line images is probably one of the most

significant ways to enhance the design. Many free images found on the

web. It is important to integrate the images effectively into the

presentation. Randomly positioning images usually doesn’t enhance the

design.

· Layout: If the pages are visually appealing and if they provide convenientnavigation, they are likely to be visited by more users. A poor layout will

discourage people from spending too much time on the presentation.

· Writing Quality: Good writing and an interesting style are also necessary

for a solid presentat ion.

· Load Time: Since some users have dial-up connections, care should be

taken not to include too many graphics or any large graphics. Also, users

should be given the option of downloading large images separately. If users

get frustrated during the loading process, they are likely either to stop

loading the page altogether or be more critical of the page when it finally

arrives.

· Hyperlinks: Navigation is a key element to any good web presentation. If

readers can move around the pages easily, they will be more impressed. If

they can easily get lost and are not able to find the desired information,

they may become frustrated.

Goal Setting: The object of goal setting is to decide on specific parameters for the

web presentation. A number of issues are considered before creating the web

presentation.

· Audience: Who are the intended audience? Are you writing for children,

business executives, retired persons or general audience? Are you intended

visitors scattered throughout the world?

· Date: What is the time frame? Many things published on the web need to

be displayed in a timely manner. Time constraint affects the depth and

extensiveness of the project.

· Graphics: How many graphics do you intend to include? Do you want toimpress the audience? Graphics take a long time to download. If the

audience is local, we can use more graphics than if they are global.

· Length: How much material is going to be included in the presentation? Is

the goal to produce a comprehensive presentat ion?

· Maintenance: Is the goal to design a presentation that doesn’t need any

maintenance or the nature of the material such that items will need to be

modified from time to time?

· Money: Are you trying to earn money from the presentation? Is the goal to

impress people to obtain other jobs? Are you building an on-line gallery?

· Objective: What is the main objective? Is it designed for personal

satisfact ion, for a class, for a friend or for a business?

· Research: Does the project require a lot of research? Can the research be

accomplished on-line? The time frame will influence the level of research

you can conduct .

· Writing: Is the goal to have accurate and error-free writing? Do you want

high-quality content? Do you want visitors to read everything you write?

Outlining: It is a good idea to produce an outline. This can be done in many ways.

Generally it is a two-step process:

1. Develop the writing for the presentation

2. Then code it in HTML.



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These two steps can be completely independent, but experience shows that writing

and coding together leads to an incremental development process and a better

design.

Navigation: The navigational tools provide hyperlinks that allow the readers to

move more smoothly through the pages. It should be convenient for the users to

return to either the main page or an index.

General organizational arrangement of web presentation is as follows:· Circular: The circular arrangement of web pages supports forward and

backward movement through the pages. This format is especially good for

describing step-by-step procedures or instructions or for dividing up text

that should be read sequentially.

· Exploratory: The exploratory arrangement allows jumping from nearly

every page to nearly every other page in an order determined by the user.

This form is similar to spider web and it works best for describing things like

geographical areas or maps.

· Hierarchical: The hierarchical arrangement permits a more limited number

of hyperlinks from the introductory page and each succeeded page leads to

additional hyperlinks. This arrangement yields a treelike or directory

structure.

Design and Coding: To write an effective web presentation, set the goals and

develop an outline and a global navigational design. Producing an HTML document

from a design involves coding as well as writing.

The design and coding process is as follows:

· Navigating: Design the strategy based on navigation. Once a strategy is

designed, add the HTML code. Set up the appropriate number of pages and

the hyperlinks between them. Migrate the relevant parts of the outline into

each page, but keep a copy of the original outline.

· Coding and Writing: With the outlining and coding, we have created

places for the writing. If we are experts in writing block, continue coding. If

not, do more writing. Periodically view what we have c reated.

· Revising: After completion of the first draft of the presentation, revise theproject with a new perspective.

web technologies unit-ii

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