Name _______________________________________ Period __________Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, and Landscapes Outline

Weathering The ________________ of ______________ due to ____________ or

_____________ changes

Physical Weathering Changes the ___________ and/or _____________ of a ____________

without changing the ______________ composition

In ________________ action, __________ seeps into ____________ in

rocks. The water ________________ as it _____________ and makes

______________ in the rock a little larger

When the ___________ melts and the liquid ___________________,

the rock is left more ___________________

Over time, the ______________ and ________________ in the cracks

will cause the rock to _______________

Physical Weathering ____________ roots grow in rock ________________ and gradually

_________ the rock ___________

_________________ that _________________ beneath the ground will

______________ new rock _____________ to __________________

__________________________ occurs when rock ________________ are

carried in water, they __________ and _____________ against other ____________

Chemical Weathering When rocks are _____________ to the _______________ and

_______________, they often undergo ______________ in the _______________

composition of rock, forming new ________________________

Usually requires ___________ and __________ to bring about _________

changes

Therefore, it takes place more ____________ in ___________,

_________ climates

Soil Formation Soil is a _____________ of weathered __________ and ___________

remains the usually covers _____________

The weathering of ________ produces ____________ layers

The ___________ layer is usually the best for

growing ____________ because it is rich in

______________ remains called ____________

The next layer is usually ______________

enriched from ___________________ transporting

________________

The ________________ layer is composed of

____________-up ______________

Erosion of Sediments ____________________ are rocks that have been _____________ into

_________

_________________ is the _______________ of ________________ away

from their place of ______________ and __________________ them elsewhere

_____________, ___________, ____________, and __________ erode

sediments

Erosion by Water The _______________ particles are carried in ____________________

The _____________ and most ___________ particles are __________ or

________________ along the streambed

Particles of low ______________, such as _____________ remains, are

carried along the _____________ by ________________

Velocity of Streams The _____________ of a stream is controlled by the

____________ and the _____________ of water

_______________ in the stream (________________)

As the stream ________________ increases, so does

the ______________ of the water ________________ in the

stream

______________ is also increased by an _____________ in the

____________ of ___________ in the stream

There is a direct __________________ between the ____________ of a

________ and the __________ of the _____________ it can transport

_____________ grains of _____________ can only be ______________ by

fast-moving water

Streams with _____________, ____________ valleys often develop _____-

shaped curves called _____________________

At the ____________ in the _____________, the _____________-flowing

water swings to the ______________ of the _________, causing _____________

along the ______________ bank

The _____________ moving water stays to the ____________ of the

_________, causing _______________

Erosion by Wind _______________ can pick up _____________ rock materials, such as

_________, _________, and _______, and ___________ them away

_____________ erosion occurs mostly in _________ areas, such as

____________ and _________________

___________ blown by the wind can ___________ down material on a rock’s

surface

Erosion by Ice If more ____________ accumulates in the __________ than _________ in the

______________, the __________ on the bottom turns to __________

If it becomes ___________ enough, its ___________ will cause it to

_________ under the pull of ___________

A ____________ is a large mass of __________ ice

As a glacier ____________, it carries, pushes, and drags loose ________

material

The ___________, with pieces of __________, smoothes, striates

(____________),

and _______________ bedrock

As a glacier _______________ through a ______________, it will make a

___-shape instead of a ____-shape caused by ________

When the ___________ melts, unsorted ___________ and ___________ are

left scattered around on _______________ and sides of valleys

Deposition When an agent of erosion _____________, or

lays down ___________ and ________________ of

earth materials (___________________)

Also called ________________________-

Most ________________ takes place in

_____________

Deposition Factors Particle _____________

____________ particles (clay and silt) settle more ______________

than cobbles and boulders

Particle ________________

Friction between _____________ and the ______________ of particles

___________ down ___________

________________, _____________ particles settle more

___________

Particle ______________

___________ particles settle _____________, ________ dense particles

take ________________ time to settle

Settling ___________ and ___________

____________ that settle at a _____________ rate

require __________ time

As the rate of settling ____________, the

settling time _____________

Sorting of Sediments __________________ sorting occurs at the

_________ of __________

The ____________ sediments can be carried a __________ distance

from shore

_________________ sorting occurs when a landscape

____________ a variety of particle sizes in to still water

Deposition by Wind Usually sorts _____________ by __________

___________ bedding ____________ meet a

different ____________

Deposition by Gravity At the _________ of a _________, where __________ of weathered rock

have __________, you will find __________ of many different __________

The ______________ are not _______________

Deposition by Glaciers Occurs when a ____________ melts and sediments are ____________

Glacial _____________ are large ___________ that have been

____________ by glacial _______________ without being ______________ into

small particles

They are often found _____________ above __________ valleys

_____________ and striations (_________________) indicate transport by

______

Alpine Glaciers Also known as ______________ glaciers, occur in ______________ regions,

and may ________ out __________-shaped ____________ with their moving

_______

Continental Glaciers Also known as ________ sheets causes _____________ of the ________ as

rocks are __________ within the _____________ or ____________ under the

flowing ice

Glacial Features __________ _________ – when glaciers act like ______________, grinding

the ______________ edges from the __________________ and _______________

hard bedrock _____________

__________________ – parallel ______________ and _____________ in the

bedrock left by the _____________ in the glacier

________________ – accumulation of _________ and _____________ that

builds up in ____________ of the flowing ice

___________________ – where the ice front ____________ its southward

advance, _________ of unsorted __________ and __________ remain

________________ – _________ spots in the glacial deposits and places

where large, ___________ ice blocks ______________ leave these dry

___________ and ___________ called _______________ _________________

North American Continental Glaciation

The Oceans and Coasts

_________________ covers almost _____% of our planet

The average _________ is about ________ (______)

One ___________ of ____________ contains about _______% of dissolved

_____

Sodium chloride (_____________) is the most _______________

When __________________ of ocean water causes the _________ to become

too _____________ to stay in solution, they are _____________ as

_______________

The _________ of the oceans are places of __________ caused by the action

of ___________ and ___________________ currents

Beach ________________ are _______________ and reduced in ________

by ________________ as the energy in the breaking _____________ causes the

______________ to __________ against one another

____________ is often transported along the ____________ and just outside

the breaking waves in the zone of _______________

_______________

This __________________ of sand builds the

_______________ of the ocean ____________

including sand bars, barrier islands, and sand spits

Landscapes

A _____________ on Earth’s ____________ with physical ____________,

such as ________, ____________, and ________________

The ___________ (__________________) and _____________ of the

landscape is determined by the ____________, ______________, geologic

_____________, and human activities

Topographic _______________ is the change in _______________ between

the _________ and the _________ places

Landscape Regions ___________________ landscapes have the greatest ___________ between

the highest ___________ and the deepest ____________

A great __________ of _______ types are common

____________ are common where _____________ tectonic _______

collide

Stream ______________ are __________, and the ___________

moving streams quickly __________ deep _________ between the mountain

peaks

_____________ landscapes are relatively _________ or ___________

uplands where streams have ________ deep ___________

Commonly underlain by flat layers of _________________ rock

Less topographic __________ than mountains but _________ relief

than the plains

_____________ have the least topographic __________

They may contain a _______ small ______, but are generally ______

and at ________ elevation

Commonly underlain by flat layers of _______________ rock

Climate Influence on Regions

___________, ____________ climates usually have ___________ landscapes

_________ are _________ as steep because moist climates promote a

protective cover of _________________

___________ cover _________ the soil from rapid ________ and

________

__________ (______) climates usually produce _______ soils with ______

humus

With _________ plant cover to protect the soil, _________ is carried

_________ during ____________

Large areas of __________ bedrock and ________ rock faces are the

result

Landscape Regions of the US

Landscape Regions of NY

Drainage Patterns

_____________ rocks will form ________ and __________

_____________ of the _____________ rock will make the major

___________

____________ will tend to follow zones of __________ rock and flow

__________

Human Activities Can Affect Landscapes

____________ and _______________ projects can accelerate ____________

and _____________ landscape development

______________ and ______________ must be guided in _____________

their projects by appropriate _______________ practices

Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, and Landscapes Outline -Teacher Guide (Key)© Lisa Michalek

Weathering The breakdown of rocks due to physical or chemical changes

Physical Weathering Changes the size and/or shape of a rock without changing the chemical

composition In frost action, water seeps into cracks in rocks. The water expands as it freezes

and makes cracks in the rock a little larger When the ice melts and the liquid evaporates, the rock is left more porous Over time, the freezing and melting in the cracks will cause the rock to

crumble Plant roots grow in rock crevices and gradually push the rock apart Animals that burrow beneath the ground will expose new rock surfaces to

weathering Abrasion occurs when rock particles are carried in water, they bump and rub

against other rocks

Chemical Weathering When rocks are exposed to the atmosphere and hydrosphere, they often undergo

changes in the chemical composition of rock, forming new substances Usually requires heat and water to bring about chemical changes

Therefore, it takes place more rapidly in warm, moist climates

Soil Formation Soil is a mixture of weathered rock and organic remains the usually covers bedrock The weathering of soil produces horizon layers

The top layer is usually the best for growing crops because it is rich in organic remains called humus

The next layer is usually mineral enriched from groundwater transporting minerals The lowest layer is composed of broken-up bedrock

Erosion of Sediments Sediments are rocks that have been broken into fragments Erosion is the transporting of sediments away from their place of origin and depositing

them elsewhere Gravity, water, wind, and ice erode sediments

Erosion by Water The smallest particles are carried in solution The largest and most dense particles are rolled or bounced along the streambed

Particles of low density, such as organic remains, are carried along the surface by flotation

Velocity of Streams The velocity of a stream is controlled by the slope and the amount of water flowing in the

stream (discharge) As the stream gradient increases, so does the velocity of the water flowing in the stream Velocity is also increased by an increase in the quantity of water in the stream There is a direct relationship between the velocity of a stream and the size of the particles

it can transport Large grains of sediment can only be eroded by fast-moving water Streams with broad, flat valleys often develop S-shaped curves called meanders At the bends in the stream, the fastest-flowing water swings to the outside of the bends,

causing erosion along the outer bank The slowest moving water stays to the inside of the bends, causing deposition

Erosion by Wind Wind can pick up loose rock materials, such as sand, silt, and clay, and carry them away Wind erosion occurs mostly in dry areas, such as deserts and beaches Sand blown by the wind can erode down material on a rock’s surface

Erosion by Ice If more snow accumulates in the winter than melts in the summer, the snow on the bottom

turns to ice If it becomes thick enough, its weight will cause it to move under the pull of gravity A glacier is a large mass of moving ice As a glacier moves, it carries, pushes, and drags loose rock material The glacier, with pieces of rock, smoothes, striates (scratches),

and grooves bedrock As a glacier moves through a valley, it will make a U-shape instead of a V-shape caused

by water When the ice melts, unsorted rocks and boulders are left scattered around on hilltops and

sides of valleys

Deposition When an agent of erosion deposits, or lays down particles and fragments of earth

materials (sediments) Also called sedimentation Most deposition takes place in water

Deposition Factors Particle Size

Smaller particles (clay and silt) settle more slowly than cobbles and boulders Particle Shape

Friction between water and the surfaces of particles slows down settling Smooth, rounded particles settle more slowly

Particle Density

Denser particles settle faster, less dense particles take more time to settle Settling Rate and Time

Sediments that settle at a faster rate require less time As the rate of settling increases, the settling time decreases

Sorting of Sediments Horizontal sorting occurs at the end of streams

The smaller sediments can be carried a greater distance from shore Vertical sorting occurs when a landscape dumps a variety of particle sizes in to still water

Deposition by Wind Usually sorts sediments by size Cross bedding layers meet a different angles

Deposition by Gravity At the base of a cliff, where pieces of weathered rock have fallen, you will find pieces of

many different sizes The sediments are not sorted

Deposition by Glaciers Occurs when a glacier melts and sediments are released Glacial erratics are large rocks that have been transported by glacial ice without being

broken into small particles They are often found high above stream valleys

Rounding and striations (scratches) indicate transport by glaciers

Alpine Glaciers Also known as valley glaciers, occur in mountain regions, and may carve out U-shaped

valleys with their moving ice

Continental Glaciers Also known as ice sheets causes sculpting of the land as rocks are carried within the

glacier or dragged under the flowing ice

Glacial Features Glacial Polish – when glaciers act like sandpaper, grinding the jagged edges from the

mountains and smoothing hard bedrock surfaces Striation – parallel grooves and scratches in the bedrock left by the rocks in the glacier Drumlins – accumulation of rock and soil that builds up in front of the flowing ice Moraines – where the ice front stops its southward advance, piles of unsorted soil and

rock remain Kettles – Low spots in the glacial deposits and places where large, buried ice blocks melt

leave these dry depressions and ponds called Kettle Lakes

The Oceans and Coasts Seawater covers almost 71% of our planet The average depth is about 4 km (3 mi) One Liter of seawater contains about 3.5% of dissolved solids

Sodium chloride (table salt) is the most common

When evaporation of ocean water causes the salts to become too concentrated to stay in solution, they are precipitated as sediment

The edges of the oceans are places of change caused by the action of waves and longshore currents

Beach sediments are rounded and reduced in size by abrasion as the energy in the breaking waves causes the particles to rub against one another

Sand is often transported along the beach and just outside the breaking waves in the zone of longshore transport

This movement of sand builds the features of the ocean shorelines including sand bars, barrier islands, and sand spits

Landscapes A region on Earth’s surface with physical features, such as hills, valleys, and streams The shape (topography) and composition of the landscape is determined by the climate,

bedrock, geologic structures, and human activities Topographic relief is the change in elevation between the highest and the lowest places

Landscape Regions Mountain landscapes have the greatest relief between the highest peaks and the deepest

valleys A great variety of rock types are common Mountains are common where converging tectonic plates collide Stream gradients are high, and the fast moving streams quickly erode deep valleys

between the mountain peaks Plateau landscapes are relatively flat or rolling uplands where streams have cut deep

valleys Commonly underlain by flat layers of sedimentary rock Less topographic relief than mountains but more relief than the plains Plains have the least topographic relief They may contain a few small hills, but are generally flat and at low elevation Commonly underlain by flat layers of sedimentary rock

Climate Influence on Regions Moist, Humid climates usually have rounded landscapes Slopes are not as steep because moist climates promote a protective cover of vegetation

Plants cover protects the soil from rapid runoff and erosion Arid (dry) climates usually produce thin soils with little humus With little plant cover to protect the soil, sediment is carried away during rainfall

Large areas of exposed bedrock and steep rock faces are the result

Drainage Patterns Harder rocks will form hills and ridges Erosion of the weaker rock will make the major valleys

Streams will tend to follow zones of weaker rock and flow downhill

Human Activities Can Affect Landscapes Farming and construction projects can accelerate erosion and effect landscape

development

Farmers and engineers must be guided in planning their projects by appropriate conservation practices