Geography

Project-Work

Weather & Climate

Made By-

Aman Maqsood

B mm

Contents

ContentsIntroductionAcknowledgementDifference between Weather and ClimateElements of Weather and ClimateConclusion

IntroductionThe way people of a place live depends on the weather of that place.It determines what type of clothes they wear , what kind of food they eat , what type of houses they live in,etc.In our daily conversation we often discuss a cold morning, a cloudy sky, a sultry afternoonor a warm evening.All these refer to the weather conditions of a particular place at a particular time.The term `weather`,however,should not be confused with the term `climate`.These are two different terms and, though they are related to each other, cannot be interchanged.For example, it would be wrong to say that the `climate has become so hot` or `Siberia has a cold weather`.

AcknowledgementI would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my teacher Tripati Sir as well as our principal ma`am who gave me the golden

opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic Weather and Climate, which also helped me

in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so many new things 

I am really thankful to them. Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project

within the limited time. 

I am making this project not only for marks but to also increase my knowledge . 

THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME.

Difference between Weather and ClimateWeather is the state of the atmosphere, to the degree that it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy.Weather, seen from an anthropological perspective, is something all humans in the world constantly experience through their senses, at least while being outdoors. There are socially and scientifically constructed understandings of what weather is, what makes it change, what effects it has on humans in different situations etc.Therefore weather is something people often communicate about. Turning back to the meteorological perspective, most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere, just below the stratosphere. Weather generally refers to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the term for the average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. When used without qualification, "weather", is generally understood to mean the weather of Earth.

Climate is a measure of the average pattern of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time. Climate is different from weather, in that weather only describes the short-term conditions of these variables in a given region.A region's climate is generated by the climate system, which has five components: atmosphere,hydrosphere, cryosphere, land surface, and biosphere.The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as nearby water bodies and their currents. Climates can be classified according to the average and the typical ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation. 

Climate Weather

Definition

Describes the average conditions expected at a specific place at a given time.A region's climate is generated by the climate system, which has five components: atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, land surface, and biosphere.

Describes the atmospheric conditions at a specific place at a specific point in time. Weather generally refers to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity

Components

Climate may include precipitation, temperature, humidity, sunshine, wind velocity, phenomena such as fog, frost, and hail storms over a long period of time.

Weather includes sunshine, rain, cloud cover, winds, hail, snow, sleet, freezing rain, flooding, blizzards, ice storms, thunderstorms, steady rains from a cold front or warm front, excessive heat, heat waves and more

Forecast

By aggregates of weather statistics over periods of 30 years

By collecting meteorological data, like air temperature, pressure, humidity, solar radiation, wind speeds and direction etc.

About

Climate is defined as statistical weather information that describes the variation of weather at a given place for a specified interval.

Weather is the day-to-day state of the atmosphere, and its short-term (minutes to weeks) variation

Time period

Measured over a long period Measured for short term

Study Climatology Meteorology

Elements of Weather and Climate

The elements of weather and climate are as follows :Temperature PressureWindHumidityPrecipitationSunshineCloud cover

TemperatureA temperature is a numerical measure of hot and cold. Its measurement is by detection of heat radiation, particle velocity, kinetic energy, or most commonly, by the bulk behavior of a thermometric  material. It may be calibrated in any of various temperature scales, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, etc.Measurements with a small thermometer, or by detection of heat radiation, can show that the temperature of a body of material can vary from time to time and from place to place within it. If changes happen too fast, or with too small a spacing, within a body, it may be impossible to define its temperature. Thus the concept of temperature in general has an empirical content.

Within a body that exchanges no energy or matter with its surroundings, temperature tends to become spatially uniform as time passes. When a path permeable only to heat is open between two bodies, energy always transfers spontaneously as heat from a hotter body to a colder one. The transfer rate depends on the nature of the path. If they are connected by a path permeable only to heat, and no heat flows between them, then the two bodies are equally hot. If changes are slow and spatially smooth enough to allow consistent comparisons of their hotness with other bodies that are respectively in their own states of internal thermodynamic equilibrium, they obey the Zeroth law of thermodynamics and then they have well defined and equal temperatures. Then thermodynamics provides a fundamental physical definition of temperature, on an absolute scale, relying on thesecond law of thermodynamics.

A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient using a variety of different principles. A thermometer has two important elements: the temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb on a mercury-in-glass thermometer) in which some physical change occurs with temperature, plus some means of converting this physical change into a numerical value (e.g. the visible scale that is marked on a mercury-in-glass thermometer)

Mercury thermometer for measurement of room temperature.

The temperature of the air is measured in degrees (o).The two most common thermometer scales in use are Fahrenheit (F) and celsius (C) or the Centigrade.In our country , we commonly use the Celsius scale, on which the melting point of ice is 0o

C and the boiling point of water is 100o C .On the Fahrenheit scale these points are 32o F and 212o

F,respectively.

PressurePressure (symbol: P or p) is the ratio of force to the area over which that force is distributed.Pressure is force per unit area applied in a direction perpendicular to the surface of an object. Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) is the pressure relative to the local atmospheric or ambient pressure. Pressure is measured in any unit of force divided by any unit of area. The SI unit of pressure is the newton per square metre, which is called thepascal (Pa) after the seventeenth-century philosopher and scientist Blaise Pascal. A pressure of 1 Pa is small; it approximately equals the pressure exerted by a dollar bill resting flat on a table. Everyday pressures are often stated in kilopascals (1 kPa = 1000 Pa).

Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area exerted on a surface by the weight of air above that surface in the atmosphere of Earth (or that of another planet). In most circumstances atmospheric pressure is closely approximated by the hydrostatic pressure caused by the weight of air above the measurement point. On a given plane, low-pressure areas have less atmospheric mass above their location, whereas high-pressure areas have more atmospheric mass above their location. Likewise, as elevation increases, there is less overlying atmospheric mass, so that atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing elevation. Atmospheric pressure depends on factors like altitude,temperature,water vapour content in air and rotation of the earth.

The instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure is called a barometer. The unit in which air pressure is measured is called millibars. There are two kinds of barometers -

aneroid barometerMercury barometer

In the mountains,air pressure is so low that mountaineers have to carry oxygen masks

WindsWind is the flow of gases on a large scale. On the surface of the Earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. In outer space, solar wind is the movement of gases or charged particles from the sun through space, while planetary wind is the outgassing of light chemical elements from a planet's atmosphere into space. Winds are commonly classified by their spatial scale, their speed, the types of forces that cause them, the regions in which they occur, and their effect. The strongest observed winds on a planet in our solar system occur on Neptune and Saturn. Winds have various aspect, one important aspect is its velocity; another the density of the gas involved; another is the energy content or wind energy of a wind.

In meteorology, winds are often referred to according to their strength, and the direction from which the wind is blowing. Short bursts of high speed wind are termed gusts. Strong winds of intermediate duration (around one minute) are termed squalls. Long-duration winds have various names associated with their average strength, such as breeze, gale, storm, hurricane, andtyphoon. Wind occurs on a range of scales, from thunderstorm flows lasting tens of minutes, to local breezes generated by heating of land surfaces and lasting a few hours, to global winds resulting from the difference in absorption of solar energybetween the climate zones on Earth. The two main causes of large-scale atmospheric circulation are the differential heating between the equator and the poles, and the rotation of the planet (Coriolis effect). Within the tropics, thermal low circulations over terrain and high plateaus can drive monsoon circulations. In coastal areas the sea breeze/land breeze cycle can define local winds; in areas that have variable terrain, mountain and valley breezes can dominate local winds.

Ferrel's law explains that the wind in the north gets deflected to the right and in the sounth, it gets deflected to the left! It is caused due to the rotation of the earth.

Elements of weather Measuring instrument

Temerature Thermometer

Air pressure Barometer

Wind speed Anemometer

Wind direction Wind vane

Humidity Hygrometer

Rainfall Rain gauge

Measuring the Elements of Weather

HumidityHumidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. Water vapor is the gaseous state of water and is invisible.

Humidity indicates the likelihood of precipitation, dew, or fog. Higher humidity reduces the effectiveness of sweating in cooling the body by reducing the rate of evaporation of moisture from the skin. This effect is calculated in a heat index table or humidex, used during summer weather.There are three main measurements of humidity: absolute, relative and specific. Absolute humidity is the water content of air. Relative humidity, expressed as a percent, measures the current absolute humidity relative to the maximum for that temperature. Specific humidity is a ratio of the water vapor content of the mixture to the total air content on a mass basis.

A device used to measure humidity is called a psychrometer or hygrometer.

When the air contains the maximum amount of water vapour,that is ,its relative humidity is 100 %,It is said to be saturated . The temperature at which air gets saturated is known as dew point.

PrecipitationIn meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under gravity.[1] The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel and hail. Precipitation occurs when a local portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapour, so that the water condenses and "precipitates". Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions because the water vapour does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated: cooling the air or adding water vapour to the air. Generally, precipitation will fall to the surface; an exception is virga which evaporates before reaching the surface. Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within acloud. Rain drops range in size from oblate, pancake-like shapes for larger drops, to small spheres for smaller drops. Unlike raindrops, snowflakes grow in a variety of different shapes and patterns, determined by the temperature and humidity characteristics of the air the snowflake moves through on its way to the ground. While snow and ice pellets require temperatures close to the ground to be near or below freezing, hail can occur during much warmer temperature regimes due to the process of its formation.

SunshineSunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, in particular infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light. On Earth, sunlight is filtered through the Earth's atmosphere, and is obvious as daylight when the Sun is above thehorizon. When the direct solar radiation is not blocked by clouds, it is experienced as sunshine, a combination of brightlight and radiant heat. When it is blocked by the clouds or reflects off other objects, it is experienced as diffused light. TheWorld Meteorological Organization uses the term "sunshine duration" to mean the cumulative time during which an area receives direct irradiance from the Sun of at least 120 watts per square meter.The ultraviolet B component of sunlight on the skin is an effective source of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) from serum cholesterol.

A sunshine recorder is a device that records the amount of sunshine at a given location. The results provide information about the weather and climate of a geographical area. This information is useful in meteorology, science, agriculture, tourism, and other fields. It has also been called a heliograph.

Sunshine Sunshine recorder

Cloud CoverCloud cover (also known as cloudiness, cloudage or cloud amount) refers to the fraction of the sky obscured by cloudswhen observed from a particular location. Okta is the usual unit of measurement of the cloud cover.Clouds play multiple critical roles in the climate system. In particular, being bright objects in the visible part of the solar spectrum, they efficiently reflect light to space and thus contribute to the cooling of the planet. Cloud cover thus plays an important role in the energetic balance of the atmosphere and a variation of it is a consequence of and to the climate change expected by recent studies.

Cloud Cover reduces the amount of heat reaching the earth as well as prevents heat from escaping it.

Conclusion

To make this wonderful project, I equired more knowledge about “Weather and Climate”. It

was a very interesting topic on which I worked hard to make this project wonderful and know something more on this topic from outside the book. I am thankful to God for giving me nice

ideas to complete this project timely. I am also thankful to my teacher Tripati Sir and our honourable Principal Ma`am to give us this golden opportunity. I am also thankful to my

friend for helping me . Thanks to all those who helped me to make this project file.

Add me at : www.facebook.com/amanmaqsood

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