wealth of schole j. paul getty center library

8/4/2019 Wealth of Schole J. Paul Getty Center Library

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A Weal th o f Scholarsh ip :The J . Paul Get ty Center Libraryby Susan Malkoff-Smith

g g T a m a n a p p a r e n t l y incurab le a r t -co l l ec t ing a d d i c t , " w r o t e J . P a u l G e t t y i n h i s a u t o b i -

o g r a p h y, A s I S e e I t . T h e r e s ul t o f t h a t

" a d d i c t i o n " i s t h e J . P a u l G e t t y M u s e u m .G e t t y b e g a n h i s c o l l e c t i n g i n t h e 1 9 3 0 s w i t h

h i s i n t e r e s t f o c u s e d i n t h r e e d i s t i n c t a r e a s :G r e e k a n d R o m a n a n ti q u it ie s , F r e n c h d e c o r a -t i v e a r ts o f t h e e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r y, a n d R e n a i s -s a n c e a n d B a r o q u e p a i n t i n g . T h e c o l l e c t i o n w a sb r o u g h t t o g e t h e r i n a l a rg e S p a n i s h - s t y l e h o u s ei n M a l i b u , p u r c h a s e d i n t h e 1 9 4 0s . I n 1 9 5 4 i tw a s o p e n e d t o t h e p u b l i c , a ft e r h a v i n g b e e n o f fi -c i a ll y i n c o r p o r a t e d a s a n e d u c a t i o n a l t ru s t . O v e rt h e n e x t t w e n t y y e a r s , t h e c o l l e c t i o n g r e w a t as t e a d y p a c e , as d i d t h e n u m b e r o f v is i to r s t o t h em u s e u m . N e w g a l l e r i e s w e r e g r a d u a l l y a d d e d ,

b u t G e t t y ' s p a s s i o n e x c e e d e d t h o s e e x p a n s i o

R e p l i c a t i n g a R o m a n v i l l a

I n 1 96 8, th e f i r m o f L a n g d o n a n d W i ls o n wh i r e d t o p r o d u c e d r a w i n g s f o r a n e w m u s e u mA t t h a t t i m e , G e t t y a s k e d S t e p h e n G a r r e t t ,L o n d o n a r c hi te c t, t o c o m m e n t o n t h e m . A b ad o n i n g t h e i d e a s o f a s i m p l e a d d i t i o n t o t h e i s t ing bu i ld ings , Ge t ty and h i s t rus teec o n s i d e r e d s e v e r a l o t h e r o p t i o n s f o r t h e n em u s e u m , a m o n g w h i c h w e re th e r e - cr e a ti o n S u t t o n P l a c e ( h i s h e a d q u a r t e r s i n E n g l a n d ) aa c o m b i n a t i o n o f a R o m a n v i ll a o n t he e x te r ia n d a Tu d o r m a n o r o n t h e i n t e r i o r. T h e f i nc h o i c e p r o v e d t o b e a r e p li c a o f a R o m a n v ilt h e Vi l l a d e i P a p i r i , k n o w n o n l y f r o m t h e d r a


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Th e Vi l l a d e i P a p i r i w a s q u i t e s i mi l a r i n i t sg e o g ra p h i c s e t t in g t o t h e p re s e n t s i te o f t h e m u -s e u m i n Ma l i b u : a g e n t l y s l o p i n g h i l l , o v e r l o o k -i n g t h e s ea . Lo c a t e d i n H e rc u l a n e u m , t h e v i l l a

w a s b u r i e d b y t h e s a m e v o l c a n i c e r u p t i o n t h a te n t o m b e d b o t h P o m p e i i a n d H e r c u l a n e u m i n7 9 A .D . To t h i s d a y t h e V i ll a d e i P a p i r i h a s n o tb e e n fu l l y e x c a v a t e d ; i t i s l o c a t e d s o me s i x t yfe e t b e l o w t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e e a r th . K a r l W e b e rw a s a b l e t o m a k e h i s d r a w i n g s f r o m a n e l a b o -r a t e t u n n e l s y s t e m t h a t w a s d e v i s e d i n o r d e r t or e m o v e t h e t r e a s ur e s f o u n d th e re . M a r b l e a n db ro n z e s t a t u e s a n d mo s a i c f l o o r s w e re a l l p a r to f t h e f i n d s t a k e n f ro m t h e s i te .

T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e p re s e n t m u s e u m , b e -g u n i n 1 9 7 0 a n d c o mp l e t e d i n 1 9 7 4 , w a s a c o l -l a b o r a t io n o f c r a f ts m e n , c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k e rs ,a n a r c h it e c t u ra l h i s t or i an , D r. N o r m a n N e u e r-b u rg, a n d S t e p h e n G a r r et t , w h o c o o r d i n a t e d t h ep ro je c t. U p o n c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e n ew " R o m a nv i l l a , " a t t e n d a n c e e x c e e d e d a l l e x p e c t a t i o n s :f r o m a n a v e r a g e o f a b o u t s i xt y v is i to r s a w e e k ,i t j u m p e d t o a n a s t o n i s h i n g 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 w i t h in t h ef ir st t w o m o n t h s o f o p e ra t i o n .

T h e m u s e u m ' s s t a f f g r a d u a ll y in c r e a s e d a sw e l l , n u m b e r i n g a b o u t s e v e n t y e m p l o y e e s b y1 9 7 4. A m o n g th e s e w e re t h re e c u ra t o r s : B u r t o nF re d e r i c k s e n , c u ra t o r o f p a i n t in g s ; G i l li a n W i l -s o n , c u ra t o r o f d e c o ra t i v e a r ts ; a n d J i r i F rel , c u -r a t o r o f a n t i q u i ti e s . Th e o p e ra t i n g b u d g e t , t o o ,t o o k a g r e a t l e a p d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d , f ro m a$ 2 5 , 0 0 0 a n n u a l b u d g e t i n 1 9 6 5 t o a $ 4 0 mi l l i o ne n d o w m e n t a n d a n o p e r a ti n g b u d g e t o f a b o u t$ 2 mi l l i o n i n 1 9 7 4 .

G e t t y d i e d i n 1 9 76 w i t h o u t e v e r h a v i n g v i s it -e d th e n e w l y c o n s t ru c t e d m u s e u m i n M a l ib u .

Th e t e rm s o f t h e w i ll s u rp ri s e d e v e ry o n e , i n -c l u d in g th e m u s e u m s ta ff . T h e r e h a d b e e n g r e a ts p e c u l a t io n a b o u t t h e f u tu r e o f t h e m u s e u m a n di ts d e p a r t m e n t s . G e t t y ' s w i l l l e ft $ 7 0 0 mi l l i o n t ot h e b o a r d o f t ru s t e es o f t h e m u s e u m , t h e a g e n t sw h o w o u l d h a n d l e t h is s u m a t th e e n d o f p r o -b a te . W h a t w a s m o r e r e m a r k a b l e , t h e r e w e r e n oe x p l i c i t i n s t r u c t i o n s a s t o h o w t h e m o n e y w a st o b e sp e n t . G e t t y h a d w r i t te n i n h is a u t o b i o g ra -p h y : "A s I l e a rn e d i t i n my y o u t h , a g i f t - -w h e t h e r t o t h e p u b l i c o r a n i n d i v i d u a l - - i ss o m e t h i n g g i v e n o f o n e ' s o w n v o l i t io n a n d

w i t h o u t s t r i n g s a t t a c h e d . O t h e rw i s e , i t i s n o g e r a g if t b u t a b u s i n e s s t r a n s a c t i o n . A n d i f Iw a n t e d t o d o b u s i n e s s w i t h m y c o l l e c t i o nw o u l d h a v e g o n e a l l -o u t a n d s o l d i t o f f . "

I n M a r c h 1 9 81 , H a r o l d W i l li a m s w a s p o i n t e d a s p r e s i d e n t o f t h e J . P a u l G e t t y Ta n d b e g a n a y e a r o f e x p l o r a t i o n t o d e t e r mw h e re t h e t ru s t w o u l d fo c u s i t s r e s o u rc e s e n e rg ie s i n t h e f i e ld o f a r t a n d a r t h i s t o ry. Wthe Get ty es ta te was f ina l ly se t t l ed in 1982 ,$ 7 0 0 m i l l i o n h a d g r o w n t o a b o u t $ 1 . 4 b i l l im a k i n g t h e m u s e u m o n e o f t h e w e a l th i e st i nw o r l d . Th e fo l l o w i n g g i v e s a n i d e a o f t h e m at u d e o f t h e e n d o w m e n t : " A s a n o p e r a t in g t rn o t a g r a n t - m a k i n g f o u n d a t i o n , t h e G e t t yo b l i g e d t o s p e n d 4 . 2 5 p e rc e n t a n n u a l l y o fm a r k e t v a l u e o f i ts e n d o w m e n t o n a c t i v it ied e v e l o p s a n d o p e r a t e s . Wi t h t h e p r e s e n t v ao f t h e e n d o w m e n t a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y $ 1 . 4 l i o n , t h e s p e n d i n g r e q u i r e me n t i s $ 6 0 mi l la n n u a l l y. "

T h i s c o n s id e r ab l e a m o u n t o f m o n e y a ll ot h e t ru s t t o c o n s i d e r t h e s u p p o r t o f p ro j e c t s a c t i v i t i e s t h a t w o u l d n o t o t h e rw i s e b e r e aa b le . In M a y 1 98 2 , t h e G e t t y Tr u s t a n n o u ni t s f i r s t dec i s ions abou t fu tu re ac t iv i t i es . Thd e c i si o n s w e r e i n f o r m e d b y d i s c u s s i o n w i t h e r a l h u n d re d p e o p l e w h o h a v e s p e c i a l e x p e r tA s a r e s u lt o f th i s i n t e n s i v e a s s e s s m e n t o f f ie ld , c o m m i t m e n t s w e r e m a d e b y t h e t ru s tt o a C e n t e r f o r t h e H i s t o r y o f A r t a n d t h e Hma n i t i e s , a C o n s e rv a t i o n In s t i t u t e , a n e w mu m , a n d a C e n t e r f o r E d u c a t i o n i n t h e A rt s. s e c o n d G e t t y m u s e u m , t h e C e n t e r f o r t h e H iry o f A r t , a n d t h e C o n s e rv a t i o n In s t i t u t e w i ll o c a t e d t o g e t h e r a t a n a s y e t u n d e t e rmi n e d

s o m e w h e r e i n t h e L o s A n g e l e s m e t r o p o l ia r e a . Th e C e n t e r fo r Ed u c a t i o n i n t h e A r t s ise n v i s i o n e d a s a p h y s i c a l e n t i t y b u t r a t h e r al o c u s fo r c o o rd i n a t i n g a c t i v i t ie s i n o t h e r p l aa n d d r a w i n g w i d e ly o n t h e e x p e r ti s e o f c o nt a n t s a n d e x p e r i e n c e d p ra c t i t i o n e r s .

A collection to serve art scholarshipTh e l ib r a ry, w h i c h b e g a n a s p a r t o f t h e m uu m , w i ll b e c o m e p a r t o f t h e C e n t e r f o r t h e Ht o r y o f A r t a n d t h e H u m a n i t i e s . I ts e a

d e v e l o p m e n t , h o w e v e r, m i r r o r s t h e g r o w t ht h e mu s e u m i t s e l f .

T h f h l i b l l i b


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g r o u p i e , " F r e d e r i c k se n b e g a n t o c o l l e c t b o o k st h a t wo u l d s e r v e t o f o r m t h e n u c l e u s o f th e l i-b r a r y. A l t h o u g h h e wa s n o t e x p l i c i t l y g i v e nf u n d s f r o m w h i c h t o p u r c h a s e b o o k s a n d r e -

s e a r c h m a t e r i a l s , F r e d e r i c k se n m a n a g e d t o i n -c rease these ho ld ings un t i l t he f i r s t l i b ra r i an ,Ka t h e r i n e Jo n e s I s a a c so n , wa s h i r e d a n d a f o r-m a l l i b r a r y wa s e s t a b l i sh e d i n 1 9 7 3 . F r o m t h a tda te th ro ugh 1979 , t he l i b ra ry g rew s t ead i lyb o t h i n s t a f f a n d n u m b e r o f v o l u m e s . T h e s c o p eo f the l i b ra ry ' s co l l ec t ion fo l lowed gene ra l ly tha to f th e a r t c o l le c ti o n . Tr a d i t i o n a l p r i n t m e d i a ,inc lud ing bo ok s and journa l s , w ere co l l ec ted , a swe l l a s o t h e r m o r e sp e c ia l iz e d m a t e r i a ls su c h a sa r t a u c t i o n c a t a l o g s a n d su c h u n u su a l t o o l s a s

t h e m i c r o f il m s o f t he G a r d e M e u b l e d e laC o u r o n n e ( i n v e n t o r i e s o f f u rn i sh in g s , f r o m f u r-n i t u r e t o l in e n s , b o u g h t b y F r e n c h r o y a l t y f ro mt h e l a t e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y t o t h e e n d o f th ee igh teen th cen tu ry) .

Th e c lose p ro x im i ty o f UCLA'S Ar t L ib ra ry,t h e R e se a r c h L i b r a r y o f t h e L o s An g e l e s C o u n t yM u s e u m o f A r t, a n d t h e H u n t i n g t o n L i b r a rys o m e w h a t o b v i a t e d t he n e e d f o r t h e G e t t y M u -se u m L i b r a r y t o b r o a d e n i t s c o l l e c t i n g s c o p e .Org i n a l ly i n t e n d e d a s a s e m i n a r l ib r a r y b o t h i nt e r m s o f p h y s i c a l sp a c e a n d c o l le c ti n g s c o p e , t h el ib ra ry was used ex tens ive ly fo r i t s spec ia l i zedco l l ec t ion . Th e co l l ec t ion s~rved the nee ds o ft h e m u s e u m ' s c u r a to r i a l s t a f f a n d o t h e r d e p a r t -ment s a s we l l a s l oca l scho la r s , co l l ec to r s , anda r t h i s to ry s tuden t s . Vi s i t i ng scho la r s , bo thf r o m t h e Un i t e d S t a t e s a n d a b r o a d , a l so m a d euse o f t he l i b ra ry.

F r o m 1 9 7 6 t h r o u g h t h e f i n a l s e t t l e m e n t o fthe e s t a t e , t he l i b ra ry con t inued i t s g rowth bo th

i n n u m b e r o f fu l l- ti m e s t a f f a n d n u m b e r o f v o l-u m e s b e i n g a d d e d t o t h e c o l l e c t i o n . W h e nA n n e - M i e k e H a l b r o o k w a s h i r e d a s t h e n e whea d l ib ra r i an in 1979 , t he l ib ra ry s t a ffh ad d ou-b led i t s s i ze . The co l l ec t ion inc luded approx i -m a t e l y 1 5 , 0 0 0 m o n o g r a p h s a n d s e r i a l s p l u s a nadd i t iona l 15 ,000 a r t sa l e s ca t a logs . The ra t e o fa c q u i s i t i o n wa s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 , 0 0 0 v o l u m e s ayea r.

R e a l i z in g t h a t t h e G e t t y e s t a te wo u l d e v e n t u -a l ly be se t tl ed , t he l i b ra ry, a long wi th the re s t o f

t h e m u se u m , b e g a n f o r m u l a t i n g p l a n s f o r e x -p a n s i o n , t o b e im p l e m e n t e d i n s ta g e s. Au t o m a t -ing the l ib ra ry ' s t echn ica l se rv ices was a h igh

J . P a u l G e t t y

L i b r a r y j o i n e d R E I N ( R e s e a r c h L i b r a r y I n f o r m

t i o n N e t w o r k ) , p r i m a r i l y b e c a u s e a r t h i s t o r y h a s

a lways fo rmed a pa r t i cu la r ly s t rong sub jec t fc u s i n t h a t n e t wo r k .

T h i s sh a r e d d a t a b a se n e t wo r k l i n k e d t hGe t t y L i b r a r y w i t h m a j o r l i b r a r i e s t h r o u g h othe U ni t ed S ta t es . Ca ta log ing was the f i r s t t ecn i c a l a r e a t o b e a u t o m a t e d , w i t h a c q u i s i t i oc lose beh ind . Acqui s i t i ons inc reased f rom 3 ,0v o l u m e s a y e a r to a p p r o x i m a t e l y 45 , 00 0 v ou m e s d u r i n g 1 9 8 1 a n d 1 9 8 2 . Au t o m a t i n g thse c t i o n wa s t h e b e s t wa y t o g a i n c o n t r o l o vs u c h e x p a n s i o n . T h e m o s t i m m e d i a t e r e s u l t t h i s p h e n o m e n a l g r o wt h h a s b e e n e x c e e d i n gc r a m p e d l i b r a r y q u a r t e r s , a n d t h e g r e a t e r n u mber o f t he l i b ra ry ' s ho ld ings a re c ur ren t ly s torage .

I n J a n u a r y 1 98 3, t h e G e t t y j o i n e d t h e b r a r i e s o f th e A r t I n s t i tu t e o f C h ic a g o , t h e Mr o p o l i t a n M u se u m o f Ar t , a n d t h e C l e v e l a nM us eu m of Ar t i n pa r t i c ipa t ing in sc IPIO (Sa lCa ta log Index Pro jec t In pu t Onl ine ) . sc IPIOnot seen a s an index to auc t ion ca t a logs , bu t a c a t a l o g o f t h e h o l d i n g s o f th e m e m b e r i n s ti tt i ons . As i t s por t ion o f sc Ia IO, the Ge t ty L ibrah a s u n d e r t a k e n t h e a d d i t i o n o f it s e x t e n s i v e r

t rospe c t ive ho ld ings o f a r t auc t ion ca t a logs , curen t ly e s t ima ted a t 40 ,000 vo lumes , whi l e tho t h e r l i b r a r i e s h a v e d i v i d e d t h e r e sp o n s i b i l i


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by auction house and date of sale, scIPIO affordsaccess to the sellers listed on the title pages ofthese catalogs.

De veloping "a wo rld-class library"The next period of growth for the library mustbe seen within the context of the developmentsof the Getty Trust. The J. Paul Getty Center forthe History of Art and the Humanities is one ofthe first new institutions to be sponsored by thetrust. The development of the library is closelylinked with the development of the center.

According to Nancy Englander, director ofprogram planning and analysis, the center was"conceived as an institution dedicated to re-

search in the history of art in the broader con-text of the humanities, with a world-classlibrary and archive o f photographs of works o fart and other information resources not concen-trated at any other single place in the world."The center, Englander notes, "is committed tofurthering new scholarship, the development ofnew research resources--particularly in the areaof photo-documentation--the enhancement ofexisting resources at other institutions, and thepreservation and dissemination of information,facilitated at each stage by the potential provid-ed by new technology."

Guiding the center's development is an advi-sory committee, which currently includes Hu-bert Landais, director of Musres de France;Irving Lavin, professor of art history, Institutefor Advanced Study at Princeton; WillibaldSauerlander, director of the Zentralinstitut forKunstgeschichte in Munich; Seymour Slive,Gleason Professor of Fine Arts, Harvard Uni-

versity; and Craig Hugh Smyth, director of ITatti, the Harvard Center for RenaissanceStudies in Florence.

The first steps have already been taken to es-tablish the center. Until a permanent site isfound, the J. Paul Getty Center for the Historyof Art and the Humanities will be housed intemporary quarters located in Santa Monica,about five miles from the museum in Malibu.The library, photo archive, and administrativeoffices for the center will move there as soon as

modifications to the building have been com-pleted sometime after June 1983.

It is expected that the library's current hold

grow to an estimated 450,000 items. The staffsize will double from sixteen to about thirty per-sons. The scope of the collection will be expand-ed to include Western art from classical

antiquity through contemporary American art,with eventual expansion to certain areas of non-Western art as well. Englander says: "The centeris committed to having more than just a goodlibrary. The vision o f the library is of a scholar-ly center within the center; it is not conceivedas only a storehouse and retrieval system, butas a milieu for exchange of scholarly ideas,staffed by scholars as well as librarians."

The library's planners are curr entl y investi-gating an integrated, online, in-house computer

system that will link all facets of the library'soperations. With the development of a wide va-riety of modules to perform such functions ascirculation, binding, and serials control, the li-brary user will have greater access to the collec-tion. During this transitional phase ofdevelopment, the museum' s staff hope that ac-cess to the library will be provided via this net-work, which will allow for experimentat ion withsubject headings tailored and modified to meetthe specific needs of the center.

The library's planners are also committed toan extensive program of preservation so thatprinted materials are not lost to future scholars.It is estimated that preservation will be requiredfor approximately 100,000 books and another200,000 periodicals. The center is anticipatingworking with the Library of Congress in itsevaluation of digital and analog technology todevelop a prototype system that could be usedto both store and retrieve these materials.

Bibliographic expertiseThe rapid growth of a collection of such project-ed size requires the collaboration of many indi-viduals. Collection development is being guidedby the library staff along with the cooperationof such scholars as Wolfgang Freitag, direc tor o fthe Fine Arts Library, Harvard University.

Freitag has been given a year's leave of ab-sence to consult with the staff of the Get ty Cen-ter. As part of this effort, he is developing a

bibliography of significant titles that are basic toresearch in art history. In the future, it is antici-pated that guest bibliographers will be invited


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Librarian Anne-Mieke Halbrook

the ir specialized expertise. Art historians whohave participated in the museum's visitingscholars program have provided the librarywith bibliographies of works significant to their

fields, and it is expected that the anticipatedscholars-in-residence program at the center willalso be a rich source of expert knowledge.

All too often, study in the humanities ishampered by the lack of timely, extensive cov-erage of the literature in the field. The GettyCenter has already made substantial commit-ments to the goal of improving access to infor-mation in the humanities. Since 1981, the Gettyhas operated the Reper to i r e In te rna t iona le de laL i t te r a tu re de l 'Ar t (International Repertory ofthe Literature of Art) or R I L A , a semiannualpublication that indexes and abstracts currentAmerican and European art history literature.The scope o f R I L Awill eventually expand to in-clude other historical periods, such as ancientart, as well as to increase the n umb er of cita-tions and frequency of publication. R I L A edi-tors are located throughou t Europe at major arthistory centers such as I Tatti in Florence, theSchweizerisches Institut fiir Kunstwissenschaftin Switzerland, the Courtauld Institute in Lon-don, an d the Zentralinstitut for Kunstgeschichtein Munich.

Center as another valuable tool with the poten-tial to enhance access to resources in the hu-manities. Frustrated by the existing lists ofsubject headings commonly applied to various

indexing systems (which lack logical hierarchi-cal structures and well-reasoned cross-referencestructures), the originators o f the AAT sought toestablish a workable dem onstratio n model of asyndetic subject thesaurus. The field of architec-ture, as a discrete subject area, was chosen forthis model with the expectation that a widerrange of topics will be developed in the future.One promising appl ication of the AAT unde rconsideration is its use for indexing R I L A . It isexpected that the architecture portion of the

thesaurus will soon be tested against R I L A andthe Avery Index of Architectural Periodicals, aswell as another cata loging project o f architectur-al drawings. Eventually, the AAT will also be ap-plied to other media such as photographs andslides, as well as to art objects. The enhancedsubject access and retrieval capabilities thusgenerated will be of fundamental importance tothe scholarly community.

Enhanc ing scho la r sh ipThe library of the J. Paul Getty Center for theHistory of Art and the Humanities, as an inte-gral component of the center, will strive to de-velop programs and technologies that willdirectly enhance the ability of scholars to dowhat they have always done--study, research,explore new ideas, muse, discuss hypotheses,and develop new insights.

To come full circle, it is worthwhile notingthe origin of the name of the Villa dei Papiri.According to the museu m's guidebook, it comesfrom an extensive library of Greek and Romantexts, written on rolls of papyrus, that have nowbeen partially deciphered: "The works wereprincipally philosophical in nature, especiallyEpicurean, and featured works of a certain Phi-l o d e m u s. . , it has generally been supposed thatone owner of the villa was Piso and that the li-brary was that of Philodemus."

What could be a more fitting memorial thanthe development of a center that sees as its pri-mary goal the continued enrichment of scholar-ship and the dissemination of knowledge to thewidest possible audience? It remains for future


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TITLE: Wealth of Scholarship: The J. Paul Getty Center LibrarySOURCE: Wilson Library Bulletin (R) 57 Je 1983PAGE(S): 828-32

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wealth of schole j. paul getty center library

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