WelcomeWelcome

We all come to the table with We all come to the table with experiences, and experiences, and

worldviews….worldviews….Let’s find out what our “feast Let’s find out what our “feast at the table” will be like this at the table” will be like this

week….week….

Public EducationPublic Education

America’s noble experiment- America’s noble experiment- universal education for all universal education for all

students is a cornerstone of students is a cornerstone of our democracyour democracy

““We are here not only to We are here not only to transform the world but also to transform the world but also to be transformed” (Palmer, be transformed” (Palmer, 2000, p. 97). 2000, p. 97).

This WeekThis WeekWhat are schools like in the USA? How do What are schools like in the USA? How do they compare to your experiences in your they compare to your experiences in your

country? Have schools encouraged a country? Have schools encouraged a more socially just and equitable life for all?more socially just and equitable life for all?

Educational ParadigmsEducational Paradigms Federal Educational StandardsFederal Educational Standards Racism and InequalityRacism and Inequality War and ViolenceWar and Violence Teacher PreparationTeacher Preparation

How does one’s worldview affect the How does one’s worldview affect the paradigms of education?paradigms of education?

Are schools in the USA…Are schools in the USA…

Safe?Safe?

Equal?Equal?

Just?Just?

Racially Desegregated?Racially Desegregated?

Freedom Seeking?Freedom Seeking?

Peace Seeking?Peace Seeking?

Democratic?Democratic?

What has your experience What has your experience been with schooling? Were been with schooling? Were

your schools….your schools….

Safe?Safe?

Equal?Equal?

Just?Just?

Racially Desegregated?Racially Desegregated?

Freedom Seeking?Freedom Seeking?

Peace Seeking?Peace Seeking?

Democratic?Democratic?

WorldviewsWorldviewsParadigms in the USAParadigms in the USA

TraditionalTraditional/ / The Conservative The Conservative ParadigmParadigm

Life is difficult & dangerous.Life is difficult & dangerous. The supreme being is a strict & The supreme being is a strict &

judgmental parent.judgmental parent. Most people are weak, selfish, Most people are weak, selfish,

greedy, immoral & lazy.greedy, immoral & lazy. Evil is a prominent part of Evil is a prominent part of

human experience.human experience. Individual responsibility is Individual responsibility is

central.central. Trust in others must be limited Trust in others must be limited

to those very much like us.to those very much like us. Competition is at the center.Competition is at the center. Great questions of the day have Great questions of the day have

simple answers.simple answers. Government is a thief and a Government is a thief and a

waste.waste.

ProgressiveProgressive

Life is difficult & dangerous.Life is difficult & dangerous. The supreme being is a The supreme being is a

nurturing, loving parent.nurturing, loving parent. Humans are basically good and Humans are basically good and

always motivated.always motivated. Evil is a minor part of human Evil is a minor part of human

experience.experience. Cooperation and sharing, Cooperation and sharing,

collective action and mutual collective action and mutual support are crucial.support are crucial.

Trust is the core of healthy Trust is the core of healthy human life.human life.

Complexity and ambiguity Complexity and ambiguity characterize our lives.characterize our lives.

Worldviews and Paradigms in Worldviews and Paradigms in the World?the World?

Where does your worldview fall?Where does your worldview fall?Take five minutes and list your worldview Take five minutes and list your worldview

in comparison to those of the USA.in comparison to those of the USA.

Educational ParadigmsEducational Paradigms

How do these worldviews affect the How do these worldviews affect the educational systems?educational systems?

Educational ParadigmsEducational ParadigmsShare your worldviews with two other Share your worldviews with two other

people from different countries (if people from different countries (if possible).possible).

Now, using the Venn diagram, list your Now, using the Venn diagram, list your educational experiences that were the educational experiences that were the

same and that were different.same and that were different.

Educational ParadigmsEducational Paradigms

Educational Paradigms in Educational Paradigms in the USAthe USA

The Conservative Paradigm in The Conservative Paradigm in EducationEducation

Students are untrustworthy, Students are untrustworthy, unmotivated, undisciplined, slothful unmotivated, undisciplined, slothful and immoral.and immoral.

Students (and educators) cannot be Students (and educators) cannot be trusted and must be monitored and trusted and must be monitored and coerced to do the right thing. coerced to do the right thing.

Ability is the best way to identify Ability is the best way to identify and group students for learning. and group students for learning. Isolation of able learners is Isolation of able learners is essential.essential.

Education is evaluation and Education is evaluation and evaluation is education.evaluation is education.

Presentation equals teaching.Presentation equals teaching. Knowledge is the accumulation of Knowledge is the accumulation of

brick upon brick of facts.brick upon brick of facts. Creative, caring, curious, critical Creative, caring, curious, critical

citizens are not a priority.citizens are not a priority. Public schools are a bloated Public schools are a bloated

ineffective government bureaucracy ineffective government bureaucracy that should be privatized. that should be privatized.

The Progressive Paradigm in The Progressive Paradigm in EducationEducation

Human freedom and empowerment Human freedom and empowerment are more critical than accountability are more critical than accountability and punishment.and punishment.

Life is about relationships, not Life is about relationships, not acquisition. acquisition.

School... democratic experience.School... democratic experience. Caring and trust for each person is Caring and trust for each person is

the center of any truly professional the center of any truly professional activity.activity.

Schools are to improve society as a Schools are to improve society as a whole, not providing competitive whole, not providing competitive advantage to the elite. advantage to the elite.

Curriculum is best derived from the Curriculum is best derived from the needs and interests of the learners.needs and interests of the learners.

Instruction should engage active Instruction should engage active learners.learners.

Developmental appropriateness Developmental appropriateness should supercede national should supercede national assessment.assessment.

School failure has political and School failure has political and economic causes.economic causes.

The Progressive Paradigm The Progressive Paradigm SupportsSupports

Heterogeneous GroupingHeterogeneous Grouping Integrated CurriculumIntegrated Curriculum Differentiated Instruction Differentiated Instruction Evolution as ScienceEvolution as Science Teachers as MentorsTeachers as Mentors Small School StrategiesSmall School Strategies Interdisciplinary TeamsInterdisciplinary Teams Shared Decision MakingShared Decision Making Teacher EducationTeacher Education

Progressive Supports….Progressive Supports…. Local Control of Curriculum & AssessmentLocal Control of Curriculum & Assessment The Progressive Paradigm in American HistoryThe Progressive Paradigm in American History Abolition Abolition Peace Movements Peace Movements Modern PsychotherapyModern Psychotherapy Civil Rights Civil Rights Bill of RightsBill of Rights Child Labor lawsChild Labor laws Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage School DesegregationSchool Desegregation Gay RightsGay Rights Progressive EducationProgressive Education Environmental MovementEnvironmental Movement

History of Schooling in the History of Schooling in the USAUSA

Three essentialThree essentialquestions: questions:

What is the purpose of a public What is the purpose of a public education? education?

Who is to receive the educationalWho is to receive the educationalservices provided by the public? services provided by the public?

And, how does government ensure And, how does government ensure the quality of these educational the quality of these educational services? In various forms, these services? In various forms, these questions lay beneath all questions lay beneath all educational changes and reform.educational changes and reform.

1818thth century century short-term schools short-term schools ten or twelve weeks a yearten or twelve weeks a year favored boys over girls favored boys over girls charged parental fees charged parental fees families responsible along with churches, families responsible along with churches,

neighbors, and peersneighbors, and peers not very extensivenot very extensive not freenot free not governmentalnot governmental not secular…not secular… family wealth, race, and gender had a family wealth, race, and gender had a

strong impactstrong impact

1919thth century centuryCommon SchoolCommon School

born in the mid-nineteenth century. born in the mid-nineteenth century. funded by local property taxesfunded by local property taxes charged no tuitioncharged no tuition were open to all white childrenwere open to all white children were governed by local school were governed by local school

committees, and werecommittees, and were subject to a modest amount of subject to a modest amount of

state regulationstate regulation

Late 19Late 19thth century centuryReligious discriminationReligious discrimination

half of New York City residents were Irish half of New York City residents were Irish Catholics, generally poor and desperate for an Catholics, generally poor and desperate for an education.education.

Yet in New York, they found that the public Yet in New York, they found that the public schools, while free and open to all, were schools, while free and open to all, were effectively, Protestant…effectively, Protestant…

In Pennsylvania in 1843, a Catholic church was In Pennsylvania in 1843, a Catholic church was burned to the ground and thirteen people were burned to the ground and thirteen people were killed in a conflict known as the Philadelphia killed in a conflict known as the Philadelphia Bible riots.Bible riots.

Create a privately funded national system of Create a privately funded national system of Catholic schools. It became the major alternative Catholic schools. It became the major alternative school system in the United States.school system in the United States.

Late 19Late 19thth century centuryRace and EducationRace and Education

The Civil War ended in 1865The Civil War ended in 1865 Four million Americans, formerly Four million Americans, formerly

slaves, were now free. slaves, were now free. Black literacy soared in the Black literacy soared in the

decades after the Civil War, from 5 decades after the Civil War, from 5 percent to 70 percent. percent to 70 percent.

Early 20Early 20thth century centuryWomen enter work force…Women enter work force…

Promoted female teachers as a civilizing force in the Promoted female teachers as a civilizing force in the West… “God designed women to be the chief educators of West… “God designed women to be the chief educators of our race… It is woman who is [sic] fitted by disposition our race… It is woman who is [sic] fitted by disposition and habits and circumstances for such duties.” and habits and circumstances for such duties.”

Beecher founded colleges to educate women in Beecher founded colleges to educate women in philosophy, science, and mathematics and train them for philosophy, science, and mathematics and train them for service out west… service out west…

One young lady witnessed a gunfight outside her One young lady witnessed a gunfight outside her classroom. Another found herself boarding in a two-room classroom. Another found herself boarding in a two-room cabin with a family of ten.cabin with a family of ten.

Kathryn Kish Sklar describes how women changed what Kathryn Kish Sklar describes how women changed what went on in the classroom: “[The hiring of women] created went on in the classroom: “[The hiring of women] created a new ethic in schools that was feminized in which the a new ethic in schools that was feminized in which the teacher cared for the students-the teacher was not only a teacher cared for the students-the teacher was not only a disciplinarian but also offered, not exactly the comforts of disciplinarian but also offered, not exactly the comforts of home, but a lot of the similar ingredients that had gone home, but a lot of the similar ingredients that had gone on in home schooling a century before that.”on in home schooling a century before that.”

End of the 19End of the 19thth century centuryExclusion in schoolsExclusion in schools

Public school expenditures rose from $69 Public school expenditures rose from $69 million in 1870 to $147 million in 1890million in 1870 to $147 million in 1890

Public school enrollment increased from 7.6 Public school enrollment increased from 7.6 million in 1870 to 12.7 million in the same million in 1870 to 12.7 million in the same decadesdecades

The United States was providing more schooling The United States was providing more schooling to more children than any other nation on earthto more children than any other nation on earth

Yet not all children could attend public schools Yet not all children could attend public schools togethertogether

Native Americans were sent to special Native Americans were sent to special government schools, where they were forced to government schools, where they were forced to abandon tribal languages, customs, and dress. abandon tribal languages, customs, and dress.

African Americans also faced exclusion, and African Americans also faced exclusion, and many created their own schools.many created their own schools.

Native Americans were Native Americans were excludedexcluded

Early 20Early 20thth century centuryImmigrationImmigration

immigrants arriving from every part of the globeimmigrants arriving from every part of the globe 1890 and 1930, over 22 million came to the 1890 and 1930, over 22 million came to the

United States, including almost three million United States, including almost three million children. children.

on the day after a steamship arrived, as many as on the day after a steamship arrived, as many as 125 children would apply to one New York school.125 children would apply to one New York school.

Thousands of students attended school part time Thousands of students attended school part time for lack of space. Some classrooms were as for lack of space. Some classrooms were as crowded as tenements.crowded as tenements.

Yet for many other children, school was nothing Yet for many other children, school was nothing more than a mysterious building passed on the more than a mysterious building passed on the way to work. In 1900, only 50 percent of way to work. In 1900, only 50 percent of America’s children were in school, and they America’s children were in school, and they received an average of only five years of received an average of only five years of schooling.schooling.

Little girl spinner in Mollahan Cotton Mills, Little girl spinner in Mollahan Cotton Mills, Newberry, South Carolina (1908)Newberry, South Carolina (1908)

2020thth century centuryLife Skills EducationLife Skills Education

progressives claimed that schools could help to progressives claimed that schools could help to preserve the American way of lifepreserve the American way of life

Gary (Indiana) curriculum reached into areas like Gary (Indiana) curriculum reached into areas like health and hygiene that had little to do with the health and hygiene that had little to do with the three Rs.three Rs.

progressive education would socialize students and progressive education would socialize students and their families at a time of widespread labor unresttheir families at a time of widespread labor unrest

“…“…home economics becomes a big issue. If the home economics becomes a big issue. If the woman learns how to cook and the worker goes to woman learns how to cook and the worker goes to work well fed and works hard, and knows that there work well fed and works hard, and knows that there will be a good meal when he returns home, he will be a good meal when he returns home, he doesn’t stop at the saloon and he comes directly doesn’t stop at the saloon and he comes directly home. And we will have industrial peace through home. And we will have industrial peace through home economics. So the school was suddenly the home economics. So the school was suddenly the panacea for everything that was going on in panacea for everything that was going on in society.”society.”

Lakota Indians taught to sew Victorian Lakota Indians taught to sew Victorian dressesdresses

Late 20Late 20thth century centuryBilingual/Global EducationBilingual/Global Education

before World War I, schools taught courses in the before World War I, schools taught courses in the language of the major immigrant group, such as language of the major immigrant group, such as German. Historian David Tyack explains, “The German. Historian David Tyack explains, “The Germans…were quite proud of their own Germans…were quite proud of their own language and tradition and insisted that their language and tradition and insisted that their language be taught in places like…St. Louis and language be taught in places like…St. Louis and Cincinnati and Cleveland. Hundreds of thousands Cincinnati and Cleveland. Hundreds of thousands of children learned German or learned in German of children learned German or learned in German in public schools. And learned about the glories of in public schools. And learned about the glories of Germany.” Germany.”

But by 1917, the United States was at war. But by 1917, the United States was at war. Former president Theodore Roosevelt was among Former president Theodore Roosevelt was among those leading the call for an English-only those leading the call for an English-only curriculum.curriculum.

Late 20Late 20thth century centuryDesegregationDesegregation

In 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled that segregation In 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled that segregation was constitutional as long as separate facilities were equal.was constitutional as long as separate facilities were equal.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) had traveled throughout the South, gathering (NAACP) had traveled throughout the South, gathering evidence to prove that segregated schools were never equal evidence to prove that segregated schools were never equal and that black schools were often desperately underfunded..and that black schools were often desperately underfunded..

In 1950 Reverend Oliver Brown walked his eight-year-old In 1950 Reverend Oliver Brown walked his eight-year-old daughter Linda to the Sumner School…daughter Linda to the Sumner School…The case, filed as Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, The case, filed as Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, went to the Supreme Court, where it was argued by went to the Supreme Court, where it was argued by Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall

On May 17, 1954, Chief Justice Earl Warren announced the On May 17, 1954, Chief Justice Earl Warren announced the court’s unanimous decision: “It is doubtful that any child court’s unanimous decision: “It is doubtful that any child may reasonably be expected to succeed in life if he is denied may reasonably be expected to succeed in life if he is denied the opportunity of an education. Such an opportunity…is a the opportunity of an education. Such an opportunity…is a right which must be available to all on equal terms. right which must be available to all on equal terms. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”

One of the “little rock nine” trying to One of the “little rock nine” trying to enter high school in 1957enter high school in 1957

Early 21Early 21stst century centurySchool ChoiceSchool Choice

In 1974, educators in East Harlem asked some In 1974, educators in East Harlem asked some of the district’s best teachers to create small, of the district’s best teachers to create small, alternative public schools, carving space as alternative public schools, carving space as needed within existing buildings…needed within existing buildings…

Deborah Meier, founder and former principal of Deborah Meier, founder and former principal of East Harlem’s Central Park East Schools: “I had East Harlem’s Central Park East Schools: “I had never heard of anybody offering to do that in never heard of anybody offering to do that in the public system. And it was the beginning of the public system. And it was the beginning of a very bold and exciting experiment. Within ten a very bold and exciting experiment. Within ten years, East Harlem went from having twenty years, East Harlem went from having twenty schools to having fifty-two schools in the same schools to having fifty-two schools in the same buildingsbuildings

By 1982, educators in East Harlem required By 1982, educators in East Harlem required that all junior high students choose their schoolthat all junior high students choose their school

By 1987, East Harlem was outperforming half of By 1987, East Harlem was outperforming half of the city’s school districts. the city’s school districts.

President Ronald ReganPresident Ronald Regan– A set of educational goalsA set of educational goals

High school dropout rate from 30% High school dropout rate from 30% to 10%to 10%

President George H. BushPresident George H. Bush– America 2000- “A nine year America 2000- “A nine year

crusade”crusade” Readiness for all pre-school childrenReadiness for all pre-school children By the year 2000 American children will By the year 2000 American children will

be the top in the world in math and be the top in the world in math and sciencescience

High school graduation rate of 90%High school graduation rate of 90% All schools free of drugs and violenceAll schools free of drugs and violence High school dropout rate from 30% to High school dropout rate from 30% to

10% by 200010% by 2000

President George W. BushPresident George W. Bush– No Child Left BehindNo Child Left Behind

“ “ I went to Washington to challenge I went to Washington to challenge the soft bigotry of low the soft bigotry of low expectations.”expectations.”

High school drop our rate from 30% High school drop our rate from 30% to 10% by 2014 to 10% by 2014

Problems with schools in the Problems with schools in the USAUSA

Yes Our Schools Can be SavedYes Our Schools Can be SavedNewsweek- Secretary Bennet Newsweek- Secretary Bennet

discovers what “works”discovers what “works”

What WorksWhat WorksThe New York Times January 1992The New York Times January 1992

How to Fix America’s SchoolsHow to Fix America’s SchoolsBusiness Week 2001Business Week 2001

Palmer (1999) believed that to Palmer (1999) believed that to teach is to create a space in teach is to create a space in which community truth is which community truth is practiced.practiced.

JournalJournal…(5 minute free write)…(5 minute free write) Did my educational experience Did my educational experience

support social justice and support social justice and equity? How? Why not? equity? How? Why not?

Tonight’s readingTonight’s readingStandards..Standards..1.1. The standards movementThe standards movement2.2. Standardizing imperialismStandardizing imperialism3.3. Failing our children. Why the testing craze Failing our children. Why the testing craze

won’t fix our schoolswon’t fix our schools..

Reading responseReading response1.1. Summarize readingsSummarize readings2.2. Share your opinions on this new Share your opinions on this new

informationinformation3.3. Share your personal experience with Share your personal experience with

this topicthis topic4.4. Synthesize what you knew, what you Synthesize what you knew, what you

learned, and how it will affect your learned, and how it will affect your future work.future work.