we are all refugees- child development

5/24/2018 We Are All Refugees- Child Development

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Child DevelopmentLaura E. Berk 8th edition

Chapter 14

The Family

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Evolutionary Origins of Families

Assuming responsibility for childrens

enhanced survival

Fathers invested care and time

Extended kinship groups also helped

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Functions of the Family

Reproduction

Economic services

Social order

Socialization

Emotional support

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Family as a Social System

Family systemA network of interdependent relationships

Bidirectionalinfluences

All parties in the interactioninfluence each other

Direct

influences

How people act with each other

Indirect

influences

Third parties that affect family

members



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Transition to Parenthood

Many profound changes

Roles often become more traditional

Reduced with second childMarriage can be strained

Problems before children

predict problems after

Sharing care can help

Later parenthood

eases transition

Intervention for high-risk parents

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Benefits to Families

of Strong Community Ties

Parental interpersonal acceptance

Parental access to information and

services

Child-rearing controls,

role models

Direct assistance

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Child-Rearing Styles

Acceptance Involve-ment

Control Autonomy

Authoritative High High Adaptive Appropriate

Authoritarian Low Low High Low

Permissive High

Too low

or toohigh

Low High

Uninvolved Low Low Low Indifference



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Making Parenting Matter

Teach moral values

Help overcome unfavorable

disposition Adapt parenting

Foster positive capacities

Rich, varied experiencesUse authoritative style

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Development and Child-Rearing

Middle Childhood

CoregulationAdolescence

Fostering autonomy

EmotionalBehavioral




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SES and Child-Rearing

Socioeconomic status:

Index of education, occupation, income

High SES - Affluence Low SES - Poverty

Many benefits. Children may

get more

Father involvementTime, energy, material

resources

Involvement in decisions

Risks:

Accomplishment pressureIsolation from adults

Can be stressful; children may

get more

Commands

Criticism

Coercive disciplinePhysical punishment

Uninvolved father



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The Importance of Dinner



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Ethnicity and Child-Rearing

Compared to European-Americans, some

groups might use

More warmth

More strict control

More extended family

Parenting depends on

cultural values andfamily context




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Types of Families

Traditional

Employed parents

One-childGay & lesbian parents

Single parents

Divorced parents

Blended

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The African-American

Extended Family

Emotional support,shared income andresources

Associated with morepositive mother-childinteraction during thepreschool years

Plays an importantrole in transmittingAfrican-Americanculture




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Trends in Having Children

Smaller numbers of children

Average fewer than 2 Mothers careers

Have first child later

Divorce

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IQ and Large Families



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Growing Up With Siblings

Early

Can be difficult transition for firstborn

Infants find older siblings comforting

Play together by second year

Temperament, parenting,

family context affect relationship

Middle Childhood/Adolescence

Rivalry increases in middle childhood

Still provide companionship

Must adjust to adolescence

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One-Child Families

Only children

Higher in self-esteem and motivation

Do better in school

Attain higher levels of education than children

with siblings

Closer relationships with parents

Can be less accepted in their peer groups



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Adoption and Adjustment



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Gay and Lesbian Parents

Children similar to children of

heterosexuals in

Mental health

Peer relations

Gender identity

Sexual orientation

May develop more empathy and

tolerance



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Single Parents

90 percent mothers

Young African-American

women most likely to

postpone marriage Many marry later

Risks

Poverty Poor child outcomes

Rely on extended familiesRubberBa

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International Divorce Rates



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Consequences of

Parental Divorce

ImmediateInstability, conflict,

drop in income

Parental stress,

disorganization

Consequences

affected by: Age

Temperament

Sex

Long-TermImproved adjustment

after 2 years

Boys & children with

difficult temperaments

more likely to have

problems

Fathers involvement

affects adjustment



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Child-Rearing Styles and Childrens

Divorce Adjustment



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Helping Families

Through Divorce

Divorce mediation

Joint custody

Child support

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Blended Families

Mother-StepfatherMost frequent

Boys usually adjust

quicklyGirls adapt lessfavorably

Older children and

adolescents of bothsexes display moreproblems

Father-StepmotherOften leads to reducedfather-child contact

Children in fatherscustody often reactnegatively

Girls & stepmothers

slow to get along at first,more positive interactionlater



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Maternal Employment and

Child Development

Benefits

Higher self-esteem

Positive family and peer relations Fewer gender stereotypes

Better grades

More father involvement

Drawbacks

Less time for children

Risk of ineffective parenting



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Support for Working Parents

Flexible schedules,

job sharing

Sick leave

Involvement ofother parent

Equal pay

and opportunities

High-quality child care

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Child-Care Arrangements



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Factors to Consider

in Choosing Child Care

Physical setting

Group sizeCaregiver-child ratio

Daily activities

Adult-child interactions

Teacher qualifications

Relationships with parents

Licensing & accreditation

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Self-Care

Increases with age, SES

Effects vary with

Childrens maturity How children spend their time

Time alone

Parenting

Supervision neededuntil age 8 or 9

After-school programs helpful

through early adolescence




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Child Maltreatment

Physical abuse

Sexual abuseNeglect

Emotional abuse

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Factors Related to

Child Maltreatment

Parent characteristics

Child characteristics

Family characteristics

Community

Culture

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Child Sexual Abuse

VictimsMore often female

Reported in middle childhood

Abusers Usually maleParent or known by parent

Consequences

Emotional reactions

Physical symptoms

Effects on behavior

Prevention

and Treatment

Prevention: education

Treatment: long-term therapy



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Home Visits for

Child Abuse Prevention

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