The Ways the World has Changed – 1750 -2010

By Roni Repp

Chapter 17 – The North American Revolution 1775 - 1787

The American Revolution was a struggle against British Rule to keep existing liberties, 1775Declaration of Independence, 1776Shocking win over the British, 1781British acknowledged American Independence, 1783U.S. Constitution Convention, 1787

Chapter 17 – The French Revolution 1789 - 1815

• Movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799, reaching its first climax in1789, and ended the ancient regime. An attempt by the regime in 1787 to increase taxeslevied on the privileged classes set-off the crisis. Lower classmen, or thirdestate, proclaimed freedom and equal rights during a parliamentary meeting in 1789. In1793, King Louis XVI and his queen were found guilty of treason and executed, which inturn shocked conservatives throughout Europe and set a new level of violence during arevolution.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

• Robespierre was an effective leader of the Committee of Public Safetybecause him and his followers used fear and executed thousands ofpeople for what he called ‘crimes against the revolution’ (Reign ofTerror).

In 1799, Napoleon took control and he was eventually elected as emperor in 1804.

Reign of Terror

Robespierre

Chapter 17 – The Haitian Revolution 1791 - 1804

Saint Domingue (Haiti) was thought of as the wealthiest colony The Haitian Revolution was the first successful slave revolt It was a period of time of vicious conflict in the French colony

called Saint-Domingue (now Haiti)

Dessalines

In 1804 Haiti was declared a free republic by Jean-Jacques Dessalines The end of the Haitian Revolution in 1804 marked the end of colonialism in Haiti

One of the most successful leaders of the Haitian Revolution was black commander Toussaint L’OuvertureHe had been a slave and educated himself. After the British had invaded Saint-Domingue, L'Ouverturedecided to fight for the French but only if they freed the slaves.

L’Ouverture

Chapter 18 – Industrialization Revolution (1750 – 1914)

• The Industrial Revolution began in Western Europe, specifically Great Britain, which still holds the lead

• From the beginning of the 18th century, Great Britain knew that industrialization generated both wealth and displayed power

• In 1850, what they called the 2nd Industrial Revolution, began when technological and economic growth took off with the creation of steam-powered ships, railways, and later with the internal combustion engine and generating electrical power.

Steam Engine

Chapter 18 – Industrialization Revolution and the Laboring Classes

• The laboring class or working class people found employment plentiful due to the new mills and factories. Most worked in poor conditions and had long hours and low pay

• Population in Britain grew tremendously and became overpopulated, polluted and with poor water conditions

• Low pay forced married woman to take on side domestic work

• Created social protest so the working class took their own action by creating “friendly” societies where you became a member for a fee and insurance against sickness was provided

• It was forbidden to organize in legal unions

Densely populated and polluted environments created in the new

industrial cities

Chapter 18 – Industrialization Revolution and the Middle Class

• The middle class benefited greatly from industrialization

• Business professionals and doctors were considered middle class

• An expanding middle class of professional workers developing a modern sense of class consciousness transformed European and US industrial societies

• In some countries this was more rapid, such as in England, known as a nation of “shop-keepers and merchants

• The middle class supported law and order as well as parliamentary reform

Chapter 19 – China & the Ottoman Empire (1800 – 1914)

• The 19th century was Europe’s time of growth on an international level (thanks to the industrial revolution). It became the midpoint of the world’s economy giving the Europeans the option to travel to distant inlands of Asia and Africa, and sometimes settle there.

• China, Japan, the Middle East, Latin America and Africa had to put up with European and American Imperialism.

• European’s became arrogant and replaced their ideas of religious superiority with a type of racism.

• The reversal of wealth and success was caused by China’s dependency in the European-dominated world and their massive population growth from 1685 to 1853.

• China couldn’t keep up with their growing population and the state became unable to perform its various duties like tax collection, social welfare and public safety.

• The Taiping Uprising, (1850 – 1864) was during the peak of China’s internal calamity where most of the country was set on fire. A unique form of Christianity was forced upon the people.

• Taiping forces established their capital at Nanjing in 1853 with plans of creating an industrial nation, but by 1864 the Qing Dynasty took victory.

• Opium Wars began in 1839 and although it was illegal to import into China, it was smuggled in and China found itself with a growing number of addicts.

• The Treaty of Nanjing ended the Opium War in 1839

• Then the Britian’s won in the 2nd Opium War in 1856-1858

Background Picture: Battle of the Yangtze

Treaty of Nanjing

• By 1911, the imperial order that had ran China for 2,000 yrs ended and a struggle about the future began

• Japan made a turn-around with their society and became a powerful, united, industrialized nation. Becoming an imperialist country, it was governed by shogun (military ruler) which had the job of preventing a civil war among daimyo (lords). Samurai was the highest level of social level. Confidence in the Shogunate’s began to decline in the 1830’s and ended in 1867.

• With the influence of tension with the United States, a brief civil war called the Meiji restoration began, leading to Southern Japanese Samurai’s taking over politically.

• The end of the Daimyo occurred in 1871, replacing it with a government broken up by districts that reported to a main government and in 1877 the Samurai rebellion was destroyed.

• There was a rise in violent protests by 1883 due to high taxes against peasants forced into poverty.

• In 1889, Japan’s new constitution was created

• 1904 – 1905 Japan had successful wars against China & Russia giving it a strong military reputation.

The Meiji Emperor 1868 Meiji Constitution promulgation

Chapter 20 – The European Conquest and Rule

• European colonization of the Americas was on a much smaller scale than the second round.

• The Afro-Asian-Pacific areas were consumed by European empire creation from approximately 1750 to 1950, primarily by military force.

• Countries with no guns, like the Africans and Australians, had no fighting chance against the well armed and wealthy Europeans (including but not limited to German, Italy, Belgium, USA).

• Many different European countries fought against each other over African soil. Some African rulers decided to negotiate so they would benefit. Though most areas suffered tremendously and ferociously.

Chapter 20 – The Working World of Colonial Times

• Old ways of working faded as industrial economics came into play.

• In French Africa, all indigenous people were required to work for free 10 – 12 days a year on public projects like railroads. They called it statute labor.

• Leopold II ran the Congo Free State creating such fear and mistreatment of the locals until the news reached Europe and the Belgium government was forced to end his reign.

• Wage labor in colonial societies existed and many of the poor traveled quite far seeking jobs on plantations in need of money.

Leopold II

Congolese laborers who failed to meet rubber collection quotas

Chapter 20 – Cultural Change and Identity During the Colonial Era

• Exposure to racism, European culture and economic turmoil during the colonial rule assisted with the massive cultural change with the Asian and African people, changing their cultural identities.

Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament of Religions

• Some embraced European culture and applied it to ones self.

• Western education

• Christianity

• Style of clothing

• In turn, Hinduism was introduced in Europe & the US. Swami Vivekananda, a chief disciple, played a main role with the introduction of Hinduism to the Western world.

• Racial identity became a topic of interest, especially in Africa where most did not consider themselves African, but from a tribe. This changed and the new ethnic identities were found helpful especially in urban areas

Resources For Part Five:

“Ways of the World” by Robert W. Strayer

http://en.wikipedia.org

http://www.pbs.org/ktca/liberty/

http://www.answers.com/topic/french-revolution

Chapter 21 – The Great War 1914 - 1918

Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament of Religions

• Some embraced European culture and applied it to ones self.

• Western education

• Christianity

• Style of clothing

• In turn, Hinduism was introduced in Europe & the US. Swami Vivekananda, a chief disciple, played a main role with the introduction of Hinduism to the Western world.

• Racial identity became a topic of interest, especially in Africa where most did not consider themselves African, but from a tribe. This changed and the new ethnic identities were found helpful especially in urban areas