waver riders week 2 lecture boys brains and biology“diggers and!dumpltrucks”!endof...

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Boys Brains and Biology Hello everyone and welcome to Wave Riders. This week we get to take a look at information about the biology behind boys’ development and how that can influence their behavior and what they need from us. Of course, there’s always a debate about whether or not boys are born “hard wired” to be a certain way or if we socialize them to be a certain way. Like most things in life, we now know it is some of both. But before we dig in to that information, I want to talk a little bit about the elephant that shows up in the room whenever I begin to discuss one sex (boys) as opposed to giving both sexes equal time. There are men and boys, women and girls who fall all over the spectrum of masculinity and femininity, and I am not about to enter into the political, social and religious debate that surrounds this issue. Just like all of you, I have my own thoughts and beliefs, but those are NOT within the scope of what I cover in this class. There are boys who are naturally on the “diggers and dumptrucks” end of the spectrum and some who would rather spend time playing house and choose to avoid sports. Some boys may naturally be more stoic, shy away from hugs and be more on the wild, rambunctious, physical end of things. On the other hand, some boys love hugs, wear their feelings on their sleeves and shy away from violence and “full contact” play. In this class, we’ll look at how we can foster emotional health for ALL of them, because they will all face their own unique challenges. The sensitive guys can get the message that there’s something wrong with them because they’re not tough enough, and the rough and wild fellas may get labeled as ADHD or “behavior problems” because of their energy and actions. In both cases, boys will benefit from a solid dose of emotional intelligence.

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Page 1: Waver Riders Week 2 Lecture Boys Brains and Biology“diggers and!dumpLtrucks”!endof the!spectrumand!some! whowouldratherspend! time!playing!houseand choosetoavoidsports. Some!boys!may!naturally

Boys  Brains  and  Biology  Hello  everyone  and  welcome  to  Wave  Riders.  This  week  we  get  to  take  a  look  at  information  about  the  biology  behind  boys’  development  and  how  that  can  influence  their  behavior  and  what  they  need  from  us.    Of  course,  there’s  always  a  debate  about  whether  or  not  boys  are  born  “hard  wired”  to  be  a  certain  way  or  if  we  socialize  them  to  be  a  certain  way.  Like  most  things  in  life,  we  now  know  it  is  some  of  both.  But  before  we  dig  in  to  that  information,  I  want  to  talk  a  little  bit  about  the  elephant  that  shows  up  in  the  room  whenever  I  begin  to  discuss  one  sex  (boys)  as  opposed  to  giving  both  sexes  equal  time.    

There  are  men  and  boys,  women  and  girls  who  fall  all  over  the  spectrum  of  masculinity  and  femininity,  and  I  am  not  about  to  enter  into  the  political,  social  and  religious  debate  that  surrounds  this  issue.    Just  like  all  of  you,  I  have  my  own  thoughts  and  beliefs,  but  those  are  NOT  within  the  scope  of  what  I  cover  in  this  class.  

There  are  boys  who  are  naturally  on  the  “diggers  and  dump-­‐‑trucks”  end  of  the  spectrum  and  some  who  would  rather  spend  time  playing  house  and  choose  to  avoid  sports.  Some  boys  may  naturally  be  more  stoic,  shy  away  from  hugs  and  be  more  on  the  wild,  rambunctious,  physical  end  of  things.  On  the  other  hand,  some  boys  love  hugs,  wear  their  feelings  on  their  sleeves  

and  shy  away  from  violence  and  “full  contact”  play.  In  this  class,  we’ll  look  at  how  we  can  foster  emotional  health  for  ALL  of  them,  because  they  will  all  face  their  own  unique  challenges.  The  sensitive  guys  can  get  the  message  that  there’s  something  wrong  with  them  because  they’re  not  tough  enough,  and  the  rough  and  wild  fellas  may  get  labeled  as  ADHD  or  “behavior  problems”  because  of  their  energy  and  actions.  In  both  cases,  boys  will  benefit  from  a  solid  dose  of  emotional  intelligence.  

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With  all  of  that  said,  there  are  some  concerning  trends  and  statistics  that  emerge  when  we  look  at  boys  vs.  girls.  It’s  worthwhile  to  note  that  girls  now  out-­‐‑perform  boys  in  ALL  academic  areas,  even  math  and  science.  They  outnumber  boys  in  college  enrollment  as  well.  This  was  not  previously  the  case,  and  these  are  great  gains  for  girls  and  women.  It  is  movement  in  the  right  direction.  However,  it  does  

not  need  to  be  a  zero  sum  game.  Success  for  girls  does  not  need  to  mean  keeping  boys  down,  or  vice  versa.  Take  a  look  at  the  graphic  above.    

These  are  pretty  tough  statistics.  However,  it  is  very  important  to  understand  why  I  share  them.  I  am  NOT  making  the  case  that  boys  have  it  worse  than  girls.  I  am  making  the  case  that  many  boys  are  in  need  of  help.  EVERYONE  benefits  when  we  raise  emotionally  healthy  boys,  because  emotionally  UNHEALTHY  boys  and  men  can  

make  a  pretty  big  mess  of  their  own  lives  and  all  the  other  lives  that  they  come  in  contact  with.    

So,  what  are  the  main  factors  that  make  a  difference  in  boys’  emotional  health?  Part  of  it  is  nature:  the  biology,  genetics,  and  brain  science  at  work  in  boys.  Part  of  it  is  nurture:  they  way  that  parents,  caregivers,  and  

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society  raise  boys.  Part  of  it  has  to  do  with  how  they  grown  in  emotional  intelligence  and  if  adults  in  their  lives  have  the  tools  they  need  to  help  them  gain  emotional  intelligence.    Guidance  plays  a  role  as  well,  and  we  will  talk  about  all  of  these  during  our  time  together  in  this  course.  To  kick  things  off,  however,  we’ll  start  with  the  B.B.B.:  Boys,  Biology  and  Brains.  

Brains  Boys’  brains  are  different  than  the  brains  of  girls  even  when  boys  are  still  in  the  womb.  As  you  can  see  from  the  diagram,  the  brain  stem  forms  first.  The  brain  stem  is  the  lizard  brain,  and  it  is  pretty  much  all  about  feeding,  fighting,  fleeting  and  

survival.  The  mid-­‐‑brain  forms  around  the  brain  stem  beginning  in  weeks  5  and  7.  This  is  where  the  memory  and  emotional  centers  of  the  brain  are  located.    Then  the  thinking  and  reasoning  part  of  the  brain  begins  to  form  around  the  mid-­‐‑brain  (11  weeks  and  onward  in  the  diagrams).    Up  

until  5  weeks  of  development,  boy  and  girl  babies  look  the  same  in  the  womb.  To  tell  the  difference,  you’d  have  to  test  them  genetically  to  find  out  what  sex  they  are.  At  6-­‐‑7  weeks  of  development,  that  changes.  For  boys,  the  mother’s  womb  begins  to  bathe  them  in  testosterone.  Testosterone  is  critical  to  making  the  bodies  of  boys  develop  physically  into  male  bodies  instead  of  female  bodies.  Facial  structure,  bone  structure  and  genitals  are  only  a  few  of  the  changes  that  take  place.    

While  testosterone  does  many  positive  things,  at  a  certain  point  it  actually  causes  damage  to  the  developing  brain.  It  changes  its  color  makes  the  left  side  grow  slower  than  the  right  side.  At  this  point  in  the  brain  development,  the  corpus  callosum  begins  to  form.  These  are  the  nerves  that  weave  back  and  forth  to  connect  the  two  sides  of  the  brain.  They  make  it  possible  for  people  to  process  emotion  quickly  and  to  think  easily  with  both  sides  of  the  brain.  Since  testosterone  has  made  the  left  side  a  little  smaller  at  this  point,  some  of  the  connections  coming  from  the  right  side  get  turned  back.  Fewer  connections  are  made,  and  the  right  side  becomes  more  neuron-­‐‑

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dense  than  the  left.  Even  into  adulthood,  women  have  larger  corpus  callosum  and  men  have  more  dense  right  hemispheres.  

Let’s  fast  forward  to  when  boys  and  girls  are  in  their  childhood  years.  Scientists  do  brain  scans  that  show  what  parts  of  the  brain  are  working  when  children  do  different  tasks.  When  children  are  looking  at  pictures  that  have  an  emotional  connection  or  cause  them  to  process  emotional  

data,  boys’  and  girls’  brains  light  up  differently.  For  girls,  both  sides  of  the  brain  light  up  for  both  tasks.  For  boys,  different  sides  of  the  brain  light  up.  I’ve  tried  to  capture  it  in  a  nutshell  in  the  table  above.  

This  doesn’t  mean  that  boys  CAN’T  talk  about  their  emotions.  It  just  means  that  they  are  mainly  using  DIFFERENT  parts  of  their  brains  to  talk  and  process  emotions.  Since  there  are  fewer  connections  between  those  two  sides  of  the  brain,  it  can  take  them  longer  to  be  able  to  talk  about  what  they  are  feeling.  It  can  be  frustrating  for  them  when  others  rush  them  or  seem  to  be  leaving  them  behind.  It  can  also  be  very  frustrating  if  they  are  interrupted  because  it  messes  up  their  processing.  Verbal  language  will  not  be  the  “go  to”  way  for  most  boys  to  work  through  their  feelings.  As  the  song  says,  word  get  in  the  way.  

So,  if  not  verbally,  then  how  do  boys  process  those  emotions?  You  guessed  it:  physically.  Their  emotions  will  come  out  much  more  often  in  actions  than  in  words.  That  doesn’t  necessarily  mean  they  will  come  out  VIOLENTLY.  Physical  emotional  processing  can  be  anything  form  being  fidgety  and  restless  to  Lego  building,  throwing  a  ball,  climbing  outside,  or  any  number  of  other  physical  activities.  The  problem  is  that  physical  expressions  of  emotion  are  frequently  not  allowed  and  sometimes  punished.    

Another  sign  of  emotional  processing  is  tears.  Crying  and  tears  are  actually  the  body’s  signal  that  emotional  processing  and  release  is  happening.  Tears  mean  things  are  working  right,  and  they  are  pretty  involuntary  when  emotional  processing  is  taking  place.  Here’s  a  link  to  a  video  on  my  website  that  shows  this  in  action  in  a  

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pretty  cute  way.  http://fiddlehouse.com/2014/02/05/dad-­‐‑teaches-­‐‑son-­‐‑emotional-­‐‑intelligence/  

And,  of  course,  what  message  do  boys  frequently  get  when  they  cry?  They  are  often  told  that  big  boys  don’t  cry.  Toughen    up.  Get  over  it.  Stop  crying.  If  they  hear  that  over  and  over  again,  it  doesn’t  take  too  long  before  boys  internalize  the  message  that  they  aren’t  supposed  to  feel  anything.  Boys  can’t  have  emotion.  We’ll  talk  about  some  of  the  dire  

consequences  of  this  in  week  3.    

Finally,  boys  will  often  process  emotion  non-­‐‑verbally.  It  may  seem  like  they  are  being  non-­‐‑responsive  or  ignoring  you.  Maybe  they  are  distant  or  sullen.  They  might  want  alone  time  or  get  crabby  when  someone  bothers  them.  Often,  if  this  is  the  case,  there’s  some  emotional  data  stewing  under  the  lid.  Sometimes  it  can  help  to  give  them  a  physical  outlet  or  even  something  like  drawing  or  music  to  facilitate  the  non-­‐‑

verbal  processing.  

Let’s  get  back  to  brains.  There  are  a  couple  more  parts  of  the  brain  that  are  very  important  for  understanding  boys:  the  limbic  system  and  specifically  the  amygdala.    

The  limbic  system  is  the  emotional  computer  of  the  

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brain.  It  is  responsible  for  “caring”  feelings  and  attachment  behaviors.  It’s  the  part  of  the  brain  that  helps  us  feel  empathy,  compassion,  love,  and  in  general  to  feel  sensitive  to  others.  It  makes  us  nice  people  and  helps  us  get  along  with  each  other.  When  it’s  working  well,  it  teams  up  with  the  frontal  cortex  (thinking  and  reasoning),  which  results  in  good  choices  when  emotions  are  present.  We  experience  the  emotional  data,  the  brain  thinks  about  all  of  the  ways  it  could  respond,  and  we  choose  the  one  that  is  going  to  make  us  happiest  or  provide  the  best  result.    

The  amygdala  throws  a  wrench  in  the  works.  The  amygdala  is  the  emotional  reactor  of  the  brain.  When  stress  or  threat  are  perceived  by  the  brain,  the  amygdala  responds  by  shutting  down  access  to  the  thinking  and  reasoning  part  of  the  brain  and  accessing  the  fight,  flight,  survive  part  of  the  brain.  It  has  been  called  the  RAGE  trigger  of  the  brain.  It  hijacks  our  emotions  and  even  our  physical  responses,  because  the  hormones  it  releases  make  us  want  to  move  (i.e.  pacing  the  floor  when  anxious).  Here’s  a  short  list  of  what  the  amygdala  does:  

•   Triggers  the  release  of  adrenaline  (increased  heart  rate,  muscle  strength,  quickness,  intensity,  and  drive).  

•   Triggers  aggression  (fight/flight)  •   Triggers  feelings  of  fear  and  danger.    •   Zaps  the  limbic  system  with  chemicals  that  irritate  it  and  put  it  in  a  nasty,  

pissed  off  mood  (remember  that’s  the  “caring  and  attached”  part  of  the  brain).  •   Precipitates  violence,  risk,  panic,  and  reactiveness.  

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In  boys,  the  amygdala  is  much  bigger  than  in  girls.  In  fact,  during  its  development,  it  is  highly  responsive  to  testosterone.  It’s  worth  noting  that  the  amygdala  in  the  males  of  almost  all  species  is  larger.  It’s  likely  a  hangover  from  when  men  had  to  react  quickly  to  threats  from  animals  during  hunting  or  to  defend  villages  from  invaders.  That  makes  sense,  because  in  those  situations,  the  males  who  could  respond  the  

most  violently  and  quickly  would  be  the  ones  who  would  survive.  However,  a  large  abut  it  doesn’t  really  help  things  when  boys  are  fighting  over  a  toy  in  the  classroom.    

Not  only  is  the  amygdale  in  boys  larger,  it  is  more  sensitive  and  reactive.  

For  some  ,  especially  boys  who  have  experienced  trauma,  abuse  and  neglect,  it  is  a  hair  trigger.    

A  discussion  of  boys  biology  wouldn’t  be  complete  without  talking  about  testosterone.  Boys  have  a  big  testosterone  surge  at  birth  and  at  puberty.  Some  people  say  they  have  another  one  at  ages  4-­‐‑5,  but  there’s  debate  about  that.      

When  boys  have  a  lot  of  testosterone  on  board,  the  more  risky  or  “dangerous”  something  is,  the  more  appealing  it  will  be.  When  we  wish  they  would  be  cautious,  they  will  feel  like  jumping  in  

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with  both  feet.  Testosterone  also  makes  being  aggressive  feel  right.  They  may  know  that  it’s  wrong  somewhere  deep  in  their  thinking  brain,  but  testosterone  is  like  the  devil  on  their  shoulder  whispering  in  their  ear  telling  them  that  lashing  out  is  really  the  best  thing  to  do.  Competing,  boasting,  fighting  and  arguing  feel  GOOD  and  are  almost  irresistible  when  testosterone  is  running  the  show.  And  since  testosterone  is  an  immediate  release  hormone,  it  will  demand  that  boys  do  things  NOW.  No  delayed  response  allowed.  Finally,  and  this  becomes  very  important,  testosterone  is  all  about  linear  problem  solving.  What  is  linear  problem  solving,  you  might  ask?  Well  I’ll  tell  you.  

Linear  problem  solving  says  that  there  is  only  ONE  way  out.  The  opposite  of  linear  problems  solving  is  complex  problems  solving.  Complex  problems  solving  says  that  there  are  many  possible  ways  that  one  could  solve  a  problem  and  that  we  should  choose  the  best  one.    Linear  problem  solving  only  sees  

one  way  out,  and  testosterone  demands  that  you  DO  IT  NOW!    

In  general,  boys  have  a  25%  higher  level  of  testosterone  than  girls  during  childhood  (ages  2-­‐‑11)  As  you  can  see  from  the  graphic  on  the  left,  25%  makes  a  significant  difference  in  the  way  things  feel.  It’s  worth  noting  that  when  they  measure  testosterone  in  boys,  it  fluctuates  a  lot  during  the  day.  There  are  spikes  when  it  is  higher  and  times  when  it  is  lower.  It’s  usually  higher  in  the  morning.  Also  some  boys  have  a  lot  more  than  others.  When  boys  hit  puberty,  their  testosterone  level  goes  up  700%.  That’s  a  galactically  mindblowing  surge  of  hormones.    

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The  other  brain  chemical  that  plays  a  big  role  is  serotonin.  If  testosterone  is  the  gas  pushed  down  to  the  floor,  serotonin  is  the  brakes.  It  makes  all  of  the  emotions  more  mellow.  It  is  the  hormone  that  is  behind  you  feeling  happy  about  things.  Along  with  dopamine,  it  tells  your  brain  that  

you  like  things.  It’s  optimistic.  It  knocks  out  depression.  On  average,  boys  have  20%  lower  levels  of  serotonin  than  girls.    

I  know  that  all  of  this  biology  information  can  be  a  little  bit  overwhelming  and  may  seem  a  little  drastic.  It  can  almost  make  it  seem  like  it’s  hopeless  for  boys,  and  that’s  not  true  at  all,  which  is  why  I  provide  the  link  to  the  week  2  video.  If  you  haven’t  watched  it  yet  (about  the  group  of  5th  grade  band  of  brothers)  you  should  probably  do  it  now.  That  video  is  a  great  example  of  how  sensitive,  caring  and  emotionally  intelligent  boys  can  be.  The  key  lesson  in  all  of  this  is  to  understand  a  little  bit  better  what’s  going  on  under  the  hood  so  we  can  better  help  boys  to  become  the  strong,  healthy,  caring,  responsible  guys  that  they  can  be.    

It  also  helps  us  understand  what’s  going  on  when  we  see  them  frustrated,  violent,  active,  wild  and  crazy.  It  certainly  DOES  NOT  mean  that  boys  should  have  a  get-­‐‑off-­‐‑free  pass  when  they  act  inappropriately.  It  DOES  mean  that  some  boys  will  be  more  prone  to  some  of  those  inappropriate  behaviors.  If  we  have  boys  like  that,  we  can  have  a  more  informed  and  intentional  approach  to  our  teaching  and  coaching.  We’ll  go  over  some  of  those  strategies  in  week  5  and  discuss  practical  ways  to  help  them  learn  the  skills  necessary  for  emotional  regulation.    

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Remember  that  many  times  boys  are  as  confused  by  what  they  do  and  how  they  feel  as  we  are.