Waterborne Infectious Waterborne Infectious DiseasesDiseases

Prevention of Guinea Prevention of Guinea Worm andWorm and

Post Guinea Worm Post Guinea Worm Eradication Eradication

ManagementManagement

Presented by Daniel Presented by Daniel Yawo AkrodouYawo Akrodou

Walden University Public Walden University Public HealthHealth

Ph.D. Student Ph.D. Student

Waterborne Disease Waterborne Disease DefinitionDefinition

Waterborne infectious diseases Waterborne infectious diseases areare

caused by the ingestion of watercaused by the ingestion of water

contaminated by human or animalcontaminated by human or animal

excrements, which containexcrements, which contain

pathogenic microorganismspathogenic microorganisms

Examples : Examples : Guinea Worm,Guinea Worm,

Schistosomiasis, and Intestinal Schistosomiasis, and Intestinal Nematode. Nematode.

Contaminated Water with dangerous germs.

SchistosomiasisSchistosomiasis

Intestinal NematodeIntestinal Nematode

Waterborne Infectious Diseases Social Waterborne Infectious Diseases Social ImpactsImpacts

Waterborne diseases cause 39% of diarrheal diseases Waterborne diseases cause 39% of diarrheal diseases 3.5 to 18 million children deaths per year worldwide3.5 to 18 million children deaths per year worldwide..

Malaria represents 14% of waterborne diseases Malaria represents 14% of waterborne diseases 526 million deaths per year526 million deaths per year

Waterborne Infectious Diseases Social Waterborne Infectious Diseases Social ImpactsImpacts

Intestinal nematode 2% of waterborne Intestinal nematode 2% of waterborne diseases( ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm) diseases( ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm)

2 billion of infections per year world wide2 billion of infections per year world wide

Trachoma 2%, schistosomiasis and Guinea worm 1% Trachoma 2%, schistosomiasis and Guinea worm 1% of waterborne diseases of waterborne diseases

Affect 1 million of people per yearAffect 1 million of people per year

Overview of Guinea Overview of Guinea WormWorm

GGuinea worm disease uinea worm disease is a parasitic disease is a parasitic disease transmitted through transmitted through drinking water drinking water contaminated with contaminated with infected water fleas. infected water fleas. Guinea worm exits Guinea worm exits through the body after through the body after one year growth, one year growth, causing painful blisters causing painful blisters in the skin (The Carter in the skin (The Carter Center, 2008). Center, 2008).

Guinea WormsGuinea Worms

Fully Grown Female Guinea WormFully Grown Female Guinea Worm

It can reach 3 feet long in one yearIt can reach 3 feet long in one year ! !

Guinea Worm Symptoms Guinea Worm Symptoms

Once ingested, the Once ingested, the female worm grows up female worm grows up to 3 feet in one year to 3 feet in one year and causes when ready and causes when ready to exit fever, nausea, to exit fever, nausea, chills, lethargychills, lethargy

followed by painful skin followed by painful skin ulcers when the worm ulcers when the worm emergesemerges

Guinea Worm Chain of Infection

1- How Do we Get Guinea Worm ?

Guinea worms enter the body when a person drinks water containing tiny fleas that are infected with guinea worm larvae.

Guinea Worm Chain of Infection

2-Guinea Worm Multiplication

The fleas digested release larvae into abdominal tissues where they mate and start their development process.

Growing Larva

Guinea Worm Chain of Infection

3-Growing Phase Female worms

growing up to 3 feet long move through the body mostly to the lower limbs.

Guinea Worm Chain of Infection

4-Exiting Phase

After one year, the mature worm emerges from the blister it creates. The victim, in pain rushes to cool in the water.

Guinea Worm Infesting Water.

5-Phase of water infesting

Once the person infected contacts water, the worm releases clouds of larvae into the water.

6-Phase Infecting Fleas

Water fleas consume the larvae which resists digestion and will be able to infect people who will drink the contaminated water.

Guinea Worm Life Cycle

Guinea worm chain of infection can be broken.

Guinea Worm SocioeconomicalImpacts

Physical incapacity to work for months or permanently.

Lack of human resources to work in the farm.

Tremendous economical losses when entire families and villages are crippled .

Increasing rate of school dropped out.

Guinea Worm Prevention

Is there a cure for guinea worm?

The answer is no. Also, there is no vaccine or medication for its cure.

No Cure ! No Vaccine!

No Medication!

Good News Guinea Worm Can be Prevented

Major Prevention Campaigns’ Works are underway with:

Better results.

Considerable decreases of new cases of Guinea Worm.

In 1986 there were more than three million cases of the disease, almost all in Africa; in 2005 only just over 16,000.

Basic Prevention Methods

Instructing targeted population to:

Avoid drinking contaminated water

Filtering water before using it.

Monitored infected person to avoid contact with water sources

Basic Prevention Methods

Use of safe sources of water.

Water treatment with portable filters.

Solving Behavioral Issues

Begin forming culturally appropriate interventions

Local guinea worm education committee as eradication effort support

Cultural group to convince local people that guinea worm is not a curse

Creation of incentive programs to encourage people

Guinea Worm Selective Campaigns

Special group of guinea worm education for women in targeted areas where women are in charge of domestic tasks

Special education program for young people, and children

Current Major Obstacles to Eradicate Current Major Obstacles to Eradicate Guinea WormGuinea Worm

Security problems in some endemic countries Security problems in some endemic countries (Example Sudan). (Example Sudan).

Lack of political leaders’ wills in some Lack of political leaders’ wills in some endemic countries. endemic countries.

Difficulty in behavioral change of people.Difficulty in behavioral change of people. Absence of real clinical treatment like a Absence of real clinical treatment like a

vaccine or medication treatment.vaccine or medication treatment. Inadequate funding at certain times. Inadequate funding at certain times.

Solving Current Problems

Creation of advocacy groups to support major institutions which are already working on the field.Convincing governments, local authorities,

and organizing meetings, workshops to inform people worldwide.Organizing concerts, cultural games and fund raisings to advance guinea worm eradication.

Long Term Solutions Clinical researches to find

medication and vaccine to treat guinea warm

Tight guinea worm programs surveillance in the zone where the disease is stubborn

Long Term SolutionsLong Term Solutions

Adequate water Adequate water supply system supply system must be created to must be created to solve water solve water scarcity problemsscarcity problems

Long Term Solutions

Establishment of continual education programs for local people.

Long Term Solutions

Tight guinea worm programs surveillance in the zones where the disease is stubborn

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Special thanks to Dr. Raymond Thron to give Special thanks to Dr. Raymond Thron to give us this opportunity to realize this presentation us this opportunity to realize this presentation

Thanks you very much.Thanks you very much.

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