WATERBORNE DISEASES – A CASE STUDY: POLIOMYELITIS

Vietnam National University, Hanoi

University of Science

Faculty of Environmental Sciences

Supervisor: Assoc.Prof.Dr. Van-Quy TranMembers: Thanh-Duong Nguyen

Huyen-Trang LuongK56 Advanced Undergraduate Program in Environmental Science

CONTENTS

1. Introduction of Waterborne Diseases and Poliomyelitis Disease

2. Methodology

3. Status and Symptoms

4. Objects and Causes

5. Consequences

6. Solutions and Recommendations

I. Introduction

I.1. Overview of waterborne

disease

Water-borne diseases are any illness caused

by drinking water contaminated by human or animal

faeces, which contain pathogenic

microorganisms.

Pathogens include all major categories: viruses, bacteria,

protozoa, and helminths (parasitic

worms).

Waterborne diseases are the most important concern about the quality of water.

• Especially, in developing countries four-fifths of all the illnesses are caused by water-borne diseases, because of unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene.

I. Introduction

I.2. Overview of Poliomyelitis

(polio) diseases

I.2.A.Definition: Polio is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus that attacks the

nervous system.

Children younger than 5 years old are more likely to contract the virus than any other

group.

I.2.B.Classification: There are three types of polio infections.

Sub-clinical: Approximately 95 % of polio cases are sub-clinical, and patients may not experience any

symptoms. This form of polio does not affect the central nervous system.

Non-paralytic: This form, which does affect the central nervous system, produces only mild symptoms and

does not result in paralysis.

Paralytic: This is the rarest and most serious form of polio, which produces full or partial paralysis in the patient.

There are three types of paralytic polio: spinal polio (affects the spine), bulbar polio (affects the brainstem), and bulbospinal polio (affects the

spine and brainstem).

II. Methodology

1. Searching information from inheriting materials

2. Synthesis and analysis an issue

III. Symptoms and Status

•There are three basic patterns of polio infection; however, most people have subclinical infection, and may not have symptoms.

•SUBCLINICAL INFECTION SYMPTOMS

•General discomfort or uneasiness (malaise)

•Headache

•Red throat

•Slight fever

•Sore throat

•Vomiting

•People with subclinical polio infection might not have symptoms, or mild symptoms may last 72 hours or less.

•Clinical poliomyelitis affects the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and is divided into nonparalytic and paralytic forms. It may occur after recovery from a subclinical infection.

3.1. Symptoms

III. Symptoms and Status

IV. Objects and Causes of Poliomyelitis Disease

IV.1.Objects:

Pregnant women, people with weakened immune systems, such as HIV+ people, and young children

IV.2. Causes:

Transmitted from person-to-person through fecal matter. People living in areas with limited access to running water or flush toilets often get the virus from drinking water contaminated by human waste that contains the virus.

Virus can be spread by contaminated food or water or direct contact with another infected person.

V. Consequences of Poliomyelitis Disease

VI. Solutions and Recommendations

In human fecal they could alive from

days to weeks. They are easily killed by

disinfectants such as: Chloramin B,

H2O2,KMnO4,UV... at 60°C, virus is killed

in 30 minutes.

Solutions for Personal

Protection

Keep surrounding environment and personal

hygiene

Domestic water and food

sanititation

Safety food processing for

hygiene

Injectable Vaccine or

Oral Vaccine for Infants,

Children and Adult

VI. Solutions and recommendations

Solutions for Treatment

Long-term rehabilitation(occupational therapy, physical therapy)

Hydrotherapy,electrotherapy, massage and passive motion exercises, and surgical treatments.

Recommendation for Responsible Organizations:

Instituting a comprehensive environmental health program

Applying some methods of controlling flying species and other

insects

Applying policies on monitoring of food processing, proper disposal

Contributing projects on protection of water sources and drinking water

treatment, people immunization

VII. Conclusion

Poliomyelitis is a dangerous disease caused by Poliovirus which lead

to terrible consequences such as muscle weakness or acute flaccid

paralysis

It spreads from person to person, primarily via the fecal-oral route.

Therefore, water sanitation and safety food processing is needed concern

comprehensively.

In Vietnam, Poliomyelitis epidemic has been wiped out by extension

vaccine injection since 1998. Eventhough it is not appeared in wide area

recently, we would prevent ourselves carefully by clean personal hygiene

and vaccine injection.

References

Assoc.Prof.Dr. Tran Van Quy, “Lecture for Water supply andWastewater Treatment”, FES- VNU.

Mark J.Hammer, Mark J.Hammer Jr., 2012, “Water and WastewaterTreatment 7th edition”, Pearson Education.

World Health Organization, 2014, “WHO Report for WaterborneDiseases and Poliomyelitis 2009,2010,2011”, WHO Official Websitehttp://www.who.int/en/.

National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 2014, “SuccessfulResults From Extensive Injection Working”, NIHE Official Websitehttp://www.nihe.org.vn/default.aspx

Thank You For Watching !

Appendix