water supply, sanitation and hygiene (wash) assessment …

WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND HYGIENE (WASH) ASSESSMENT OF AN INTEGRATED WASH COMPONENT FOR

THE STEWARD PROGRAM

PREPARED BY WATER AND SANITATION FOR AFRICA

FOR THE STEWARD PROGRAM

NOVEMBER 2012-MARCH 2013

Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

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Contents LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................ 2

LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................................................. 3

LIST OF ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................................................... 5

1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 7

2.0 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE FOR WASH ASSESSMENT .................................................................... 7

2.1 STEWARD PROGRAM CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND ......................................................................... 7

2.2 SCOPE AND FOCUS OF ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................. 8

3.0 OBJECTIVES OF ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................................. 9

4.0 METHODOLOGY OF ASSESSMENT .......................................................................................................... 9

5.0 COUNTRY CONTEXT .............................................................................................................................. 13

5.1 LIBERIA .............................................................................................................................................. 13

5.2 SIERRA LEONE ................................................................................................................................... 33

5.3 GUINEA .............................................................................................................................................. 66

6.0 PROJECT INTERVENTION AREAS ........................................................................................................... 87

6.1 UPPER GUINEAN FOREST AND THE PZs ............................................................................................ 87

6.2 SUSTAINABLE WASH SERVICES, LIVELIHOODS, CLIMATE CHANGE AND BIODIVERSITY IN THE UPPER

GUINEAN FOREST ECOSYSTEM ............................................................................................................... 89

7.0 OPPORTUNITIES AND ENTRY POINTS FOR THE STEWARD PROJECT..................................................... 91

7.1 REFORM OF THE WASH ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................... 91

7.2 CAPACITY BUILDING .......................................................................................................................... 92

7.3 SITE BASED WASH INTERVENTIONS .................................................................................................. 92

7.4 STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF OPPORTUNITY PER COUNTRY ASSESSED .................................................. 93

7.5 RECOMMENDATIONS (SITE BASED OR NATIONAL LEVEL INTERVENTIONS) ..................................... 96

APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................................ 99


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Map of PZs

Figure 2: Methodology of WASH Assessment

Figure 3: Map of Liberia

Figure 4: Population by Improved Water Point by County – Liberia

Figure 5: Population by Improved Water Point at Clan Level – Liberia

Figure 6: Institutional Framework and Structure in Liberia

Figure 7: Map of Sierra Leone

Figure 8: Institutional Framework for Water Supply and Sanitation Delivery – Sierra Leone

Figure 9: Access to Improved Water Sources – Sierra Leone

Figure 10: Map of Guinea

Figure 11: Upper Guinean Forest

Figure 12: Map of PZ 1: Defining the boundaries

Figure 13: Map of PZ 2: Defining the boundaries


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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Demographic Survey Data from Communities Visited Around the ENNR – Liberia

Table 2: Key Informant Interviews: Community Development Issues – Liberia

Table 3: Focus Group Discussions: WASH Issues – Liberia

Table 4: Focus Group Discussions: Community Channels for Communication – Liberia

Table 5: Community Profiles – Liberia

Table 6: Focus Group Discussions: Development Issues – Liberia

Table 7: Focus Group Discussions: Community Livelihoods – Liberia

Table 8: Focus Group Discussions: Water Governance – Liberia

Table 9: Use of Water Facilities as of 2008 – Sierra Leone

Table 10: Use of Sanitation Facilities in 2007 – Sierra Leone

Table 11: Type of Use of Sanitation – Sierra Leone

Table 12: Community Profiles – Sierra Leone

Table 13: Focus Group Discussions: Development Issues – Sierra Leone

Table 14: Focus Group Discussions: WASH Situation in Communities – Sierra Leone

Table 15: Focus Group Discussions: Community Livelihoods – Sierra Leone

Table 16: Focus Group Discussions: Water Governance – Sierra Leone

Table 17: Background / Profile Opinion Leader – Sierra Leone

Table 18: Focus Group Discussions: Community Development Issues – Sierra Leone

Table 19: WASH Issues – Sierra Leone

Table 20: Focus Group Discussions: Community Channels for Communication – Sierra Leone

Table 21: Summary of Key Issues Arising from Community Discussions – Sierra Leone

Table 22: Key Social and Demographic Indicators – Guinea


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Table 23: Community Profiles – Guinea

Table 24: Focus Group Discussions: Developmental Issues – Guinea

Table 25: Focus Group Discussions: WASH Situation in Communities – Guinea

Table 26: Focus Group Discussions: Community Livelihoods – Guinea

Table 27: Focus Group Discussions: Water Governance – Guinea

Table 28: A Summary of WASH for Sub Saharan African Countries


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LIST OF ACRONYMS ACCORD African Center for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes for

Community Development AFD French Development Agency ABN Niger River Basin Authority AEPA Clean Drinking Water Distribution ATPC Community Led Total Sanitation BM World Bank BAD African Development Bank BID Islamic Development Bank BADEA African Agricultural Development Bank BEL Office of Forest Research CICR International Committee of the Red Cross CR Rural Commune CRG Red Cross Guinea CERE Center for Environmental Studies and Research CENAFOD African Center for Training and Development CEDEAO Economic Commission of West African States CLTS Community Led Total Sanitation CPI Corruption Perception Index CPIAI Country Policy and Institutional Assessment Index CSO Country Status Overview DCMHyP Directorate of Community Mobilization & Hygiene Promotion DfID Department of International Development DRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Document DHS Demographic and Health Survey EHD Environmental Health Division ENNR East Nimba Nature Reserve EWRA Energy and Water Regulatory Authority EAA Water and Sanitation for Africa EDS Demographic Health Survey EIBEP Integrated Baseline Survey for Poverty Assessment ELEP Light Survey for Poverty Assessment EPE Cross Water Point EUPD University-Research-Study-Progress FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations GIRE Integrated Management of Water Resources INRAP National Institute for Educational Research and Action LPDA Letter of Development Policy of Agriculture MSHP Ministry of Sanitation and Public Health MSF Doctors Without Borders MDGs Millennium Development Goals MICS Multi Indicator Cluster Survey MLME Ministry of Lands, Mines and Energy


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MOH Ministry of Health and Social Welfare MoEWR Ministry of Energy and Water Resources MOHS Ministry of Health and Sanitation MPW Ministry of Public Works NWRSB National Water Resource and Sanitation Board NWSHPC National Water Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion Committee NWSP National Water and Sanitation Policy NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations ONG Non-Governmental Organizations OMD Millenium Development Goal OMVS Organization for the Development of the Senegal River OMCG Organization for the Development of the Gambia River OMS World Health Organization PEM Modern Water Source PNAEPA Drinking Water and Sanitation Program PNAE National Action Plan for the Environment PAFN National Forestry Action Plan PAGIRE Integrated Water Resources Management Plan PNDS National Plan of Sanitation Development PNDA National Policy of Agricultural Development PME Small and Medium Enterprises PNUD United Nations Development Program PE Water Source PANA National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation PPP Public-Private-Partnerships PRSII Poverty Reduction Strategy II PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper RWSSB Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Bureau SALWACO Sierra Leone Water Company SLDHS Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey UNICEF United Nations Children Fund UNDAF united Nations Development Assistance Fund UNICEF United Nations Children Fund WSP Water and Sanitation Program WSSC WASH Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene WHO World Health Organization WSD Water Supply Division WSS Water Supply and Sanitation WATSAN Water and Sanitation


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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Sustainable and Thriving Environments for West African Regional Development (STEWARD) program contracted Water and Sanitation for Africa (WSA), a Pan African Intergovernmental Agency with a focus on Sustainable Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) solutions to;

“conduct an assessment of the Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) situation, needs and opportunities in the focus countries and Priority Zones (PZs) of USAID/West Africa’s Sustainable and Thriving Environments for West African Regional Development (STEWARD) implementation phase program in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea and Cote d’Ivoire”.

The assessment eventually focused on the three countries of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone in two Priority Zones (PZ1 and PZ2). This document is a report of the WASH assessment in these countries and PZs.

2.0 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE FOR WASH ASSESSMENT

2.1 STEWARD PROGRAM CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND

The Sustainable and Thriving Environments for West African Regional Development (STEWARD) program is a forest conservation and sustainable livelihoods program focusing on transboundary Priority Zones (PZs) in the Upper Guinean Forest ecosystem. The Upper Guinean Forest is one of West Africa’s eight major biomes and it is extremely rich in plant species diversity and endemic species.

As explained in the overview document, USAID/USFS first began conserving the ecosystem under the STEWARD Design Phase from October 2007 to June 2009. The work was expanded under a second Pilot Phase which ran from July 2009 to February 2011. USAID and USFS will continue STEWARD into the Implementation Phase which will be a four year project through 2015.

The STEWARD project has as an objective, to address regional threats to biodiversity and to capitalize on opportunities to support peace building, biodiversity conservation, knowledge dissemination, and policy harmonization. It is focused specifically on the priority biodiversity sites of the Upper Guinean forest ecosystem in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cote d’Ivoire, and Guinea. The goal of the STEWARD program’s implementation phase is to promote regional strategies for promising approaches to biodiversity conservation, improved livelihoods and sustainable Natural Resources Management (NRM) in the upper Guinean forest ecosystems of Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Cote d’Ivoire.

The justification for a regional transboundary approach includes but is not limited to the following reasons: i) threats to biodiversity operate within little concern for national borders, ii) natural resources management (NRM) policies, regulations and conservation of activities of the forest-states are not complementary and, in some cases, impede effective conservation at landscape scale; and iii) working only within the national boundaries of the forest states limits effective and rapid extension and scaling up of promising approaches to conservation, livelihood improvements and climate change mitigation emerging from STEWARD pilot sites. As stated further by the overview document, the objectives of phase III of this project are three fold:

1. Build capacity for increased regional conservation;


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Box 1

STEWARD PRIORITY TRANSBOUNDARY ZONES

PZ1 : Sierra Leone (Outamba Kilimi

National Park)/

Guinea (Madina Oula and Oure Kaba

Suprefectures)

PZ2: Guinea (Mount Nimba)

Liberia (Nimba nature reserve)

Source: STEWARD, 2012.

2. Improve policies for transboundary conservation and natural resources; and,

3. Develop and promote best practices for transboundary natural resources management, conservation of forest biodiversity and sustainable forest based livelihoods from actions at ‘pilot’ sites.

In terms of activity focus, this will be done through thematic interventions as follows:

Improve policy and legal frameworks for transboundary NRM, biodiversity conservation and climate change response;

Biodiversity conservation in priority transboundary sites;

Mitigate adverse effects of climate change;

Promote and strengthen sustainable livelihoods among communities adjacent to the forest and within buffer zones;

Monitor program impact on land use and land cover change;

Institutionalization of regional knowledge sharing dissemination; and,

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene component.

2.2 SCOPE AND FOCUS OF ASSESSMENT

According to the Statement of Work (SOW), the assessment focused on Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene situation, needs and opportunities in the focus countries and Priority Zones (PZs) of USAID/West Africa’s STEWARD implementation phase program. The STEWARD program currently focuses on the four countries of the Upper Guinean forest including Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone (see figure 1). The WASH assessment was, however, unable to include Cote d’Ivoire in this assessment due to

ongoing security concerns in the country.

The assessment is undertaken as part of STEWARD’s integrated program considering Biodiversity/Natural Resource Management (NMR) and Climate Change Adaptation (CC-A) and Sustainable Landscapes components and will view WASH needs and opportunities within this context.

The WASH assessment became necessary because of the opportunity that USAID/West Africa has to incorporate WASH funding into STEWARD to complement existing resources for biodiversity conservation and climate change. With this initiative, USAID is seeking to expand STEWARD’s scope and integrate NRM best practices, livelihoods

Figure 1: Map of PZs.

Source: STEWARD, 2012.


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strengthening, and climate change resilience along with increased sustainable access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene, and behavior services through WASH components.

A strong case for WASH by STEWARD as provided in the SOW is that STEWARD focused countries have low development indicators, especially with regards to water supply and sanitation coverage, particularly in the rural areas. The SOW explained further that where water services do exist, they suffer from chronic problems of poor operation and maintenance, frequent breakdowns, poor quality, and often lack financial solvency. Coverage of improved sanitation is lacking, and existing latrines are poorly maintained.

This assessment will provide a comprehensive analysis of the current situation, challenges and opportunities that exist in the WASH sectors within STEWARD’s PZs and within the context of WASH at the national levels. This assessment will assist USAID/West Africa’s strategic choices of sustainable investments in WASH that maximize impact and sustainability, while optimizing synergies with the rest of the program’s interventions.

3.0 OBJECTIVES OF ASSESSMENT

The objectives of the WASH assessment established in the SOW are as follows:

(1) Assess the current WASH situation and trends in each STEWARD focus country identifying key issues and challenges as well as current levels of response by governments, donors, and other actors;

(2) Undertake the same analysis in the three STEWARD PZs;

(3) Understand ways in which achieving sustainable WASH services connect to other STEWARD development results—biodiversity conservation, sustainable livelihoods and climate change resiliency—in general, as well as in the three transboundary PZs of the program; and,

(4) Identify key gaps in the WASH sector that could be strategic entry points for USAID investment in the context of the integrated STEWARD biodiversity/climate change program at national and site-based levels.

4.0 METHODOLOGY OF ASSESSMENT The SOW developed by STEWARD provided guidance on the methodology for the WASH assessment

including a guide of tasks that focused on the type of information to collect (Refer to the SOW found in

Appendix 24). The SOW was consulted during the development of field data collection tools to ensure

that the expected scope was covered. The SOW also provided guidance on the methodology of research

adopted for this study. Figure 2 below represents the broad steps for carrying out the field work for the

assessment which is comprised of six main steps which are described in detail below.


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Figure 2: Methodology of WASH Assessment.

1. Project preparation and planning

This stage comprises the development of the implementation plan. There was consultation with STEWARD at this stage to clear the scope of the work and to ensure a clear understanding of what was expected. Water and Sanitation for Africa (WSA) then shared the project plan with STEWARD for approval. While developing the implementation plan, slight changes were made to the SOW and budget.

After the approval of the implementation plan, WSA started the process of contracting national WASH experts in each assessment country. This involved preparing contracts, signing contracts, long distance meetings to prepare consultants for the field work, and the design of field tools. Five field data collection guides found below were developed (see Appendices 19-23).

Focus group discussion guide questions for communities

Interview guide for INGOs and local NGOs

Key informant interviews for community leaders

Key informant interviews guide for government institutions at the national level

Key informant guide for the private sector

Preparation and

Planning

Country Desk

Reviews

Stakeholder Analyses

Stakeholder Meeting

Focus Group

Discussions

Key Informant Interviews


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2. Literature Reviews

Literature review was done at the country level which involved consultation of sector documents, web-based documents and other WASH literature. The focus was on current water and sanitation coverage and approaches to sustainability of water service delivery and achievements in these countries and target areas where the project will be developed. It also covered areas of policy and the regulatory framework, institutional structures of service provision, technical parameters, financing mechanisms and human resources capacity in the PZs at national and sub-national levels. Three country level desk study reports were produced which formed inputs for the analysis of the current WASH situation in each country. The outcome of the literature review also helped to review the field tools to ensure that information was collected in all areas.

3. Stakeholder analysis

A stakeholder analysis was done for each country to develop a strategic view of the human and institutional landscape and the relationships between the different stakeholders and the issues they care about most. The process was used to identify all key (primary and secondary) stakeholders who have a vested interest in the WASH sectors of the focus countries.

The analysis also helped to provide an understanding of what the stakeholders expect from a WASH project and what they need in relation to potential risk. With the analysis, it is possible to identify actions to minimize project risks and maximize benefits by working with the stakeholders.

The stakeholders and their expectations were identified through desk studies, stakeholder meetings and through key informant interviews. Stakeholders analyses tables can be found in Appendix 7, 16 and 17 for Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea respectively.

4. Stakeholder meetings

A national stakeholder meeting was held in each capital city of the three participating countries. The stakeholder’s meeting comprised of different stakeholders from various ministries responsible for water and environmental sanitation, the private sector, civil society, national academic institutions, and researchers. The meeting briefed stakeholders about the purpose of the assessment, engaged them to have a better understanding of the WASH sector and to receive information relevant for the assessment. The half day meeting was very useful and provided useful background information for the field work.

5. Focus Group Discussions

Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were conducted in the rural communities in the PZs. A list of questions to elicit relevant information for the assessment was developed and used by WSA. The process was very participatory and involved men, women and youth. Communities were friendly and very cooperative in all PZs visited. Twenty-one PZ communities were visited and interviewed. See the list of communities and responses under each country section (see sample questionnaire in Appendix 19).

6. Key Informant Interviews

Key informant interviews focused on individuals and organizations that are strategic in the WASH sector of each country. Two types of key informants were targeted: 1) sector organizations and actors at national levels, and 2) community leaders in the PZs. 31 sector organizations were contacted in the three countries (see Appendix 15). At the community level, 19 opinion leaders were interviewed (see outcome of interviews of opinion leaders in the key findings sections under each country).


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Separate guide questions were produced for each of these groups to obtain the relevant information necessary for the assessment (see Appendices 19 to 23 for sample of guide questions used for various organizations).

The information obtained from the field was analyzed for each country to understand the current situation in the WASH sector and discussed in the findings section for each country.


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5.0 COUNTRY CONTEXT

5.1 LIBERIA

5.1.1 DEMOGRAPHIC

Liberia, a small country in West Africa, has a population of approximately 3.5 million people. Approximately 2.9 million of those do not have access to toilets; some 1.1 million are forced to drink dirty water and an astonishing 3.3 million practice poor hygiene such as open defecation. These phenomenon are a result of weak institutional leadership and the lack of a sector-wide approach to clean water. WASH governance has been fragmented with a multiplicity of actors involved. The key reason for fragmentation in the Liberia WASH Sector was due to the fact that during the period of direct humanitarian support (DHS), approximately between 2004 – 2007, there became a multiplicity of actors who were involved in service provision ppredominantly in rural areas – hand pump construction, pit latrines, and hygiene promotion activities. Between 2007-2011, referred to as the post-conflict period, it became quite difficult to control the activities of INGOs, hence issues of policy adherence were overlooked, construction guidelines were not followed, national strategies were not developed, and every actor was working independent of government involvement/supervision. Moreover, it was not clear as to which government agency should be responsible for coordinating activities as mandates and functions were split between five different ministries.

5.1.2 POLITICAL

Liberia recently experienced 14 years of civil unrest leading to the deterioration of infrastructure and a mass exodus of qualified human resources greatly needed for the country’s reconstruction. Peaceful democratic elections in late 2005 paved the way for the beginning of a new era of governance and since the government of Liberia was inaugurated in early 2006, the country has been rapidly transitioning from an emergency state, through recovery, and on towards development. Positive improvements in water access have been achieved with 68% of the population having access to improved drinking water (JMP 2010). However, the same cannot be said for sanitation as only 17% of the population has access to improved sanitation. Figure 3 shows the map of Liberia showing population per square kilometer of land area.


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SIERRA

LEONE

GUINEA

COTE D’IVOIRE

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

Figure 3: Map of Liberia. Source: Ministry of Public Works GIS Unit, 2011.

5.1.3 WASH POLICY FRAMEWORK

The WASH sector in Liberia is currently fragmented and housed in numerous government agencies—further compounding weak coordination. The Water Supply and Sanitation Policy developed in 2009 mandates the establishment of the National Water Resource and Sanitation Board (NWRSB) and its two key operational arms—the National Water Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion Committee (NWSHPC) and the Water Supply and Sanitation Commission (WSSC) as the key technical governing bodies. As Liberia strives to become a middle income country by 2030, it is envisaged that these two entities, along with the Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation (LWSC), the Directorate for Community Mobilization and Hygiene Promotion (DCMHyP) and the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Bureau (RWSSB) will support the achievement of the long term objective of the establishment of a Ministry of Water Resources and Sanitation in Liberia. There are a number of policies that exist in the WASH sector in Liberia—the Integrated Water Resources Management Policy (IWRM), the Water Supply and Sanitation Policy (WSSP), the National Environment and Occupational Health Policy, and the Guidelines for Water and Sanitation Services in Liberia. Unfortunately, due to inadequate and under-resourced governance, these policies have lain dormant and not been implemented. In May 2011, the Liberia WASH Compact was


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developed, and the Government of Liberia (GoL) made a commitment to the following four key priorities to be achieved by March 2013:

1. Establish and Strengthen Institutional Capacity;

2. Ensure Equity and Prioritize Service Provision;

3. Develop a Monitoring System; and,

4. Improve Sector Financing Mechanisms, Capacity Building and Strengthening, Resource Mobilization, Gender Equity, Environmental Concern, and Humanitarian Activities.

Aligned with the Compact commitments, a Sector Strategic Plan was designed, and a Sector Investment Costing that complements the plan provides an estimated five year cost for the sector. The estimated deficit in financing required to meet the MDGs and Liberia’s targets for water supply and sanitation is $75 million per year. The Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) is currently investing less than $370,000 in consultancy costs to support the development of a water supply and sanitation sector investment program. This will be used by the African Development Bank for a rural water supply investment and to attract other investors. The Poverty Reduction Strategy II (PRSII) and United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) include WASH and are also aligned with the Compact commitments.

In 2011, a census of the 10,000 improved rural water points (mainly hand pumps) in Liberia showed that 29% were not functional and a further 11% were functional but with problems (e.g. dry for part of the year). The Water and Sanitation Program of the World Bank (WSP), supported a water quality sampling exercise in Monrovia. This water quality exercise used the water point mapping data base which was developed in 2011, as a means to randomly sample 200 water sources throughout the city. Figures 4 and 5 show maps of improved water points by county and clan level respectively.

Figure 4: Population by Improved Water Point by County – Liberia. Source: Liberia WASH Sector Strategy Plan, 2011.

Figure 5: Population by Improved Water Point at Clan Level – Liberia. Source: Liberia WASH Sector Strategy Plan, 2011.


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The key finding was that 58% of the water points tested showed presence of E. coli, an indicator of widespread fecal contamination. This knowledge raised the need for renewed awareness on open defecation; however, financial constraints have hampered the efforts.

WSP supported the setting up of www.wash-liberia.org as a centralized repository for sector resources. This website has become an important resource for sector stakeholders and potential investors.

The President has recently given the Ministry of Public Works responsibility of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) and the ministry is actively driving improvements in the sector. The appointment of the National Water Resources and Sanitation Board is anticipated for October 2012, but has not yet happened at the time of the report. The roles and responsibilities for this board have been developed. The planning for the Water Supply and Sanitation Commission (WSSC), which will be the regulatory arm of the sector, has been robust. The establishment, by executive order, of the WSSC is expected to be completed by December 2012.

The board, committee and commission provide the governance structure for the sector and have taken great strides towards meeting the objectives of the Compact Commitment number one. The Sector Strategic Plan and Sector Investment Plan meet the main objectives of commitment number four. In addition, they are helping to meet commitments two and three as well as facilitate the establishment of a WASH pool fund.

As demonstrated above, the platform for investment has been set and it is time for action and implementation. As explained above, the WASH sector in Liberia has developed a proposed governance and operational structure (see Figure 6).

http://www.wash-liberia.org/


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National Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion

Committee – NWSHPC (see members in Appendix 1)

Composition: All Line Ministries/Agencies

Will operationalize Sector Policy, Strategy, Planning,

Technical Support,

Water Supply & Sanitation Commission – WSSC

Composition: Experts in Water & Sanitation, Economics,

Sociology, Law, Public Health, Environment, Finance

Will regulate Tariffs, Licenses, PPPs, Service Standards,

Rural Water Supply and

Sanitation Bureau

(RWSSB)

Rural WSS: conurbations

Directorate of Community

Mobilization

& Hygiene Promotion

(DCMHyP)

Software & demand

generation

Key:

Resource

developer/manager

Service regulator

Service

provider/facilitators

Support

organizations

NGOs, CBOs

NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES AND SANITATION BOARD – NWRSB

(Composition – MLME, MOF, MOA, MPW, MFA, MOHSW, MGD, LWSC, EPA, International Development Partners &

Others)

LWSC

Urban WSS: conurbations

with population >5000

Figure 6: Institutional Framework and Structure in Liberia. Source: Liberia Water Supply and Sanitation Policy, April 2011.


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5.1.4 DESCRIPTION OF PRIORITY ZONE 2 VISITED

This PZ is located in the East Nimba Nature Reserve located in the upper Nimba Mountains of Liberia.

Background of East Nimba Nature Reserve

The East Nimba Nature Reserve (ENNR) was established by an Act of National Legislature on October 2003, as Liberia’s second gazetted protected area. The ENNR was carved from the East Nimba National Forest Reserve.

Within the framework of Liberia’s national conservation strategy, the management and development objectives for the ENNR are:

1. Investigate options for increasing wildlife densities through strict management and determine how a surplus of wild animals can contribute to the food resources surrounding human settlement;

2. Investigate the use of areas outside the park for sustainable resource development and management, such as agro forestry, cash crops and food crops;

3. Provide local training and experience in preservation and management of a tropical forest habitat and its resident wildlife species;

4. Encourage the use of the park as educational resources for Liberian universities, schools, and other educational institutions;

5. Establish a base of operation where staff training, scientific research and management planning can be concentrated and coordinated for the benefit of park administration; and,

6. Focus the interest and efforts of government agencies and private organizations on a cooperative management program for forest-associated resources.

One key point to note is that the creation of the reserve did not make provisions for alternative livelihood venture for those communities living around the reserve. The ENNR is an integral part of the reserve which also runs into Cote d’Ivoire and Guinea. The ENNR is the last portion to be passed into law. The Ivorian portion was legislated in 1943 and the Guinean side in 1944. The Mount Nimba range is a World Heritage Site under UNESCO (Liberia Protected Areas Network Strategic Plan 2008 – 2013).

The ENNR is located in the North of Liberia and extends 40 kilometers along a south-west north-west alignment in the north-east of Liberia. The reserve lies within latitude 7° to 8° North and longitude 8° West. Commencing at a point on the border between Liberia and Cote d’Ivoire at 8.44 E, 7.52 N; a line runs 472 chains due north west crossing the Noun River along the border over Mount Nimba to -8.5 E, 7.58 N; on the Liberia Guinea border; due south west for 144.8 chains to -8.52 E, 7.57 N where it meets a tributary of the St. John River. The site is bordered by several communities including Bassa Village, Zortapa, Yolowee, Zorgowee Town, Gbapa Town, Geipa, and Setontuo. The majority of the communities that live around the reserve speak Mano—one of the 18 spoken languages in Liberia.

VEGETATION

The East Nimba Nature Reserve is an area of moist lowland rainforest, composed of 63% primary and mature secondary forest, swamp forest, seasonally inundated forest, and young secondary forest.


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A sign post that welcomes visitors to the East Nimba Nature Reserve Area. Source: National WASH Secretariat, 2012.

5.1.5 KEY FINDINGS

The WASH assessments were carried out at both the national and sub national levels involving the use of tools developed and tested to fit the context of the different stakeholders involved in the process. The assessment was carried out through key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and telephone conversations.


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NATIONAL LEVEL

At the national level, interviews were conducted with five Government Ministries and Agencies, three private sector entities, one civil society organization, three development partner institutions and three international non-governmental organizations (INGO). Appendix 1 contains a list of the organizations contacted and their corresponding contact information. After administering the Government ministries key informant questionnaire, the following data was collected and analyzed.

Government of Liberia Institutions

Ministry of Public Works: This ministry leads the Sector Coordination at the national level through monthly meetings. The Ministry is engineering-focused, handling, among other tasks, the national rural water supply program. It focuses on water and sanitation in towns with a population of less than 5,000. It encourages household sanitation and constructs community and institutional sanitation units (in schools, hospitals, markets). This ministry implements projects directly and/or through contractors and NGOs (See details of roles and responsibilities in Appendix 2).

Ministry of Health and Social Welfare: This ministry is responsible for health promotion, environmental and ooccupational health, hygiene education and development of sanitation facilities. It is also responsible for the quality of the domestic drinking water supply, sanitation and hygiene practices pursuant to the Public Health Law, and setting standards of water quality control and environmental health (See details of roles and responsibilities in Appendix 5).

Ministry of Lands, Mines and Energy: This ministry leads in policy formulation and has been responsible for the preparation of the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Policy and the National Water Supply Policy (NWSP). Among the water sector functions are: provision of hydrologic services (through the Liberia Hydrological Services Bureau), water analysis, and collection of hydrologic data. It also provides assistance and advice regarding boreholes and wells and drilling techniques (See details of roles and responsibilities in Appendix 3).

Ministry of Education: The Division of School Health in the ministry is responsible for school health and hygiene in the country. It constructs hardware in collaboration with the Education Facilities Unit in the ministry (See details of roles and responsibilities in Appendix 6).

Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation: LWSC is mandated (i) to engage in the management, development, construction, installation, manufacture, operation, transmission, distribution, sale, and supply to all areas of water and sewage services and of equipment and facilities relating thereto; (ii) to establish and maintain water and sewer facilities, offices and/or agencies within and everywhere inside Liberia; (iii) to determine fair and reasonable rates, fees, and charges which shall be charged in connection with the provision of water and sewage services. The corporation is responsible for service delivery in urban areas (of populations over 5000) (See details of roles and responsibilities in Appendix 4).


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COMMUNITY LEVEL

Table 1: Demographic Survey Data from Communities Visited Around the ENNR, Liberia. Source: LISGIS, 2011.

No. Town/Community Population County District

1 New Yekepa 8,439 Nimba Yarmain

2 Gbapa 2,048 Nimba Saniquellie

Mahn

3 Kaina 284 Nimba Yarmain

4 Gbelehyee 2,527 Nimba Yarmain

5 Baintowein 1,112 Nimba Yarmain

6 Gbonnie 1,573 Nimba Yarmain

7 Kinon 1,566 Nimba Yarmain

8 Benfoh Not available Nimba Yarmain

9 Bololewee 347 Nimba Yarmain


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Images from field trip and interviews of communities within the ENNR in Liberia

Pic 1: A survey assistant carries out the key informant interview in Gbonnie Nimba.

Pic 2: A group photo in Gbapa Nimba County after the FGD in that community.

Pic 3: Carrying out the FGD in New Yekepa Community, Nimba County Liberia. Pic 4: the town of Bololowee, right beneath

the valley of the NImba Mountain, Liberia.


23

The following tables summarize the findings from the community level interviews including key informant interviews with opinion leaders from communities. Table 2: Key Informant Interviews: Community Development Issues – Liberia.

No. Town/Community Development Challenges Actions required to

resolve these

challenges

Existence of Local

resource to facilitate

mitigation processes

Relationships

between WASH

services/Health/Ed

ucation

Partners involved

in support

provision

1 New Yekepa Poor working relationships

between development

partners and community

members

Need for continued

advocacy and

coordination

None Inter-related in

terms of sharing

WASH facilities

None

2 Gbapa Lack of roads, schools, and

WASH facilities

Need for NGO and

government to put

promises into actions

Human resources,

community

cooperation, and local

materials

No relationship at

the moment as

these facilities do

not exist at all

CIPORD

3 Kaina Lack of finances to carry out

development activities in

community

Community

mobilization required

None None/ WASH

services are not

shared

CIPORD

ERS

LCIP

4 Gbeleh Lack of education, functional

training

Need for partners to

willingly assist

community with these

challenges

None No relationship Liberia Community

Infrastructure

Projects (LCIP)

2. ZOA

5 Baintowein Lack of latrines, hand pumps,

and school

Provision of these

services mentioned

Farming activities,

charcoal production

brings income

No relationship ZOA


24

Table 3: Focus Group Discussions: WASH Issues – Liberia.

6 Gbonnie No latrines, few hand pumps Removal of

restrictions on

fetching water from

community single

hand pump

None

None

CIPORD

ZOA

7 Bololewee Deplorable roads conditions

barrier to development

reaching communities

Organize youth to

rehabilitate roads

Lack of human

capacity

None ACF

ZOA

No. Town/Community Key Problems /Local

Constraints to service

sustainability

How did problem

evolve

Hygiene behavior

Change needs

Existing

opportunities to

implement such

behavior

change/Local

resources available

Specific actions

undertaken at local

level/ Results

achieved

Lessons learnt and

Contribution to

WASH service

delivery

1 New Yekepa No money to pay WASH

technicians, fees if collected

not used for intended

purpose

Self-greed, personal

satisfaction,

corruption

Need for availability of

hygiene promotion,

materials and

facilitators

None Advocacy for

support to build

sanitation facilities.

No results achieved

so far.

Hygiene importance

in daily activities.

Put into practice of

lessons learnt

2 Gbapa No one responsible for

Operation and Maintenance

No training was

provided for

maintenance of WASH

facilities

Open defecation

needs to be addressed

No opportunities

and lack of local

capacity

Actions have

included appeal for

more latrines

construction. No

results achieved.

Advocacy needs to

be increased

3 Kaina No cooperation/cannot

sustain hand pump

maintenance/lack of spare

parts

No WASH committee

active. No Operation

& Maintenance put in

place.

Low standards of

latrine construction.

No proper

disinfectants. Open

defecation to be

Hygiene campaign

ongoing. Local

resources available

are drawn from

Hygiene Promotion

awareness through

public

announcement

system. No IECBCC

Need for reinforced

messaging and

broader community

participation


25

addressed. NGO CIPORD materials.

No response from

community.

4 Gbeleh Lack of spare part for hand

pumps. No maintenance fees

paid.

No coordination. Low

cooperation from

community.

No visibility given to

hygiene at local

community gathering

No opportunities

exist nor resources

to tap into

Hygiene Awareness,

workshop held.

Very positive

results. Behavior

change was visible

for a while.

Need to sustain

awareness

workshops.

5 Baintowein

NO pump technicians, more

latrines needed

Heavy use on the

facilities available.

(For ex. 300 persons

using a single hand

pump currently)

More latrines needed

No opportunities at

the moment but

local resources that

exists include

woodland etc.

Funds collected

monthly by local

leaders.

Pump was repaired

but now is non-

operational

Need for rationing

water supply to will

ensure longevity of

the hand pump,

6 Gbonnie Lots of pump breakdown. No

pump mechanic available.

Poor maintenance Need for latrine

availability to end

open defecation

Town hall meetings

are good platforms

for discussions.

Workshops by local

NGOs.

BY collecting

monthly tax from

community

dwellers. Parts were

bought and

replaced as a direct

result of this action.

Community

mobilization is

important to sustain

services.

7. Bololewee Broken down hand pumps

and latrines

Poor maintenance Need to achieve Open Defecation Free status. Need more latrines

None. Land and

youth support

available

No action taken. No

results achieved.

Health situation of

community has

deteriorated due to

inaction to change

hygiene behavior.


26

Table 4: Focus Group Discussions: Community Channels for Communication – Liberia.

No. Town/Community How are WASH issues

communicated /who

receives complaint

Who take s action Feedback process WASH services

prioritization

WASH conflict

resolution and

leadership

Suggestion for

WASH service

delivery

improvement

1 New Yekepa Hand pump mechanic

informs town chief

Community Dwellers Through community

meeting

Not prioritized as

health issues are

paramount.

Town elders and

Chief are

responsible for such

activities

Training for

sustainability

2 Gbapa Youth group informs WASH

committee

Development

Chairman

Through the town

crier

Prioritized through

monthly forum

discussion

Community

Chairman handles

issues related to

conflict

Train WASH focal

persons and involve

local community in

projects

3 Kaina WASH focal person informs

WASH committee and then

gets to the Town Chief

Community Health

Volunteer

Information gets to community and Community Health Volunteers collects fees from community to address the problem

Information on

WASH is

communicated to

the County

authorities every

two months.

The community has

a council of elders

that deal with

WASH issues.

More training

needed for WASH

focal points on

Operation &

Maintenance.

4 Gbeleh Community dweller inform

Town council and the

development committee

The Town Chief Community meetings Not really

prioritized

Town Elder is

responsible to

resolve WASH

issue/problem

Build Capacity for

local pump

mechanics

5 Baintowein Town dwellers inform Town

Chief directly

The Youth leader

takes action

Through community

meeting

Given highest

priority since its

widely used

No conflict with

WASH

infrastructure use

More NGO’s need

to initiate activities

in community

6 Gbonnie Pump Mechanic is

responsible to report issues

with WASH infrastructure

The Town chief takes

action

Monies are collected

to remedy urgent and

solvable situations

WASH is discussed

at almost all

monthly meetings

No conflicts More latrines

needed, more

pump mechanics

and spare part


27

Due to very terrible limitations of the study listed below, the Focus Group Discussions could only take place in two of the communities visited. These challenges are quite common around this time of the year August – December (rainy season). Infrastructure challenges in Liberia

depots needed.

7. Bololewee Pump mechanics inform the

elders of the problem

The Town Elders The Town elders

galvanize the

resources through the

community

participation

Priority is given to

the problem but no

action is taken

No conflicts

reported

Additional WASH

infrastructure will

improve service

delivery

improvement.

Pic 5: Heavy duty vehicles are damaging the already deplorable road network between Ganta and Saniquellie.

Pic 6: Roads are not passable at this time of the year especially between the Guinean border and Yekepaa city as seen here.

Pic 7: A survey assistant with his luggage walking to the next village to continue the survey.

Pic 8: The thick forests of the ENNR provides only footpaths for commuters wishing to go to the neighboring villages.


28

Table 5: Focus Group Discussions: Community Profiles – Liberia.

Table 6: Focus Group Discussions: Development Issues – Liberia.

No. Community Population Access to

community

Communication Means of Livelihood

1. Kinnon 2,500

Men: 1,000 Women: 1,500

No road network No mobile coverage Farming

2. Benfoh 3,500

Men: 1,000 Women: 2,500

Unimproved road

network exists

Mobile coverage not universal at

the moment

Farming

Mining

Petty trade

No. Community Key development challenges Priority actions to

mitigate challenges

Role of WASH and

education in these

priorities

Partners involved Source of funding

1. Kinon WASH facilities and roads Build hand pumps Key to addressing

priorities

none Taxes collected

2. Benfoh Roads and Water WASH infrastructure

constructed a few

months back

Key to addressing

priorities

ZOA, CIPORD UNICEF


29

Table 7: Focus Group Discussions: Community Livelihoods – Liberia.

Table 8: Focus Group Discussions: Water Governance – Liberia.

No. Community Source of Water for

multiple use

Challenges for

Multiple use

Effect of challenges Flooding in Past?

How was it

handled

Activities that

pose threat to

water

supply/Plans to

mitigate

Resources needed

to effectively

mitigate

1. Kinon Creek for both drinking

and gardening etc.

Creek dries up

sometimes

Water borne

diseases increase

Never Lack of hand

pumps

Funding

2. Benfoh One hand pump Frequent break

down

Long distance to walk

to nearest creek

Never Single hand pump

usage

Increased wash

infrastructure

No. Community Community Discussions/

Organized by whom

How do members

participate

How is it facilitated How is community

mobilized in terms of

Water resource

management issues

Who is responsible

to follow up?/Is

there required

capacity need to

follow up?/

Water association

committee. Roles.

1. Kinon Community chairperson

convenes meeting

Attending and

listening

Through the

community chair

person

Text messages to

those who have

phones

Assistant

development

chairman

Exists and assist in

O/M of Water

Points

2. Benfoh Development Chairperson By articulating

their views on the

issues

Through the Assistant

chairman

Youth leaders are very

active in mobilizing

community members

Community

chairperson

Need for increased

capacity


30

5.1.6 OPPORTUNITIES FOR WASH INTERVENTION IN LIBERIA

After carrying out a detailed analysis of the WASH situation in Liberia the following activities are proposed as possible intervention points in the country.

1. Given the low capacity of sector actors to carry out implementation of WASH activities (as described in their mandates especially at the national level), there is a need for strong support to build capacity in the following areas:

Functional capacities:

- Leadership

- Analysis, visioning (long term visioning in terms of setting sector priorities and achievable targets).

- Technical capacities – low expertise (rural/county capitals/towns)

- Policy & strategy development processes

- Management

- Planning

- Data management

- Budgeting, Medium Term Expenditure Frameworks

(MTEFs), financial management & monitoring

- Procurement & contracts management

- Technical writing skills

- Reporting

- Advocacy & communication

- Accountability

- M&E of water supply

- Water quality testing, treatment

- Excreta disposal/CLTS

- Emergency WASH

- School & health facility WASH

2. A great need exists to build the capacity of institutions whose mandates include monitoring of water resources, developing strategies for the mitigation of climate change issues, and supporting the development of policies that will include alternative livelihoods strategies for communities residing in the ENNR area. Special attention should be given to the following areas:

Management and monitoring of water resources

Hydrogeological services

Hydrology services

Water quality analysis (including for industrial pollution such as the mining activity taking place in the ENNR areas )

Collection of hydrogeological, meteorological and hydrological data

Management of National Water Resources Information System (NWIS)


31

3. Need for increased investment: There are over 10,000 improved water points in Liberia, of which only a little more than 60% are fully functional. This is not adequate. Over 800,000 Liberians completely lack access to water and over 2 million lack adequate access to clean water. More than 1,700 schools do not have an improved water point. To ensure improved access for all Liberians and each school, another 10,000 water points are needed. There is a clear empirical case for funding an initial 8,200 points as envisaged in the Sector Strategic Plan.

4. Prioritize areas for intervention: Lack of access is concentrated in a narrow corridor as more than 75% of Liberians without adequate access to improved water are concentrated in a “corridor of need” around major roads and towns. Funding for communal water points should thus be distributed between counties based on relative lack of access and then prioritized across districts along the corridor of highest need. To avoid any neglected areas with no access and a moderate population, 20% of funds should be set aside for a special “no community left behind” program tackling more remote locations.

5. Maintenance practices must be improved: Current pump breakdown rates are unacceptably high. As this report has demonstrated, one key issue linked to sustainability is the frequent breakdown of water points in the communities visited. Of the pumps built in 2010, 15% are already broken down and more than a third of those built in 2004 are non-functional. A service delivery approach should be adopted with the following key components: 1) organize active community water committees to reduce the likelihood of pump breakdown, 2) strengthen spare-part supply-chains and train more pump mechanics, 3) put in place effective tariff systems in all communities with water points, and 4) improve the planning and vetting/certification of construction of water and sanitation infrastructure.

6. Strengthen coordination, decentralize capacity: To direct funding and enforce guidelines (e.g. on pump type), coordination at the national level needs to improve. In order to successfully construct and monitor infrastructure, capacity at the periphery needs to improve. Construction of clean water points by NGOs peaked in 2006-08. Now is the time for the Liberian government to build the capacity of institutions whose mandates include monitoring of water resources, developing strategies for the mitigation of climate change issues and support the development of policies that will include alternative livelihoods strategies for communities residing in the ENNR area. Special attention should be given to the following areas:

Management and monitoring of water resources


Hydrology services

Water quality analysis (including for industrial pollution-such of as the mining activity taking place in the ENNR areas )

Collection of hydrogeological, meteorological and hydrological data

Management of National Water Resources Information System (NWIS)

5.1.7 RECOMMENDATIONS OF POSSIBLE ENTRY POINTS FOR STEWARD

The following are recommended entry points for STEWARD activities:


32

Considering the capacity gaps that exist in terms of inadequate staff numbers at the national level, which pose challenges for supervision and support of sub-national staff, and challenges to succession of staff, the GOL will need support with this activity.

Support to Sector Coordination to ensure the equitability of service delivery.

There will be a need to support the GOL in the development of policies that will highlight alternative livelihoods for rural communities living within the ENNR.

Based on the assessments and the results of this survey, the communities in and around the reserve face serious livelihood problems, which encompass serious food insecurity. As a result of these factors, the communities around the reserve derive their sustenance from the environment and its biodiversity through different means including farming, hunting, fuel wood collection, etc. Consequently, the forests are degraded of biodiversity, and biodiversity resources are being severely pressured.

The assessment has proven that WASH services are at their lowest state and those services that are available are unsustainable. STEWARD could provide support by increasing the services (build more water points), develop sustainability mechanisms (strategies for O/M) and increase capacity at the community level to sustain the services.

Support the establishment of supply chains in communities affected by heavy breakdowns and pump problems.

The Liberia WASH compact has called for the alignment of the National Environment Policy and National Adaptation Plan of Action for Climate Change to consider the environmental impact of WASH projects. A strategic entry point for STEWARD would be to support the following:

Operationalize National Environment policy – Ensuring that all WASH activities are in line with the policy and are environmentally sustainable – ensure consultation with environmental expertise.

Support programs that increase awareness of the National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change (NAPA) – adaptation and resiliency criteria (e.g. technology choices).

Support the GOL in the monitoring of environmental data such as water levels, rainfall, river flow, and water quality.


33

Figure 7: Map of Sierra Leone.

Source: World Atlas, 2012.

5.2 SIERRA LEONE

5.2.1 DEMOGRAPHY

According to Index Mundi (2012), the total population of Sierra Leone was 5,485,998 (July 2011 est.), with a growth rate of 2.777%. 38% (2010) of the population is urban while 62% live in rural areas. During several years of conflict, many rural people moved to the urban centers, particularly Freetown where there was greater security and better access to services.

The human development indicators for Sierra Leone are among the lowest in the world. Sierra Leone (SL) has the highest maternal and under-5 mortality rates in the world—UN data shows it as 174/1,000 (2010). Malnutrition is reported to cause 57% of child deaths. These indicators are closely linked with the poor situation with water and sanitation.

Sierra Leone is richly endowed with fresh water resources but has low water and sanitation coverage, largely due to a decade of civil war that threw the country’s economic infrastructure into complete chaos. With the restoration of peace and democracy, the country is making very good progress in transforming the lives of its peoples as evidenced in a 6-7% growth in GDP over the past couple of years.

The Ministry of Energy and Water Resources (MoEWR) is drawing up an Implementation Plan for the National Water and Sanitation Policy (NWSP), including formulating its principles into a new Water Law. In the interim, a number of the policy objectives are being implemented including the renaming of the ministry to include water resources to give water greater visibility. The Ministry, with support from DfID, is recruiting a service provider, who will see to the implementation of the sector performance improvement framework. In order to quicken implementation, strategies and implementation manuals, human resource capacity is to be developed. 5.2.2 POLITICAL Sierra Leone is in a post-conflict period after its ten year civil war. According to the Bureau of African Affairs (2012), Sierra Leone's brutal 1991-2002 civil war destroyed infrastructure and truncated political, social, and economic development. The country has made substantial progress in transitioning from a post-conflict nation to a developing democracy that has made notable economic gains. It also is emerging as one of the most stable countries in a volatile region. Most notably, it now contributes significantly to United Nations peacekeeping operations, including the UN Mission to Darfur (UNAMID). It will deploy a U.S.-trained battalion to the AU Peace Support Mission to Somalia (AMISOM) later this year. The government also has passed one of Africa’s toughest anti-corruption laws, made high-profile


34

Box 2: Highlights of National Water and Sanitation

Policy

The following highlights some specific policy objectives in the

water supply, sanitation and hygiene sub-sectors.

Urban Water Supply and Sewerage

(i) improve water supply coverage for the urban population from 47% to 74% by year 2015.

(ii) improve urban sewerage and non-sewerage sanitation coverage from 31% to 66% by 2015.

(iii) improve the financial viability of urban water service providers so that they become financially self-sustainable to the extent that they cover their operational costs and gradually contribute towards investments in their networks.

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

(i) improve access to reliable water supply services from the present 32% and achieve the overall national target of 74% by year 2015.

(ii) ensure that communities participate in the planning, construction, ownership, O&M of their water supply schemes.

(iii) gradually increase communities’ obligations for paying for operations and maintenance costs of water schemes.

(iv) increase communities’ participation in financing their water supply programs.

Hygiene and Sanitation

(i) improve the health of communities and ensure that 66% of the population has access to sanitation services by 2015.

(ii) develop a sustainable approach for financing urban and rural sanitation involving increased community participation.

Institutional, Legal and Regulatory Framework

(i) establish National Water Resources Board responsible for water resources management.

(ii) establish a regime for regulating water supply and sewerage services which effectively balances economic, financial and social objectives.

(iii) enact a new Water Law which creates an enabling environment for all those involved in the sector, public and private, at present and future.

(iv) review existing water related legislation which is outdated.

arrests, and secured convictions in a majority of its prosecutions. Despite this, Sierra Leone continues to grapple with entrenched corruption, poor health conditions, weak government institutions, high unemployment, slow economic growth, abject poverty, and inadequate social services. Presidential and parliamentary elections were held November 17, 2012.

5.2.3 POLICIES AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

Legal enactments

A number of enactments regulate the management of the water supply and sanitation sector in Sierra Leone. The most important of them are:

- Water Supply and Control Act of 1963 guiding the Water Supply Division of the MoEWR;

- Guma Valley Act of 1961 establishing the Guma Valley Water Company to provide water supply to Freetown and its environs;

- The SALWACO Act of 2001 establishing the company to provide water supply services in 19 districts outside of Freetown;

- The Environmental Protection Act containing sections on water pollution and water catchment management;

- The Public Health Act 1996 and the 2004 Addendum, which vests the responsibility for environmental sanitation in the Ministry of Health and Sanitation;

- The Local Government Act of 2004 dividing responsibilities between central and local governments in the sector; and

- The Forestry Regulations of 1990 including sections on water catchment management.

National Water and Sanitation Policy

The National Water Supply Policy (NWSP) sets up the framework for decision making, regulation, service provision, and the participation of citizens in water resources management. Among its key messages is to re-define the role of government from a major service provider to that of coordinator, policy-maker and regulator. The


35

policy document, earlier approved by the cabinet, in August 2008, is undergoing further review to address issues that were not previously well-articulated. One significant observation is the inclusion of a sanitation policy, though this is not sufficiently comprehensive.

The NWSP document has the following broad objectives:

develop a comprehensive framework for management of water resources and sustainable development of water supply and sanitation services within an effective legal and institutional framework;

improve the provision of sustainable safe water supplies and sanitation facilities in urban and rural areas through a coordinated approach;

ensure stakeholder participation in the management of water resources and in the planning, construction, ownership, operation, and maintenance of community based domestic water supply schemes in rural areas; and,

put in place implementation strategies for sustainable development and management of water resources in the gradual changing role of the government from a major service provider to policy-making, regulation, and monitoring.

The NWSP places special emphasis on the fundamental human right of access to safe and adequate water, provision of education to improve hygiene practices and increased access to sanitation services. In terms of the regulatory framework, an independent multi-sectoral regulatory authority is to be established to regulate water and sewerage services.

The Water (Control and Supply) Act 1963 provided the main legal basis for the operation of the sector. It has, however, now been accepted that the Act and its associated regulations do not adequately meet current and emerging challenges facing the sector. It has, therefore, become necessary to modernize the legislation and associated regulations and rules to create an enabling legal environment for dealing with the challenges facing the sector. A new Water Bill is being prepared for approval by Parliament.

Key issues to be covered in the Water Law include sector coordination and harmonization to optimize available resource utilization (including transparency and accountability) among competing uses - increased urbanization, industrialization and mining activities. In the area of drinking water supply, decentralised service delivery at the district level, community participation, empowerment of the key sector ministry and its agencies to execute the WSS agenda in an effective and efficient manner are important features of the upcoming law. Where necessary, relevant customary laws and practices related to the WSS sector will be incorporated into the new Water Law.

The enactment of the Water Law will see amendments to some of the existing legislation to make them consistent with the new policy and institutional framework.


36

Policy, Planning,

Financing, Monitoring

• Ministry of Energy and Water

Resources

• Ministry of Health and

Sanitation

• Ministry of Finance & Econ.

Dev

• Ministry of Internal Affairs,

Local Government and Rural

Dev.

Facilitation, Regulation

• SL Parliament (Legislative)

• Proposed National Water

Resources Board (water use

regulation)

• Proposed Energy and Water

Regulatory Authority (economic

regulation)

• District Councils (rural & small

town WSS)

• District Water and Sanitation

Committees

• District Environmental Health

Committees

Service Provision

• GVWC (Freetown – water and

sewerage)

• SALWACO (Other urban)

• SALWACO (rural)

• NGOs/INGOs

• Small independent providers

• Private sector (local water

operators, drillers, contractors,

consultants, artisans - pump

mechanics not well-developed)

Implementation Support

• Development Partners (software

and hardware)

• NGOs (financing, capacity building)

• Local Government (legislative)

WSS Asset ownership

•Local Councils (WSS)

•GVWC (Water)

•SALWACO (Water)

•Communities (WSS)

•Households (sanitation)Consumers

Figure 8: Institutional Framework for WSS Delivery in Sierra Leone. Source: Prepared from the Explanation in the

National Water Supply Policy, August 2012.

Policy, Planning, Monitoring and Financing

Ministry of Energy and Water Resources: (MoWR) is the lead government institution responsible for water resources. The ministry is responsible for the formulation of policies, implementation, monitoring and evaluation in line with government objectives in the management and allocation of water resources, including drinking water supply for both urban and rural populations. It is also responsible for sector coordination and integration, cross-sectoral planning, evaluation of programs for water supply and sourcing funds for water projects. The ministry is the custodian and implementer of the Water Law.

Under the NWSP, the Water Department will replace the Water Supply Division (WSD). Functions undertaken by the WSD in relation to regulation, implementation and delivery of services have been, or are to be, transferred to the appropriate agencies such as the National Water Resources Board (NWRB), Sierra Leone Water Company (SALWACO), Local Government and the economic regulator.

Ministry of Health and Sanitation (MoHS): MoHS is responsible for overall coordination of sanitation activities at the national level, with the Environmental Health Department (EHD) taking the lead in the promotion of sanitation and hygiene programs, in close cooperation with the Ministry responsible for water, Ministry of Local Government, Ministry of Education and other key stakeholders, including donor organizations, NGOs and civil society organizations. Discussions with EHD of the MoHS suggest that it receives very little support to undertake its mandate.

Ministry of Internal Affairs, Local Government and Rural Development (MoIALGRD): The ministry has the responsibility to ensure that local councils function effectively with respect to the implementation of water and sanitation programmes. The provisions of the Local Government Act 2004, devolve responsibilities for urban, peri-urban and rural water supply, involving rehabilitation of water supply schemes, construction of gravity schemes, construction of drilled and tube wells, sanitation and hygiene


37

to local councils. The devolution process of water-related activities is almost complete, but lack of capacity has affected its full implementation.

Ministry of Finance and Economic Development: Provides the financing to support the delivery of WASH infrastructure as well as the operational and capital expenditure budgets of the sector institutions. This includes making budgetary allocations to sectors, sourcing donor funds—loans and grants—to support sectoral activity.

Facilitation and Regulatory Oversight

Local Councils: Local councils are the focal entities of the government at the district level and are the statutory implementers of broad and specific policy objectives of the development process within their jurisdictions. Sierra Leone currently has 19 local councils. Local councils’ human resource capacity is gradually being enhanced with an objective to enable them to adequately implement policy strategies for both water supply and sanitation in collaboration with the water and health ministries. The NWSP notes however, that:

“Efforts to build human as well as financial resources of the Local Councils for the past four years, have not adequately attended to the capacity needed to provide efficient water supply services. This, together with the need for autonomous water supply entities, has necessitated the reconsideration of the transfer of water supply services to Local Councils, hence the requirement for review of the Local Government (Assumption of Functions), 2004 Regulations, specifically on the Main Functions and Activities of the Ministry of Energy and Power to be devolved. The review will legally vest into SALWACO the devolved MoEP’s functions with respect to water supply services.” [NWSP, August 2008]

In respect to sanitation, local councils have the following responsibilities, among others: (i) provision of communal infrastructure involving planning, programming, and financing; (ii) operation and maintenance of infrastructure (excluding those operated by autonomous organizations); (iii) tariff setting, collection of revenues of unregulated sanitation services; (iv) maintenance of public health through education, pollution prevention and control mechanisms; (v) facilitation of community involvement in sanitation programs; (vi) facilitation of the establishment of and capacity building of District and Community Water and Sanitation (WATSAN) committees; and (vii) monitoring progress of sanitation programs and the related activities of Local Councils.

National Water Resources Board (NWRB): The government of Sierra Leone proposes the establishment of the NWRB to oversee water resources management, including the extraction and use of water resources among its various competing uses. It’s key functions will be to: (i) develop equal and fair procedures in access and allocation of water resources, ensuring that social and productive sectors, and the environment receive their adequate share; (ii) carry out water resources research and determine appropriate technology in collaboration with local and international research institutes; (iii) carry out an inventory of water experts, human resource needs assessment and develop training programs in collaboration with the Ministry responsible for water and other stakeholders and ensure that the sector has adequate number of experts for the implementation of different water sector activities; and raise public awareness and broaden stakeholders’ participation in the planning and management of water resources at national, district and community levels.

Energy and Water Regulatory Authority (EWRA): The proposed EWRA will be responsible for regulating energy, water and sewerage services, excluding sanitation services. Among its main functions, EWRA will be responsible for (i) protecting the interest of consumers; (ii) protecting the financial viability of


38

efficient water supply entities; (iii) promoting the availability of regulated services to all consumers including low income and disadvantaged consumers; (iv) issuing, renewing and cancelling licences; (v) establishing standards for water supply services; (vi) regulating rates and charges for the services; and (vii) monitoring the performance of regulated entities in relation to investments, quality and quantity of services, cost of services and efficiencies of production and distribution.

The establishment of the regulator will mean that some current functions performed by the ministry as well as its sector agencies, which are inconsistent with good practice and are not in line with the principles of accountability, will pass on to the new body.

District Water and Sanitation (WATSAN) Committees: Local councils will be responsible for implementing water resources plans, protection and conservation of natural resources at district level, establishment of by-laws on the management of water resources, and conflict resolution in accordance with established laws and regulations. District Water and Sanitation (WATSAN) Committees will be statutorily established, comprising water and sanitation sector stakeholders to carry out the above-mentioned tasks.

Service Delivery

Guma Valley Water Company (GVWC): GVWC was established to provide water to Freetown and its environs. It is an autonomous body owned solely by the Government of Sierra Leone and operates under Sierra Leone’s Companies Act. GVWC has its own Governing Board. Under Sierra Leone’s Companies Act, GVWC is required to control water abstraction and pollution in the catchment upstream of its water sources. With a new National Water Resources Management Board, all functions of a regulatory nature previously undertaken by GVWC will pass on to the new body.

According to the NWSP, GVWC will continue to be responsible for overall water supply services in Freetown. Its roles, responsibilities and mandates stated in the Guma Valley Water Company Limited (1961) Act will be reviewed and revised to harmonize them with the new Water Law and the Regulatory regime which will be established. The company will also be responsible for sewerage services for Freetown City.

Sierra Leone Water Company (SALWACO): SALWACO was established in 2001 to take responsibility for urban water supplies in all areas of Sierra Leone outside of the jurisdiction of GVWC. SALWACO remains a subverted organization as it is unable to generate sufficient revenues to cover its operations, due to the fact that it inherited broken down infrastructure that requires major rehabilitation. Poor management in the past has been cited for its poor performance. With the devolution of water delivery to local councils, SALWACO’s role may change significantly.

According to the NWSP, SALWACO will be responsible for provision of water supply services in the district towns of Bo, Kenema, Koidu, Makeni, Kabala, and the International Airport at Lungi as provided in the SALWACO Act. In addition, SALWACO will be strengthened and legally mandated to perform additional responsibilities including provision of water supply and sewerage services to all urban centers (except Freetown) and the provision of water supply services in rural areas. SALWACO’s mandate is also to be reviewed to include rural water schemes and both the SALWACO and Local Government Acts will be revised to legalize the additional mandate.

Community Water Committees: Communities play a major role in the water and sanitation sector because they are the primary users, guardians and managers of water sources. Participation of both men and women in decision-making, planning, management and implementation of water resources


39

management and development will be enhanced through establishing village/community water and sanitation committees.

The Private Sector: The private sector’s role is to supply goods and services for the sector. Discussions with sector actors indicated that the private sector is not yet vibrant. With time, and in line with the policy objectives, the private sector will be expected to develop partnerships with public sector organizations. Areas in which the private sector will be expected to play a role are: (i) project design and contract supervision; (ii) construction by large and small contractors; (iii) construction, operation and maintenance of facilities such as sewage works and public toilets; (iv) training and capacity building; (v) supply of materials and equipment; (vi) provision of consultancy services (technical assistance); (vi) project financing; (vii) meter connections repairs and distribution of bills; and (viii) management of stand pipes.

5.2.4 SIERRA LEONE WASH SITUATION

WATER AND SANITATION SECTOR

There is a strong commitment to water supply and sanitation from the current administration as evidenced in the increase in (i) its financial commitments to the sector, (ii) marshalling bilateral and multilateral funding support to rehabilitate and expand water infrastructure and, (iii) in its attempts to improve the institutional framework for increased sector performance. Much more commitment is needed for sanitation, where access is a major concern, especially in rural areas. Sierra Leone’s PRSP, and the policies and strategies that it informs, sees water and sanitation as a priority sector area. No doubt more work is needed to link its intentions with the budgeting process and also ensure that adequate resources from taxes, transfers and tariffs are available to meet the MDG targets to which the country has committed. This requires a credible assessment of the sector investment needs and an action plan to implement the identified interventions.

The lack of financing has often been cited as the major drawback to achieving the sector targets and yet even when monies are available, considerable delays have been associated with project implementation due to capacity problems. The soon-to-be launched National Water and Sanitation Policy identifies many of the sector challenges and states policy objectives and measures for addressing them. This can be achieved when there is an effective sector leader and champion, a feature which can now be said of the water sub-sector but not of sanitation.

Discussions with sector actors as well as a review of existing literature present differing views on the validity of the data on water and sanitation coverage in Sierra Leone. These various sources include those provided by national surveys such as the Census, Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and others, which are produced by Statistics Sierra Leone. These user-based surveys are the key sources of data for monitoring access to improved water supply and sanitation. The latest of these surveys are the 2007 Sierra Leone MICS 3 which provides data as of 2005 and the 2009 Sierra Leone DHS which provides data on access as of 2008.


40

Improved water supply

Trends

Countries are required to halve, by 2015, the percentage of people without access to improved water supply and improved sanitation taking 1990 as the base year. Statistics Sierra Leone reported that 48% of its population of just under 4 million, used safe drinking water in 1990. This implies an MDG target for improved water supply of 76%. GoSL has set a target of 74% for water and this is applied for purposes of determining the country’s progress. An earlier target of 82.5% indicated in the PRSP no longer applies.

Looking at the trend in water supply, in 2000, MICS 2 reported access at 54%, whilst the 2004 census reported access to improved supply as 53%. In 2005, MICS 3 reported access as 47% and indicated that the lower than previous access figures could be explained by the fact that enumerators were carefully trained on the different definitions of improved water and sanitation facilities and may have collected more accurate data than had been collected in the past.

The JMP’s latest figures applicable for 2008 will soon be released. The JMP (2008) report indicates that access to improved water supply in Sierra Leone stood at 49%, with an impressive 86% of the urban population with access whilst only 26% of the rural population has access. The significant difference between the rural and urban populations is not surprising as rural Sierra Leone was the greater casualty of the civil war. It should also be noted that the access figures masks the considerable regional differences that exist, with the western area, which is predominantly urbanized, having the highest access figures, while the eastern and northern parts of the country are the least served.

The 2008 access rate of 49% compares with the MDG target of 74%, and from the trend, it appears that the target will be missed at the current rate of progress. In terms of population, as many as 1.7 million Sierra Leoneans will be without access to improved water supply even when the target is met. Of the unserved population, roughly 1.1 million will be living in rural communities and an equal number will be based in peri-urban and low income communities within cities. The reality of many people still living without access informs the point made by the Minister of Energy and Water Resources during the inception meeting of the CSO process, that Sierra Leone views the 2015 timeline only ‘’as an indicator’’. The bigger picture is how to maintain and sustain service delivery to the served and unserved by ensuring improvement in macroeconomic variables. It is economic growth, which improves the wealth status of Sierra Leonean citizens, which will ultimately significantly increase their access to WSS facilities.

Use of improved water supply

The Table 9 below provides data on the type of water facilities being used by the population as captured

by the 2009 DHS.

Table 9: Use of Water Facilities as of 2008 – Sierra Leone. Source: DHS, 2009.

Population

Characteristic Urban (%) Rural (%) Total (%) Total Pop (‘000)

Improved source 81.3 35.1 50.3 2,800

Piped water into dwelling/yard/plot 19.3 1 7.1

Public tap/standpipe 24.3 6.9 12.7

Tube well or borehole 5.9 6.3 6.2

Protected dug well 30.1 19.9 23.3


41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

East North South West

52

30

46

87

48

70

54

13

Improved Source of Water (%) Unimproved Source of Water (%)

Population

Characteristic Urban (%) Rural (%) Total (%) Total Pop (‘000)

Protected spring 1.6 0.9 1.2

Non-improved source 18 64.6 49.2 2,700

Unprotected dug well 10.8 15.1 13.7

Unprotected spring 2.8 9 6.9

Tanker truck/cart with small tank 0.1 0.4 0.3

Surface water 4.3 40.1 28.3

Bottled water, improved source for cooking/ washing 0.4 0.1 0.2

Bottled water, non-improved source for cooking/washing 0.1 0 0

Missing 0.2 0.2 0.2

Time to obtain drinking water (round trip)

Water on premises 30.7 4.5 13.1

Less than 30 minutes 33 58.5 50.1

The evidence shows that surface water is the main source of access to drinking water in rural areas

(40.1%), exposing the population to waterborne diseases such as cholera and guinea worm. In urban areas the main drinking water sources are protected wells (30.1%) and standpipes (24.3%). Water treatment is almost non-existent both in rural and urban areas.

Regional coverage of improved drinking water in Sierra Leone (SL) is presented in Figure 11, clearly establishing that the problem of access is more acute in the northern part of the country where only 30% of the population had access to improved drinking water in 2005. The Western Region seems to be faring better with more than 86% of its population having access to improved water sources. This region is the most urbanized of the country.

Improved sanitation

Trends

Improved sanitation coverage is of great concern in Sierra Leone. In 2005, only 11% of the total population of Sierra Leone had access to improved sanitation, as per the definition assigned to it. JMP (2008) reports access to improved sanitation at 13%, indicating a marginal increase over 2005. This figure is based on the findings of the 2009 DHS, whilst the MICS 3 had reported access to improved sanitation at 41% in 2005. The significant difference is explained by the removal of shared facilities, which in 2008 accounted for 29% of the facilities used (see Box 2).

Figure 9: Access to Improved Water Sources – Sierra Leone. Source: MICS 3, 2007.


42

Box 3: Sanitation Ladder and Improved Access to Sanitation

Sanitation may be as cheap and simple as a protected pit latrine or as

expensive and complex as a flush toilet with sewerage. The further up

the ‘ladder', the greater the benefit for people and the environment. In

examining the trends in access for sanitation it is important to take note

of the sanitation ladder, as it allows a disaggregated analysis of trends.

The JMP considers a four-rung ladder for sanitation. This gives an

understanding of the proportion of population globally with no sanitation

facilities at all, of those reliant on technologies defined by JMP as

"unimproved," of those sharing sanitation facilities of otherwise

acceptable technology, and those using "improved" sanitation facilities.

Improved sanitation is defined to exclude facilities which are shared by

more than one household. This is a significant clarification as previously

higher numbers for access to sanitation as reported by many African

countries have been downscaled to eliminate shared facilities, even if the

facility is otherwise very high on the sanitation ladder. Thus, a water

closet facility which is shared is considered unimproved.

Shared sanitation facilities are considered

unimproved, even if it is of superior technology.

Significantly though, many sector actors, including

UNICEF Sierra Leone, and the Ministry of Energy

and Water Resources, continue to base their

sector analysis on the indicators applied by MICS,

which did not exclude shared facilities in its

definition of access.

It is clear from the trends that if current rates of delivery continue, the sanitation target will be missed by a very wide margin when shared facilities are excluded from the definition of improved sanitation. The situation of course will be different if shared facilities are included in the analysis. This has a number of implications for choice of technologies, approach and strategy, funding and planning (particularly in low income urban and peri-urban communities).

Use of sanitation facilities

Table 10 shows the distribution of Sierra Leone’s population according to the type of toilet facility used by the household. Overall, 13% of the population has an improved toilet facility which is not shared. Urban dwellers are much more likely than rural households to have this type of facility (26% and 6% respectively). The most common toilet facility is the open pit (30%), which is much more likely to be used in rural areas (37%) than in urban areas (16%). Overall, one in four households has no toilet facilities, 30% in rural areas and 5% in urban areas.

Table 10: Use of Sanitation Facilities in 2007 – Sierra Leone. Source: DHS, 2008.

Population

Type of toilet/latrine facility Urban Rural Total

Improved, not shared facility 26.1 6.5 13

Flush/pour flush to piped sewer system 0.3 0 0.1

Flush/pour flush to septic tank 8 0.1 2.7

Flush/pour flush to pit latrine 1.3 0 0.5

Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine 6.5 2.3 3.7

Pit latrine with slab 10 4.1 6

Non-improved facility 73.9 93.5 87

Any facility shared with other households 47.9 21.8 30.4

Flush/pour flush not to sewer/septic tank/ pit latrine 0.6 0.0 0.2

Pit latrine without slab/open pit 16.1 37.5 30.5

Bucket 0.4 0.1 0.2

Hanging toilet/hanging latrine 2.7 3 2.9

No facility/bush/field/stream/river [Open defecation] 4.6 30.1 21.7


43

Table 11 shows an update on the sanitation situation in relation to classification over the years up to 2008. The classification of improved sanitation facilities is very useful as this will help in planning interventions in the sub-sector, based on the circumstances of the target group. Of particular concern is the high figure for open defecation in rural areas (36%), and eradicating this should be the major focus of any strategic sanitation interventions.

Table 11: Type of Use of Sanitation – Sierra Leone. Source: JMP, 2010.

URBAN SANITATION RURAL SANITATION

Estimated coverage (2010 update)

Year Improved Shared Unimproved Open

defecation Improved Shared

Unimproved

Open defecation

1990

1995 21% 40% 32% 7% 4% 12% 50% 34%

2000 21% 41% 32% 6% 5% 13% 48% 34%

2005 23% 45% 27% 5% 6% 16% 43% 35%

2008 24% 47% 25% 4% 6% 18% 40% 36%

5.2.5 NATIONAL LEVEL FINDINGS

Local and International NGOs (NGOs/INGOs):

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have over many years played an important role in the water sector. Their contribution to the water sector is more pronounced in rural areas where they have been providing all types of water and sanitation services. For the moment, the operations of many NGOs are not coordinated with the agenda of the ministry. However, the NWSP indicates close collaboration with NGOs to enhance their role in water and sanitation activities. Specifically, the government will seek the assistance of NGOs in Sierra Leone to effectively carry out various water supply, sanitation and hygiene activities, including training and capacity building, assisting communities with the planning and implementation of water and sanitation projects, providing health, hygiene and sanitation education promotion, and financing of water and sanitation projects.

COMMUNITY LEVEL

Interventions by Government and NGOs

As can be seen from the responses provided by the communities interviewed and from the situation observed on ground in Sierra Leone, there is little or no WASH intervention by government in most of the communities. Very little has been done by the local council for the provision of WASH facilities in these communities. More community empowerment needs to be encouraged and supported by governments and NGOs to improve the provision of WASH facilities.

Moreover, there are only a few NGOs implementing in these communities. Currently, these include:

STEWARD – intervening in natural resource management

CARE International – yet to start its implementation

CADA – intervening in WASH , carrying out CLTS (Community Led Total Sanitation) in communities (UNICEF Funded)


44

Inter Aid – have just entered into the communities to do WASH activities through CLTS

All the interventions of these NGOs are yet to create impact on the lives of the people.

Community Contributions

There is readiness on the part of the communities to contribute in any project in the provision of WASH facilities. Already in most communities, there exist committees known as Village Development Committee (VDC). These VDC’s are ready to provide labor and local materials like sand and stone for the construction of WASH facilities. The Village Chief is the administrative head in each community. The youth leader and chair women are, in most cases, head of all development projects on the community side.

Tables 12 to 20 provide the findings from the communities visited in PZs of Sierra Leone. The interviews are based on key informant interviews with opinion leaders and focus group discussions with youth and women groups.


45

Community Focus Group Discussions (FGD) – Youth and Women

Table 12: Community Profiles – Sierra Leone.

No. Community Population Number of

Households

Facilities Access to

Community

Means of Livelihood

1. Taneneh 380 123 1 Community school

No Health center

Bad road

No mobile

communications

Ground nut farming

Rice farming

Pepper farming

2. Ferekuray 124 104 No community school

No clinic

Farming by

households

Poor roads

No communication

facilities

Ground nut farming

Pepper

Rice farming

3 Finfonia 1,400 1000 Primary and

secondary school

Farming

No road network

Communication

Farming

Hospital

4 Sanya N/A 915 School has good

structure and good

teachers

Clinic provides

services for pregnant,

lactating mothers and

children under five.

Farming is the main

activity of the

households

No good road

No good

communications

system

Ground nut, pepper

Potatoes and rice (economic)

Social – Initiations of both boys

and girls into secret society


46

Table 13: Focus Group Discussions: Development Issues – Sierra Leone.

5 Sembiekie 850 70 No school

No health center

Bad Roads

No means of

communication

Ground nut farming

Pepper farming

Rice farming

Bondo society for men and girls

society

6 Sumatha 447 80 1 Primary School Bad road network

No communication

Farming: Groundnuts, pepper,

cassava and rice

7 Yana N/A 85 1 Primary school Bad Roads

No communication

Farming: Groundnuts, pepper,

cassava and rice

No. Community Key development challenges Priority actions to mitigate

challenges

Role of WASH and education

in these priorities

Partners involved Source of funding

1. Taneneh No school

No health center

No improved road network

No water supply facility

8 attempts to dig

boreholes failed. Water

table cannot be reached.

Waiting for government to

assist.

Can provide latrines

themselves

Can clean community

But no ability to provide water

supply

No partners

supporting them

currently

Only through

government and the

local councils

2. Ferekuray Water supply and Made submission to local

council for support

No link for now as no school

and no clinic for now

STEWARD for

forestry

Only government

through the councils


47

Latrines

No road networks

No communication

Health Poverty action or NGOs

3. Finfonia Roads Elders and chiefs are trying

very hard to coordinate

with council and others for

assistance

Rural Aid constructed pumps

which have been damaged. No

repairs carried out.

NACSA. Unfinished

FED

InterAid

Through community

contribution

Local NGOs

4. Sanya Lack of funds

Difficulty in pest control

Destruction caused by wild

animals to their crops

No easy accessibility to

seedlings

No good water supply system

No good health center

Provision of micro-credit

schemes to youth groups

for development activities,

e.g. building of court

barrier etc.

Formation of youths into

youth groups for self-help

activities. Enough supply of

insecticides to control pest.

Instant control of wild

animals to stop destroying

crops/plants

Provide school of a standard so

that children can learn about

environmental and personal

hygiene

Creation of good drinking

water systems

Good health center

Embark upon educating and

sensitizing of people about

health hazards in their

community. E.g. absence of

toilets

Action Aid, CARE,

UNICEF, WHO,

ministry of Health

and Sanitation,

Ministry of Energy

and power (water

Division) SALWACO

Funds provided by

government of Sierra

Leone and monies

from the peoples

farming activity

5. Sembiekie No water supply

No school

No health center

Bad road

Request made to local

council for assistance but

to no avail

A committee is set up for

young men and women

ready to dig up a well by

the swamp for drinking

Difficult to discern as there is

no school

No health center

No partner

involvement in the

community

Government and local

council


48

Table 14: Focus Group Discussions: WASH Situation in Communities – Sierra Leone.

6 Sumatha Destruction of farms by animals

Issue of safe water supply

Bad road condition

Issues of Latrines

Health center

Community center for meetings

Store to keep our products

Drying floor

Construction of individual

wells,

Mobilization of money by a

committee for future

operation & maintenance

though still insufficient

Safe water supply in schools

and health center will provide

good health for the

community. Children will have

healthy minds for studies.

STEWARD

InterAid-water

NACSA-roads

CASA-Community

Led Total Sanitation

(CLTS)

Farm produce and

government

7 Yana Water facilities

Latrines

Roads

Communication

Health center

No plan—hoping for

government to assist

CADA-CLTS

Department for

International

Development-Hand

Dug Wells without

hand pumps

No source, waiting for

government support

No. Issues Community

Teneneh Ferekuray Fintonia Sanya Sembiekie Sumatha Yana

1 Sources of water

for domestic single

Stream Stream Streams Stream,

Rainwater and

Stream Stream From a well and

stream


49

use Pump river.

2. Types and number

of unimproved

latrines only

Local unimproved

latrines only

No water wells

11 latrines

(improved)

Stream

Local Pit

Wells not

functioning

Some house

have toilets and

some do not

30 dilapidated

toilets not

functioning

Drinking water

collected from

streams or

rainwater.

4 unimproved

latrines

No WASH

facilities

1-HDW without

a pump

Household local

latrines

3 % having access to

sanitation

20% having access to

sanitation

30% have access

to this services

35% have access

to sanitation

None

4. Are facilities

functioning?

Some latrines

functioning

Latrines are still

functioning

No Yes Yes, the 4

unimproved

latrines

Not applicable Yes in the case

of the well

5. Perception on

quality of facilities

Fair latrines Fair Not Good Fair Latrine quality is

poor

Not applicable The well needs a

hand pump

Additional well

required

Latrine quality

not good

6. Specific WASH

needs

Hand dug wells

Latrines for house

Tools for digging

pits for

construction of

Rehabilitation of

pumps

Digging of

Good water

facility

Health center,

Improved water

points with hand

Pump and also

Household

Water Wells

with hand

pumps

Water well

Latrines


50

holds latrines

Protected hand

dug wells

Construction of

school building for

the children

latrines

toilets, good

road network,

schools, market

communication

drying floor,

court barrier,

community

center

latrines Improved

latrines

Tools for

cleaning the

environment

Health center

7. Appreciation of

wash services

Only latrines

available

Not applicable as

there are no

WASH facilities

They are not

properly

functioning

Fair, because

the existing

facilities are not

in good working

order

Not Good Not applicable Well is not safe

Latrines are

fixed with sticks

8. Plans and

structures to

maintain these

structures?

Financial support to

be put in place to

help maintain these

facilities

Not applicable Funding

provision of

local materials

by community

people

themselves

Not applicable in

this case

None No plans

9. Capacity to

maintain?

Yes, if provided with

tools and equipment

Not applicable No Yes There are

household

members willing

to be trained

granted that the

facilities are

provided

Yes, if provided No

10. How and where is

solid and liquid

waste disposed of

in community?

Composted at the

back of the

compound

In the bush and

behind household

compounds

Most times in

the bust or at

the back yards

Holes are dug

where liquid

and solid waste

matter are

deposited,

compost fence

In the bush or

backyard

Compost fences Compost fences

and some use

the bush


51

is made

11. Key WASH issues

and challenges in

community?

Taps are not enough

for community

Insufficient water for

the whole

community

More toilets in the

household

Micro credits to

finance the women’s’

group

Provision of safe

drinking water

Provision of 7

latrines

Community

organized the

cleaning of

streams

Digging

improved water

wells, toilets,

good health

center, enough

sensitization of

people on the

danger of dirty

environment

Water facilities

Household

latrines

Tools for

environmental

cleaning

No water supply

facilities

No latrines

No tools

Water facilities

No latrines for

households

12 Initiatives at local

level to solve this

problem

Request to Local

Government Council

to solve the

problems

All efforts made in

the local council to

no avail.

Youths and

elders place

bylaws for the

initiatives

At local level,

the local people

provide local

materials,

Make bylaws

that will bind

every

community

member to fully

participate in

solving this

problem

None Digging of

traditional wells

in household

Traditional

household

latrines

Plate rakes,

cloth lines built

by households

Have local

material for

construction of

household

latrines

Communal labor

is also available

13. What additional

capacity required

to assist

community to

resolve their Water

Sanitation and

Provision of water

facility

Building of super

structure of the

schools

Latrines for

Interventions of

Non-

Governmental

Organizations

Local materials,

sand, stones,

sticks and labor

They need

funding from

NGOs and local

government

support

Government has

so far provided

community with

the existing

latrines

Support from

government,

NGOs and local

council to build

water facilities

and latrines

Funding from

government,

non-

governmental

organizations

and also tools

for cleaning


52

Table 15: Focus Group Discussions: Community Livelihoods – Sierra Leone.

Hygiene

challenges?

Households-

improvement of road

Communication

environment

14. Is WASH

considered in your

municipal budgets?

Incomplete

information

Not aware No No Don’t know Not aware

Not aware

15. Where do you get

funds for WASH

service delivery,

operation and

maintenance?

No WASH facilities

available

By community

contribution

Community

contribution

None Never been

provided with

funding

From farming From farm

produce


Teneneh Ferekuray Finfonia Sanya Sembiekie Sumatha Yana

1 Source of water for

multiple uses

From the streams

or wells in the

swamps for dry

season

Stream By digging local

well in site

Stream

Local wells

Stream Wells dug in

swamps

From stream

Pits are dug in the

swamp for

watering of crops

2. What challenges do

you have for water

supply for multiple

uses?

We need water

supply facilities as

this is a severe

problem

Long distance to

source

Stream dries up

during the dry season

Youth organize

and dig wells for

multiple use

To provide

adequate

water supply

for multiple

use in their

The stream is

dirty and far

from the

village

The wells dry up in

the dry season

Distance to fetch water from the streams


53

Water gets brown

and dirty

community

3 How does this

affect your normal

community life?

Very hard Most people get sick

Less food production

Animals like cows get

into the well in

search of water

Uncomfortable Adversely Spend more

time in search

for water

Fall sick of

drinking the

water that we

get eventually

Less crop

production,

increased hunger

situation,

malnourished

children

Much time is spent

on fetching water

4. Previous incidents

of flooding? How it

was handled?

No No No No No No No

5. Drought in the

past?

Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No

6. How did flooding

or drought affect

your water

sources?

Drought affects

their water

sources severely

Stream and

swamp dries up in

dry season

Wells dry up

The water changes

color, becomes

dirtier and, at times,

completely dries up

No No Stream dries

up

Wells and streams

dry up and there is

no water

Not applicable

7. How did drought or

flooding affect your

food supply?

Less food

production in the

dry season

Less food supply

experienced

No No The crops in

the garden

get bad and

sometimes

can’t even

find food to

cook

No water to drink

or cook, and there

is also insufficient

food

Not applicable


54

8. What coping

mechanisms do

you adopt to

recover from it?

None Mobilize youth to dig

wells by the stream

No No Mostly have

to travel to

the border of

Guinea (one

mile)

Mobilize the youth

to dig a pond or

travel several

miles to get water

None

9. Which institutions

provided you with

support?

None None None None None None None

10. What was the form

of the support?

None None None None There was no

support

None None

11. Do you receive

support from

government for

WASH services?

None None No No No No No

12 What activities

pose threats to

continuous water

supply?

Without water life

is impossible, it is a

threat to human

life

Herding of cows from

Guinea

Deforestation For humans,

water is the

source of life--

without it is a

threat.

Low water

table

Contamination of

water sources by

animals

Dry season

13. Any plans to

mitigate the

threat?

Yes. There should

be flow of good

water.

Government to put

in place a system to

prevent animals from

freely moving in the

community

Building of concrete

walls along the

streams

Afforestation of

trees

Yes, asking

local NGOs and

the council for

assistance

No plans No plans No plans


55

Table 16: Focus Group Discussions: Water Governance – Sierra Leone.

14. What resources are

necessary to

implement the

mitigation plan?

Financial support

Local materials

(sticks, stones,

sand etc.)

Local materials

Money for imported

materials like

cement, re-rods etc.

Funding – Financial

support.

Funds

(material and

money)

Technical

assistance

and materials

to construct

water points

No plans Only funding from

government


Teneneh Ferekuray Finfonia Sanya Sembiekie Sumatha Yana

1 Does your

community meet

to discuss issues

around water?

Meeting Yes, especially in the

dry season

Yes Yes, community

meets at the end

of every month

Yes, but

community still

does not have

water

Yes Yes

2. Who organizes the

meeting?

Town chief The town chief and

youth leader

Youth leader Town chief The youth

leader and chair

woman

The Chief and

the Village

Development

Committee

The town Chief

3 How do members

participate in these

meetings?

They all

participate

All community

members participate

fully in these

meetings

Well attended Every body’s view

is respected and

each one of them

participates in the

discussion process

at least 80% of

them

All members will

participate in

the decision

They all

participate

fully

They all

participate

fully

4. How are meetings

facilitated? What

specific issues are

Meeting

facilitated in

Borrie by the

The chairperson of

the meeting

How to control the

Discussions of by-

laws and the

arrangement of

The meeting is

facilitated by the

chief and his

There is a chair

person who

leads the

The Town

Chief

The town crier

goes around to

give the


56

discussed? chief and his

council

water wells and the

setup of the bylaws

cleaning the

environment

council in the

village

They deliberate on

health issue,

schools, market,

drying floor and

road network

meeting and

issues mostly

discussed

include water

and sanitation

message

5 Mobilizing for

urgent issues

Chief allows his

men to beat the

talking drum. This

assembles people

at the town

center

The town crier will go

around the town to

inform people that

there is meeting in

the chief’s

compound

Through the town

crier

To summon an

emergency

meeting, the town

crier announces

for everybody to

gather at the chief

compound or

town center

Women mostly

move around to

quickly inform

people of the

urgency of the

meeting and it

gets convened

We beat the

talking drum to

inform all of an

emergency

meeting

The town crier

goes round to

give the

message

6. Who is responsible

for follow up?

Youth leader or

chair woman

The youth leader or

the chair woman

Youth leader and

town chief

The youth leader,

the village

headman and the

chief

Youth leader The youth and

women leaders

The youth

leader

7. Do they have the

capacity to perform

the follow up?

Yes, but need

additional

incentives

Yes Yes Yes There is not

enough capacity

Yes Yes, with

support from

the town chief

8. What plans are in

place to protect

water resources?

There are plans

to be put in

place, like setting

up by laws to

protect the water

resources from

pollution

We have set up by-

laws

Requests are made

to local council to

provide us with

facilities

Fencing the

surrounding area and

establishing cleaning

teams

By setting up by-

laws

Imposing fines on

lawbreakers

After digging the

well, we put

sticks around it

to protect it

from animals

Fencing of the

water source

Putting in place

by-laws

No plan

9. Do you have water No No Yes Yes No No No


57

user associations?

10. What role do they

play to protect

water resources?

Not applicable Not applicable Cleaning and

enforcing our bylaws

Youth leader

supervises the

cleaning of water

wells and the

enforcement of

bylaws through

the town chief

Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable

11. Do you share water

resources with

neighboring

communities?

No Yes No No Yes, the stream

Is used by

people from

Guinea

No No

12 What plans exist to

manage water

conflicts?

Not applicable The Town chiefs of

the two communities

will come together

with elders and try to

settle the conflict

None None There is no plan.

During conflicts,

the town Chief

calls an

immediate

meeting to

resolve the issue

None None


58

Table 17: Background/Profile of Opinion Leaders – Sierra Leone.

S/No Community Name Contact Name Sex/Gender Marital Status Level of Education

Attained

Role/Position in

the Community

1 Fintonia Pa Foday Bangura Male Married Arabic Regent Chief

2 Simbiekie Momodu

Bashuma

Male Married Arabic Town head

3 Yana Yaya Kamara Male Married Arabic Town Chief

Table 18: Focus Group Discussions: Community Development Issues – Sierra Leone.

S/No Town/Community Development Challenges Actions required to

resolve these

challenges

Existence of Local

resource to facilitate

mitigation processes

Relationships

between WASH

services/Health/Ed

ucation

Partners involved

in support

provision

1 Fintonia Water Supply

Provision of improved toilets

Good road network

Communication

Provision of medicine at the

health center

Need assistance from

donors

Community willing to

provide participation

such as local

materials, labor force

Community

mobilization and

sensitization

Sand, stone, sticks and

land

Labor

Wells provided but

no pumps installed

Effective

sensitization on

hygiene and

sanitation

Health center

provided with water

supply facility

InterAid for

Sanitation

Steward for forestry

CARE International

Bio-climate

2 Simbiekie Water supply facility Government to

intervene to provide

water supply, school

Stone, sand, gravels

are available

There is no

relationship as

community does

No partner


59

No school

No health center

Good road network

Support to agriculture

and construct health

center

Community able and

ready to provide local

materials and labor

force

Labor force available

Skilled labor also

available

not have school,

health center, or

water supply facility

3 Yana Water supply

Sanitation

Road network

Communication

Lack of health center

Looking forward to

government and local

council to resolve the

issues

Sand, stones, labor

force can be provided

No health center or

school

CADA who have just

entered the

community with

CLTS

DFID constructed

hand dug well but it

is not covered, so

the water is not

safe


60

Table 19: Focus Group Discussions: WASH Issues – Sierra Leone.

S/No Town/Community Fintonia Sembiekie Yana

1 Challenges with WASH services in the

community Contamination of water source by

animals

Source not protected

The source dries up during the dry

season

Wells not protected

Environmental sanitation is poor

Most houses without latrines

No water supply

No latrines in the community

No tools to clear the environment

Poverty is high

Difficult to raise fund

Farming on small scale because

animals destroy the farms

Education and sensitization

2 How problems came about Naturally

Poor construction

Human activities

These facilities have never been

provided to the community

Poverty

Destruction of farm crops by

animals

High rate of illiteracy

3 Current hygiene behavior change needs Need to provide more toilets

Tools for cleaning the environment

Education and sensitization of

community needs

Water supply

Hand dug well protected

Improved latrines


Cleaning the environment

Environmental sanitation

Clean water supply

Proper disposal of unwanted

materials

4 What materials/methodologies are there to

communicate hygiene promotion behavior

Health overseer plays a major role We only do community Need for proper education on


61

change Youth mobilization--cleaning around

the public places

Meeting of community people to be

sensitized by hospital staff

environmental cleaning hygiene matter

Provision of labor, local materials,

Construction of latrines and safe

drinking water

Tools to be provided like shovels,

hoes, cutlass, and wheel barrows

to clear the environment

5 Existing local resources and capacities to

support initiatives Yes Yes Local materials are available as

well as community labor force

6 Specific actions undertaken at local levels to

solve problems Toilets being dug by households

through the intervention of Inter Aid

on community-led total sanitation

Having community meetings

Youth are involved in cleaning and

protecting the water source

The water source is being chlorinated

daily

Community is constructing latrines

for themselves using communal

labor

Asking non-governmental

organizations and government

offices for assistance

7 What results were achieved? Heath conditions being improved

Saved from Cholera breakout

More people sensitized from meetings

Less people get sick

Changes occur as the amount of

flies have reduced

Children do not get sick

None

8 What lessons were learned? If you keep the environment clean you

will have good health

If you have access to drinking water

Since rainy season we never take

anyone to hospitals

None, because no assistance has

been given to the community


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Table 20: Focus Group Discussions: Community Channels for Communication – Sierra Leone.

you have good health

9 How can these lessons contribute to

sustainability?

Continuation of the services will

contribute to sustainable WASH

services delivery

The maintenance of the water source

and chlorination always provide good

and safe water supply to the

population

We need the facilities—the lessons

can be practiced to sustain the

WASH service delivery

It cannot contribute to

sustainability as WASH facilities do

not exist in the community

S/No Town/Community Fintonia Simbiekie Yana

1 How are issues related to WASH

communicated?

Information goes to the chief and

immediately a meeting is called

By calling meeting People communicate through

town crier, bell and drum

2 Who is responsible for receiving

these complaints?

The town chief or elders The town chief The village chief

3 Who takes action on the received

complaints?

The chief and health overseers The councilor and town chief The health oversea and village

chief

4 Feedback process to the rest of the

community

Meeting is called through the town crier Through meetings Local court sends the feedback to

the village chief, informing him

about the action taken against

the accused persons

5 How do you go about prioritizing

WASH issues?

It depends on the emergency of the

problem

People meet at the end of every

month to clean their


63

environment

Community work is done when

necessary

6 Whenever there is conflict around

WASH how is it resolved?

Through the health committee and the

chief

Through the village

committee, the town, the

town chief leads the process

The youth chairperson will report

the matter to the community

town chief and the health

overseer to find solution to

resolve the conflict

7 What would be you suggestions for

service delivery process?

Rehabilitation of water gravity system

More hand-dug wells to be provided


More education and sensitization to be

carried out

Provision of protected hand

dug well

Latrines to be provided by

every household

Provision of mosque to use to

preach about sanitation

Improvement of road

network

More education to community

on health issues,

Sensitization of the whole

community healthy and

unhealthy community.

Provision of good and safe water

facilities


64

Table 21: Summary of Key Issues Arising from Community Discussions – Sierra Leone.

Key Issues Summary of findings

Developmental Challenges

All communities interviewed had the same developmental challenges which

include:

Lack of good road networks

Lack of safe water supply facilities

No improved sanitation

Lack of health facilities

Lack of proper communication

Water and Sanitation

Facilities

In all communities interviewed, water supply facilities were absent

Streams and unprotected traditional wells are the main source of

water for both drinking and other domestic uses

Sanitation is very poor

Open defecation is highly practised in these communities

Health and School Facilities

Health centres are only available in two communities—Fintonia and

Sanya

Most of the communities in this zone are without health facilities. In

some instances people have to walk 3 to 4km to access the nearest

health center.

Schools, like health centers, are available in only a few communities.

All of the schools are without water and sanitation facilities.


65

5.2.5 OPPORTUNITIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INTERVENTION BY STEWARD IN THE WASH SECTOR OF SIERRA LEONE

The current challenges faced within the sector in Sierra Leone provide a great opportunity for the STEWARD program to enter into WASH support in the country. These opportunities exist in the following areas:

National level: Coordination of the numerous institutions currently operational in the sector to avoid duplication of efforts in the development sector related to WASH inputs.

Just coming out from the ravages of war, the environment in Sierra Leone has been stressed and there is, therefore, a need for programs which incorporate environmental considerations with development efforts. STEWARD is best placed to make this link between environment, NRM (forestry, impacts from climate change, biodiversity etc.) and WASH to make an impact on community lives.

Policy work: there are still some gaps in policy work. Current policies do not reflect practices on the ground. STEWARD’s work from higher levels can generate evidence that can be used to influence policy.

It is clear that the local councils, who are responsible for supporting development in communities, are currently not fully performing these statutory responsibilities. There is an opportunity for STEWARD to work at the institutional level to strengthen it to fulfil its role within the national WASH framework. Lessons learned from this process can help reshape the WASH policy at the national level.

CLTS has been accepted nationally as an effective approach to deliver total sanitation coverage in Sierra Leone and evidence of open-defecation-free (ODF) communities already exists in some other parts of Sierra Leone. From the information obtained from the interview in PZ communities, most of them lack adequate appropriate sanitation and hygiene practices. This presents an opportunity for the STEWARD program to use this as an entry point to commence work with communities in collaboration with local councils.

Another opportunity for STEWARD to enter WASH in PZ communities is due to the fact that the program is already well known by many communities in the PZ as verified through interview responses. There will, therefore, be quick acceptance resulting in enhancing the worth, profile and visibility of the USAID/WA supported STEWARD project in Sierra Leone.

This report showed that about 41% of rural Sierra Leone still obtains water from surface water sources with the attendant pollution impact that goes with it. The responses from the communities interviewed showed that about 90% do not have a functional safe drinking water source. Many have resorted to getting water from the swamp (and this is threatened by animals that walk into these ‘precious’ water sources).


66

5.3 GUINEA

5.3.1 DEMOGRAPHY

According to the 1996 census, the population of Guinea is around 7 million people with an annual growth rate of 2.8% and average population density of 29people/km2. The table below provides a summary of social and demographic indicators.

Table 22: Key Social and Demographic Indicators – Guinea. Source: EDS, 2005.

Indicator Rural Urban National

Birth rate 40.8% 31.8% 38.4%

Age 0-5 years mortality

rate

133% 204% 163%

Maternal mortality rate - - 980 for every 100,000 live births

Fertility rate 6.3% 4.4% 5.7%

The 2010 economic growth of 1.9% was not enough to reduce the poverty level. The high inflation rate of 20.4% significantly impacted on people’s purchase power. Findings from the 2007 Poverty Assessment Survey (ELEP, 2007) show a poverty level of 49.2%, 53% and 55% respectively in 2002, 2007 and 2010.

The EIBEP study (integrated poverty assessment in 2005), shows that 70% of the population in Guinea is rural. Nearly half of the Guinean population (44.7%) is under the age of 15 years. In contrast, only 4.8% of the population is 85 years of age and above.

5.3.2 POLITICAL

There are seven administrative areas in Guinea in addition to the capital city, Conakry, which is also classified as an administrative area. Guinea has 33 districts (prefectures), 302 rural local governments, and 38 urban local governments—5 of which are in Conakry (EDS, 2005).

Guinea has four natural areas with a varied population distribution. They are Lower Guinea (21%), Middle Guinea (22%), and Upper Guinea (20.8%), Forest Guinea (20.7%).

Figure 10: Map of Guinea.

Source: World Atlas, 2012.


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5.3.3 POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

Guinea currently does not have a national water policy. There are separate policies in subsectors such as urban water supply, rural water supply, and the water and sanitation strategic framework which are implemented by the different subsectors.

There is, however, an on-going reform process of the water sector which shifts focus to integrated water resource management that has led to the development of a road map from 2011 to 2015. One of the priority areas in this road map is the development of a national water policy.

The water, hygiene and sanitation sector is regulated by the following national policies, legal instruments and regulations.

National Water Policy

Since the adoption, sign off and publication of the water code, Guinea has been involved in research towards the development of PAGIRE (i.e. an action plan for the Integrated Water Resources Management). This action plan outlines the development focus of the country over the next few decades and areas of cooperation as part of the shared water basins (Code l’eau de Guinée, 1994).

As a result, actions have been carried out at regional level as part of OMVG (Gambia River Authority), OMVS (Senegal River Authority) and ABN (Niger River Authority) in addition to the enactment of the water code. These actions, however, still fall short of expectations because they are not fully aligned with cooperation initiatives for managing shared basins and also do not include all aspects of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM).

The country vision for water supply sets out major objectives for improving water management and reducing poverty to achieve sustainable development by 2015 (Ministère du plan, 2005).

Specifically, Guinea intends to:

Promote and implement IWRM principles at national and regional levels;

Have an adequate legal and statutory framework for equitable access, protection and conservation of the water resources; and,

Coordinate, harmonize and share relevant information on IWRM.

The government water supply policy aims to contribute to improved hygiene and health through provision of safe water. To achieve this and ensure sustainable facilities, the government’s strategy is to:

Ensure that the sector is financially stable through adequate billing which is based on quantity of water extracted in rural and urban areas;

Involve local communities in the management of the rural water facilities (boreholes, wells, sources and water supply systems); and,

Build capacity and improve effectiveness of sector institutions.

National Health Policy

The health and public hygiene ministry developed a policy with a National Health Development Plan component. This plan aims at setting up an integrated health system with the potential to meet the health and hygiene needs of Guineans and contribute to poverty reduction (Politique Nationale de la Santé, 2001).


68

To achieve this, the following five strategic areas were developed:

Integrated fight against disease and maternal mortality : reduce morbidity, mortality and other complications;

Build institutional and management capacities: priority reforms and re-organisation of the health system;

Improve the supply and use of care and services: ensure availability, accessibility and affordability of quality health services; and,

Develop human resources: good staff that is motivated, empowered and with relevant skills in all the public health institutions in the country.

Health promotion to:

Create complementarity and synergy of all sectors (private and public);

Promote an increased community participation towards the development of the health system;

Encourage communities to adopt best practices with the potential of promoting health and disseminating chlorination techniques for water; and,

Disseminate collective and individual hygiene measures—the use of safe latrines in household and public places, etc.

National Public Hygiene Policy

This policy is in line with the national policy instruments and international conventions and agreements signed by Guinea on health and environment. It also aligns with the National Poverty Reduction Framework.

The mobilisation and commitment of partners (CSOs, trade unions, community based organisations, NGOs) is an essential factor for a successful implementation of this policy (Ministère de la santé). The policy focuses on developing strategies to significantly reduce the occurrence of diseases resulting from poor or lack of hygiene in Guinea. This will be achieved through:

Universal access to health services, safe water and sanitation irrespective of geographic location, economic power and socio-cultural factors. Also, associations, communities, private and public sectors will complement one another towards achieving this;

Stronger empowerment of communities so that they can be more involved in finding solutions to their health and public hygiene issues;

Prevention of acute and chronic poisoning due to chemical products currently used;

A health system focused on meeting the needs of communities and supported by close collaboration at all levels;

Compliance with the improved hygiene standards approved by the public authorities; and,

Control and monitoring of requirements for environmental protection.

National Policy on Environmental Management

Due to the level of degradation of the environment and the natural resources in Guinea, the government received support from the development partners to undertake the following actions:


69

1) PNAE: national action plan for environment;

2) PAFN: national forestry action plan; and,

3) PNDA: national agriculture development policy.

The environment policy is defined by the National Action Plan on the Environment (PNAE) issued in 1994, with the aim of including environmental issues in Guinea’s social and economic development policies. The PNAE had, however, only been partially implemented. It was therefore necessary to review and update it.

The National Forest Policy was adopted in 1989. An action plan was put in place in 1990 as well as a global 25-year strategy for the development of forest resources. This strategy involves all stakeholders including the administration, private companies, associations, local governments and communities. The strategy is also in line with the decentralisation process started in 1986.

In 2002, the country adopted a national strategy for safeguarding biodiversity and ensuring sustainable use of resources (PANA 2007). This is supported by an action plan that goes through 2015. The objective of the action plan is to safeguard and ensure sustainable use of biodiversity and also strengthen international cooperation for equitable distribution of income generated from the exploitation of these resources.

The new policy for agricultural development is a follow up to the LPDA2 (1998-2005). The policy has the following specific objectives:

Increase production and productivity of family farms;

Promote agricultural businesses through private sector initiatives;

Improve the access of agricultural products to markets; and,

Ensure the sustainable use of environment and natural resources.

National Sanitation Policy

Guinea has made commendable efforts in water and sanitation. Accelerated progress has, however, been hampered in part by the coordination of a multitude of stakeholders. This situation is ascribed to the lack of a policy document that will serve as a framework for use by all sanitation players (Politique Nationale de la Santé, 2001). In an attempt to fill this gap, the junior Ministry for Environment, through its relevant department, developed a national sanitation policy. This is the outcome of a long consultation process involving the key players in the hygiene and sanitation sector of Guinea.

Institutional Framework

Despite a robust legal framework, substantial effort is still required to effectively implement a truly integrated water resources management policy. The current situation in the field is characterized by fragmented management of the water uses. For example, there is still a lack of coordination between sectors like health, hygiene and sanitation and the access of communities to safe water and sanitation. There is no systematic and strategic approach to the work being done by most of the actors with duplication of effort resulting in waste and ineffective interventions.

Public Stakeholders

The public stakeholders include: State ministry for energy and environment, health and public hygiene ministry, junior ministry for environment, forestry and sustainable development, ministry of housing and


70

planning, ministry of decentralisation and land management, ministry of secondary and civic education, and the ministry of higher education and scientific research. (See Appendices 8 to 13 for details of roles and responsibilities for some government institutions).

The following bodies of the above ministries deal with hygiene and safe water issues:

State Ministry for Energy and Environment (MEE)

The water and sanitation policy letter has the mandate to define the water policy of Guinea. It is focused around the following key areas: (i) management and administration of the water resources; (ii) urban water supply; (iii) rural water supply, and (iv) sanitation.

The MEE designs, develops and implements the water and energy policy. The following are the various departments under the MEE in charge of water resources management (see details of roles and responsibilities in Appendix 8).

- The National Water Directorate (DNH)

The main role of the DNH is the inventory, assessment, management and coordination for the adoption of a national water policy in line with the integrated water resources management, administration of resources and water rights. It is also responsible for tasks which do not fall under the remit of other technical ministries so as to ensure sound management of water resources in Guinea.

SNAPE (National Water Point Office)

SNAPE is an independent public authority with financial management autonomy. Key roles and responsibilities are: i) to put together data required for the development of a national rural water supply program; ii) update the national water points database; iii ) identify rural water needs; iv) participate in all commissions on the reception of public water points in rural and semi urban areas; v) sign off on studies done by private organizations or NGOs; vi) monitor the quality maintenance of rural water equipment by beneficiaries; vii) monitor the water quality of rural and semi urban facilities; viii) capitalize experiences of village water projects; and ix) promote water supply systems in large rural cities.

Based on demand from the state, local governments or rural water projects, the SNAPE may undertake the following tasks of public interest provided that funding is available:

Supervise projects or works including a rural water component through delegated project ownership;

Supervise the implementation of any rural water supply programme: modern wells, springs, pumping stations, wells fitted with hand pumps;

Train local artisan and develop spare parts supply networks for rural water facilities; Raise awareness and mobilize project beneficiaries; Monitor the operation and maintenance arrangement put in place for all rural and semi urban

water points; and, Support the rural communities in their local project ownership efforts.

Guinea Water Company

On December 18, 2001, the government created a limited company, SEG (Guinea Public Water Company). The aim of this company is to manage the assets, rights and obligations, operation,


71

maintenance, renewal, rehabilitation, and development of urban water systems for safe water supply in Guinea.

It is a public holding company under the Ministry of State for Energy and Environment. Key responsibilities include:

to identify needs and secure funding; carryout studies and new projects; manage urban water assets; produce and distribute safe water; connect communities to the water network; customer/subscribers management (billing and collection of fees); facility maintenance and renewal; management of the debt service; and, ensure sustainable water supply to people and keep a good level of service for customers.

Delegated Ministry for Environment and Sustainable Development

(See details of roles and responsibilities in Appendix 9)

National Directorate of Sanitation and Environment

The National Directorate has the following responsibilities: i) to design, develop, monitor and evaluate the strategies and action plan for sustainable and efficient management of household waste (solid, liquid, waste water, sludge); ii) carryout research and apply techniques on disposal or conversion of household waste and related waste; iii) review and recommend applications for activities related to sanitation and conversion of municipal waste, give technical approvals; iv) develop sanitation projects and programmes for urban and rural waste reclamation and secure funding; v) supervise work related to the identification, selection and development of sites: dumping sites, treatment plants for waste water and sludge.

National Directorate for Environment

Key responsibilities include: i) design, develop and monitor the implementation of government policy on the protection of environment; ii) set pollution standards; regulate domestic and industrial waste before they are disposed into environment; iii) carry out campaigns to raise public awareness on environmental issues; iv) carry out the process of Environmental Impact Studies (EIS); and v) design, develop and monitor the implementation of strategies and action plans for sustainable, effective and efficient management of waste (solid and sludge).

Ministry of Public Health and Public Hygiene

(See details of roles and responsibilities in Appendix 10)

Public hygiene Directorate

This department implements the government policy on public health. In particular, it has to:

Put together the elements of the policy and develop the work plan of the public hygiene department;

Develop regulations on hygiene and ensure that these are enforced;

Regulate and monitor hygiene;


72

Identify the best strategies for implementing the national policies on sanitation, hygiene, housing and environment, access and use of drinking water, food safety, hygiene promotion;

Involvement in the design of training programs for public hygiene workers;

Promote and get involved in research programs related to public hygiene;

Participate in technical control, supervision of resource management and evaluation of outcomes in public hygiene;

Involvement in resource mobilization to implement projects, programs and work related to public hygiene;

Strengthen partnerships around issues related to public hygiene; and,

Quality assurance for water and food stuff.

National Institute for Public health

With its national laboratory for quality control, this institute is expected, among other things, to check the quality of drugs and pharmaceutical products, analyse and control the quality of water, food and beverages, and be involved in the creation of a national food safety system.

Other non-state stakeholders

Many NGOSs work in the water, hygiene and sanitation sector and include national and international NGOs, associations, etc. (See details in Appendix 14).

NGOs

Based on their areas of competence, NGOs can provide support through the following intervention areas:

Developing and prioritizing the community needs for water, hygiene and sanitation;

Developing individual or collective water and sanitation projects;

Managing mechanisms of public facilities;

Training on thematic issues or simple management techniques on the development and maintenance of facilities;

Providing technical and management support to relevant small and medium scale businesses;

Holding additional training sessions for small and medium scale business management and staff; and,

Providing advisory support to communities as part of the decentralized cooperation strategy.

Consulting firms (Private Sector)

The private sector generally works on a variety of areas and rarely specializes in a specific area. As contractors or executing agencies, they are very active at all levels of project implementation (in particular, the technical and socio-economic studies, work supervision, facilitation, training and advisory support).

Based on the public contracts executed in Guinea, the firms Bel Laforet, West Ingenierie, Stratheg, Tropique Environment, etc., can be said to have proven experience on hygiene, water and sanitation projects.


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UGSPE

This body ensures the operation and management of community facilities as part of the contracting policy of SNAPE and the supported community. UGSPE ensures the sustainability of public water provided through small water systems or modern water points fitted with hand pumps.

Hygiene and Water Status in Guinea

Member countries of the UN organization signed the Millennium Declaration with an ambitious vision to fight poverty. The declaration includes specific and time-bound objectives, which, if achieved, will contribute to human development. The Government of Guinea is committed to implement these agreements as part of its social and economic development program for the country (PNUD , Ministère de l’environnement, 2009).

Through its safe water policy, the Guinean government plans to help improve hygiene and the health of its people by providing them with safe water. To do this in a sustainable way, the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper set out to implement the following objectives under rural water supply:

Increase access to safe water in rural areas;

Create sustainable access to safe water by ensuring the functionality of 90% out of the 11,894 hand pumps (Vernier and Kardia brands) mapped out in 2008; and,

Promote water hygiene.

To successfully achieve the above objectives the, following activities will be carried out:

a) Construction of boreholes and modern water points fitted with hand pumps and provision of safe water through stand pipes and private connection at household levels;

b) Rehabilitation of a) boreholes/modern wells older than 10 years and b) small water systems;

c) Building capacity for maintenance and renewal of facilities through: (i) involvement of rural communities in decision making processes from the design to the implementation of projects and programmes; (ii) empowering/training users in the management, safety and maintenance of facilities; (iii) setting up appropriate water tariffs; (iv) using micro finance institutions;

d) Help sustain the work of sub sector stakeholders - local repairers, spare part dealers, etc.; and,

e) Improving hygiene conditions through supportive measures such as health education in schools, waste management, and construction of household and institutional/public latrines.

Objectives under the urban water supply:

Improve water supply or access in the city of Conakry;

Improve water supply or access in other cities; and,

Improve effectiveness of the urban water sector.

The three activities below will help to meet the above objectives:

a) Increase the productivity of the safe water sector;

b) Institutional reform of the sector through: (i) a clear water tariff policy in place, (ii) development of a system to assess the raw and treated water, (iii) mapping of subscribers, (iv) minimizing the leakages and (v) fighting fraud; and,


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c) Rehabilitation works and development of production capacity.

The government is also committed to improving private sector participation in the development and exploitation of water. Therefore, the on-going review of the statutory framework will continue to stimulate private sector investments in the production, treatment, transport, and distribution of water.

With respect to sanitation, the PRSP is focused on the following:

Develop or improve an environment database;

Set standards for waste disposal and regulate the sector through the “polluter pays principle”;

Increase the financial resources for sanitation;

Improve the performance of the private and public stakeholders to provide facilities and services in urban and rural areas;

Promote and scale up promotion and use of appropriate technologies;

Conduct awareness raising campaigns on sanitation;

Implement hygiene education & environmental protection programs in primary schools and health centers;

Implement the new urban plans and rehabilitate existing old houses, focus on sanitation in industries with polluting potentials; and,

Create and develop green spaces/parks and protect ecological zones.

5.3.4 FINDINGS BY PRIORITY ZONES (PZ)

All communities of the project are located in three of the four natural regions of Guinea, especially:

- Madina Woula in Kindia district;

- Soyah and Ouré Kaba in Mamou district;

- Bossou and NZoo in Lola district

All communities are located in the basin of the Mano River Union in the Southern part of Guinea. They have similar poverty levels for water, hygiene and sanitation and experience severe destruction of the plant cover through bush fires and uncontrolled logging. Tables 23 – 27 provide the outcome of the interviews held with the communities visited.


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Table 23: Community Profiles – Guinea.

No. Community Population Number of

House Holds

Access to community Means of Livelihood

1. Soyah 8,627 850 Road Telephone network Television

Agriculture Livestock breeding Trade Traditional exploitation of sand

2. Madina 4,506 Not available Road

Telephone network

No television

Agriculture Livestock breeding Fishing Trade

3 Oure Kaba 5,800 253 Road

Telephone network

Television

Agriculture Livestock breeding

4 Bosou 3,396 491 Road

No telephone network

No Television

Agriculture Livestock breeding Trade

5 N’Zoo 21,944 169 Road Road No telephone network No television

Agriculture Livestock breeding Fish farming Trade


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Table 24: Focus Group Discussions: Development Issues – Guinea.

No. Community Key development challenges Priority actions to

mitigate challenges

Role of WASH and

education in these

priorities

Partners involved Source of

funding

1. Bossou

2. Ourè kaba

Lack of basic infrastructure including

boreholes, schools, health centers, etc.

Financing, capacity building of local

organisations/ bodies

Construct water, health

and school facilities, etc.

Empower/build capacity

of local organizations

Very good linkages

because all work together

towards addressing

development issues

Development partners

Guinea national

government

International NGOs

3. Soyah

Education, lack of water facilities Education,

implementation of

regulation

Very good linkages as they

all work together to

address development

issues


Guinea national

government

International NGOs

4. Madina Oula

Education, lack of water and livestock

breeders

Conflict between farmers and livestock

breeders

Local government plan

must include areas and

activities

Participation of some

NGOs in implementing

development work

They complement each

other


International NGOs

5. N’Zoo Lack of facilities (offices, roads in rural State subsidies

They complement each Mining companies


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Table 25: Focus Group Discussions: WASH Situation in Communities – Guinea.

areas, electricity, etc.)

Lack of modern water points

Collecting taxes from mining companies Support from development partners

other Development partners International NGOs

No. Issues

Comm-

unity

Bossou

Ourè kaba

Soyah

Madina Oula

N’Zoo

1 Sources of water for

domestic single use

Stream Stream Stream

Pump

Stream

Rainwater

River

Stream

2. Types and number of

unimproved latrines

only

Local unimproved

latrines only

No water wells

11 latrines

(improved)

Stream

Local Pit

Wells not functioning

Some houses have toilets and some

do not

30 dilapidated toilets not

functioning

Drinking water collected from

streams or rainwater

4 unimproved latrines

3. % having access to 40% 10% 10% N/A 10%


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sanitation

4. Are facilities

functioning?

All water points are

functional

Very few latrines are

functional

4 water points

18 latrines

2 water points are not functional

Public latrines are all operational

All water points are

functional

5. Perception on quality

of facilities

Water sources help in reducing burden on women Reduce open defecation

Water sources

help in reducing

burden on

women

Reduce open

defecation

Water sources help in reducing burden on women

Reduce open defecation

Water sources help in

reducing burden on

women

Reduce open

defecation

6. Specific WASH needs Small water system (solar powered Latrines (491) Community sensitization on WASH

Small water system (solar powered Public latrines (10) 250 households latrines Training of local organizations on WASH

Small water system (solar powered) Public latrines (20)

Construction of modern water points Construction of public latrines Construction of household latrines

Small water system (solar powered) 150 households latrines Training of local organizations on WASH

7. Appreciation of wash

services

8. Plans and structures to

maintain these

structures?

Water sold according to quantity A bank account is opened

Water sold according to quantity taken Reviving the existing facility management committees

Reviving the existing water points management committees

Availability of management committees for maintenance of existing pumps

Continue selling water based on quantity Latrines maintenance


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9. Capacity to maintain? Increased sensitization of communities Advocacy Organizing the committees

Educating

communities on their

rights and

responsibilities

Lobby the development partners Increased empowerment of communities and leaders

Maintain the existing facilities in good conditions Sensitize communities Advocacy

Lobby development partners Increased sensitization of communities

10. How and where is solid

and liquid waste

disposed of in

community?

11. Key WASH issues and

challenges in

community?

Community awareness

or education on WASH

and environment

management

Lack of sensitization

of the communities

Community

awareness or

education on

WASH

Community awareness or

education on WASH

Inadequacy of water

and sanitation facilities

12 Initiatives at local

levels to solve this

problem

Sensitize communities Sensitize

communities

Sensitize

communities

No initiative Lobby partners to build water and sanitation facilities

13. What additional

capacity required to

assist community to

resolve their WASH

challenges

Increased sensitization of communities Advocacy Organizing the committees

Educating

communities on their

rights and

responsibilities

Lobby the development partners Increased empowerment of communities and leaders

Maintain the existing facilities in good conditions Sensitize communities Advocacy

Lobby development partners Increased sensitization of communities

14. Is WASH considered in

your municipal

budgets?

Yes No No Yes Yes


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Table 26: Focus Group Discussions: Community Livelihoods – Guinea.

15. Where do you get

funds for WASH service

delivery and O&M?

Development partners Community

Development partners Government Community

Partners Government Community (through contribution, taxes, selling water)

State subsidies Taxes on companies Community participation only

Selling water per

quantity used


Soyah Madina Oula Oure Kaba Bosou N’Zoo

1 Source of water for

multiple uses

Traditional water points

Traditional water

points

Traditional water points Traditional water

points

Traditional water points

2. What challenge do you

have for water supply for

multiple uses?

Depletion of water

courses and

traditional wells

Remote water courses,

rugged landform

Depletion of water

courses and

traditional wells

Issue of spare parts

for pumps

Depletion of water courses and

traditional wells

Lack of pumps

Depletion of water

courses and

traditional wells

Insufficient pumps

Motor operated pumps for

irrigation

Continued breaks of hand pump

3 How does this affect your

normal community life?

Burden of water

collection for women

Girls drop from school

Reappearance of

water borne diseases

Poverty and under

Burden of water collection for

women

Reappearance of water borne

Reappearance of

the water borne

diseases

Loss of productivity

Fall back into traditional water

sources which cause diseases


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to help their mothers

in the water chore

development

diseases Loss of productivity

4. Flooding in the past? How

was it handled?

No No Flooded once. This led the local

authorities to alert the district

authorities. Request was made

to the health center staff for

support in analysing the

borehole water and treating the

traditional wells to avoid any

spread of cholera

No No

5. Drought in the past? No No No No Yes

6. How it affected your

water sources?

Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable

7. How drought or flood

affected food supply?


8. What coping mechanisms

do you adopt to recover

from it?


9. Which institutions

provided you with

support?


10. What was the form of the

support?



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11. Do you receive support

from Government for

WASH services?

Technical services Construction of SANPLATS





12 What activities pose

threats to a continuous

water supply?

Local production of

bricks, deforestation,

excessive quarrying,

Poor management of

pumps

Bush fires

Excessive bush logging

Poor operation of

management

committees of

existing pumps

Poor management of modern

water points

Deforestation

Deforestation

Bush fires

Bush fires

Poor management of modern

water points

Issue of pump spare parts

13. Any plans to mitigate the

threat?

Sensitizing

communities on bad

and harmful practices

such as bushfires and

bush logging

Community forests

Protect biodiversity

Environmental education

Reforestation of some areas

Protected areas

Reforestation of

some areas

Prohibition of bush

fires and strict

compliance with

regulations

Enforce the regulations

Reforestation of some areas

Education of communities

14. What resources are

necessary to implement

the mitigation plan?

Financial support from development partners Community contribution through effective involvement in protecting what already exists

Financial support from development partners Community

contribution through

effective involvement

in protecting what

already exists

Financial support from development partners Community contribution

through effective involvement

in protecting what already

exists

Financial support from development partners Community

contribution

through effective

involvement in

protecting what

already exists

Financial support from development partners Community contribution

through effective involvement

in protecting what already

exists


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Table 27: Focus Group Discussions: Water Governance – Guinea.


Soyah Madina Oula Oure Kaba Bosou N’Zoo

1 Does your community

meet to discuss issues

around water?

General assemblies,

community meetings

General assemblies,

community meetings

General assemblies,

community meetings

General assemblies,

community meetings

General assemblies,

community meetings

2. Who organizes the

meeting?

Local authorities and

state agency staff


state agency staff

Local authorities and state

agency staff


state agency staff


state agency staff

3 How do members

participate in these

meetings?

All these groups are

invited to different

meetings to discuss

their development

issues

Individuals are free

to express their

views

All community members

are informed at the

weekly markets days

Formal invitation Sometimes the city

dwellers are invited

to be part of the

meeting

4. How are meetings

facilitated? What

specific issues are

discussed?

Chaired by authorities in the LG office Attendance of all district leaders and areas Management reports of modern water points conflict settlement

Chaired by the authorities Management reports of modern water points and environment

Chaired by authorities in the LG office Attendance of all district leaders and areas Management reports of modern water points conflict settlement

Chaired by authorities in the LG office Attendance of all district leaders and areas Conflict settlement Health and education

Chaired by authorities in the LG office Attendance of all district leaders and areas Conflict settlement and Environment management Health and education

5 Mobilizing for urgent Public announcement

Public announcement

Public announcement system

Public announcement system

Public announcement


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issues system Information is delivered in the mosque

system Information is delivered in the mosque

Information is delivered in the mosque

Information is delivered in the mosque

system Information is delivered in the mosque

6. Who is responsible for

follow up?


state agency staff

District leaders, areas

leaders

Councillors

Monitoring committee

within the LG

Unit managing the

public water supply

Local youth

facilitators

Pump management

committees

7. Do they have the

capacity to perform

the follow up?

Not sufficient and hence the need for capacity building

Not sufficient and

hence the need for

capacity building

Not sufficient and hence

the need for capacity

building

Not sufficient and

hence the need for

capacity building

Not sufficient and

hence the need for

capacity building

8. What plans in place to

protect water

resources?

Ccommunity sensitization Prohibition of bad practices around the modern water points

Coercive measures against non-compliance

Maintenance of the water points, compliance with standards when building latrines to avoid pollution of the water table,

Locating the modern water points far from pollution sources, less open air defecation

Locating the modern

water points far from

pollution sources,

less open air

defecation

9. Do you have water

users associations?

No No No No No

10. What role do they play

to protect water

resources?


11. Do you share water

resources with

neighboring

communities?

River is the only

resource shared with

the neighboring

community

River is the only


the neighboring

community

River is the only resource

shared with the

neighboring community

River is the only


the neighboring

community

River is the only


the neighboring

community


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12 What plans are in

place to manage water

conflicts?

Amicable resolution

State agency

Authorities call the

local leaders to

discuss the issue

Amicable resolution

State agency

Authorities call the

local leaders to

discuss the issue

Amicable resolution

Leaders and elderly people

are invited in the LG office

Amicable resolution

Representative of the

social organisations,

water point managers

and the elders are also

invited to the meeting

Amicable resolution

Communities and the

local leaders of each

area, representatives

of organisations,

local facilitators,

water sector

authorities are

invited to attend


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5.3.5 OPPORTUNITIES AND ENTRY POINTS FOR STEWARD PROGRAM IN THE SECTOR IN GUINEA

- Reform and coordination of the WASH sector: There is currently no holistic Water and Sanitation Policy. There are, however, subsector policies that are currently carried out differently among agencies. This has resulted in poor coordination of the sector actors and actions resulting in waste and duplication of efforts. This can be an entry point for the STEWARD program. It is important to mention that establishing a new policy takes time and does not have tangible and immediate benefits and as such may not impact on the livelihood of the PZ communities in the short term.

- There are many basin projects implemented in Middle and Upper Guinea as part of the transboundary basin management. Since Guinea has a focus on implementing a strong IWRM program, this could be a strong entry point for STEWARD especially considering the current focus in the PZs which is natural resources management. Given the plan to integrate this with ecosystem, biodiversity, climate change and livelihoods, an IWRM project may fit perfectly. The IWRM component can take a transboundary approach focusing on water use, water quality, environment, waste management and community livelihood needs (adaptation and resilience).

- Even though among the communities in the PZ interviewed there seems to be some water points, a close analysis of those figures shows that the ratio of population to a hand pump is far above the approved 360 persons per hand pump in Guinea. This means there is not adequate access. There are several opportunities in this area for the STEWARD program. One includes the provision of water points and sanitation facilities under a service delivery approach that would bring in all the water supply and sanitation service delivery inputs including institutional, social, economic and financial sectors to include capacity building and technology. STEWARD can develop a best practice, in a few communities, that takes into consideration all of these aspects across the spectrum (i.e. national, district and local government). The best practice could then become the basis for reviewing the performance of the current policies against what works and what does not. It will also show how to integrate climate change, livelihoods and biodiversity issues into WASH service delivery. This can also lead to the reinforcing of institutional capacities across the whole spectrum of the institutional linkages. The success of this approach would be supported by the availability of the following: availability of a national water supply and sanitation program; existence of a national task force for CLTS; availability of a NAPA (national action plan for adaptation to climate change); and, availability of a local government code which vests some power to local entities.


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Figure 11: Upper Guinean Forest.

Source: Wild Life Extra, 2008.

6.0 PROJECT INTERVENTION AREAS

6.1 UPPER GUINEAN FOREST AND THE PZs

The Upper Guinean Rainforest, with its unique biodiversity, is regarded by the World Conservation Organization (IUCN) as one of the world’s 25 hotspots of biodiversity. These “hotspots” only cover 1.4 % of the earth’s surface but they contain more than 60 % of all animal and plant species to be found on this planet. This is why they have the highest priority for long-term international conservation efforts. (WAPCA, 2009)

According to WAPCA, the Upper Guinean Rainforest constitutes a 350 km wide strip of coastal forest area that stretches from Sierra Leone through Liberia, Ivory Coast and on to Ghana. In Ghana, the Volta River marks the boundary of this forest area. In Ivory Coast, there is a v-shaped section, the “Baoule-V”, which separates the Upper Guinean rainforest into eastern and western parts.

According to USAID, the forests of the region are fundamental to the welfare of African societies, have great cultural importance, and have climate mitigation values. Within this context, the national boundaries of West African states are arbitrary in context of natural resource functioning, but are critical considerations for natural resources management. Therefore, a regional approach and dialogue is integral to maintaining these ecosystems, goods and services.

6.1.1 STEWARD PROGRAM PRIORITY ZONES WITHIN THE UPPER GUINEAN FOREST

As stated in STEWARD Program’s 2012 technical report, the program works to achieve its development objective through activities implemented under each intermediate result (IR) in two Priority Zones (PZs) in the Upper Guinean Forest Ecosystem in four countries: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Ivory Coast. A third Priority Zone has been proposed, but the selection of the area has not yet been finalized. These Priority Zones were selected because of their biological significance; each zone qualifies under USAID biodiversity criteria as an area of biological significance.

STEWARD’s program work is focused on these two Priority Zones (PZs). PZ1 comprises Outamba-Kilimi National Park situated in Sierra Leone and Madina, Oula, Suya and Oure Kaba sub prefectures are found in Guinea. Together these areas make up PZ1 as shown in the Figure 12 below.


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Figure 12: Map of PZ 1: Defining the Boundaries. Source: STEWARD Program FY2012 Technical Report, 2012.

Priority Zone 2 (PZ 2) is made up of Mount Nimba situated in both Guinea and Cote d’Ivoire and Nimba

Nature reserve situated in Liberia. Together these areas make up PZ 2 as the figure 13 shows.

Figure 13: Map of PZ 2: Defining the Boundaries. Source: STEWARD Program FY2012 Technical Report, 2012.


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6.2 SUSTAINABLE WASH SERVICES, LIVELIHOODS, CLIMATE CHANGE AND BIODIVERSITY IN THE UPPER GUINEAN FOREST ECOSYSTEM

There is a strong link between sustainable livelihoods, climate change, biodiversity and sustainable WASH services. The World Bank (2010) states that water is essential to sustain life and economic development and the livelihoods of the poorest people are critically associated with access to water services. Understanding this linkage is very important for the work that STEWARD is doing in the PZs of the three assessment countries, especially with the plan to extend the program to include sustainable WASH.

Currently, STEWARD is a forest conservation and sustainable livelihood program focusing on transboundary priority zones (PZs) in the Upper Guinean Forest Ecosystem. The upper Guinean Forest is one of African’s eight biomes, and is extremely rich in plant species diversity and endemic species. Among STEWARD’s objectives is the conservation of biodiversity, improving rural livelihoods in critical transboundary landscapes in the Upper Guinean Forest Ecosystem, and contributing to sub-regional and national strategic plans on climate change. These objectives fit very well into the current strategy of STEWARD to include sustainable WASH services in its program delivery in the Upper Guinean Forest.

Incorporating sustainable WASH services and linking them to sustainable livelihoods is not as straight forward as it sounds. There is a need to have a deep understanding of the strategic links between livelihood issues and the types of WASH services. The approach by which these linkages are made can make the greatest impact on the livelihoods of poor rural communities who are the STEWARD program’s focus in the Upper Guinean Forest Ecosystem. Linking these challenges with climate change and biodiversity adds another angle to the complexity.

Nicol (2000) stated that the problem of water access to the poor can be taken beyond the achievement of simply health benefits. They postulate that support to water supply development can help achieve sustainable livelihoods within poor communities and, in so doing, make a real contribution to poverty reduction. The argument is that while lack of water quality is a good indicator for economic provisioning in terms of human consumption, it does not necessarily indicate lack of provisioning for livestock access or for cultivation of crops, which are important determinants of poverty in given communities. While a poor quality supply for a household’s own consumption might warrant a higher poverty weighting, the same supply might be plentiful and not harmful for livestock, serving to increase livestock productivity and reduce the vulnerability of the household. It may also increase the household’s income sufficiently to free other assets to improve supplies in the long term.

To be able to achieve a greater impact on community livelihoods through sustainable WASH delivery, the STEWARD project must therefore look beyond just ensuring the availability of quality water for human consumption, to ensuring water is also available at the required quantity to meet the rural communities’ productive needs.

Of the five communities interviewed in Guinea, for example, two of the main sources of livelihood that cut across all of them are agriculture and livestock breeding. These two livelihood sources require adequate water to ensure productivity. Similarly, communities interviewed in Sierra Leone and Liberia are also predominantly involved in farming as their means of livelihood. A WASH intervention by STEWARD in these types of communities must go beyond just clean water for drinking to ensuring that there is adequate water for multiple uses. An understanding of the livelihood needs of the community can therefore also define the approach and type of WASH delivery that can be practiced.


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The result of the assessment done in the PZs in the three countries revealed the following as sources of water used by the communities:

In Sierra Leone, for example, most of the communities in the PZ get their water from streams, swamps and wells. These sources are used for domestic and productive uses. Responses from the communities interviewed indicate that these streams and swamps dry up occasionally during the dry season. Communities are then forced to dig wells in the swamps or stream beds to water their crops. This makes communities vulnerable and impacts their livelihood.

In Liberian communities, the water supply source for some communities is creeks used for drinking and other multiple uses. The drying up of these creeks impacts the source of water for gardening. The communities also complained of the distance it takes them to travel to the creeks. This affects the quantity of water they can use for domestic activities and other multiple uses and, hence, impacts their livelihoods.

The WASH programming of the STEWARD project must take into consideration the community livelihood needs in addition to ensuring adequate quality for drinking. A sustainable WASH delivery approach that balances these needs is very important for impacting community livelihoods in the PZs.

According a UN Water (2008) publication, climate change is expected to add to pressures on transboundary water resources in many areas with fluctuations in water availability and quality. It will magnify regional differences in the world’s natural resources and assets and lead to an increased risk of inland flash floods and more frequent coastal flooding, droughts, etc. The necessity to adapt to climate change, however, will also offer new opportunities for cooperation in developing adaptation strategies.

Climate Change and Livelihoods in Liberia

A UNDP report explains that Liberia is highly vulnerable to climate change in the coastal areas and the communities’ capacity to adapt to a changing climate is very low and resiliency is very limited. Liberia signed onto the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol (KP) in 2002 and since then has been active in the Convention and KP processes. Current major climate hazards in Liberia include reduced rainfall in some places and relative heavier rainfall along the coast, extreme coastal flooding events, sea level rise, and soil erosion.

Climate Change and livelihood in Sierra Leone

According to the published report of the Initial National Communication on Climate Change, Sierra Leone is vulnerable to climate change and extreme weather events. The Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment Report and the Climate Variability Report of the NAPA Project, have clearly indicated that Sierra Leone is experiencing a variety of climatic hazards which include seasonal drought, strong winds, thunderstorms, landslides, heat waves, floods, intense seasonal rain fall, and shifting rainfall patterns amongst others.

The changes in rainfall and temperature patterns have been causing current cropping patterns to become unsuitable to emerging climate conditions. Livestock is already experiencing greater stress due to the climatic variability and pest and disease outbreaks are becoming more pronounced. These changes have adversely affected the ability of the rural poor to maintain their existing livelihoods and have limited the ability of Sierra Leone to maintain export earnings and pay for the importation of food. Inadequate staff and poor facilities for weather forecasting and related activities have undermined the ability of the meteorological department to provide adequate information to other sectors of the economy so that they can better adapt to the impact of climate change.


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The assessment results from the PZs of the three countries shows that climate change might already be a challenge for some of the communities as extracts from the interview results show.

Some Liberian communities get their water supply from creeks for drinking and for gardening. These creeks, however, do dry up during the dry seasons and that means their livelihoods are threatened.

Some communities interviewed in the PZs in Guinea say they experienced flooding, while others say they experienced droughts in the past and this had impacts on their sources of livelihood.

In the PZs in Sierra Leone, 4 communities out of 7 interviewed say they have experienced droughts in the past which led to the drying up of their sources of water including streams, swamps and wells. The result of these events have been hunger, illness, loss of food production, insufficient water for animals, and increased time spent searching for water. These have had great impacts on community livelihoods.

The field results from the PZs shows, therefore, that there is a need for the WASH intervention in the PZs of the three countries to pay close attention to community adaption strategy development to help the communities develop adaptive capacities to deal with climate change challenges as it relates to water supply sources.

This assessment has therefore shown that there is a close link between STEWARD’s current focus on livelihoods and climate change and the intended inclusion of sustainable WASH services in the PZs. The need for this close linkage is very clear from the results of the discussion held with communities and, as such, any programming approach for WASH service delivery that is eventually adopted by the program, should take into consideration some of the issues discussed above.

The sustainability of whatever WASH service approach is finally adopted will however have a policy and institutional implication and this must be taken into consideration in the design of the program.

7.0 OPPORTUNITIES AND ENTRY POINTS FOR THE STEWARD PROJECT

7.1 REFORM OF THE WASH ENVIRONMENT

Two of the three countries involved in this assessment, Liberia and Sierra Leone, have just emerged from war. Liberia is emerging from a 14-year war that paralyzed the institutions and structures at all levels. Similarly, Sierra Leone is recovering from a 10 year civil war that caused harm to significant resources in the country.

This assessment shows clearly that these two countries are grappling with reconstruction and reforms of the different sectors in the countries, especially WASH. Substantial progress has been made, but a lot still has to be done to ensure that the WASH sector returns to normal. Bringing the sector back on track will require some reforms within the sector. Some areas that such reforms may touch are listed below.

Involving stakeholders in WASH reforms

Revisiting WASH policies

Changing the culture of public WASH providers


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Optimizing WASH assets management and infrastructure development

Improving WASH provision through internally developed programs

Improving WASH service provision through partnerships with the private sector

Financing WASH operations in a sustainable and affordable manner

Regulating WASH services in a transparent and predictable manner

Improved water governance at national, district and local levels

7.2 CAPACITY BUILDING

Inadequate capacity for WASH sector runs through all the three countries. Most of the capacity building may require active reforms that will involve all the institutions discussed in this report. Most of the capacity building should be through supporting sector actors to enable them to play their roles effectively. This will require skills and knowledge acquisition in technical aspects of WASH. Some areas for this capacity building include:

Monitoring and evaluation;

Operation and maintenance;

Linking climate change, biodiversity, NRM with livelihoods and WASH activities;

Water quality;

Household water handling in PZ communities;

Establishment of supply chain for WASH services; and,

Training of pump mechanics for maintenance of water facilities.

The areas mentioned above are not exhaustive. If STEWARD decides to go into WASH capacity building in any of the countries, there will be a need to carry out a comprehensive capacity gaps assessment to identify clearly the specific needs within the sector.

7.3 SITE BASED WASH INTERVENTIONS

Going through the findings from the PZs, it is clear that there is a need for site-based WASH interventions. Particularly, in a country like Sierra Leone where about 40% of its rural population depends on surface water as the primary water source.

A very strong entry point for site based WASH intervention is sanitation. Currently, in all three countries assessed, the sanitation coverage is poor. With this low coverage of sanitation in terms of latrines, the only option for the rural dwellers, in particular in the PZs, is open defecation. The effects of open defecation are many: it pollutes ground and surface water, it affects agricultural produce, it pollutes the environment, and it spreads disease including Cholera and Bilharzia.

A strong entry point for STEWARD in the three countries will be sanitation intervention in the PZ zones through CLTS and the provision of safe water sources to stop the people from drinking polluted water. A component to this will be hygiene promotion as a strong component of the WASH service and water quality. An important aspect of water quality will be the safe handling of water in the rural community.


93

A market based approach can be used in the WASH project so as to ensure the efficient and more cost-effective use of STEWARD’s funds.

Climate change components will be incorporated with the communities that are in areas that are more vulnerable such as those in flood prone areas, coastal communities, wetlands and water-stressed areas. The exact composition of the site-based WASH package will depend on the specific needs of each community, though sanitation will be a basic component.

7.4 STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF OPPORTUNITY PER COUNTRY ASSESSED

7.4.1 COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

Whilst Cost Benefit Analysis is a realistic way to determine the benefit of a project, it requires obtaining more detailed information than was possible to collect for this assessment. For example, it was not possible to do a household survey to understand the household needs as this was outside the scope of this assessment.

However, there are past detailed studies carried out by reputable organizations like the World Bank, that provide indications of possible cost benefits of water and sanitation interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa countries, which includes the three STEWARD countries of Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea, where this assessment was done. The results of previous studies have been used to demonstrate the benefits that are expected from WASH interventions by STEWARD in the three countries.

Hutton and Haller (2004) explained that the following are critical to the calculation of total societal economic benefit:

(1) Health sector benefit due to avoided illness;

(2) Patient expenses avoided due to avoided illness;

(3) Value of deaths avoided;

(4) Value of time savings due to access to water and sanitation;

(5) Value of productive days gained of those with avoided illness;

(6) Value of days of school attendance gained of those with avoided illness; and,

(7) Value of child days gained of those with avoided illness.

The table below is an extract from analysis done from the studies carried out in Hutton and Haller (2004). It provides a picture of findings against cost benefit components that were studied in sub-Saharan countries. This information has been included here to provide an indication of possible benefits that can be obtained as a result of a WASH intervention in the three assessment countries which were part of the study where this data was collected

Table 28: A Summary of WASH in Sub Saharan African Countries. Adapted from Hutton and Haller, 2004.

Cost Benefit Components Region

(AFR-

D)

Pop (m)


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Annual number of diarrheal cases averted per capita 0.36 Yes 487

Annual cost per person receiving intervention (US$) 8.4 Yes 487

Annual cost per capita (entire population) receiving

intervention (US$)

3.9 Yes 487

Annual health sector treatment cost saved per capita (US$)

by intervention

2.31 Yes 487

Annual patient treatment cost saved per capita (US$) by

intervention

0.15 Yes 487

Productive days gained due to less diarrheal (million days) by

intervention

314 Yes 487

Value of productive days gained due to less diarrheal illness

(US$m)

73 Yes 487

School days gained due to less diarrheal illness (‘000 days) 67,394 Yes 487

Baby days gained due to less diarrheal illness (Millions days) 398 Yes 487

Annual value of time savings (US$ m) 14,414 Yes 487

Value of averted death per capita (US$ m) predicted future

earnings

1,174 Yes 487

Total economic benefits of interventions (US$ m) 18,883 Yes 487

Cost Benefit ratios – all cost all benefits 9.97 Yes 487

Cost Benefit ratios – all cost all benefits, time saving benefits

only.

7.61 Yes 487

AFR = Africa Sub-Saharan; Countries = Algeria, Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Comoros, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome And Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Togo

D = Mortality stratum corresponding to; High Adult, High Child Mortality

According to Hutton and Haller (2004), the cost benefit ratio of water and sanitation interventions is high when all benefits are included. The values from this study in the STEWARD project countries are in the region of US$ 5 to US$11 for every US$ 1 invested. This is the case when there is low technology investment.


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Going by the findings from the study of Hutton and Haller, investing in water and sanitation in the three STEWARD countries is beneficial for these countries.

7.4.2 LONG TERM SUSTAINABILITY

WaterAid (2010) defines sustainability as beneficial change to access in services leading to corresponding lasting outcomes and impacts in people’s lives. The concept of sustainability is underlined by the fact that once change has been brought about by an intervention, that trajectory of change must be maintained and enhanced. Long term sustainability, therefore, will mean maintaining this trajectory of a beneficial state for a long time—as long as the life of the facilities. An important aspect of sustainability is that emphasis is required on getting the ‘service’ of the service delivery right.

Long term sustainability of WASH services begins right from the planning stage. Some of the key inputs such as financial, institutional, social-cultural, technical, economic, gender and equity, community ownership, governance, and community capacity aspects must be in place from the onset.

Even though water is treated as a right, it is important to ensure that it is also seen as an economic good. Evidence so far from the sector has shown that the charity approach to service delivery where everything is done for the community free of charge has not been sustainable. There is a need to get the community involved not only in managing the service, but also contributing for its upkeep whether through financial or in kind support. This will involve building capacity for the community to play this role.

Various approaches to sustainable WASH service delivery exist. Whatever approach is adopted, it is important to prepare the community from the onset to be part of the process and to take the lead through an inclusive approach.

From the result of the assessment of the PZs of the three countries, sustainability seems to be a challenge in some of the communities. One of the issues identified was broken down water facilities e.g. about 29% of water points in Liberia are said to be in a state of disrepair. Sustainability must be considered as a component of service delivery from the onset. A strong monitoring and evaluation system that makes provision/arrangement for post construction M&E financing is very critical to ensuring the sustainability of the services. The capacity of the beneficiary communities to be able to operate and maintain the service is also important.

7.4.3 POTENTIAL FOR SCALABILITY

Opportunity exists for STEWARD through its WASH intervention in the PZs to develop a WASH model that links with community livelihood, biodiversity and climate change. With the right partnerships and engagement with the communities and the involvement of government, such models can be adopted by the sector as best practices. The ability of the WASH intervention to meet the needs of the beneficiaries will be a strong motivation for replication. For an example, if STEWARD intervention in Guinea develops service delivery that can reduce or eliminate cholera in a region, it can attract government interest to scale this process to other parts of Guinea.

A strong disincentive for scaling-up within these three countries is the coordination of the sector and the commitment of the government to reforms. While this study was not detailed enough to confirm exactly the level of reforms going on in the three countries, it was clear that sector coordination is still weak in the countries assessed, especially in Guinea and Sierra Leone. All three countries are still heavily donor-driven which is a strong hindrance to meaningful scalability.


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7.4.4 SYNERGY WITH OTHER USAID PROGRAMS

USAID has a project it is supporting in Liberia with which the STEWARD project can form a synergy. IWASH – USAID in Liberia specializes in Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS). Considering that a suggested entry for STEWARD is CLTS, it can work closely with IWASH in Liberia to impact more lives. STEWARD can relate to other USAID programs in the area to link health and education to WASH interventions. A detailed picture of the possible synergy will become clearer as the component of the WASH intervention is further defined.

In Sierra Leone, STEWARD’s current partners are CARE, Fauna and Flora International, Bioclimate, Media Impact, Thomson Rueters, and AUDER. The consultant met with these partners during the workshop organized by STEWARD program in Freetown. There is a great advantage for STEWARD to easily link its work in NRM with WASH implementation. Two approaches for doing this are possible:

Work directly with these partners in the WASH components thereby making the integration very direct. A challenge with this is that there may be need to build capacity in WASH delivery for such partners. A drawback of this approach, is the fact that it would not be as sustainable as building the capacity of local NGOs to ensure capacity remains in the countries of intervention.

Engage local NGOs to work with WASH and use STEWARD’s current NRM partners to make the link through a mentoring/capacity building process.

There was limited information on USAID programming in Guinea. Synergy will be possible with international organizations that have programs in Guinea such as Plan Guinea and Vergnet.

7.5 RECOMMENDATIONS (SITE BASED OR NATIONAL LEVEL INTERVENTIONS)

This assessment shows that opportunities already exist for interventions at national and site levels in the three study countries as discussed in section six above. Both will have an impact on the WASH sector. However, the national level intervention may not have immediate impact on the livelihoods of the communities. Moreover, the STEWARD program is already involved at the grassroots level in the PZs, which is where the needs are greatest, going by the findings from community level interviews. Site based interventions will provide faster and more direct impact on community livelihood than a national level focus.

The site level intervention can still be packaged to have policy impact at a national level as discussed below. Therefore, it is recommended that the STEWARD program starts with site level interventions. This site level intervention can also be done under the broad framework of the Integrated Water Resources Management especially in Guinea and Sierra Leone.

Entry point for STEWARD is Total Sanitation for PZ communities with water and hygiene components

Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is an innovative methodology for mobilizing communities to completely eliminate open defecation (OD). This methodology, as defined by the Institute for Development Studies (IDS), recognizes that at the heart of CLTS lies the idea that merely providing toilets does not guarantee their use, nor result in improved sanitation and hygiene. Earlier approaches to sanitation prescribed high initial standards and offered subsidies as an incentive. But this often led to uneven adoption, problems with long-term sustainability, and only partial use. It also created a culture of dependence on subsidies. Open defecation and the cycle of fecal–oral contamination continued to spread disease. To address these issues, CLTS activities work with communities to learn to conduct their own appraisal and analysis of open defecation (OD) and take their own actions to become open defecation free (ODF). This approach has proved successful in


97

many West African countries and has been embraced by the three countries in this assessment at the national level. It has proved, so far, that it is a very fast way to achieve total sanitation coverage in communities. This acceptance makes it a legitimate and strong entry point for STEWARD WASH intervention in the three countries.

Develop community adaptive capacities

Adaptive capacity is the ability of a system to adjust to climate change (including climate variability and extremes) to moderate potential damages. There is a strong link between climate change impacts and community livelihoods. Most of the communities visited in Sierra Leone, for example, are involved in rice farming because the environment where they live is conducive for this type of farming. The communities are, therefore, vulnerable to the impact of climate change. These communities will need to build adaptive capacity to deal with the impact of climate change. The STEWARD program should work with such communities within the WASH program to develop their capacity to deal with the impacts of climate change as they occur.

Water quality programing at community level within PZs

Water quality in rural communities is closely linked to hygiene behavior. Two important components—managing water quality at the source and safe water handling along the supply chain—affect the transport and handling of water. This water handling is closely linked with hygiene and should be included as a key component of a hygiene training program.

Capacity building – through partnership with local NGOs and the private sector

Capacity building is a need throughout the three countries assessed as a part of this study. One way to build such capacity is through the implementation of partnerships with institutions involved in the aspects of WASH that STEWARD will be engaging in. There are two levels at which STEWARD can be engaged in capacity building—at the institution and community level.

At the institution level, the partners could be NGOs who are already working with WASH activities but do not know how to integrate WASH with climate change, livelihoods and biodiversity issues. Additionally, partners could include NGOs that are working in the field of forestry but do not have the capacity for linking the work they do to WASH delivery in communities. Finally, partners could be local council and district institutions which could be assisted through partnership on the WASH program to understand how to carry out their statutory responsibilities.

At the community level, there is a need for capacity building to manage WASH services. In Liberia, 29% of the water points are not functioning. Community capacity to operate and manage their WASH services will need to be built. Closely related to this, is the need to support the establishment/functionality of a strong supply chain network. Capacities of artisans and maintenance mechanics may need to be enhanced where they are low.

These opportunities already exist within each of the countries and simply require making it a focus of the programing that STEWARD will be engaged in.

Use learning from site-based intervention to influence policy

Often when policies are developed, they are not based on the realities on the ground. In other instances, policies are generated that have not been fully tested on the ground or there are gaps in some aspects of policy.


98

Onsite intervention provides the opportunity for the STEWARD program to develop approaches within the PZ communities from which it can generate evidence of what works well and what does not. The evidence generated from this approach can then inform policy. There is also the opportunity to develop local capacity within the local NGOs and community associations to lobby and influence policies at various levels of government.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the outcome of this assessment carried out in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, it is clear that opportunities exist for the STEWARD program to intervene in these countries in the WASH sector which have direct and indirect ties to sustainable natural resource management. As already identified in the SOW, WASH coverage in the three countries is very low, especially as it relates to sanitation. This makes sanitation a strong entry point for intervention in all three countries.

Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), an approach which has proved effective in Africa, has already been accepted and is being implemented in the three study countries. It therefore, presents an opportunity as the sanitation approach to adopt by STEWARD and its partners.

Other areas such as capacity building, water quality and environmental management, and waste management, are components that can be included in the WASH program. A service approach that involves all the relevant institutions at national, district and local levels playing their roles as set out in the policy documents is recommended. This way, a model of how a site-based intervention should be practiced can be developed as a best practice. The outcome of such demonstration projects can then be used to influence policies through work with local NGOs which can be another means of building capacity.

While there is the possibility of STEWARD intervening at the national level, this assessment does not recommend it at this stage as the impact will be seen only over a longer period of time. There is a greater need for intervention at site level which should be the priority. Some suggestions of what this intervention could look like and what some of the components could be were briefly mentioned but these ideas are not meant to be an exhaustive list. There is a need to develop a detailed WASH implementation plan that will provide details for WASH interventions. This is an area of expertise for WSA and the organization will be more than willing to support STEWARD in developing such a plan.


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APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: National Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion Committee Members, Liberia,

October 2012

Name Organization Phone number Email address

George Yarngo G. Wolobah Kanwee Bearford Weeks

Ministry of Public Works 0886511171 0886455530 0886514005

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Jeff Wylie Oliver B. Kulah

Ministry of Lands, Mines and Energy

0886815802 0886512225

[email protected] [email protected]

Anthony Kpadeh Ministry of Lands Mines and Energy

0886543034 [email protected]

Omarly Yeabah Amos Gborie

Ministry of Health 0886669906 0886611061


Jessie Korboi Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs


Kpangbala Sengbe Ministry of Finance 0886998426 [email protected]

Charles Kumbly Zoe Kanneh

Ministry of Education 0886574678 0886561671

[email protected]

Ellen Pratt Jefyne Bates

Monrovia City Corporation 0886727368


Emmet Watson Clarence Momoh Gabriel S. Flaboe

Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation

0886-513398 0886533814 0886513239


Anyaa Vohiri Jonathan Davies

Environmental Protection Agency Biodiversity Focal Point

0886514013 0886523544


Robertta Rose WASH Consortium 077916323 [email protected]

Momo Kamara UNDP GoAL WASH 0886539217 [email protected]

Joseph Collins Christine Ujunje

WSP 0777638531


Sam Treglown Sarah House

UNICEF

0886664931 0770139384

[email protected]

Apollos Nwafor WaterAid 0880757808 [email protected]

Prince Kreplah Civil Society WASH Working Group


Augustine Mulbah Tony Kolb Joan Atkinson

USAID 077 085 854 077788650


Maggie Kilo AfDB 0880912918 [email protected]

Alain Pierre AfDB 0886668855 [email protected]

Reid Moor Smith PSI 0880761526 [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]
































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Drake Ssenyange Liberia WASH Consortium Coordinator


Leroy Johnson CHF 0886435589 [email protected] [email protected]

Ralph Kilian I WASH 0886143933 [email protected]

Joelle Gordon Charles D. Cooper

African Rain 0880556994 0886670426


Lilian Best MOPEA 0886796952 [email protected]

Harrison Daniels Masaba Rhoda

NACFECEO

0886591823 0886139189


Elizabeth Zori Yahweh Adult 0886267351 [email protected]

Abdul Koroma MPW NWSHPC Coordinator


George Whoryounwon Thomas Davis

MOH/Coordinator/WASH 0886650361 0886550678


Bev Kauffeldt Taya Raine

Samaritans Purse 0886538938 0886468298


Nick Street Zoa 0886 452 717 [email protected]

Timothy Kpeh United Youth for Peace 0776443243 [email protected]

Alioune Fall Tetratech 0880337108 [email protected]

Richard Wellington MOH Pool fund 077532129 [email protected]

Kent Bubbs Landis Wyatt

Universal Outreach Foundation

077924002 077010478


Wondayehu Gedamu Tearfund 0886509538 [email protected]

Lassana Dosso ACF 0880419211 [email protected]

Timothy Owhochukwu Concern Worldwide 0886478551 [email protected]

Adam Garley Solidarites 0886531706 [email protected]

Harrison Geneyan Oxfam 0880539004 [email protected]

Tracy Wise Consortium WASH Advisor 0776812110 [email protected]

Cooper LURA - Liberians Unite for Rescue Action 0886999930 [email protected]

Abraham Powell ECREP 0886551390 [email protected]

Samson Neese ERS 0886527388 [email protected]

Aron Gballon CIPORD 0886477815 [email protected]

Kingstone Saye RIDA 0886442789 [email protected]

Hassan Fahnbulleh Hardii A. Zobombo FAAL

0886570760 077074810


Tamba Bundor CODES 0886514325 [email protected]

Moses Barclay LICH 0886615915 [email protected]

Norman Tinarwo Pump Aid 0880544235 [email protected]

Ramses T. Kumbuyah

Liberia Agency for Community Empowerment (LACE) 0886550910

[email protected]

Balaram CARE international 0886 797 958

Ambaye Zakewos Living Water 0880487704 [email protected]









































101

Justin Pendarvis David Matthews EQUIP

0777317671


Morris Gbegasee Lee S. Mason MOPEA

0886519711 0886546346


Carine Gachen Irish AID 0880-535453 [email protected]

Aaron G. Woods Patrick O. Sawyer LRDC

0886567128 0886383077


Magdalene Mathews 0880598873

[email protected]

Jehu Zonue Ministry of Gender & Development 0886283636

[email protected]

Cecil S. Wilson UOF 0886613577 [email protected]












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APPENDIX 2: Ministry of Public Works – Division of National Rural Water Supply & Sanitation, Liberia

Roles, responsibilities, challenges, enabling environment and capacity needs

Key capacities needed to perform role / responsibilities

Roles / responsibilities Human Institutional Enabling environment

MoPW

(at both national

& county levels)

Current:

Bureau of

Community

Services

Planned:

Rural Water

Supply and

Sanitation

Bureau (RWSSB)

http://mpwliberia.com/

WASH sector lead (instructed by

the President 2012)

Leads in policy formation as chair of

NWSHPC

NWSHPC co-ordination (see above)

Moving from an implementing

agency to a facilitating agency

(drilling capacity will be phased out

to be replaced by supervision,

quality assurance)

Responsible for the design,

construction and maintenance of

civil works

Provide technical expertise and

capacity building to county, district

and community levels

Manages water points fitted with

hand pumps for towns, cities and in

rural areas

Enforce service delivery standards

in the sector

Monitor and co-ordinate NGO

activities in rural water supply &

sanitation


Leadership

Analysis, visioning

Policy & strategy development

processes

Management

Planning

Data management

Budgeting. MTEFs, Financial

management & monitoring

Procurement & contracts

management

Technical writing skills

Reporting

Advocacy & communication

Accountability

M&E

Technical capacities – expertise in

(rural/county capitals/towns):

Water supply

Water quality – testing,

treatment

Excreta disposal/CLTS

Emergency WASH

Facilities, equipment,

funding:

Internet / power /

computer access

Office facilities

Logistics

Funding

Technical

equipment

(surveying, drilling,

well rings,

hydrogeological/GI

S equipment)

Vehicles/trucks/sto

rage facilities

Processes & systems:

Policy, procedures,

systems established:

Planning

Budgeting &

financial

management

M&E &

Executive Order /

Ministry agreement for

formation of RWSSB

Internal Ministry

support for WASH

activities

Resident Engineers

working at county level

understand the WASH

sector and are

committed to

supporting the WASH

team and programmes




103

Establish and strengthen systems

and processes to support

sustainability of rural water supply

& sanitation.

School & health facility WASH

information

sharing

Standard operating

procedures

HR management:

Job descriptions

Salary, pensions,

recruitment

procedures

Supervision,

reviews

In-service training

provision

Transfer between

posts


104

APPENDIX 3: Ministry of Lands Mines & Energy, Liberia



Roles / responsibilities Human Institutional Enabling

environment

Ministry of Lands

Mines and

Energy (MoLME)

Liberia

Hydrogeological

Services (LHS)

http://www.molme.gov.lr/index.php

Support for WSSC

Secretariat to the Water

Resources & Sanitation Board

(NWRSB)

Management and monitoring of

water resources


Hydrology services

Water quality analysis (including

for industrial pollution)

Collection of hydrogeological,

meteorological and hydrological

data

Management of National Water

Resources Information System

(NWIS)


Leadership

Analysis, visioning

Policy & strategy

development processes

Management

Planning

M&E

Data management

Budgeting, MTEFs, financial



management

Professional writing skills

Reporting


Accountability


(rural/county capitals/towns):

Water resources

Water quality – testing and

Facilities, equipment, funding:

Internet / power / computer

access

Office facilities

Logistics

Funding

Technical equipment

(hydrogeological, hydrology,

etc.?)


Policy, procedures, systems

established:

Planning

Budgeting & financial

management

M&E

Standard operating

procedures

HR management:

Job descriptions

MoLME as a

wider Ministry

continues to

allocate

resources and

efforts

towards water

resources

Internal

political

support exists

for re-

establishing

the Water

Resources

Board





105

monitoring

Cross-cutting (gender,

environment)

Salary, pensions

Supervision, reviews

In-service training provision


106

APPENDIX 4: Liberia Water & Sewer Corporation




Liberia

Water &

Sewage

Corporatio

n (LWSC)

Policies & management:

Planning for urban W&S

Provision of technical support to the

WASH sector

Tariff setting and collection of funds

(tariff setting will move to the WSSC

once it is established)

Leakage monitoring

Provision of water services in urban areas,

Monrovia, County Capitals and towns

above 5,000):

Management of water resources

Management of pumping and water

treatment systems

Development and maintenance of

distribution systems

Operation and maintenance

Water quality monitoring

Sewerage services & on-site sanitation:

Provision of sewerage services

Provision of end disposal sites for the

disposal of pit latrine and septic tank

contents when emptied


Leadership

Analysis, visioning

Policy & strategy development processes

Management

Planning

M&E

Data management

Budgeting, financial management &

monitoring

Commercial management

Procurement & contracts management


Reporting


Accountability

Working with the private sector

Technical capacities – expertise in (urban/towns

above 5,000):

Water supply

Water quality – testing, treatment

Sewerage & treatment

Emergency WASH


funding:

Internet / power /

computer access

Office facilities

Logistics

Funding

Technical equipment

(water quality

monitoring, flow

measurement,

construction and O&M

tools)



established:

Planning


management

M&E

Standard operating

procedures

HR management:

Legal clarity on roles

and responsibilities

including in relation to

new institutions (such

as WSSC) in co-

ordinating structure

Reconsideration of line

reporting Ministry –

currently MoLME,

would fit more

strategically under

MoPW due to service

delivery and

infrastructural roles?


107


Cross-cutting (gender, environment)

Job descriptions

Salary, pensions


In-service training

provision


108

APPENDIX 5: Ministry of Health, Liberia



Roles / responsibilities Human Institutional Enabling

environment

MoHSW

(at both national &

county levels)

National level:

Current:

Division of

Environmental &

Occupational

Health

Planned:

Directorate of

Community

Mobilisation and

Hygiene

Promotion

(DCMHyP)

The Division of Environmental and Occupational Health is the

Designated National Authority (DNA) of the Ministry of Health and

Social Welfare charged with the responsibilities to carry out:

Community water and sanitation programs

Food quality control

Protection and safety of workers and environment

Port health services

Control of pollutants and contaminants in the environment

Health care waste management

Vector and vermin control

Note: These mandates are enshrined in the Public Health and Safety

Laws (see below), the National Environmental and Occupational

Health policy as well as the Health Care Waste Policy of Liberia.

WASH specific roles / responsibilities:

Promotion & mobilisation:

Generating demand for services through community

mobilisation & hygiene promotion processes

Provide technical expertise and capacity building on:

Health & hygiene promotion

Sanitation

Water quality monitoring

Drinking water treatment

Environmental health

Promotion of sanitation


Leadership

Analysis, visioning

Policy & strategy development

processes

Management

Planning

M&E

Data management

Budgeting. MTEFs, Financial



management


Reporting


Accountability


(rural/county

capitals/towns/urban):

Water quality – testing,

treatment

Excreta disposal


Industrial pollution

Vector control


funding:

Internet / power /

computer access

Office facilities

Logistics

Funding

Technical equipment

(laboratories, IEC tools

and materials)



established:

Planning


management

M&E

Standard operating

procedures

Establishment of

database on CLTS and

HP

HR management:

Job descriptions

Salary, pensions

Executive Order

/ Ministry

agreement for

formation of

DCMHyP

Internal Ministry

support &

budget

allocation for

community

mobilisation,

hygiene and

water quality

related activities


109

Vector control

Monitoring/inspection:

Compliance with the Public Health Law

Drinking water quality

Food safety

Progress of HP and CLTS implementation and ODF status

Solid waste management

Emergency WASH


Cross-cutting (gender,

environment)


In-service training

provision


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APPENDIX 6: Ministry of Education, School Health Division, Liberia

Roles, responsibilities and capacity needs



MoE

School Health

Division

(referring to skills

needed for

engagement with

the WASH sector)

Protect, maintain, improve and

promote the health status of

students and school personnel

through health instructions and

services

Oversee the construction of

schools with associated facilities

including WASH

Development of curriculum

Teacher training in WASH

Setting standards and developing

guidelines for all educational levels

Monitor NGO partner

interventions in schools

Functional skills:

Leadership

Analysis, visioning

Policy & strategy

development processes

Planning

M&E

Data management

Technical skills:

School & health facility

WASH

Curriculum development

Teacher training

Transport

Office facilities

Computer and internet

facilities

Budget allocation for

school health activities

Ministry of Education

processes including

planning and the

development of

curriculum and training

materials enables the

integration of WASH in

all educational activities


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APPENDIX 7: Matrix of Key WASH Organizations with Projects in Liberia

Key activities

Key findings for INGO’s

Name of organization Area of speciality

Areas of WASH policy being addressed by programs

Programs aimed at combating climate change

Partners in the sector/ (Funders)

plans to sustain the funding for WASH sector support

Participate in the WASH sector decision making processes

Appraisal of the sector coordination in the WASH sector

Additional actions to achieve MDGs

IWASH-USAID Assisting households in disinfection of well water Assisting communities to develop and adopt improved methods of excreta disposal; Assisting communities to form viable water consumer associations (WCAs) to manage the water supply,

Community Led Total Sanitation

Service delivery and equity (Strategic Objective II of the Liberian WASH Compact)

None at the moment

WASH CSO GOL Local NGO Funders (USAID LIBERIA)

Current funding lasts up to the next two years No plans at the moment to go forward.

Consistently and actively

Very good

Need to refer to the WASH sector strategic plan

WaterAid Supporting capacity building in rural and low income communities. Construction of latrines CLTS activities

Advocacy and policy

Service delivery and equity (Strategic Objective II of the Liberian WASH Compact)

None at the moment

WASH CSO GOL Local NGO Funders (UNICEF WaterAid UK)

Not available (Could not comment)


Excellent at the Moment

Increase funding for WASH. Step up advocacy to raise the exigency for such action

AfricaRain Heavily involved in rainwater harvesting

Construction of aqueducts

Service delivery and equity

None at the moment

GOL ,(AKIOS Foundation, Firestone company)

Plan exists to go on for as long as the demand is available


Extremely effective

Support private sector involvement


112

APPENDIX 8: Ministry for Energy and Environment, Guinea


Key capacities needed to perform role/responsibilities

Roles/responsibilities Human Institutional Enabling environment

MEE

Key institutions

- The National Water

Directorate (DNH)

SNAPE (National

Water Point Office)

Guinea Water

Company

Public hygiene

Quality control of water in

areas affected by cholera

epidemic;

Monitoring the waste

management and launch of

a competition on hygiene

and waste management in

health centres;

Development of

sensitization materials and

messages on good practices

in the management of

waste generated from

health care service

provision.

Awareness creation in

schools and landing sites on

food hygiene in response to

the cholera epidemics

Functional capacity

Capacity to

raise

awareness and

mobilize

project

beneficiaries

Skills in

monitoring the

maintenance

arrangement

put in place for

all rural and

semi urban

water points

Support the

rural

communities in

their local

project

ownership

efforts

Facilities, equipment, funding

New equipment

purchased for water

analysis;

Train local artisan

repairers and develop

spare parts supply

networks for rural water

facilities;

Processes:

Development of a training

module on how to

manage biomedical waste;

Development of water

action plan

to identify and secure

funding;

managing urban water

assets;

connect communities to

the water network;

National Climate Change

Action Plan

National Environment Policy

Solid waste management

strategy;

A water and excreta

management strategy ;

An implementation strategy

CLTS approach.

The water code

The environment code

The cross sector committee

for water

The decentralized authorities

The national sanitation policy

A solid waste management

strategy;

A water and excreta

management strategy;


113

customer/subscribers

management (billing and

collection of fees);

facility maintenance and

renewal;


114

APPENDIX 9: Delegated Ministry for Environment and Sustainable Development, Guinea




Key institutions

National Directorate

of Sanitation and

Environment


for Environment

Guinea is a member

of the three (3) cross-

border basin

organizations: Niger

Basin Authority

(NBA), Organization

for the Development

of the Gambia River

(OMVG),

Organization for the

Development of the

Senegal River

(OMVS) and hosts

the Regional

Programme for

Design, develop and monitor the

implementation of government policy

on the protection of environment;

Set the pollution standards; regulate

domestic and industrial waste;

Campaign to raise public awareness

on environmental issues;

Carry out the process of

Environmental Impact Studies (EIA);

Design, develop and monitor the

implementation of strategies and

action plans for sustainable, effective

and efficient management of waste

(solid and sludge).

Design, develop, monitor and

evaluate the strategies and action

plan for a sustainable and efficient

management of household waste;

Carry research and apply techniques

on disposal or conversion of

household waste and related waste;

Functional capacity

Capacity

building of the

staff on climate

change issues

Technical

support

implementatio

n integrated

water

resources

management

policy.

Facilities, equipment, funding

Funding

Logistics and equipment

Processes:

Put in place strong

coordination

Promotion of autonomous

sanitation

Regrouping of all the

ministries of sanitation

Working with school children on the promotion of sanitation

There is no specific Water Action Plan for climate change adaptation strategy.

There is no new strategy

in addition to the actions

taken through the projects

identified by the National

Existence of a

National Climate

Change Adaptation

Strategy and Year of

Adoption.

A National Climate

Change Adaptation

Strategy was

adopted in

December 2007.

CLTS approach has

been developed in

some areas to

reduce the open air

defecation, and

henceforth

contribute to

improved quality of

environment and

the conservation of

biological diversity.

The environment


115

Integrated

Development of

Fouta Djallon (PRAI-

MFD)

Review and recommend applications

for activities related to sanitation and

conversion of municipal waste,

Develop sanitation projects and

programmes for urban and rural

waste

Climate Change

Adaptation Action Plan

(NAPA) to improve

resilience.

code


116

APPENDIX 10: Ministry of Public Health and Public Hygiene, Guinea




MEE

Key institutions

Public hygiene

Directorate

National

Institute for

Public health

Put together the elements of the policy and

develop work plan of the public hygiene

department;

Develop regulations on hygiene and ensure

these are enforced

Regulate and monitor hygiene;

Identify the best strategy for implementing the

national policies on sanitation, hygiene,

housing and environment, access and use of

drinking water, food safety, hygiene

promotion;

Involvement in the design of training

programmes for the public hygiene workers;

Promote and involvement in research

programmes related to public hygiene;

Participate in technical control, supervision of

resource management and evaluation of

Functional capacity

Capacity to raise

awareness and

mobilize project

beneficiaries

Skills in

monitoring the

maintenance

arrangement put

in place for all

rural and semi

urban water

points

Support the rural

communities in

their local

project

ownership

efforts

Facilities,

equipment, funding

Processes:

Working with

school children

on the

promotion of

sanitation

The problem of

coordination of

the sector

Adapt sanitation

facilities to

climate change

Institutional

capacity building

due to increase

in self supply

Document on Poverty

Reduction Strategy

(2011-2012)

National Policy on

Public Hygiene (DNHP)

National Climate

Change Action Plan

National Environment

Policy

Solid waste

management strategy;

A water and excreta

management strategy ;

An implementation

strategy for CLTS

approach.

PNAE: national action

plan for environment;

PAFN: national forestry

action plan;

PNDA: national


117

outcomes in public hygiene;

Involvement in resource mobilization to

implement projects, programmes and work

related to public hygiene;

Strengthen partnerships around issues related

to public hygiene;

Quality assurance for water and food stuff.

agriculture

development policy.


118

APPENDIX 11: Ministry of Planning and Housing, Guinea




MEE

Key institutions


for town planning

and land use

planning

This directorate works on all issues

relating to urban sanitation. It has a

delegated project owner role at national

level to implement the country

development plans

It’s main functions on sanitation include,

participate in setting standards and

defining specific requirements for

sanitation; define the rain water drainage

system, disposal of wastewater, excreta

and solid waste; conduct technical studies

for sanitation projects and develop Terms

of Reference for studies related to

sanitation and road networks.

Functional capacity

Lack of qualified

staff with

knowledge in

water and

sanitation issues


funding

Need for funding to

implement urban

water works

Processes:

Planning

Setting up standard

operating procedures

for the urban water

sector

Land and estate

code

n°92/019/PRG/SG

G of 30 March

1992, it deals with

natural aquatic

area, sanitation

issues, urban

water supply. It

also includes

specific provisions

on water

resources

management.


119

APPENDIX 12: Ministry of higher education and Scientific Research & Ministry of literacy and secondary education, Guinea




Ministry of Higher

Education

Scientific Research

& Ministry of

Literacy and

Secondary Education

CERE –Research and Environmental Studies

Centre is a component of this ministry. This

centre has modern and independent scientific

facilities. In particular, its laboratory has

special equipment to do the basic physico-

chemical and bacteriological analysis of water.

Sometimes, CERE can be invited by the Guinea

Water Company to do quality checks for water

supplied to the population of Conakry

Through the National Institute on Education

and Research (INRAP), the ministry is

responsible for designing programmes for

elementary/primary and secondary education

(development of tools related to water,

sanitation and hygiene and environment

management in schools). The ministry trains

teachers to deliver the above mentioned

programmes.

Functional capacity

To date, there

has been no

study on the

water supply

rate in schools

due to lack of

capacity

Technical capacity

Support in the

provision of

water and

sanitation

facilities in

schools


funding

Need for funding to

provide WASH

services in schools.

There is a need for

34, 450 latrines to

meet the national

needs in schools

Processes:

Provision of water

points in schools

Capacity building of

teachers on WASH in

schools

In Guinea, water,

hygiene and

sanitation

education is not

just about learning

concepts but seen

as a package of

activities to bring

about behaviour

change of school

children vis a vis

their environment

not adequately

facilitated.


120

APPENDIX 13: Ministry of decentralisation, local administration and development, Guinea




Ministry of

Decentralisation,

Local

Administration

and Development

Through the national directorate of

decentralisation, the ministry supervises the

decentralised/local governments.

The new code provides the local authorities

with the power to create technical services

dedicated to water, sanitation and hygiene,

to develop partnerships with the private

sector and CSOs in order to deliver water,

hygiene and sanitation services and allow

access to energy in their respective

constituencies.

This gives local authorities new

responsibilities for planning, funding and

regulation for efficiency and sustainability.

Functional capacity

Manage and

monitor water

resources within

their local

constituencies.

Accountable for

their development

programmes.

Development of

institutional

capacity of the local

government,

Facilities,

equipment, funding

Funding

Technical

equipment

Vehicles

Processes:

Planning

Budget and

financial

management

Designing

standard

operating

procedures for

the urban water

sector.

Local Governments’

code. Issued in 2006,

the law on the local

governments specifies

their roles,

responsibilities,

organisation and

operation.

There are specific

provisions included

among other things,

water and hygiene

sector, environment

and sanitation

management (see

articles 29, 31 and 38).


121

APPENDIX 14: Other Findings related to INGO’s and Private Sector on the National Level in Guinea

Key

Activities

Key Findings for INGO’s

Name of

INGO

/Private

sector

Company

Area of Speciality Areas of WASH policy

being addressed by

Programs

Programs

aimed at

Combating

climate

Change

Partners in the

Sector/

(Funders)

plans to

sustain the

funding for

WASH

sector

support

Participate

in the WASH

sector

decision

making

processes

Appraisal

of the

sector

coordinati

on in the

WASH

sector

Additional actions

to achieve MDGs

Plan Guinea Educati

on

Child

Protecti

on and

Health

Strengthening

health, water,

hygiene and

sanitation system

to provide quality

services to

children (Capacity

building, building

infrastructures,

health and

water/hygiene,

sanitation

facilities.

Strengthen the

health, water,

hygiene and

sanitation system

and provide

quality services to

children.

Build the capacity

of families to use

best practices in

health, nutrition,

water, sanitation

& hygiene.

Not yet

engaged in

combating

climate

change

Funders: Overseas

sponsors, western

country

governments,

international

institutions and

some companies

such as Nokia

Partners:

Communities, local

NGOs, civil society

organizations

Strategic

Plan has a

resource

mobilizatio

n plan

which

consists of

the child

sponsorshi

p and

subsidies

requests

Actively

participate

in most of

the WASH

issues in

Guinea

The co-

ordination

is not

effective

because

sector is

spread out

to differed

ministries

Technical support

to reorganise the

sector and

increase funding

for rural WASH

programs


122

Private

sector

Guinea

Vergnet

Company

Water-

Energy-

Sanitation

Supply and

installation of

hand and solar

pumps., training

repairer

craftsmen, set up

of after-sales

service

Supply and installation

of hand and solar

pumps, training

repairer craftsmen, set

up of after-sales

service

None at the

Moment

SNAPE, NGOs,

SNIES, Private

Not

available

(Could not

comment)

Rural area

supply and

sanitation

policy

The

coordinati

on is not

good for

private

sector

operation

Increase the

capacity of spare

parts stores

Upgrade the 10

year old

equipment and

materials


123

APPENDIX 15: List of Organizations Contacted with Names of Focal Persons

Sierra Leone No. Name Function Organization

1 Marian Johnson Admin/Finance Wash- Net

2 Sallu Deen WASH Coordinator Min. of Health and Sanitation

(MOHS)

3 Gabriel Kpaka Meterologist Meteorological Department

4 Johannes Bassie PRO Wash-Net

5 Umaru Conteh CHDO Ministry of Health and

Sanitation

6 Sahr Kellie Asst. Conservator Min. Agriculture, Forestry and

Food Security

7 Saffa Bockarie Environmental Expert Sierra Leone Water Corporation

8 Alpha M. Siaka Research Coordinator Sierra Leone Biodiversity

Program

9 Usman Conteh Ag Deputy Secretary Min. of Energy and Water

Resources (MEWR)

10 Francis Moijue Senior Engineer Water Division, Ministry of

Energy and Water Resources

11 Amadu Barrie Head of Civil Engineering Fourah Bay College

Liberia

No. Name Organization Contact No. Email address

1 George Yarngo Ministry of Public Works 0886511171

[email protected]

2 Jeff Wylie

Ministry of Lands, Mines and Energy

0886815802 0886512225


3 Jonathan Davies Environmental Protection 0886523544 jwdaviesepa.lib@yahoo








124

Guinea

No. Name Organization Function Tel. and email 1 Fodé Lamine Mansaré Rural Local Government of Ouré-

kaba/Mamou Deputy Mayor 66 04 93 40

2 Baba Camara Rural Local Government of Ouré-Kaba/Mamou

Secretary General 66 95 65 11

3 Keita Kaba Rural Local Government of Soya/Mamou

Sub Prefect 64 35 76 50

4 Foula Keita Rural Local Government of Soya/Mamou

Secretary General 64 29 31 70

5 Cyrille Lizo Doré Rural Local Government of Bossou/Lola

Mayor

6 Alpha Sidibé Rural Local Government of Bossou/Lola

Sub Prefect (sub district officer)

7 M’Bemba Soumah Rural Local Government of Madina-Oula/Kindia

Tax Collector 68 10 52 51/64 25 54 01

8 Kémoko Mara Rural Local Government of Madina-Oula/Kindia


62 92 42 18

9 Alphonse Foroléno Rural Local Government of N’Zoo/Lola

Secretary General 69 09 51 76/67 80 58 47

10 Lounsény N’Donzo Rural Local Government of N’zoo/ Lola


66 49 58 88

11 Adama Diallo Vergnet Guinea General Director [email protected]

12 Mamady keoulen camara Plan Guinea Department Head 24999676

Agency Biodiversity Focal Point

.com

4 Omarly Yeabah Amos Gborie

Ministry of Health 0886669906 0886611061


5 Amos Thompson National WASH promotion Committee


6 Momo kamara UNDP GOAL WASH 0886539217 [email protected]

7 Augustine Mulbah USAID 077 085 854 [email protected]

8 Alain Pierre AfDB 0886668855 [email protected]

9 Carine Gachen Irish AID 0880-535453 [email protected]
















125

APPENDIX 16: Identification of stakeholders groups, their interest, importance and influence in

the WASH sector in Sierra Leone

Stakeholder Name Stakeholder Influence Interest Influence

/Power

Attitude

Ministry of Energy and

Water Resources

Propose National Water

Resource Commission and

Water Use Board

High High +ve

Ministry of Health and

Sanitation

Development of sanitation

policies for both rural and

urban areas

High High +ve

Ministry of Planning and

Economic Development

Allocate budget for water

and sanitation to the

respective ministries

High Medium +ve

Ministry of Internal

Affairs Local

government and Rural

development

Responsible for the

management of water and

sanitation policy

implementation at the local

level

High Medium +ve

Sierra Leone Water

Company

Supply of water to the small

towns

High Medium +ve

Water Supply Division Provide technical support to

the local authorities

High High +ve


Division

Development and

implementation of

environmental health

policies and action plans

High High +ve

The Urban WASH

Consortium

Support the city authority in

the implementation of

WASH objectives

High Medium +ve


126

National and

International NGOs

Support national and local

government in the

implementation of national

WASH policies and plans

High Medium +ve


127

APPENDIX 17: Identification of stakeholders groups, their interest, importance and influence in

the WASH sector in Guinea

Stakeholders name Stakeholder influence interest Influence

/power

Attitude

MEEE- State Ministry for

Energy and Environment

Task to develop water policy for

Guinea. (i) Management and

administration of the water resources;

(ii) urban water supply; (iii) rural water

supply and (iv) sanitation.

High High +ve

The National Water

Directorate (DNH)

Aassessment, management and coordination for the adoption of a national water policy in line with the integrated water resources management, administration of resources and water rights

High Low +ve

SNAPE (National Water

Point Office)

Participate in all commissions on the

reception of public water points in

rural and semi urban areas; signoff

studies done by private organizations

or NGOs etc.

High Medium +ve

Guinea Water Company

Operation, maintenance, renewal,

rehabilitation and development of

urban water systems for safe water

supply in Guinea.

Medium Low +ve

Delegated Ministry for

Environment and

Sustainable

Development

Develop sanitation projects and programmes for urban and rural waste reclamation and secure funding

High High +ve

National Directorate for

Environment

Design, develop and monitor the implementation of government policy on the protection of environment; set the pollution standards

High High +ve

Ministry of Public health

and Public Hygiene

Implement the Government policy on public health

High Medium +ve

National Institute for Analyse and control the quality of water

High Low +ve


128

Public health

Ministry of

Decentralisation, Local

Administration and

Development

Create technical services dedicated to

water, sanitation and hygiene or else,

to develop partnerships with the

private sector and CSOs in order to

deliver water, hygiene and sanitation

services and allow access to energy in

their respective constituencies.

High High +ve


129

APPENDIX 18: Outcome of Stakeholders Consultation, Guinea

Sector Water Sanitation Way forward

Constraints Inadequacy of the legal instruments

Weak cross-sector collaboration

Weak partnership between private and public

Inadequacy of the financial resources

Inadequate resources

Existing materials are inadequate and old

Accessories and equipment are from different sources

Weak coordination of interventions

Inadequate resources

Existing materials are inadequate and old

Accessories and equipment are from different sources

Weak coordination of interventions

Existence of a sector policy and strategy to manage the water points in rural (PNAEPA)

Challenges Subsequent to the above factors, the diseases borne from unsafe water and inadequate sanitation represent more than 90% of medical consultation in all health centres of Guinea

Water borne diseases impact on the regular attendance of jobs and schools

Since 1990, Guinea has been experiencing cholera outbreak every year. This diseases has become endemic

Lack of specialised consulting firms

Uncoordinated Intervention in the sector

Lack of consultation framework

Inadequate financing

Degradation of water quality from the source to the use point (in 90% households)

Frauds and illegal connection to the network (25%)

Old facilities leading to leakages (20%)

Flat billing due to a lack of water meters

Low income of customers leading to irregular payment of bills (70%)

Development of the 4th project for supplying water to Conakry and other cities to achieve better coverage till 2030

Construction of the 4th station on Yéssoulou


130

since 2003 and last 6 months and more

In 2006, 3230 cholera cases were reported with 218 deaths (6.7% death rate)

In 2007, 8546 cases including 310 deaths (3.6% death rate).

in 2012, 6844 cases and 121 people died (1.8% death rate)

Density of the network

Water tariff set by the government only –unique shareholder

Low cost of the cubic meter of water

Low recovery

Opportunitie

s

Existence of an integrated communication plan

Existence of chlorine production units

Existence of trained staff for production

Availability of communication materials

Existence of trained workers to carry promotion activities

statutory instrument exist (public health code);

strategy and policy documents exist

existence of state hygiene services and trained/skilled staff

existence of rules including hand washing at critical periods

Availability of different safe latrines in line with the socio cultural context of each region;

Availability of trained masons to build safe latrines;

Gradual scale up of safe latrines even in rural areas;

Mainstreaming of the sanitation component into projects and programmes;

Commitment and motivation of development partners.

Availability of different safe latrines in line with the socio cultural context of each region;

Availability of trained masons to build safe latrines;

Gradual scale up of safe latrines even in rural areas;

Mainstreaming of the sanitation component into projects and programmes;

Commitment and motivation of development partners.

Strategy and policy documents are available

Existence of a national task


131

Strategy and policy documents are available

Existence of a national task force

force


132

APPENDIX 19: STEWARD PROJECT III NATIONAL LEVEL DATA COLLECTION TOOLS—

GUIDE QUESTIONS

Focus Group Guide for community

A- COMMUNITY PROFILE

1. Name of community, population (disaggregated by gender)

2. Number of houses/households in the community

3. Schools, clinic, the main activities of households, etc.).

4. Description of access to communities (road network, communication etc.)

5. What activities are they engaged in within the community? (economic, social etc.)

B- DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES

1- What are the key development challenges faced by community

2- What priority actions have been implemented or are planned to be undertaken to mitigate

the challenges?

3- What role does WASH, health, education Play in these priorities?

4- What partners are involved in providing solutions to the identified challenges

5- What is the source of funding to address these challenges

C- WASH SITUATION IN COMMUNITIES

1- What are your sources of water for domestic (single) use?

2- Types and numbers of WASH facilities within the community(water point, Latrines,

technology types)

3- % having access to these services (statistics)

4- Are the facilities still operational (functioning)?

5- What is the community’s perception on the quality of the facilities?

6- What are your specific WASH service needs/requirements?

7- How will you appreciate the existing WASH services in your community?

8- What plans/structures are in place to operate and maintain these facilities?

9- Do they have the capacity to operate and maintain the facilities?

10- How and where is solid and liquid waste in the community disposed?

11- What are the key WASH issues/challenges in community?

12- Initiatives undertaken at local level to solve these problems/challenges?

13- What additional capacity is required to support them resolve their WASH challenges?

14- Is WASH considered in your municipal budget?

15- Where do you get funds for WASH service delivery and for O&M?

D- COMMUNITY LIVELIHOODS


133

1- What is your source of water for multiple uses? (gardening, irrigation, small scale

businesses etc.)

2- What challenges do you have with water supply for multiple uses in your community?

3- How do these challenges affect your normal community life?

4- Have you experienced flooding in the past? How did you handle it?

5- Have you experienced drought in the past?

6- How did the droughts and/or flood affect your water sources?

7- How did the drought and flood affect your food supply/consumption in the community?

8- What coping mechanisms did you adopt in order to recover from the situation?

9- Which institutions provided you with support?

10- What was the form of the support?

11- Do receive support from the Government for WASH services?

12- What activities both human and natural pose as threats to the continued supply of water in

your community?

13- Are there any plans to mitigate these threats and what are they?

14- What kinds of resources are required to effectively implement the mitigation plans?

E- WATER GOVERNANCE

1. Do you as a community meet to discuss issues around water management?

2. Who organizes these meetings?

3. How do members (men, women and children) participate in these meetings?

4. How are the meetings facilitated? What specific issues are discussed in these meetings?

5. When there is an urgent water resource management issue, how do you quickly mobilize

the community to share the information?

6. Who is/are responsible for follow-up actions after the meetings?

7. Do they have the required capacity to perform the follow-up roles?

8. What plans are in place to protect your water resources from pollution and also reduce

vulnerability?

9. Do you have water user associations in your community?

10. What roles do they play in managing the water resources?

11. Do you share water resources with neighboring communities?

12. What plans are there to manage conflicts related to water usage in and between

communities?


134

Appendix 20: STEWARD PROJECT III NATIONAL LEVEL DATA COLLECTION TOOLS—

GUIDE QUESTIONS

Interview Guide for INGO

A- BACKGROUND 1- Name, date created, date of official recognition, membership, status and rules of

procedure, Management board composition, full address, etc.

2- Vision, Mission statements

3- Organization chart, Plan territory occupation

B- KEY SECTOR ACTIONS

1- What are your main priority strategic and operational programmes in the sector?

2- What is your area of speciality?

3- Which area of the national WASH policy(if any) is your strategy addressing

4- What specific activities are you undertaking in the WASH Sector at local and national

levels?

5- What is the level of access to services in relation to Technology types and level of use,

single use versus communal use, household vs. Communal at community levels?

6- Do you implement specific WASH programmes aimed at combating Climate Change?

7- How does your WASH strategy address issues of food security at both national and local

levels?

8- Who are your collaborators/partners?

9- Who are your funders?

10- Do you have plans to sustain the funding for WASH sector support?

11- What capacity do you have at the moment to ensure sustainable funding?

12- Is there any capacity requirements/support for you for to effectively do this?

13- Which regional and national level institutions can provide this required capacity?

14- Where does the finance for WASH delivery at communal level come from (funding for

capital investment and running cost etc?)

15- What specific areas would you recommend for an intervention to be focused on and why?

16- In your opinion what kind of services need to be provided in the sector to promote food

security and livelihood for communities?

17- What mechanisms are in place to manage conflicts in the WASH sector?

18- What are some of the lessons you have learnt and how can these lessons contribute to

scaling up WASH service?

C- WASH SECTOR GOVERNANCE 1- Do you participate in the WASH sector strategic decision making processes?

What specific role do you play in the sector coordination activities? (National and Local

levels)

2- What is the frequency of the sector strategic meetings/platforms?


135

3- What is the mode of participation in these meetings/platforms?

4- What is you appraisal of the sector coordination in the WASH sector?

5- What WASH Sector capacities exist to achieve the MDG target in terms of fundraising,

providing services, communities’ awareness, and ensuring sustainability?

6- What additional key actions should be undertaken in the WASH sector to achieve the MDG

target?


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GUIDE QUESTIONS

Key Informant Interview for Community Opinion Leaders

A- BACKGROUND

1. Sex/Gender?

2. Marital status?

3. Level of education attained (if any)?

4. Role/position in the community?

B- COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ISSUES

1- What in your opinion are the key development challenges faced by your community?

2- What practical actions are required to resolve these challenges?

3- What local resources and capacities exist in the community to facilitate the mitigation

process?

4- What is the relationship between WASH services, Health and Education in your

community?

5- What Partners were involved in the provision of support to resolve your development

challenges?

C- WASH ISSUES IN COMMUNITY

1- What are the Key issues/Problems/local constrains to WASH services sustainability in the

community?

2- How did these problems come about?

3- What are your current hygiene behavior change needs in your community?

4- What opportunities, methodologies and materials are there to properly implement and

communicate hygiene behavior change?

5- Are there any existing local resources and capacity to support this initiative?

6- What specific actions have been undertaken at local level to solve these problems?

7- What results were achieved?

8- What Lessons were learned?

9- How can these lessons contribute to sustainable WASH service delivery?

D- COMMUNITY CHANNELS FOR COMMUNICATION

1- How are issues/problems related to WASH service delivery in the community

communicated?


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2- Who is responsible for receiving these complains?

3- Who takes actions if any, on these received complains in the community?

4- What is the feedback process to the rest of the community?

5- How do you go about prioritising these WASH service problems?

6- Whenever there is conflict related to WASH, how is it resolved and who leads the process?

7- What would be your suggestion for improvement in the service delivery process


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GUIDE QUESTIONS

Key Informant Interview—WASH Ministry, Health, Forestry and Environment

A- BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1- What is the Vision and Mission of the Ministry?

2- When was the ministry created?

3- Structure (Organization chart) of the ministry

4- Main priority actions on-going in relation to WASH

5- What is the current strategic and operational focus of the ministry?

6- Who are the Ministry’s main partners in the WASH sector (Technical and Financial, Bilateral

or multilateral)

7- How are these partners identified?

8- What are their commitments to sector strategy and Priorities?

B- WASH ACTIVITIES

1- Is there a WASH Policy? Summarize Country’s WASH policy and strategy contents (collect

copies of policies of finance, environment, health and forestry ministries if available)

2- If no to the B1 above, what are the plans in place to develop a WASH policy?

3- What have been the major WASH achievements so far in relation to coverage rates/levels,

technologies used, supply chains, financing, and policy?

4- Have there been any challenges in implementing WASH services? Yes, No

5- If yes to B4, What are the main challenges that were encountered in relation to the

Environment, Political, Economic, Social and Technical/Technological?

6- What is the level of access to services in relation to Technology types and level of use,

single use versus communal use, household vs Communal at community levels?

7- Have there been any specific WASH interventions to combat Climate Change and also

promote biodiversity conservation?

8- What WASH plans are there or have been implemented to promote and ensure sustainable

livelihoods and food security?

9- What has been your experience with trans-boundary water resource issues?

10- Is there a policy/plan to deal with trans-boundary water resource management issues?

11- What plans/strategies are there to manage conflicts in water resource management in the

sector?

12- What are your budget provisions and projections in order to reach the MDG target?

13- How are issues of pollution, solid and liquid waste disposals managed in the sector?

14- Are there any specific plans and strategies in dealing with these issues in 7 above?

15-


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C- WASH SECTOR COORDINATION 1- Who are the main actors in your WASH sector; both national and local levels?

2- What is their level of involvement in sector activities planning, implementation and

Monitoring?

3- Is/Are there platform(s) for WASH decision making?

4- Who is responsible for organising and coordinating these sector actors?

5- What is the frequency of interaction between these sector players/actors?

6- What institutional frameworks, plans and strategies are in place to promote effective

participation by actors in the sector?

7- What are some of the achievements of sector coordination activities?

8- Are there any key lessons and experiences coming out of these coordination activities?

9- What mechanisms are in place to share these lessons and experiences with other sectors?

D- CAPACITY BUILDING/DEVELOPMENT IN WASH

1- What current capacity exits among the identified WASH actors to implement strategic

programmes?

2- Are there additional capacity requirements for the actors?

3- What Strategies are in place to bridge the capacity gaps identified?

4- Are there any specific interventions that need to be made by other regional and national

level WASH institutions or platforms in order to improve upon existing capacity as well as

scale up WASH programmes?

5- What practical plans and strategies exist or are in place to ensure sustainability of the

WASH services?

6- In terms of priority, which areas in the sector present themselves as opportunities and

require urgent support or intervention?

7- What will be your specific intervention and support requirements from other regional and

national WASH sector partners/institutions to facilitate an environment that promotes

sustainability?

E- LINKAGE WITH OTHER SECTORS

1- What is the link between WASH sectors and others sectors at national level (Climate,

change, IWRN, biodiversity conservation, etc.)

2- What is the level of collaboration between the WASH ministry and the ministries of

environment, forestry, health and finance?

3- What are their specific policies/strategic actions for WASH sector programme support?

4- Are there any dedicated departments/agencies in the above mentioned ministries for

WASH sector support? (Mention/list them).

5- What are Challenges in this inter-departmental/agency arrangement for WASH sector

support?


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GUIDE QUESTIONS

Interview Guide for the private sector

A- BACKGROUND

1- Name, date created, date of official recognition (If different), membership, status and rules

of procedure, full address, etc.

2- Vision, Mission statements

3- Organization chart

B- KEY SECTOR ACTIONS

1- What is your speciality as an organisation(specific WASH area of intervention)

2- What are you key programmatic interventions in the sector at national and local levels?

3- Which institutions have you been collaborating with?

4- Who are your funding partners?

5- Have you been participating in WASH sector platforms and decision making processes?

6- Which of the sector Policy areas does your own organisational strategy address?

7- Do you have any reasons for specifically focusing on these aspects of the sector?

8- In ensuring quality of service, what parameters/components are usually taking into

account?

9- What results have you achieved so far? Have there been any challenges?

10- What lessons have you identified that could contribute to scaling-up and sustainability of

the services?

11- What is the comparative advantage for the organization over other actors?

C- PRIVATE SECTOR LINKAGE WITH WASH SECTOR (INVESTMENTS)

1- What is the role of the private sector in promoting sustainable WASH services?

2- What is the level of government support for your intervention?

3- Are there any strategic investments opportunities for the private sector and which are

they?

4- How have private sector activities provided support to achieving the WASH sector targets?

5- Are there specific plans in place by the private sector/by you, to ensure sustainable funding

for WASH sector support?

6- What Specific capacities do you possess to ensure this?

7- Do you have Specific capacity requirements related to 4 and 5 above?

8- How can these capacities be provided within the sector?

9- What model of integrated approach would you suggest for improving the WASH sector?

10- What specific areas would you recommend for an intervention to be focused on and why?


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11- In your opinion what kind of services need to be provided in the sector to promote food

security and livelihood for communities?

12- What mechanisms are in place to manage conflicts in the WASH sector?


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APPENDIX 24: Scope of Work

Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Project

1. Purpose The purpose of this Scope of Work (SOW) is to conduct an assessment of the Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) situation, needs and opportunities in the focus countries and Priority Zones (PZs) of USAID/West Africa’s Sustainable and Thriving Environments for West African Regional Development (STEWARD III) program (Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea and Cote d’Ivoire). The assessment will be undertaken as part of STEWARD’s integrated program considering Biodiversity/Natural Resources Management (NMR) and Climate Change Adaptation (CC-A) components, and will view WASH needs and opportunities within this context. 2. Background STEWARD is a USAID/West Africa regional program that addresses threats to biodiversity, improves resiliency to global climate change, and capitalizes on regional opportunities to spread best practices and harmonize policies. The program is headquartered in Sierra Leone, and focuses in three transboundary PZs within the Upper Guinea forest ecosystem which covers an area of about 420,000 km2, extending from southern Guinea into Sierra Leone, through Liberia and southern Côte d’Ivoire, into Ghana and western Togo.1The program was developed to address the significant biodiversity threats facing this regional ecosystem, through an integrated approach that balances conservation needs with livelihood and development priorities. In STEWARD’s earlier phases, the program focused primarily on biodiversity conservation. Starting in 2011, USAID/West Africa integrated global CC-A and sustainable livelihoods into the scope of STEWARD III. The objectives of the current phase of STEWARD’s work are to (a) conserve biodiversity and improve rural livelihoods in critical transboundary landscapes; (b) produce harmonized policies and legal frameworks for natural resource management (NRM) in the West Africa regional context; and (c) contribute to national strategic plans on climate change in the Mano River Union states that promote resiliency in the face of climate change and mitigate its negative effects. USAID/West Africa now has an opportunity to incorporate WASH funding into STEWARD to complement existing resources for biodiversity conservation and CC-A. With the addition of these funds, USAID seeks to expand STEWARD’s scope and integrate NRM, livelihoods strengthening, and climate change resiliency with increased sustainable access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene services and behavior change in WASH.

1 STEWARD works in three transboundary PZs: PZ1: Sierra Leone (Outamba-Kilimi National Park) / Guinea (Madina Oula,

Soya and Ouré Kaba sub-prefectures); PZ2: Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire (Mount Nimba) / Liberia (East Nimba Nature Reserve); and PZ3: Côte d’Ivoire (Taï National Park) /Liberia (Proposed Grebo National Park) and adjacent community lands.


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Certainly the WASH needs are high in West Africa. Four out of five sick people in the region suffer from diseases caused by dirty water and/or unhygienic practices, usually in the poorest communities, and especially among women and children. The link with food security is also significant, as diarrheal disease due to unimproved services and lack of hygiene is a significant contributing factor to chronic under nutrition and stunting. Numerous countries within West Africa do not meet the Millennium Development Goals for improved water supply nor improved sanitation targets.2 The STEWARD focus countries indicated in this SOW have especially low development indicators overall, with significant gaps in water supply and sanitation coverage, particularly in rural areas. Where water supply services do exist, they suffer from chronic problems of poor operations and maintenance, frequent breakdowns, poor quality of services and lack financial solvency. Coverage of improved sanitation is low, and existing latrines are poorly maintained. Both these facts indicate an overall lack of demand for sanitation. Concerted and collaborative action will be required to develop WASH services and to improve access to them on a sustainable basis in the near, medium, and long-term. WASH funding within STEWARD has the potential to support a broad range of interventions in the sector; e.g., i) supporting national enabling environments and capacity building; ii) site-based interventions that stimulate demand and behavior change in sanitation and hygiene; improving the quality of drinking water; and iv) developing or rehabilitating water supply and sanitation infrastructure. As the WASH needs far exceed the available resources, STEWARD must carefully choose the most strategic, catalytic, and sustainable investments in WASH that maximize impact and sustainability, while optimizing synergies with the rest of the program’s interventions in NRM, biodiversity and climate change. Strategic programming choices must be based on a comprehensive analysis of the current situation, challenges, and opportunities that exist in the WASH sector within STEWARD’s zone of influence on the ground in the PZs and within the context of WASH at the national level. 3. Objectives To best advance STEWARD’s interventions in the WASH sector, this assessment will: (5) Assess the current WASH situation and trends in each STEWARD focus country identifying key

issues and challenges as well as current levels of response by governments, donors, and other actors;

(6) Undertake the same analysis in the three STEWARD PZs; (7) Understand the ways in which WASH achieving sustainable WASH services connect to other

development results STEWARD - biodiversity conservation, sustainable livelihoods and climate change resiliency - in general as well as in the three transboundary PZs of the program; and

(8) Identify key gaps in the WASH sector that could be strategic entry points for USAID investment in the context of the integrated STEWARD biodiversity/climate change program at national and site-based levels.

2The MDGs call for decreasing by one-half the proportion of people without access to improved drinking water

supply and sanitation by 2015. “Not on track” means that coverage in 2006 was more than 10% below the rate it

needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target, or the 1990-2006 trend shows unchanged or decreasing

coverage.


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4. Tasks The consultant Team will carry out the following specific tasks for each of the four STEWARD focus countries (Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, and Ivory Coast), and three trans-boundary Priority Zones: a. Collect national information on:

o Current status of WASH services coverage and analysis of constraints to the sustainability of WASH services (technologies, supply chains, financing, capacity, policy, etc.);

o the WASH enabling environment (institutional frameworks, policies, strategies, plans, investments, and coordinating mechanisms);

o current capacity among government, NGO/PVO/CBO, and local private sector actors to implement strategic programming in the WASH sector at the national level; donor activity in the WASH sector (including donor coordination bodies);

o budget projections to reach MDGs or universal coverage, including life-cycle costs; and o The role that any regional and/or national level WASH institutions or platforms could play

in learning, sharing of experiences, capacity building and scaling up WASH.

b. Collect site-based (PZ 1 and PZ2 level) information on : o current service types and status for water supply/water treatment and sanitation (e.g.,

products, types of technologies in place and levels of use, household vs. communal approaches, single use vs. multiple use, operational status, financial aspects (source of funding for capital investments and running costs, and contributions of different stakeholders);

o validation of national official WASH statistics with supplemental local information; o additional information on WASH service delivery including characteristics of WASH service

providers (public-NGO-private sectors), perceptions about quality of services, maintenance/rehabilitation issues, fee structures and cost recovery, issues concerning water sources (quantity and quality, quantity and quality of surface and/or groundwater as they relate to WASH services);

o local government capacity and issues associated with any decentralized service provision; o local perspectives and observed constraints to WASH services sustainability; and o current hygiene behaviors and needs/opportunities (including current behavior change

methodologies and materials, partner capacity (government and other) in this area)

c. Assess linkages between WASH and the other programmatic areas of the STEWARD project including: o threats to drinking water quality and quantity that can be addressed through improved

water resources/watershed management; o climate change projections, vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies related to WASH

service delivery including water source vulnerability, extreme events (floods, landslides, etc.); responsibility and priorities of national, local governance structures in water resources/watershed management, especially as they link to drinking water supply/WASH;

o community governance capacity for WASH-related NRM (e.g., water users’ associations, local government units, watsan committee structure, etc.); and

o constraints that hinder the practice of improved watershed management as it affects WASH services


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d. Identify opportunities and strategic entry points for STEWARD WASH investments in the areas of: o reform of the WASH enabling environment in any of the four focus countries; o capacity building of government, private sector, NGOs/CBOs, etc. in specific areas of

WASH; o site-based WASH interventions that are catalytic, sustainable, and replicable (may consist

of demand creation and hygiene behavior change , or include capacity building to maintain existing infrastructure, or both of these along with strategic investments in new hardware);

o WASH interventions that are synergistic with NRM, biodiversity conservation, and/or CC-A programming, including linkages to livelihoods and food security; and

o Potential for collaboration or partnering with other donors and partners, including other WASH investments of USAID/West Africa (e.g., the WA-WASH program).

The team should rank potential intervention areas taking into consideration cost-benefit (strategic impact for dollars spent); focus on factors contributing to long-term sustainability; potential for scalability; synergy with other USAID/WA programs (e.g., WA-WASH). Recommendations should also be made on the balance between national interventions and site-based work. 5. Methodology The consultant team will draw on a range of data and information sources, including all STEWARD and relevant USAID project documents, publicly available literature or grey literature from government or other sources, interviews with key public and private stakeholders/informants in the capital cities and important provincial/district centers of the four target countries, and meetings with all STEWARD partners (sub-awardees). The consultant team will also make site visits to two transboundary PZ sites (PZ1 and PZ2; PZ3 will only consist of the desk study) of the STEWARD program described earlier. At the end of the site visits and data collection phase, the consultant team will debrief with STEWARD management, and hold a meeting to synthesize results across the country-level analyses. The Team Leader will also visit USAID/West Africa in Accra for an out-briefing and preliminary presentation of results at the end of the field analyses. 6. Key Personnel and Level of Effort The consultant team will consist of a mix of local and international professionals with expertise in WASH in the West Africa context, including familiarity with how WASH programming intersects with NRM and CC-A. In each STEWARD focus country, local or country-based consultants will provide most of the effort in information collection and will coordinate and oversee all aspects of the site visits of the international consultant(s). The team will be managed by a senior international consultant with broad experience in WASH in West Africa who will be familiar with integrated WASH programming and service delivery. The senior consultant will provide overall leadership to the effort, and will synthesize inputs of the team and will ensure production and delivery of the final report. There may be participation of one or more USAID technical experts on the team, who will accompany the consultants on the field visits and consultations in the focus countries (this is exclusive of the attached budget). They will provide their own travel costs, but will need to be factored into the logistic arrangements made by the consultant team (e.g., transport, hotel and plane reservations, etc.).


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Illustrative LOE to carry out this SOW is:

International Team Leader / Senior WASH expert (1): 30 days

National WASH and/or Integrated NRM experts (4) with experience in integrating with NRM programs (1 in each of the STEWARD target country) with up to 30 days each X 3 = 90 days.

LOE estimates include time in the field visiting the STEWARD countries and PZs. All international consultants will be bilingual (English/French). A different mix of team members and LOE may be proposed by the consultants. 7. Schedule Work will be carried out over an 6 week period from August – October 2012, including work in-country as well as in their home base. An approximate schedule to complete the tasks outlined above is presented below. An alternative calendar may be proposed by the consultants.

Illustrative Timeline / Implementation Schedule

Tasks Week

1 2 3 4 5 6

Literature review X

Orientation with STEWARD Team X

PZ1 visit: Sierra Leone/Guinea X

PZ2 visit: Guinea/Liberia/Ivory Coast X X

Consultant team debrief and drafting meeting X

Draft Report Prepared/Reviewed X

Final Report Prepared and Delivered X

8. Deliverables The consultant team will produce the following deliverables:

One draft report with analysis and recommendations disaggregated by country and by areas of program emphasis;

One round of revisions following review by USAID and USFS/STEWARD staff; One final report incorporating comments of USAID and USFS/STEWARD staff; and Aannexes of the report will include: a list of people/organizations consulted (with contact

information), a list of documents consulted (and web links as available).

9. Key Working Relationships The consultant team will work under the supervision of the US Forest Service management office for STEWARD based in Freetown, Sierra Leone. As needed, the consultant team leader will also consult with the US-based US Forest Service management as well as USAID/West Africa AOR of the STEWARD program.


147

USAID/WA and/or STEWARD will provide the consultants with all relevant background documents on USAID programs, as well as information on USAID institutional parameters for the exercise (e.g., earmark definitions). All other research materials and documents will be the responsibility of the consultant team. STEWARD staff and sub-awardees implementing field activities under the program will help organize field visits in each PZ. Local-based members of the consultant team will serve as the principal liaison for making local travel arrangements for international consultants, and they will organize all capital city consultations (in coordination with STEWARD or sub-grantee representatives as necessary). The contract can pay for additional required logistical costs as needed, e.g., if an additional rental vehicle is needed. 10. Budget

The following illustrative budget will be used to carry out the tasks described above. Illustrative Budget for STEWARD WASH Assessment Please see revised budget attached to email.


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REFERENCES / LIST OF DOCUMENTS CONSULTED Sierra Leone

1. Annotated guidelines for the preparation of national adaptation program of action, least Developed Countries Expert Group- UNFCC- July 2002.

2. Report on the identification of Adaptation Options in Agriculture and Food Security Sector

3. Report on the identification of Adaptation Options in the Forestry Sector

4. Report on the identification of Adaptation Options in Water Resources Sector

5. Report on the identification of Adaptation Options in Meteorological Sector

6. Climate Change 2007: Climate Change Impact, Adaptation and Vulnerability, IPCC WG11 Fourth Assessment Report.

7. Sierra Leone Encyclopedia 2006: Development Assistance Coordination Office (DACO) Sierra Leone Information System (SLIS)

8. Statistic Sierra Leone (2004) National Census Report

9. Country Status Overview- WASH Sector

10. Government of Sierra Leone (2000). Household survey Report (MICS 2). Central Statistics Office Ministry of Development and Economic Planning.

11. Statistical Sierra Leone and UNICEF-Sierra Leone (2007). Sierra Leone Multi indicator cluster survey 2005, final report, Freetown Sierra Leone: Statistics Sierra Leone and UNICEF Sierra Leone.

12. Water Supply and Sanitation Policy. Nov 2009, The Republic of Liberia

13. Liberia WASH Compact. Sanitation and Water for All: A Global Framework. May 2011 , The Republic of Liberia

14. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Strategic Plan 2012-2017. April 2012 , The Republic of Liberia

15. The National Forestry Policy (2006), the Republic of Liberia

16. National Forestry Reform Law (2006), the Republic of Liberia

17. Liberia Protected Areas Network Strategic Plan-2008-2013 (draft)

18. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (2010) ‘Annual Monitoring and Evaluation/Health Monitoring, Information System Assessment Report’, the Republic of Liberia

19. Ministry of Lands, Mines & Energy (2009) ‘National Integrated Water Resources Management Policy, 2009’, The Republic of Liberia

20. Ministry of Planning & Economic Affairs (2011) ‘National Capacity Building Strategy, 2011’, the Republic of Liberia


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21. Ministry of Public Works (2009) ‘Water Supply & Sanitation Policy, 2009’, The Republic of Liberia

22. Ministry of Public Works (2010) ‘The Guideline for Water and Sanitation Services in Liberia’, the Republic of Liberia

23. Ministry of Public Works (2011) ‘Strategic Plan, 2011-2016’

24. Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) & UNICEF (2004) ‘Village Profile Assessment, Conducted in Sept 2004-Nov 2004’, The Republic of Liberia

25. Monrovia City Council (Draft, 2011) ‘Solid Waste Letter of Sector Policy’

26. Sommer, M (2009) ‘Where the Education System & Women’s Bodies Collide: The social and health impacts of girls’ experiences of menstruation and schooling in Tanzania’, Journal of Adolescence (2009), doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.03.008

27. Subah-Belleh Associates (2008) ‘Hygiene-Related Risky Behaviors and Practices in Liberia, A baseline survey of 1000 communities in eight counties’, May 2008, Monrovia, Liberia, UNICEF

28. The State Water and Sanitation Mission Manuals’, The Swajaldhara Project, SWSM, DRD, GoUP, India, 2004

29. The University of Liberia (downloaded September 2012) ‘T. J. Faulkner College of Science and Technology; Civil Engineering’, http://www.tlafrica.com/lu/ul_course_master_list_civil_engineering.htm

30. Five-year socio-economic development plan (2011-2015), transversal social content, 2011

31. Demographic survey and health 2005

32. Diagnosis of Access to Safe Water for Rural and Urban Populations, 2006 Sékou Sangaré

33. National Health Policy, 2001

34. National Health Development Plan (PNDS) 2005 -2014, 2004

35. National Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan (PANA), 2007

36. National Environment Policy, Summary report of the situation, 2009

37. National Public Hygiene Policy, 2010

38. National Sanitation and Living Environment Policy, 2010

39. Document on the Poverty Reduction Strategy (DSRP 2011-2012), 2011

40. Environment Code, ord Nber 045/PRG/87 et 022/PRG/89

http://www.tlafrica.com/lu/ul_course_master_list_civil_engineering.htm


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41. Guinea Water Code, 1994

42. Sanitation Diagnosis Report, 2006

43. Environment Diagnosis Report, 2006

44. National Safe Water Supply and Sanitation Program, 2009

Guinea 1. Plan quinquennal de développement socio-économique

2011 (2011-2015), contenu social transversal, Ministère du plan

2. Enquête Démographique et santé 2005 Ministère du plan 3. Diagnostic de l’accès à l’eau potable des populations en

2006 milieu urbain et rural, PNUD (Sekou sangaré)

4. Politique Nationale de la santé, 2001

Ministère de la santé

5. Pan d’Action National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques (PANA), 2007

Ministère de l’Agriculture, Elevage, Environnement, des eaux et forêts

6. Politique National de l’Environnement, rapport de synthèse état de lieux, 2009

PNUD, Ministère de l’environnement

7. Politique National de l’Hygiène Publique, 2010 Ministère de la santé, 8. Politique National de l’Assainissement et du cadre de vie,

2010 Ministère environnement et du cadre de vie

9. Document de Stratégie de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP 2011-2012), 2011

Ministère du plan

10. Code l’environnement ord N°045/PRG/87 et 022/PRG/89, 1987

Ministère environnement

11. Code l’eau de Guinée, 1994

Ministère de l’hydraulique et énergie

12. Rapport Diagnostic Assainissement, 2006 PNUD GUINEE 13. Rapport Diagnostic Environnement, 2006 PNUD GUINEE 14. Programme National d’Alimentation en Eau Potable et

Assainissement, 2009 Ministère Hydraulique et Energie (SNAPE)

15. Plan National de Développement Sanitaire (PNDS) 2005 -2014, 2004

Ministère de la santé


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General References

1. WAPCA (2009). Forests and Biodiversity. http://www.wapca.org/05.htm

2. Wild Life Extra (2008). New National Park in Sierra Leone sets the Standard for conservation. http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/safaris/gola-park829.html#cr

3. STEWARD (2005). Performance Management Plan.

4. USAID (undated). Sustainable Thriving Environments for West African Regional Program (STEWARD). One Pager document produced by USAID, International Programs and US Forest Service.

5. Hutton Guy and Haller Laurence (2004). Evaluation of Cost and Benefits of Water and Sanitation improvements at global levels. Water, Sanitation and Health. Protection of Human Environment. World Health Organization, Geneva. WHO/SDE/WSH/04.04. Retrieved on 5th November 2012 from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wsh0404.pdf

6. Bureau of African Affairs (2012). US relations with Sierra Leone. Fact sheet. Us department of state. Democracy in Action. Accessed on 13th of November 2012 from http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5475.htm

7. UN data (2012). Children under-five mortality rate per 1000 live births. Sourced from Millennium Development Goals data base. United Nations Statistics division. Access on 13/11/12 from http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3A561

8. STEWARD Program (2012). Annual Technical Report. Submitted to USAID Regional Mission, Accra.

9. Nicol Alan (2000). Adopting Sustainable Livelihoods Approach to Water Projects: Implication for Policy and Practice. Overseas Development Institute. Working Paper 133.

10. World Bank (2010). Sustaining Water for All in a Changing Climate. World Bank Group. Implementation report of the Water Resources Sector Strategy. Retrieved on March 27th, 2013 from http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/10/14/000334955_20101014040753/Rendered/PDF/571250WP00Box31LIC10sustainingwater.pdf

11. UN Water (2008). Transboundary Water: Sharing benefits, Sharing responsibilities. Thematic Paper.

12. UNDP Liberia (2012). Coastal Project: Enhancing Resilience of Vulnerable Coastal Areas to Climate Change Risk in Liberia. Retrieved on March 27th from http://www.lr.undp.org/careas.html

http://www.wapca.org/05.htm

http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/safaris/gola-park829.html#cr

http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wsh0404.pdf

http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5475.htm

http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3A561

http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/10/14/000334955_20101014040753/Rendered/PDF/571250WP00Box31LIC10sustainingwater.pdf



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