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WATER SCENARIO IN INDIA

Issues, Challenges & Way Forward

13 November 2019

The Portuguese and India Water & Sewage Industry

Opportunities for Business, Partnerships, and Knowledge Networks

India’s annual water resource potential is

1870 – 1950 bcm, but, utilizable water

resources is 1030-1120 bcm

Annual avg. per capita water availability

declining over time - 1850 m3/capita (2001) to

1550 m3/capita (2011) to 1470 m3/capita (2015)

India is water stressed and at the threshold of

becoming a water scarce country

India’s water resources

Water Infographics

Challenges

Available Water

Agriculture

Industry

Maintaining Ecological

Flows

Municipal

(Drinking & Domestic

use)

• Distribution of water

between different users

• Maintaining minimum

ecological flows in

rivers

• Poor Quality Water

Competing

Water Demands

Jal Shakti Abhiyan

संचय जल, बेहतर कल

Government of India’s Initiative

Water Conservation: Now a National Priority

https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/documents/presentations




11,18 10,99

6,60

4,78 4,74

2,28

China Israel

3 to 5 times more water for irrigation (agriculture) than China, US, and Israel

USA South Africa Brazil India

Disproportionate higher use of water per crop

Water used for irrigation (in m3) per kg of crop produced (2005-17)

Need for Integrated Water Management

6 Source: FAO AQUASTAT 2017, OECD data (2018)

5177

2209 1820

1545 1341

-500

500

1500

2500

3500

4500

5500

1951 1991 2001 2011 2025

India’s decrease in water availability

Cubic meter per capita per year

Source: Dept of Water Resources, Ministry of Jal Shakti





Water Stressed Blocks/Districts to be covered

Criteria:

I. Blocks with Critical/Over-exploited

Groundwater levels.

II. For States without Critical/Over-

exploited Blocks, Districts with the least

groundwater availability are selected.

INDEX [Total Districts: 257] 234 Regular Districts 23 Aspirational Districts

States / UTs Blocks Districts

1 Andhra Pradesh 68 9

2 Arunachal Pradesh 11 1

3 Assam 5 1

4 Bihar 30 12

5 Chhattisgarh 2 2

6 Delhi 24 10

7 Goa 7 1

8 Gujarat 30 5

9 Haryana 81 19

10 Himachal Pradesh 4 4

11 Jammu & Kashmir 15 1

12 Jharkhand 5 2

13 Karnataka 53 19

14 Kerala 3 2

15 Madhya Pradesh 29 11

16 Maharashtra 20 8

17 Manipur 3 1

18 Meghalaya 3 1

19 Mizoram 2 1

20 Nagaland 3 1

21 Odisha 9 1

22 Punjab 111 20

23 Rajasthan 218 29

24 Sikkim 8 1

25 Tamil Nadu 541 27

26 Telangana 137 24

27 Tripura 6 1

28 Uttar Pradesh 139 35

29 Uttarakhand 8 1

30 West Bengal 1 1

31 A&N Islands 3 1

32 Chandigarh 1 1

33 D&N Haveli 1 1

34 Daman & Diu 1 1

35 Lakshadweep 9 1

36 Puducherry 1 1

Total 1592 257

7 https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/documents/presentations




Intervention Areas

Concerned Departments: M/o Jal Shakti; M/o Rural Development; D/o Land Resources; M/o Agriculture & Cooperation and Farmers Welfare; D/o Agricultural Research and Education; M/o Environment, Forests and Climate Change; and M/o Housing and Urban Affairs

1. Water conservation and rainwater harvesting

2. Renovation of traditional and other water bodies/tanks

3. Reuse, borewell recharge structures

4. Watershed development

5. Intensive afforestation

8 https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/documents/presentations




JSA Intervention Areas

1. Water conservation and rainwater

harvesting

Activity

Construction of water conservation

structures:

a) rooftop rainwater harvesting structures

- public ; private

b) Check Dams

c) Trenches

d) Farm Ponds

2. Renovation of traditional and other

water bodies/tanks

Activity:

a) Restoration / renovation of

traditional water bodies/tanks

(includes individual owned units)

a) Number of other water bodies

restored

9

A series of trenches/Khantis along hill slopes hold rainwater and recharge water sources, Uttarakhand

Traditional water system, Maharashtra





JSA Intervention Areas

3. Reuse, borewell recharge

structures

Activity:

The following structures constructed

a) No. of borewell recharge

structures

b) Soak pits

- Community; individual

c) Greywater* treatment ponds

* Waste water generated from household washing and bathing

Community soak pit, MGNREGA

10

4. Watershed development

Activity:

a) Area under Watershed

Development increased

b) Number of staggered trenches

constructed

c) Many gully plugs constructed

d) Percolation tanks constructed

Watershed Management, Assam https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/documents/presentations




Efforts Towards Ganga Conservation

GAP I

• Launched in 1985

• Focus on Main stem of River Ganga

• 25 Towns Covered

• 260 schemes completed

GAP II

• Extended from GAP I in 1993

• Merged with NRCP in 1996

• Taken up works on four tributaries – Yamuna, Gomti, Damodar & Mahananda

NRCP

• Launched in 1995

• Covered 41 major Rivers of the country

• 8 Ganga basin rivers taken up viz Betwa, Chambal, Gang.a, Mahananda, Mandakini, Ramganga, Yamuna

NGRBA

• Separate Authority for Ganga created in 2009

• Chaired by Prime Minister of India

• NMCG as an implementing body at center and SPMGs at states

Namami Gange

• Project under Separate Ministry for Ganga Rejuvenation

• All 11 Basin states covered

• Conservation measures for all tributaries of Ganga

A Shift Towards Basin Based Approach

Details on Namami Gange Programme available at <https://nmcg.nic.in/>

‘Namami Gange’ – Holistic approach

Thrust Areas

Improved Inter-Ministerial and Centre-State Co-ordination

Tributaries and sub-tributaries of Ganga brought under one umbrella

Holistic Basin Approach

Pollution abatement

Wholesome River

Peoples’ participation and

creating awareness

Research and Monitoring

Capacity Building and State’s

participation

Conservation of biodiversity

River Front Development

Flood-plain protection & Sand-Mining

Ganga River Basin Management Plan (GRBMP) by IIT Consortium


Efforts initiated under Namami Gange

River Front Development

100% sewerage treatment infrastructure for 118 Towns

River Surface Cleaning

Massive Afforestation Drive Treatment of drains

Strict enforcement for Industrial pollution

Improved wood-based crematoria


Need of the hour

• Rationing of water- Promote water metering and volumetric supply of water

• Proper pricing- To minimize wastage and change mindsets

• Promoting water efficient equipment, faucets, micro-irrigation, etc.

• Encouraging Reuse of treated municipal wastewater in

• Industry

• Agriculture

Sewage Generation

Increase in Urban Population

Increase in Municipal & Industrial Activities

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

320

340

360

380

400

420

440

460

2011 2013 2015 2017

Sew

ag

e G

en

era

tio

n (

ML

D)

Urb

an

Po

pu

lati

on

(M

illio

ns

)

Urban Poulation (Millions) Sewage Generation (MLD)

Change in Sewage Treatment Capacity

• Government has launched a

number of programmes/

schemes for augmenting

sewage treatment and

collection infrastructure

Smart Cities

AMRUT

Namami Gange

Swachh Bharat

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

2009 jul-18(M

LD

)

Generation-Treatment capacity Gap- Sewage (MLD)

National Sewage Treatment Capacity (MLD)

~83% STPs

Operational

Positives

• Given the constraints in ULBs, PPP models have tremendous opportunities

• Recently under Namami Gange Scheme, 2 STPs in Haridwar and Varanasi have been awarded under the new Hybrid Annuity Model

• Municipal Agencies & State Govts. are providing Incentives to encourage reuse/recycle of wastewater

• Municipal Corporations in Pune & Hyderabad have raised funds through Municipal Bonds

• Municipal Corporations are exploring new advanced technologies for treatment and reuse of municipal wastewater

• State Governments are developing Policies for Reuse of Municipal Wastewater- Gujarat, Haryana

• Projects for more than 11,000 MLD worth in excess of USD 2.4 Billion to be awarded by 2026 by Govt. of India

International Centre for Clean Water At IIT Madras Research Park – the first university owned research park in the country

Research

Technology for greywater recycling for households and rural communities Prototype ready. Funds required USD 150K

Separating Oil from Water

Oleophilic Nano Spun Fibre technology for recycling industrial waste water and kitchen waste water. Lab scale version ready:. Funds required USD 150 K

Sensor development - Low cost, mobile enabled, multi-parameter sensors (Arsenic, Fluoride included) for use by school children. Ongoing Project: Funds for enhancing LOD = USD 150K

Technologies offered (CDI)

• CDI is a De-centralized Desalination technology to remove harmful toxins and contamination in water. • Involves the removal of ions by the application of a small potential (Max 1.7V DC) across a collection of electrode pairs • Graphite / Carbon material based electrodes – Easy to replace – Environmentally friendly • Highly scale-able from small devices to large community based applications.

Technologies offered (eSBR)

• eSBR Intelligent Sewage Treatment System

• Highly scalable system - from 1KLD to 500 KLD

• Totally automated - No manpower required

• Energy saving – treats incoming water only as per load

• 98% cleaning in 6 hours

• No chemical use – fully biological treatment

• Space saving – entire plant can be placed underground

Collaboration areas

• Core R&D in water technologies, filtration products, materials, sensors etc

• Technology integration to provide affordable solutions to corporates and communities

• Water security studies with recommendations for greater water stewardship in urban and rural districts

• Real time water quality and consumption monitoring systems with trouble shooting support

• Measuring social impact of clean water in terms of economic, ecological and health indicators

• New technology evaluation, certification and marketing with sustainable implementation

Waste Water Reuse – 100 MLD Domestic Waste Water Treatment

• Project Treatment of domestic waste water with reuse

Project size 100 MLD plant -estimated value ~USD 15 Mn

• Challenges

• Varying quantity of silt / organic matter / nutrients • High cost of treatment • Disposal / reuse of sludge

Requirement of Technologies

• Cost effective technology- Rs.5/- per KL (USD 0.1 per KL) • Technology for decentralized system with improved primary

treatment • Cost effective secondary treatment • Direct reuse without tertiary treatment for urban

landscaping

Structure EPC/PMA/O&M/Reuse management

Future potential Across Indian towns/ cities and peripheral rural areas

Desalination of Sea Water Drinking Water Augmentation 735 MLD

• Project Sea Water Desalination, Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Project size 6 plants aggregating 735 MLD - estimated total value ~USD 1,000 Mn

• Challenges

• Varying qualities of in-put seawater • Disposal of rejects and effluents • High power consumption


• Purify levels of above 35000 TDS • Non- RO systems if possible • Lower Power consumptions (reduce the power cost by

25% - 30%) • More efficient technologies for pre-treatment and

cost effective membranes

Structure • EPC/ PMA/ O&M

Future potential Scaling-up in coastal cities/ towns in India

Potable Water Distribution 800 MLD Water Distribution

• Project Distribution of treated water on 24x7 basis

Project size 800 MLD distributed over 16 zones spread over 170 sq km with an estimated value of contract ~USD 25 Mn

• Challenges

• High level variations in supply pressures and quantities in the distribution pipeline

• Intermittent system of supply • Absence of volumetric measurement and electronic

billing


• Improved technologies for equitable and reliable distribution of water, to reduce distribution and billing cost

• Cost effective systems incl GIS, AMR and web based applications for billing and revenue collection

• Remote monitoring mechanisms of water leakage or losses

Structure EPC/PMA/O&M/Reuse management

Future potential EPC/PMA/O&M / Revenue Collection

Ground Water Management Brackish/ Ground Water Treatment

• Project Treatment of brackish or contaminated ground water

Project size Multiple decentralized plants of 10-15 MLD capacity

• Challenges

• No alternative sources available for augmentation of drinking water supply

• Continuous replacement of media every 2-3 years


Cost effective technologies using ground water as source • Low O&M costs incl. low power consumption • Minimum back-wash and generation of sludge

Structure EPC/PMA/O&M

Future potential 70% of Indian water supply uses ground water as main source

Lake Remediation Water Augmentation and Eco-Restoration

• Project There are no. of smaller capacity surface water sources namely ponds and lakes are available all over Tamil Nadu which are either not fit to be used as drinking water source or not bridging the demand supply gap for want of better technological solutions. The project envisages go in for an effective remediation procedure adopted so as to ensure the water is made available for consumption

Project size ~200 Lakes of up to 1,000 ha with an estimated value of contract ~USD 50 Mn

• Challenges

Spread over entire state and hence requires attention at micro level which may not be possible by the local bodies concerned


Technology for treatment of influents and removal of vegetation, algae, weed control, artificial aeration

Structure EPC/PMA/O&M

Future potential

Implementation at all India level

Thank You

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