water saving approaches on agricultural consumption in iran mehrzad ehsani director general on...
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Water Saving Approaches on Agricultural Consumption in Iran
Mehrzad Ehsani
Director General on Operation of Irrigation Structures,
Iran’s Water Resources Management Authority
Population: 75 million (18th in the world);
Area: 165 Mha (18th in the world); Climate: Arid & semi-arid;Precipitation: 250mm annually;History & Civilization: one of the most ancient countries
in the world;Irrigated Area: Around 9 million ha; World ranking the
fifth after China, India, USA, and Pakistan,
Islamic Republic of Iran
INTRODUCTION
The Precipitation is less than 100 mm in more than 50% of to
total area of Iran
Annual Precipitation in Iran
Per capita renewable water resources
Rapid population increase is the most important factor of per capita renewable water decrease in Iran during the last 100 years. Iran’s population increased from 8.6 million in 1900 to 75 million in 2012 that is about 8.7 times as many as the previous 11 decades. The per capita renewable water resources (PCRWR) of the country is decreased from 15000 cubic meters in 1900 to about 1730 cubic meters in 2010.
1900
1910
1920
1925
1930
1935
1940
1945
1950
1955
1965
1975
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
YearPe
r cap
ita re
newa
ble w
ater
reso
urce
s
1900
1910
1920
1925
1930
1935
1940
1945
1950
1955
1965
1975
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000Trend of Population Growth from 1900 to 2010 Trends of per capita renewable water resources
Arable land 37 Million ha 2010
Cultivated land 18.5 Million ha 2010
Irrigated lands 8.5-9 Million ha (2006-2010)
Rainfed area 4.3-6.7 Million ha (2006-2010)
Fallow land 4.5-5 Million ha (2006-2010)
Agricultural contribution in National GDP
13 percent 2007
Agricultural Job opportunities
3.3 million (23 %) 2009
Live in rural areas 22.2 million (31 %)
2. AGRICULTURE
ITEM Share Year
Irrigated lands 8.5-9 Million ha (2006-2010)
Share in Food Production Around 86% (2006-2010)
Surface Irrigation 91.4 % 2011
Localized Irrigation 3.4% (423,385 ha) 2011
Sprinkler Irrigation 5.2 % (604,448 ha) 2011
Largest Irrigation Network Gilan: 198,000 haDez: 125,000 ha 2012
3. IRRIGATION
Location of Irrigation Networks
2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 -
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
Irrigated RainfedYear
ha
2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 -
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
Irrigated RainfedYear
Ton
Annual crops production of Irrigated and rain-fed lands
Irrigation plays vital role in food production and improving food security in the country. Irrigation areas are approximately equal to the rain-fed areas ; however, most of the production comes from the areas under irrigation. For the past 5 years , about 86 percent of Iran total agricultural products are from irrigated farming.
Role of Irrigation in Food Production
Agricultural Production in Iran
Ranking in World
Name Ranking in World
Name
3rd Almonds 1st Pistachios
7th Grape 2nd Date
7th Tomato 2nd Watermelons
7th Peach 2nd Apricot
8th Orange 3rd Cherries
9th Lemon 3rd Apple
11th Wheat 3rd Walnuts,
Ref:
FA
O,
2008
Iran Share of Fruits and Vegetables Production in the World is 1.93% which ranked as 8th in the World ; reported by FAO.
Water Use
Water Resources2009 2022
BCM % MCM %
Surface Water R. 44 46 53 48.6
Groundwater R. 51.3 53.4 52 47.7
Water Treatment of City Wastewater and Non-conventional Water
0.7 0.7 4 3.7
Total 96 100 109 100
5. WATER STORAGE & HYDROPOWER
No. Total Capacity (MCM)
Regulating Volume(MCM)
Generation(MV)
Under Operation 316 42,560 31,254 8,800
Under Construction 132 26,372 11,715 5,648
Under Study 340 46,499 14,236 7,532
Total 788 115,431 57,206 22,060
Water Saving Approaches
Development plan of Irrigation Systems
Iran government is determined to develop irrigation systems by emphasizing on developing controlled irrigation methods such as pressurized irrigation, greenhouse, and application of pipes instead of open canals.
According to the performed studies, there is the possibility of developing pressurized irrigation for about 4 million hectares in the country. Hence, the government is committed to pay about 85% of total investment as the grant and the rest free-interest loans for investment of pressurized irrigation to persuade farmers to extensively use such methods.
Development plan of Irrigation Systems
• 20 000 ha
1990
Localized and Sprinkler Irrigation
Irrigation Efficiency
• IE: 32 %• FAO
1990
IWRM: Iran Water Resources Management Authority
Water delivery to around 2 million hectares irrigation network (or 15 BCM water) will be managed and controlled constantly.
Applying automation system for better water management
Equipment of irrigation networks to ultrasonic water measurement
15 BCM irrigation water will be managed
Groundwater Management
Deep and semi-deep wells
47 BCM640 000 Wells
Water fees Energy Price Gauge
Practical Action on Groundwater Water Saving
Iran’s Subsidized Reform
Subsidized Reform is the most recent and important policy in water and energy supply and demand: According to this law, real economic value of water and energy shall gradually be estimated and materialized so that the full cost of water and energy in the end of the 5th year of the programm should be covered (domestics and industries). Energy Price (Electricity) in Agricultural sector has been increased 3 times in first the phase comparing to previous one. Effect of first phase is under study to decide applying the second phase of subsidized reform. Increasing Water Fee in agricultural sector is under investigation. In general, around 5% reduction in water consumption has been reported in domestics sector.
Wells Programmable Gauges
• It is the policy that all the agricultural wells must be equipped to Programmable gauges:– Share of farmers from groundwater will be
determined each year, and Water allocation will be charged on the specific Card!
– Farmer will not be able to withdrawal water more then permitted allocation.
– Gauges are completely programmable (monthly or yearly).
– In the first step, around 25, 000 wells equipped to Gauge.
INVESTMENT ENVELOPE (US$ million)
Size of project Small-scale
irrigation developme
nt
Rehabilitation and
modernization of irrigation
scheme
Large Scale Irrigation
development
Small- medium-
scale hydropower
Large scale
hydropower
Total
Time Frame
Short-term 1 439 399 4 002 381 346 6 567
Medium-term 624 368 1 365 59 72 2 488
Long-term 26 44 627 1 84 783
Total 2 089 811 5 994 441 502 9 838
% 21.2% 8.2% 60.9% 4.5% 5.1% 100%
Policy: Increase Farm Size
• minimum acceptable area of farmers would be 4-10 ha for irrigated land and 10-25 ha in rainfed farms (Avoiding land fragmentation).
• In order to support landowners to join small holdings above the determined limits, the government would provide special financial and technical privileges to pay the insurance fees of such farmers’ products for at most 5 years after the land integration has taken place.
Approaches
• Raising Public Awareness, through media, cartoon, direct training and expansion of farmers.
• Issuing license for volume of permitted water allocation according to size of land, crop pattern and water availability for all agricultural land, and control not to use more the permitted.
• Financial Support for innovation in technique and technology in water saving in agriculture.
• Revising water fees, (Surface water fee for irrigation network is 1-3 % of produced crops in hectare according to the development of irrigation system).
Conclusions
Technical, Managerial and policies programs, as well as, investment on water resources and irrigation infrastructures in addition with training and education of farmers and field engineers towards water saving in agriculture and enhancing water productivity resulted positive impact on better management of limited fresh water in Iran. In fact, It is not the end, we are in the beginning of long way to achieve the comprehensive water management
Thanks