water refilling informations

8/10/2019 water refilling informations

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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan

PeoplePeople--Centered Approaches in SustainingCentered Approaches in Sustaining

Water, Food and Environmental SanitationWater, Food and Environmental Sanitation

in the Philippines:in the Philippines:A ReviewA Review

C. M.C. M. PascualPascual, C. P., C. P. AbadillaAbadilla, and F. A. P., and F. A. P. AcedeboAcedebo

Mariano Marcos State UniversityMariano Marcos State University


OutlineOutline

Objective, Introduction/RationaleObjective, Introduction/Rationale Environmental issues/concerns on water, food andEnvironmental issues/concerns on water, food and

sanitationsanitation

Water Governance in the PhilippinesWater Governance in the Philippines

PeoplePeople--Centered Systems ApproachesCentered Systems Approaches Case StudiesCase Studies

Water Supply and SanitationWater Supply and Sanitation

Water Refilling StationsWater Refilling Stations

Food and Water Supply withFood and Water Supply with cGMPcGMP and HACCPand HACCP

Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks


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ObjectiveObjective

To conduct a criticalTo conduct a critical statestate--ofof--thethe--artart reviewreview

of complex issues, challenges on water,of complex issues, challenges on water,

foods and sanitationfoods and sanitation in the Philippines.in the Philippines.

Case studies reviews on:Case studies reviews on:

Water Supply and Sanitation;Water Supply and Sanitation;

Water Refilling Stations; andWater Refilling Stations; and

Food ProductFood Product DevDevtt and Water Supply withand Water Supply with

cGMPcGMP and HACCP (Onand HACCP (On--going)going)


Introduction/RationaleIntroduction/Rationale

3 serious issues/concerns3 serious issues/concerns

(1) widespread water scarcity and(1) widespread water scarcity and

multiplicity in water governance;multiplicity in water governance;

(2) the existing water systems are not(2) the existing water systems are not

much geared for the urban as well as ruralmuch geared for the urban as well as rural

poor; andpoor; and

(3) the food safety, sanitation and(3) the food safety, sanitation and

sewerage requirements have beensewerage requirements have been

neglected (FDC, 2004)neglected (FDC, 2004)


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Hidden

ground

water

Adapted from: GWP (M. Falkenmark), 2003, Water Management and Ecosystems: Living with Change

Hidden

ground water

Precipitation the basic water resource

With drainage/river basin perspective - the precipitation over the area represents

the proper water resource, part of which is consumed in plant production and

evaporation from moist surfaces (green water flow)

Surplus goes to recharge aquifers and rivers (blue water flow), available for

societal use and aquatic ecosystems.

E

N

V

I

R

O

N

M

E

N

T

WATER

People-Centered Systems

Approach a systematic

management and integrative

tool to support decision

making on sustainable

water environment


Water GovernanceWater Governance

Systems Approaches on Water EnvironmentSystems Approaches on Water Environment

Some promising signs of a new approach to

governance for sustainability are emerging

through the Phil. Water Governance

stakeholders (e.g. involves devolution ofresponsibility into the community at a regional

level);

Moving towards sustainability will require a

paradigm shift not just within government and

other policy circles but also within the community

as a holistic view;


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PhilsPhils. Water Environment. Water Environment

Situation and IssuesSituation and Issues

Has water storage potential sites for 438Has water storage potential sites for 438major dams and 423 smaller dams.major dams and 423 smaller dams.

The total water withdrawal was estimatedThe total water withdrawal was estimatedon the basis of the water rights issued byon the basis of the water rights issued bythe National Water Resources Boardthe National Water Resources Board(NWRB) to 55,422 million m(NWRB) to 55,422 million m33, of which, of which

88% is for agricultural purposes;88% is for agricultural purposes; The water situation in the Philippines mayThe water situation in the Philippines may

be best described as an abundant scarcitybe best described as an abundant scarcity


Legal framework forLegal framework for

water governancewater governance

1.1. 1987 Constitution which mandates that all1987 Constitution which mandates that allwater resources belong to the State;water resources belong to the State;

2.2. Presidential Decree (PD) 1067 in 1976 or ThePresidential Decree (PD) 1067 in 1976 or TheWater Code of the Philippines;Water Code of the Philippines;

3.3. Republic Act (RA) 8041 in 1995 or The WaterRepublic Act (RA) 8041 in 1995 or The WaterCrisis Act; andCrisis Act; and

4.4. Executive Order No. 364 in 1996, whichExecutive Order No. 364 in 1996, whichcreated the Presidential Task Force on Watercreated the Presidential Task Force on WaterResources Development and Management.Resources Development and Management.

5.5. Clean Water Act in 2004Clean Water Act in 2004


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Introduction/RationaleIntroduction/Rationale PeoplePeople--Centered Systems Approaches onCentered Systems Approaches on

Water EnvironmentWater Environment

Sustainability is a new challenge for humanity

that attracts a new paradigm for governance;

The sustainability challenge is to adapt

governance so that the human enterprise

operates within an ecological and waterresource constraint that lies within the

carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems.


Water, Environment & Poverty

Water scarcity and pollution have complex impacts onincome poverty & environmental degradation on incomepoverty & environmental degradation through:

- lowering industrial & agricultural productivities;

- preventing productive activities and income, especially

of the poor;- increasing burden to get water and diverting womensproductive time to fetch water;

- depleting forests, biodiversities, aquatic ecosystems,etc;

Reducing poverty & recovering environmentaldegradation will improve water availability andaccessibility.


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Water, Environment & Poverty

More than 3 million children die every year caused by

waterborne diseases. This is worsen by disasters by

waterborne diseases. This is worsen by disasters with

even less access to clean water & sanitation, and more

contaminated water;

The burden of finding and carrying water is more

damaging to womens health and increasing the risks

health during pregnancy and child birth;

An integrated approach to clean up water resources &

surrounding environment for better public health willsignificantly increase access in water services for food,

water supply and sanitation.


Fig. 1. Household access to: (a) safe water; and (b) sanitary facilities by

province in the Philippines

((a)((b)


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Coverage on Safe WaterCoverage on Safe Water

80% of population80% of population (2002)(2002)

MDG Target (2015)MDG Target (2015) 87%87%

MTPDP Target (2010)MTPDP Target (2010) 92%92%

Coverage on Sanitation

86.1% of population (2002)

MDG Target (2015) 84%

MTPDP Target (2010) 86%

Coverage on SanitationCoverage on Sanitation

86.1% of population86.1% of population (2002)(2002)

MDG Target (2015)MDG Target (2015) 84%84%

MTPDP Target (2010)MTPDP Target (2010) 86%86%

Water Supply and SanitationWater Supply and Sanitation


Water Refilling StationWater Refilling StationA water refilling station can be

operated with a minimum area of at

least 20-25 square metres.

It comprises the following sections:refilling and selling room,

enclosed water purification room,

container washing and sanitizing

room,

storage room for empty and refilled

containers,

source water storage facility,

toilet and

an office.

(Source: Magtibay, 2004)


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Water Refilling StationWater Refilling Station

Source: Magtibay, 2004



The main processes in a water refilling station is dictated

by raw water quality.

The typical steps are

filtration (several stages),

softening, and

disinfection.

Presidential Decree No. 856 or the Sanitation Code of the

Philippines is the main law requiring all establishments to

comply with existing sanitary standards to protect public

health. Guidelines for operating a water refilling station are

indicated in the Supplemental Implementing Rules and

Regulations on Water Supply of PD 856 issued in 1999.


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The machines that could be installed for such processes are the following:

Multi-media sediment filter - removes sediments such as rust, sand and

particles that are invisible to the naked eye; employs a total of 5 filters.

Ion exchanger - replaces hard minerals with soft minerals.

Activated carbon filter - removes all organic chemicals, herbicide, pesticide,

offensive odor and bad taste.

Reverse osmosis membrane - the heart of the system and the most

expensive unit; removes inorganic minerals, bacteria and viruses whileretaining its oxygen content. Since the filter size is very small at less than 0.05

micrometre, the product water could have a total dissolved solids (TDS) of less

than 10 ppm. The filtration process rejects about 50 percent of raw watervolume.

Post-carbon filter - improves the taste of water.Ultraviolet lamp - ensures that the water is free from disease-causing micro-

organisms.

Ozone generator inhibits the growth of bacteria in the product tank and

prolongs the shelf life of water.



Water quality monitoring (To avoid proliferation of WRS)

Source water and product water are subject to regular monitoring by

the local health office.

The national standards for drinking water contains 54 parameters that

must be complied with.

Only DOH-accredited laboratories are allowed to conduct water testing

and analysis.

The frequency of monitoring is as follows:

Bacteriological quality - at least monthly

Physical quality - at least every six (6) months

Chemical quality - at least every six (6) months

Biological quality - at least once a year

Monitoring of radioactive contaminants shall be done only if there is

significant input of radiation from the surrounding environment.


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Food Product Devt and WaterSupply

R&D Initiatives of MMSU in

Partnerships with Food Processors andLocal Govenments (2006-2009)


GPS-Survey of Food Processors


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Table 1. Comparison between local, national and international stTable 1. Comparison between local, national and international st andards on someandards on some

physical and chemical property values of some food products takephysical and chemical property values of some food products taken from food processorsn from food processors

and water sources at MMSU,and water sources at MMSU, IlocosIlocos Norte, Philippines from JulyNorte, Philippines from July--August 2007.August 2007.

PROPERTY

FOOD

PRODUCT

/VALUE

NATIONAL

STANDARD

VALUE1

INTERNATIONAL

STANDARD

VALUE

%Vol of Ethyl Alcohol at 200C

Sugarcane Wine

10.36 7-16 n/a

n/a





PROPERTY

FOOD PRODUCT

/VALUE

NATIONAL

STANDARD

VALUE1

INTERNATIONAL

STANDARD

VALUE

Mold and Yeast Count, cfu/g

Salmonella, cfu/g

S. aureus, cfu/g

Empanada2


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PROPERTY

FOOD

PRODUCT

/VALUE

NATIONAL

STANDARD

VALUE1

INTERNATIONAL

STANDARD

VALUE

Salmonella, cfu/g

Staphylococcus, cfu/g

Coliform Count, MPN/g

Local Sausage

absent

0


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Food Product Devt


Food Product Devt


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Food Product Devt


Food Product Devt


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Food Product Devt


Food Product Devt


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Food Product Devt


Food Product Devt


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Food Product Devt

Mobile toll packaging facility



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HACCP


Aim of HACCP

To address food safety hazards to

protect consumer health.

To prevent, eliminate or reduce food

safety hazards to an acceptable level.


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HACCPBIOLOGICAL

Pathogenic bacteria

Molds & mycotoxins

Viruses

Protozoae

CHEMICAL

Pollutants (heavy metals)

Toxic products (pesticides, acids, cleaning chemicals)

Residues of veterinary drugs & pesticides

PHYSICAL

Glass, metal shards from machinery & equipment

Foreign bodies: sand, rocks, metal, wood


STANDARD SANITATION OPERATING

PROCEDURE (SSOP)

SAFETY OF WATER

Every 6 months for water samples.

Twice year for the presence of coliforms.

from at least four locations.

Daily inspection of hoses for the presence

of anti siphoning device.

Floors in the processing area are

inspected for adequate drainage.


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PROCEDURE (SSOP)

1. SAFETY OF WATER THAT:A. COMES INTO CONTACT WITH FOODB. FOOD CONTACT SURFACESC. USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ICE

Control Measures:

All water is from company-owned deep well.

The water system was designed and

installed by a licensed plumbing contractor.

All hoses have anti-siphoning devices.

Floors are sloped to facilitate drainage.



PROCEDURE (SSOP)

Safety of Water:

Corrective Actions:

Stop production in case of;water treatment failure.

sampling indicates fecal coliforms

Contact sanitary engineer if:

Coliform count is more than 5% of the

plant water samples.


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PROCEDURE (SSOP)

Safety of Water:

Records :

Municipal water quality.

In-plant water quality test results.

Daily Sanitation Report:

- floor drainage inspection report.

- hose inspection report.

- corrective actions.


Needs and OpportunitiesNeeds and Opportunities

Water (i.e. water and sanitation) is

key factor in poverty reduction and

attainment of MDGs

Asia-Pacific likely to achieve water

supply MDG; sanitation a greater

challenge

Water investments generate good

rates of return; many target needs of

the poor

Time is very important


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Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks Water, food and sanitation are crucial toWater, food and sanitation are crucial to

life and all forms of socioeconomic andlife and all forms of socioeconomic andenvironmental development that needsenvironmental development that needssustainability.sustainability.

Safe water, food and sanitation areSafe water, food and sanitation areprerequisite for achieving theprerequisite for achieving the MDGsMDGs andandfor sustaining good health, quality of lifefor sustaining good health, quality of lifeand to ensure wealth creation inand to ensure wealth creation in

developing countries.developing countries. The capacity of the national, regional andThe capacity of the national, regional and

local levels to address water, food andlocal levels to address water, food andsanitation for environmental healthsanitation for environmental healthproblems needs to be strengthened.problems needs to be strengthened.


Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks Water refilling stations can be a goodWater refilling stations can be a good

source of safe/clean drinking water in thesource of safe/clean drinking water in thePhilippines.Philippines.

The efficient water purification processesThe efficient water purification processes

can make the quality of water superior tocan make the quality of water superior tothe traditional water systems.the traditional water systems.

However, the risk of contamination isHowever, the risk of contamination ispossible if the handling practices are notpossible if the handling practices are notclosely monitored.closely monitored.

To ensure water safety and prevent waterTo ensure water safety and prevent water--borne and foodborne and food--borne diseases, theborne diseases, thegovernment should regulate the operationgovernment should regulate the operationof water refilling stations.of water refilling stations.


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Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks Ultimately, there is a need to improve theUltimately, there is a need to improve the

microbiological safety of drinking water tomicrobiological safety of drinking water toprovide a harmonized framework andprovide a harmonized framework andscientific basis for quantitativescientific basis for quantitativemicrobiological risk assessment of drinkingmicrobiological risk assessment of drinkingwater;water;

The adoption ofThe adoption of cGMPcGMP and HACCP onand HACCP onwater supply systems and food industrywater supply systems and food industry

has to be explored and considered.has to be explored and considered.


Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks HACCP, as a process control orientedHACCP, as a process control oriented

management system, can therefore helpmanagement system, can therefore helpwater and food authorities to coordinatewater and food authorities to coordinatethe functions of their various water andthe functions of their various water andfood quality management systems tofood quality management systems toprovide assurance of safe products;provide assurance of safe products;

There is an urgent need to promote andThere is an urgent need to promote andenforce the more environmental laws andenforce the more environmental laws andtechnologies to address access to cleantechnologies to address access to cleanwater, safe foods and sanitation forwater, safe foods and sanitation forpeoplepeoples preferences.s preferences.


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Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks The centering of people as the decision

maker using the Demand ResponsiveApproaches (DRA),

The use of integrated approaches to waterresource management, the potential healthbenefits of reduced pathogenic and toxicchemical contamination of water and theimportance of community participation to

ensure sustainability of environmentalsanitation.


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