water quality survey of mark creek flume

Water Quality Survey of Mark Creek Flume

September 2011

Presented to: The City of Kimberley

By

Les McDonald, RP Bio

Spirogyra Scientific Consulting

Cranbrook, BC

January 2012

Spirogyra Scientific Consulting Page 1

Table of Contents

Page

1.0 Introduction 2

2.0 Methods 2

3.0 Results 5

3.1 Mark Creek 5

3.2 Culverts 7

3.3 Seepages 10

4.0 Conclusions 11

5.0 Recommendations 12

6.0 References 13

Photographs 14

Appendices 26

Acknowledgements

Water chemistry analysis was paid for by the City of Kimberley. The author would like to thank

Ms. Cori Barraclough for her critical review of the draft report.

Cover photograph: near the downstream end of the Mark Creek flume on September 12, 2011.


1.0 Introduction

A consortium of professional consultants has been retained by the City of Kimberley to evaluate

the current structural integrity of the Mark Creek flume, and, under the assumption that it is

nearing or passed its life expectancy, design a replacement channel. The lead consultant in the

consortium is Aqua-Tex Scientific Consulting Ltd., with hydrological engineering provided by

LaCas Consultants Inc., geotechnical engineering by EXP, municipal engineering by RCL

Consulting Ltd., and environmental impact assessment by Spirogyra Scientific Consulting.

Part of the design plan included a one-time water quality survey through the flume during base

flow. This survey had several objectives:

Establish the current water quality of Mark Creek through the flume during the base-

flow part of the annual hydrograph. This can be used as a baseline condition with which

the future conditions through a new channel can be compared.

Determine whether water quality improves or deteriorates after passing through the

flume.

Determine the relative loadings of any variables of concern based on flow gauging and

water chemistry sampling of the creek and various culverts emptying into the flume.

Determine the chemical composition of any seepages entering through the flume walls

as an indication of the presence of contaminated soil near the flume walls.

Teck Resources has been monitoring Mark Creek and the culverts for several years establishing

an extensive data base of changing water quality over time. In addition to examining the

chemistry of small seepages, this study was intended as a one-time spatial comparison of the

water quality and contaminant loading through the flume and from inflowing culverts during

low flow.

2.0 Methods

The survey was conducted by Les McDonald, RP Bio (Spirogyra Scientific Consulting) on

September 12 and 13, 2011. Water chemistry grab samples were taken from Mark Creek at the

upstream and downstream ends of the flume, the discharge from six culverts and five small

seepages entering through the walls of the flume. These samples were collected in specially

prepared and cleaned sample bottles and shipped to ALS Laboratories in Burnaby, BC for

analysis. Analytical methods used by ALS are listed in Table 1. Method detection limits for each

variable are listed in Table 2.

Seepage sampling required the use of clean, sterile 60 cc syringes to carefully draw up water as

it came through cracks in the flume wall. The flow from most of the seepages was very small

and collecting the 2 liters required for analysis of all variables took considerable time.


Table 1. Analytical Test Methods Employed by ALS Laboratories Ltd.

Variable Method Reference Test Description

Alkalinity by Auto. Titration APHA 2320

Total alkalinity determined by potentiometric titration to pH 4.5 endpoint.

Bicarbonate, carbonate and hydroxide alkalinity calculated from

phenolphthalein and total values.

Chloride and Fluoride by Ion

ChromatographyAPHA 4110 B Procedures adapted from APHA Method 4110 B and EPA Method 300.0.

Nitrite by Ion

ChromatographyEPA 300.0

Procedures adapted from EPA Method 300.0. Nitrite detected by UV

absorbance.

Nitrate by Ion

ChromatographyEPA 300.0

Procedures adapted from EPA Method 300.0. Nitrite detected by UV

absorbance.

Sulphate by Ion

ChromatographyAPHA 4110 B Procedures adapted from APHA Method 4110 B and EPA Method 300.0.

Conductivity (Automated) APHA 2510 Conductivity determined by a conductivity electrode.

Hardness APHA 2340BSum of dissolved Ca and Mg concentrations, expressed in CaCO3

equivalents.

Dissolved Mercury by CVAFS

(low)

EPA SW-846 3005A &

EPA 245.7

Field fi ltration (0.45 µ) and preservation with 1N HNO3. Cold-oxidation of

acidified sample using bromide monochloride, then reduction with

stannous chloride. Detection by cold vapour atomic fluorescence

spectrophotometry (EPA Method 254.7).

Total Mercury by CVAFS

(low)EPA 245.7

Cold-oxidation of acidified sample using bromide monochloride, then

reduction with stannous chloride. Detection by cold vapour atomic

fluorescence spectrophotometry (EPA Method 254.7).

Dissolved Metals by CRC

ICPMS (trace metals - low

detection limits)

APHA 3030 B&E / EPA

SW-846 6020A

Field fi ltration (0.45 µ) and preservation with 1N HNO3. Instrument analysis

by collision cell inductively coupled plasm-mas spectrometry (modified EPA

6020A).

Dissolved Metals by CRC

ICPOES (Ca, Mg, Fe)

EPA SW-846

3005A/6010B


by inductively coupled plasm-mas spectrometry (EPA 6010B).

Total Metals by CRC ICPMS

(trace metals - low detection

limits)

APHA 3030 B&E / EPA

SW-846 6020A

Field preservation with 1N HNO3. Instrument analysis by collision cell

inductively coupled plasm-mas spectrometry (modified EPA 6020A).

Total Metals by CRC ICPOES

(Ca, Mg, Fe)

EPA SW-846

3005A/6010B

Field preservation with 1N HNO3. Instrument analysis by inductively

coupled plasm-mas spectrometry (EPA 6010B).

Ammonia by FluoresenceJ. Environ. Monit.

2005(7): 37-42.

Field preservation with 1:1 H2SO4. Flow-injection with fluorescence

detection.

Total phosphorous by

colourAPHA 4500-P Total P determined colourimetrically after persulphate digestion of sample.

Diss. Orthophosphate by

colourAPHA 4500-P Ortho P determined colourimetrically after lab fi ltration (0.45 µ).

pH by Meter APHA 4500-H pH electrode.

Dissolved Selenium by CRC

ICPMS

APHA 3030 B&E / EPA

SW-846 6020A


by collision cell inductively coupled plasm-mas spectrometry (modified EPA

6020A).

Total Selenium by CRC

ICPMS

APHA 3030 B&E / EPA

SW-846 6020A

Field preservation with 1N HNO3. Instrument analysis by collision cell

inductively coupled plasm-mas spectrometry (modified EPA 6020A).

Total Dissolved Solids by

gravimetricAPHA 2540 C

Sample fi ltered through glass fiber fi lter, fi ltrate evapourated to dryness at

180°C.

Total Suspended Solids by

gravimetricAPHA 2540 D Sample fi ltered through glass fiber fi lter, fi lter dryed at 104°C.


Table 2. ALS Laboratories Ltd. Method Detection Limits

Variable Units Method Detection Limit

Physical Tests

Conductivity µS/cm 2.0Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/L 0.50

pH 0.10Total Suspended Solids mg/L 3.0

Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 10

Anions and Nutrients

Alkalinity, Bicarbonate (as CaCO3) mg/L 1.0Alkalinity, Carbonate (as CaCO3) mg/L 1.0

Alkalinity, Hydroxide (as CaCO3) mg/L 1.0Alkalinity, Total (as CaCO3) mg/L 1.0

Ammonia (as N) mg/L 0.0050Bromide (Br) mg/L 0.050

Chloride (Cl) mg/L 0.50

Fluoride (F) mg/L 0.020Nitrate (as N) mg/L 0.0050

Nitrite (as N) mg/L 0.0010Orthophosphate-Dissolved (as P) mg/L 0.0010

Phosphorus (P)-Total mg/L 0.0020Sulfate (SO4) mg/L 0.50

Total and Dissolved MetalsAluminum (Al)-Total µg/L 5.0

Antimony (Sb)-Total µg/L 0.50Arsenic (As)-Total µg/L 0.50

Barium (Ba)-Total mg/L 0.020Beryllium (Be)-Total µg/L 0.10

Boron (B)-Total mg/L 0.10

Cadmium (Cd)-Total µg/L 0.017Calcium (Ca)-Total mg/L 0.10

Chromium (Cr)-Total µg/L 1.0Cobalt (Co)-Total µg/L 0.30

Copper (Cu)-Total µg/L 1.0Iron (Fe)-Total mg/L 0.030

Lead (Pb)-Total µg/L 0.50Lithium (Li)-Total µg/L 0.50

Magnesium (Mg)-Total mg/L 0.10

Manganese (Mn)-Total µg/L 0.030Mercury (Hg)-Total µg/L 0.010

Molybdenum (Mo)-Total µg/L 1.0Nickel (Ni)-Total µg/L 1.0

Potassium (K)-Total mg/L 2.0Selenium (Se)-Total µg/L 0.10

Silver (Ag)-Total µg/L 0.020

Sodium (Na)-Total mg/L 2.0Thallium (Tl)-Total µg/L 0.010

Tin (Sn)-Total µg/L 0.50Titanium (Ti)-Total µg/L 10

Uranium (U)-Total µg/L 0.20Vanadium (V)-Total µg/L 1.0

Zinc (Zn)-Total µg/L 5.0


Flow gauging was done using the cross-section method whereby the channel was divided into a

practical number of segments representing changes in channel cross-sectional shape. The

length of each segment across the channel was recorded along with the average water depth.

Flow velocity in each segment was determined using a Global Water FP-111 velocity probe. The

area of each cross-sectional segment was multiplied by the flow velocity to get the

instantaneous flow in m3/s and these segments added together to produce a total creek flow.

Culvert flows were determined by using standard tables for calculating flows in partially-filled

round pipes (provided by Global Water). The diameter of the culvert and depth of water in the

culvert was used to calculate the filled area and this was multiplied by the average velocity

gauged at the mouth. Culvert #1 was located at the bottom of the flume wall and recessed so

the velocity probe could not be used. Flow was estimated by comparison to other gauged

culverts. Culvert #6 had a flow that was too small to gauge and was similarly estimated from

other gauged flows.

3.0 Results

Water quality analyses and comparisons with appropriate aquatic life guidelines (ALGs) can be

found in Appendix 1. Flow gauging and loading calculations for those variables with analytical

results found above method detection limits are summarized in Appendix 2.

3.1 Mark Creek

Flow gauging indicated a loss of flow across the flume, from 0.6 m3/s at the upstream end, to

0.5 m3/s at the downstream end. At both ends of the flume flow was gauged in the concrete

flume channel. At the upstream end, the floor of the flume is embedded in the creek channel,

which rises in elevation proceeding upstream (Photo #1), so it can be assumed that all the creek

flow enters the flume with little or no under-flow. The downstream end of the flume is

elevated above a plunge pool that has formed below (Photo #20) and it is likely that water lost

through various holes and cracks in the flume floor and walls under-flows the concrete channel

and was not included in the flow gauging.

Notwithstanding errors and imprecision in flow gauging, the magnitude of flume under-flow is

actually greater than the 0.1 m3/s difference measured between the upstream and downstream

sites. An additional 0.052 m3/s was gauged entering via the six culverts that were discharging

on September 12, 2011, bringing the total estimated under-flow to 0.152 m3/s, equivalent to

approximately 23% of the creek flow entering the flume added to the flow from the six culverts.

It should be noted that 0.04 m3/s or 77% of the total culvert flow entered from Kimberley and

Lois Creeks via culvert #3. The proportion of creek flow lost from the flume (23% in September)

is but a snap-shot of one day in the annual hydrograph. During freshet this flume under-flow

may well increase but would almost certainly be a much smaller percentage of the total creek


flow. The potential for this situation to cause erosion, undermining the structural integrity of

the flume, as pointed out by Sykes (2011), is none the less a serious concern.

The concentration of most variables in Mark Creek increased as it passed through the flume.

Total dissolved solids (TDS), a measure of the amount of dissolved material in the water,

increased roughly 50%, most of this being calcium and magnesium bicarbonate and sulphate.

Water hardness, resulting from the increases in calcium and magnesium, increased 66% from

36 to 60 mg/L through the flume, though this still remains relatively soft water, characteristic of

the St. Mary River basin. Increasing water hardness reduces the toxic effect of many heavy

metals.

Many of the trace metals analyzed also increased in concentration through the flume including

aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), uranium

(U), and zinc (Zn). Iron and lead actually decreased in concentration slightly from upstream to

downstream, although the differences may merely represent natural grab sample and/or

analytical variability.

All variables analyzed met the water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life

established by the BC Ministry of Environment (ALGs) except three variables: dissolved

aluminum (Al:D), total cadmium (Cd:T), and total zinc (Zn:T). Guidelines for these three trace

metals increase with increasing water hardness and as such are higher at the downsteam end

of the flume. For example the ALG for Cd:T entering the flume was 0.013 µg/L on the day of

sampling but in the harder water at the downstream end it was 0.021 µg/L. For many variables

there are both maximum or acute ALGs and 30 day average or chronic ALGs, others have only a

maximum. The magnitude by which results exceeded the ALGs for each of these three

variables, adjusted for changing hardness, is summarized in Table 3. Despite the higher ALGs

for Cd:T and Zn:T at the downstream site, the increased concentrations through the flume were

large enough to still increase the magnitude by which each ALG was exceeded.

Table 3. Mark Creek Flume: Variables that exceeded Aquatic Life Guidelines on

September 12/13, 2011.

Variable Flume Site Guideline

(µg/L) Concentration

(µg/L) Magnitude over GL

Aluminum: dissolved U/S End 50 (chronic) 92.3 1.8x

D/S End 100 (acute) 128 1.2x

Cadmium: total U/S End 0.013 0.42 32.0x

D/S End 0.021 1.13 54.0x

Zinc: total U/S End 33 (acute) 124 3.7x

D/S End 33 (acute) 466 14.0x

Hardness at upstream end = 35.8 mg/L, at downstream end = 59.5 mg/L


The concentration of Cd:T increased in Mark Creek through the flume by 169% and was the

variable of greatest concern in that these levels exceeded the guideline by 32 fold at the

upstream end and 54 fold downstream. Total zinc could be considered the second variable of

concern, increasing across the flume by 38% and exceeding the guideline by nearly 4 fold at the

upstream end and 14 fold at the downstream end. Dissolved aluminum increased 38% through

the flume and, based on the ALG, was of somewhat less concern, being 1.8 times the 30 day

average guideline upstream (by protocol this should be determined as the average of at least 5

samples taken over 30 days) and by 1.2 times the maximum guideline downstream.

3.2 Culverts

There are some 15 culverts of various sizes emptying into the flume, most carrying storm water.

On September 12 and 13, 2011 only six of these were discharging. Proceeding from upstream

to downstream, the following are the major findings from the sampling of each culvert.

Appendix 2, containing the loading calculations for those variables found above the analytical

detection limits, also provides the percent variance between the loadings, calculated from the

sample taken from the end of the flume and the gauged flow, versus the total of the upstream

creek loadings plus that from the six culverts. A small variance (less than 25%) provides some

assurance that flow gauging and lab analyses were valid. In most cases the variance is negative

meaning the measured loadings at the end of the flume were lower than that from the

entrance to the flume plus the culvert loadings. This is to be expected given the amount of

water that is apparently lost from the flume to under-flow.

Culvert #6 – located half way up the flume wall just downstream of the footbridge on the

upstream side of Deer Park Avenue, near the entrance to the flume (Photos 2 and 3):

Very small flow (estimated at 0.00006 m3/s or about 3.5 liters per minute),

hydraulically negligible to the creek on this day.

Cd:T and Zn:T were lower in concentration than the creek but still exceeded the ALGs,

though Al:D did not.

The loadings for most variables were negligible as indicated by its 0.2 kg/d TDS

contribution to the estimated 4000 kg/d total for the creek plus the six discharging

culverts.

The water quality was similar to that in the creek in terms of major ions and trace

metals.

Culvert #5 – located at the base of the flume wall just downstream from culvert #5 (Photos 2

and 4).


Though still only 1/70th the flow in the creek, was approximately 150 times greater than

the flow from culvert #6.

Mildly acidic (pH 4.9) and the TDS was about 4 times greater than the creek at the entry

to the flume.

Cd:T, Zn:T, and Al:D concentrations, 13, 5510, and 1650 µg/L respectively, were much

higher than those in the creek, 0.4, 124, and 92 µg/L, and exceeded their respective

hardness dependent ALGs by 422, 159, and 16.5 times.

These concentrations of Cd and Zn would likely be lethal to fish (Nagpal, 1997; CCME,

1999).

ALGs were also exceeded for pH, total manganese (Mn:T), total copper (Cu:T) and

sulphate (the latter two being chronic ALGs).

The presence of the metals at these concentrations and acidic nature of the discharge

from culvert #5 indicates that its drainage passes through sulphide ore characteristic of

the Kimberley area. The exact location of this contaminated soil/rock is unknown.

Poor water quality in this culvert has been known for some considerable time. A survey

by the BCMOE in 1981 (Grimm, 1982) found much higher conductivity, 1460 µS/cm

versus 275 this past September, and much higher Zn:T concentrations, 80 mg/L versus

5.5 mg/L in this survey.

Culvert #5 contributed 4% of the TDS creek + culverts loading, 18% of the Cd:T and Al:D,

20% of the Zn:T and Cu:T, 27% of the Mn:T and 9% of the sulphate.

The green filamentous algae growing at the mouth of culvert #5 (Photo #4) is apparently

not being stimulated by elevated phosphorus concentrations which, though detectable,

were one tenth that of culvert #6. This algal growth is not sustained very far

downstream so it may relate to the acidic nature of the flow from culvert #5.

Culvert #4 – located on the north side upstream of the orange footbridge in the alley between

Deer Park and Wallinger Avenues (Photo 5).

The flow from Culvert #4 was estimated to be about one sixth that of culvert #5 and was

similarly acidic (pH 4.9).

Cd:T was 34.7 µg/L , the highest of any culvert or seepage sampled and 534 times

greater than the hardness adjusted ALG of 0.065 µg/L. This concentration would almost

certainly be lethal to fish (CCME 2010).

Zn:T was 14,300 µg/L or 14.3 mg/L, also the highest concentration recorded in this

survey, 110 times greater than the maximum hardness adjusted ALG of 130 µg/L and

would likely be lethal to fish (Nagpal, 1997).

Al:D was 3080 µg/L, the highest of any site sampled and 30 times greater than the

maximum ALG of 100 µg/L.


Maximum ALGs also exceeded for total manganese (Mn:T), total nickel (Ni:T), and

chronic ALGs exceeded for sulphate and total cobalt (Co:T).

Despite the small flow this culvert contributed significantly to the creek + culvert total

loading for the metals of concern: 7% of the Cd; 8% of the Zn; 5% of the Al; 3.4% of the

sulphate; and 1.3% of the TDS.

Zinc levels were significantly higher in 1981 at 31,000 µg/L (compared to 14,300 µg/L in

2011).

Culvert #3 – located on the north side just downstream of Wallinger Avenue, carries Kimberley

and Lois Creek (Photo 8).

The largest culvert flow by far of the six discharging, 0.04 m3/s or approximately 7% of

the creek flow on this day.

Cd:T, Zn:T and Al:D exceeded the maximum ALGs by 98, 22 and 2 fold respectively.

Sulphate, Cu:T and total lead (Pb:T) exceeded the chronic ALGs. The Pb:T concentration

in this culvert (15 µg/L) was the highest recorded in the survey and the only case where

a lead ALG was exceeded.

This culvert delivered a significant proportion of the loadings totals: 22% of TDS; 34% of

Cd:T; 40% of Zn:T; 10% of Al:D; 35% of sulphate.

Zinc concentrations in 1981 (3000 to 4000 µg/L) somewhat higher than 2011 (2360

µg/L).

Culvert #2 – located half way up the flume wall on the south side just downstream of St. Mary’s

Avenue (Photos 11 and 15).

Small flow on this day (0.0014 m3/s or 0.2% of creek flow.)

Best water quality of all culverts (and creek), no ALGs exceeded.

Zn:T, below the 5 µg/L detection limit in 2011, was 1300 µg/L in 1981.

Culvert #1 – located on the north side, about 60 m upstream of the downstream end of the

flume (Photos 18 and 19).

Very small flow, approximately half that of culvert #2.

Maximum ALGs were exceeded for Cd:T and Zn:T (these concentrations were similar to

culvert #3, Kimberley and Lois Creeks) and the chronic ALG was exceeded for AL:D.

Provided a negligible contribution to total creek + culvert loading as evidenced by this

culvert’s proportion of the total TDS loading (<0.3%).


3.3 Seepages

The flow from all seepages entering the flume in September 2011 was very small and

contributed negligible quantities of any variables of concern to the creek. Their water

chemistry was sampled as an indicator of the presence of contaminated soil near the flume

through which the seepages might flow. Proceeding from upstream to downstream:

Seepage # 5 – located on south side under Wallinger Avenue Bridge (Photos 6 and 7).

Very slightly acidic (pH 6.75).

Exceeded maximum ALGs for Cd:T, Zn:T and Al:D and chronic ALGs for Cu:T and

sulphate.

Highest dissolved lead of any seepage (1.03 µg/L) and highest nitrate recorded (1.33

mg/L).

Contamination by metals and sulphate is sufficiently greater than the creek suggesting

the seepage flows through sub-soil contaminated with pyritic rock.

Seepage #4 - located on south side just downstream from Wallinger Avenue (Photos 9 and 10)

Only seepage that was slightly alkaline (pH 7.31).

Maximum ALGs exceeded for Cd:T, Zn:T, Cu:T and total silver (Ag:T).

Cd:T and sulphate concentrations were the lowest of all seepages, Zn:T was the second

lowest.

Cu:T, Ag:T, ammonia, total phosphorous, orthophosphate and nitrite were all the

highest concentrations of any seepage.

Though still containing cadmium and zinc, the chemistry of this seepage was unique

among those sampled and suggestive of raw sewage. The presence of white sewage

fungus corroborates this suspicion (Photo 10).

Seepage #3 – located on south side at base of first braced panel, just upstream of St. Mary’s

Avenue (Photos 11 to 14).

Slightly acidic (pH 6.44).

Maximum ALGs exceed for Cd:T, Zn:T, Al:D and Ni:T.

Chronic ALGs were exceeded for sulphate.

There is sufficient evidence from the water chemistry to assume this seepage flows

through sulphide contaminated fill material.

Seepage #2 – located on north side just downstream of St. Mary’s Avenue (Photo 17).



Maximum ALGs exceeded for Cd:T, Zn:T, Al:D and Ni:T.

Chronic ALGs exceeded for sulphate.

Water chemistry very similar to seepage #3 on the other side of the flume, and similarly

suggestive of the presence of pyrite containing fill near the flume wall.

Seepage #1 – located under culvert #2 on south side just downstream of St. Mary’s Avenue

(Photos 11, 15 and 16).


Maximum ALGs exceeded for Cd:T, Zn:T, Al:D and Ni:T. Zn:T the highest concentration

of any seepage, 400 times the ALG.

Chronic ALGs exceeded for sulphate, Cu:T, Mn:T, and Ag:T.

Water chemistry, similar to most other seepages, sufficient evidence to conclude the

presence of contaminated material near the flume wall.

4.0 Conclusions

On September 12, 2011 the gauged flow at the outlet of the Mark Creek flume

indicated an estimated 23% of the flow was being lost from the flume, entering the

downstream channel as under-flow.

Most of the inorganic variables analyzed increased in concentration through the flume

as indicated by a 50% increase in TDS.

Total cadmium, zinc and dissolved aluminum exceeded their respective hardness-

dependent ALGs by 32, 3.7 and 1.8 times as Mark Creek entered the flume (the latter

ALG being a chronic guideline, the other two maximums). At the downstream end of

the flume the maximum ALGs were exceeded by 54, 14 and 1.2 times respectively.

Six of the fifteen storm sewers/culverts reporting to the flume were discharging on

September 12, 2011. Of the total flow of 0.052 m3/s from these culverts, 76% came

from Culvert #3 which carries the flow of Kimberley and Lois Creeks. The total flow from

these six culverts was approximately 9% of the flow in Mark Creek as it entered the

flume.

Four of the six culverts had impaired water quality. Culverts 4 and 5, entering the north

side of the flume between Deer Park and Wallinger Avenues, were acidic and had very

high concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Al, Mn, Ni, and Cu all exceeded ALGs) and

sulphate indicating drainage from pyritic soil and rock. The drainage from culverts 4 and

5 would have almost certainly been lethal to fish on this day. The drainage from


culverts 1 and 3 were similarly contaminated but at lower concentrations though ALGs

for Cd, Zn and Al were still exceeded.

Four out of five seepages sampled contained sufficient metal and sulphate

contamination to conclude they flow through pyrite contaminated soil and rock located

somewhere outside of the flume wall.

Seepage #4, on the south side just downstream of Wallinger Avenue, appears to be

contaminated by raw sewage.

5.0 Recommendations

1) For the purposes of replacing the Mark Creek flume, there is no need to repeat this

water quality survey. It can be considered indicative of water quality during base flow,

though at the lowest flow in the annual hydrograph, usually in March, the

concentrations of most contaminants would probably be higher (i.e., the water quality

somewhat worse). This survey should be adequate for comparing to the water quality

in a future, re-constructed channel.

2) Though not directly related to the replacement of the flume from a hydrologic or

geotechnical standpoint, the City may wish to investigate the source of the acidic,

contaminated drainage in culverts 4 and 5, located between Deer Park and Wallinger

Avenues. Assuming construction of a new channel does proceed, the area will be

excavated anyway and removing these two small but toxic drainages from reaching the

creek could be considered part of an overall environmental remediation effort. Two

possible remedies that could be considered:

a. Finding and removing the pyritic material that is the source of the

contaminated drainage. This material may be located under streets and

buildings and this process may be quite disruptive and costly.

b. Tie these two culverts into the Teck Drainage Water Treatment Plant feed line

that is routed right above both culverts. This would require the permission and

cooperation of Teck.

3) The City should investigate the area in the vicinity of seepage #4 for a leaking sanitary

sewer main or house connection.


6.0 References

Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). 1999. Canadian Environmental

Quality Guidelines. http://ceqg-rcqe.ccme.ca/ (accessed December 2011).

Grimm, R.W. 1982. Zinc Loadings from Storm Sewers and Tributaries in Lower Mark Creek in

1981. Waste Man. Br., BC Min. of Environ.

Nagpal, N.K. 1997. Water Quality Guidelines for Zinc. Water Man. Br., BC Min. of Environ.,

Victoria, BC.

Sykes, E. Mark Creek Flume: Geotechnical Review. Provided in a letter from EXP to Aqua-Tex

Scientific Consultants Dated Sept. 29, 2011.

http://ceqg-rcqe.ccme.ca/


PHOTOGRAPHS

(Proceeding from Upstream to Downstream)

Photos Page 1

Photo #1 Upstream end of Mark Creek flume.

Photo #2 Culvert #6 (just out of foot bridge shadow) and Culvert #5 (with green algae) – north side.

Upstream end of flume visible beyond foot bridge.

Photos Page 2

Photo #3 Culvert #6.

Photos Page 3

Photo #4 Culvert #5.

Photo #5 Culvert #4 – north side.

Photos Page 4

Photo #6 Seepage #5 – south side, under Wallinger Avenue bridge.

Photo #7 Close-up of Seepage #5.

Photos Page 5

Photo #8 Culvert #3 - north side, Kimberley and Lois Creeks.

Photo #9 Seepage #4 – south side, across from Culvert #3.

Photos Page 6


Photo #11 Seepage #3, Culvert #2 and Seepage #1 – south side.

S.3

C. 2

S. 1

Photos Page 7

Photo #12 Seepage #3 – south side


Photos Page 8

Photo #14 Flume panel at Seepage #3.

Photo #15 Culvert #2 and Seepage #1 – south side.

Photos Page 9


Photo #17 Seepage #2 – north side, across from Culvert #2 and Seepage #1.

Photos Page 10

Photo #18 Culvert #1 – north side.

Photo #19 Looking upstream from downstream end of flume.

C.1

Photos Page 11

Photo #20 Downstream end of flume.

Appendix 1. Water Quality Results and Comparison to Current Aquatic Life Guidelines Appendices Page 1

Units Maximum30 day

average

Upstream

End

Downstream

End

#6

Deer Park

#5Deer Park

#4#3

Kimb./Lois Cr.#2 #1 #5 #4 #3 #2 #1

Physical Tests

Conductivity µS/cm NG NG 77.7 133 63.3 275 562 389 59.0 322 439 311 538 601 524

Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/L NG NG 35.8 59.5 23.1 92.3 220 189 21.2 93.8 150 73.7 222 246 208

pH 6.5 - 9.0 NG 7.62 7.79 7.53 4.93 4.90 7.96 7.58 7.18 6.75 7.31 6.44 6.70 5.97

Total Suspended Solids mg/L BG + 25 BG + 5 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 5.3 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 13.3 28.0 <3.0 3.3

Total Dissolved Solids mg/L NG NG 57 87 46 227 454 266 42 198 298 174 422 456 404


Alkalinity, Bicarbonate (as CaCO3) mg/L NG NG 29.5 40.7 23.7 <1.0 <1.0 99.6 22.0 23.5 35.3 51.7 9.5 16.3 3.9

Alkalinity, Carbonate (as CaCO3) mg/L NG NG <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

Alkalinity, Hydroxide (as CaCO3) mg/L NG NG <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

Alkalinity, Total (as CaCO3) mg/L NG NG 29.5 40.7 23.7 <1.0 <1.0 99.6 22.0 23.5 35.3 51.7 9.5 16.3 3.9

Ammonia (as N) mg/L 11.2 1.85 <0.0050 <0.0050 0.0339 <0.0050 <0.0050 0.0167 <0.0050 <0.0050 0.0313 3.32 <0.0050 <0.0050 <0.0050

Bromide (Br) mg/L NG NG <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 <0.050

Chloride (Cl) mg/L 600 150 1.50 3.09 3.75 10.8 17.3 9.69 3.78 40.1 37.5 29.7 27.2 34.3 27.6

Fluoride (F) mg/L 0.3 NG 0.045 0.069 0.045 0.450 1.01 0.135 0.031 0.517 0.559 0.274 0.966 1.04 0.993

Nitrate (as N) mg/L 31.3 3 0.0761 0.117 0.0279 0.302 0.597 0.236 <0.0050 1.08 1.33 0.478 0.782 0.785 0.857

Nitrite (as N) mg/L 0.06 0.02 <0.0010 <0.0010 <0.0010 <0.0010 <0.0010 <0.0010 <0.0010 <0.0010 <0.0010 0.0360 <0.0010 <0.0010 <0.0010

Orthophosphate-Dissolved (as P) mg/L NG NG <0.0010 <0.0010 0.0238 0.0026 0.0018 0.0029 0.0013 0.0027 0.0030 0.502 0.0029 0.0055 <0.0010

Phosphorus (P)-Total mg/L NG NG 0.0032 0.0022 0.0311 <0.0020 0.0022 0.0133 0.0035 0.0039 0.0199 0.822 0.0063 0.0054 <0.0020

Sulfate (SO4) mg/L 250 65 8.79 22.6 3.73 107 249 88.6 3.20 63.0 117 47.8 209 225 206

Total Metals

Aluminum (Al)-Total µg/L NG NG 145 222 62.8 1720 3240 727 17.5 81.7 297 142 650 426 1050

Antimony (Sb)-Total µg/L 20 NG <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1.16 <0.5 <1 <1 <1

Arsenic (As)-Total µg/L 5 NG <0.5 <0.5 0.77 <0.5 <1 0.81 <0.5 <0.5 0.54 <0.5 <1 <1 <1

Barium (Ba)-Total µg/L 5000 1000 <20 <20 <20 21 <20 38 <20 55 33 25 23 20 <20

Beryllium (Be)-Total µg/L NG 5.3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.70 1.71 0.33 <0.1 <0.1 0.24 <0.1 0.55 0.33 0.83

Boron (B)-Total mg/L 1.2 NG <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.34 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Cadmium (Cd)-Total * µg/L 0.417 1.13 0.088 13.1 34.7 5.62 <0.017 4.02 9.9 2.85 21.6 21.3 27.8

Calcium (Ca)-Total mg/L NG NG 9.53 15.4 6.86 16.5 37.9 46.7 6.09 21.7 33.7 17.7 43.6 49.5 39.4

Chromium (Cr)-Total µg/L <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 <2 <2

Cobalt (Co)-Total µg/L 110 4 <0.3 0.37 <0.3 6.89 4.31 0.75 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3 <0.6 <0.6 <0.6

Copper (Cu)-Total µg/L 5.4 u/s, 7.6 d/s 2.0 u/s, 2.4 d/s 1.1 2.1 <1 20.4 41.1 8.7 <1 <1 6.1 15.9 4.1 3.6 19.2

Iron (Fe)-Total mg/L 1 NG 0.151 0.133 0.125 <0.03 <0.03 0.222 0.052 <0.03 <0.03 0.301 0.031 <0.03 <0.03

Lead (Pb)-Total µg/L 22.1 u/s, 42.1 d/s 4.2 u/s, 4.9 d/s 2.34 2.16 0.61 2.1 1.8 15 <0.5 0.82 1.06 4.06 <1 <1 <1

Lithium (Li)-Total µg/L 870 96 <0.5 1.12 <0.5 11.1 27.7 7.02 <0.5 8.56 12 4.9 22.7 24.9 22.7

Magnesium (Mg)-Total mg/L NG NG 2.8 5.22 1.44 11.6 30.2 18.5 1.44 9.90 15.1 7.31 26.3 29.2 26.7

Manganese (Mn)-Total µg/L 934 u/s, 1195 d/s 762 u/s, 867 d/s 24.4 129 11 2250 5290 768 3.51 11.1 191 43 245 357 2370

Mercury (Hg)-Total µg/L NG 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.06 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Molybdenum (Mo)-Total µg/L 2000 1000 <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 <2 <2

Nickel (Ni)-Total µg/L 65 NG <1 2.8 <1 36.8 98.2 15.4 <1 18.8 34.8 11.5 72.5 78.3 83.9

Potassium (K)-Total mg/L NG NG <2 <2 <2 <2 3.9 2.4 <2 2.0 3.5 4.2 3.8 4.4 3.6

Selenium (Se)-Total µg/L NG 2 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.2 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <1 <1 <2 <2 <2

Silver (Ag)-Total µg/L 0.1 0.05 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 0.027 <0.04 0.033 <0.02 <0.02 0.027 0.118 <0.04 <0.04 0.051

Sodium (Na)-Total mg/L NG NG 2.5 3.5 4.4 7.5 12.5 9.2 4.2 23.8 25.6 21.0 14.3 20.7 14.6

Thallium (Tl)-Total µg/L NG 0.8 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.020 0.027 0.019 <0.01 <0.01 0.013 <0.01 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02

Tin (Sn)-Total µg/L NG NG <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <1 <1 <1

Titanium (Ti)-Total µg/L NG NG <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10

Uranium (U)-Total µg/L 300 NG <0.2 0.23 <0.2 0.67 1.10 0.82 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4

Vanadium (V)-Total µg/L 6 NG <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 <2 <2

Zinc (Zn)-Total ** µg/L 33 7.5 124 466 43.1 5510 14300 2360 <5 2840 5900 1940 1180 12600 13200

Seepages Entering Flume (from u/s to d/s)Mark Creek FlumeAquatic Life Guidelines

(for creek)

0.013 u/s, 0.021 d/s

1 Cr(VI), 8.9 Cr(III)

Culverts Entering Flume (from u/s to d/s)

Appendix 1 (continued). Water Quality Results and Comparison to Current Aquatic Life Guidelines Appendices Page 2

Units Maximum30 day

average

Upstream

End

Downstream

End

#6

Deer Park

#5Deer Park

#4#3

Kimb./Lois Cr.#2 #1 #5 #4 #3 #2 #1

Dissolved Metals

Aluminum (Al)-Dissolved µg/L 100 50 92.3 128 11.5 1650 3080 213 9 55.3 291 34.4 627 414 1000

Antimony (Sb)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1.21 <0.5 <1 <1 <1

Arsenic (As)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG <0.5 <0.5 0.73 <0.5 <1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 0.54 <0.5 <1 <1 <1

Barium (Ba)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG <20 <20 <20 22 <20 40 <20 53 32 23 23 <20 <20

Beryllium (Be)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.80 1.75 0.12 <0.1 <0.1 0.26 <0.1 0.58 0.33 0.83

Boron (B)-Dissolved mg/L NG NG <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.35 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Cadmium (Cd)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG 0.403 1.05 0.086 13.8 35.2 2.56 <0.017 4.03 10.5 1.55 22.2 21.6 28

Calcium (Ca)-Dissolved mg/L NG NG 9.67 15.4 6.88 17.1 38.7 47.7 6.11 21.5 34.9 17.6 44.8 50.9 39.5

Chromium (Cr)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 <2 <2

Cobalt (Co)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG <0.3 0.33 <0.3 6.68 4.10 0.31 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3 <0.6 <0.6 <0.6

Copper (Cu)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG <1 1.6 <1 19.9 39.5 3.1 <1 <1 6.1 5 3.9 3.4 16.2

Iron (Fe)-Dissolved mg/L 0.35 NG 0.076 0.063 0.047 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 0.031 <0.03 <0.030 0.140 <0.030 <0.030 <0.030

Lead (Pb)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG 1.5 1.18 <0.5 2.12 1.80 1.21 <0.5 0.65 1.03 0.53 <1 <1 <1

Lithium (Li)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG 0.54 1.18 <0.5 11.7 27.6 5.24 <0.5 8.62 12.8 5.11 24 25.1 22.7

Magnesium (Mg)-Dissolved mg/L NG NG 2.83 5.11 1.43 12.0 29.8 16.9 1.44 9.77 15.3 7.19 26.7 28.9 26.5

Manganese (Mn)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG 23.4 111 9.23 2180 5060 334 0.65 10.2 190 26.2 241 340 2260

Mercury (Hg)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.016 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Molybdenum (Mo)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 <2 <2

Nickel (Ni)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG <1 <1 <1 36.0 93.7 7.0 <1 17.8 34.6 10.8 71.6 75.9 80.1

Potassium (K)-Dissolved mg/L NG NG <2 <2 <2 <2 3.7 2.2 <2 2.0 3.4 3.6 3.7 4.3 3.6

Selenium (Se)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.2 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2

Silver (Ag)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.04 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04

Sodium (Na)-Dissolved mg/L NG NG 2.5 3.4 4.3 7.7 12.0 8.5 4.1 23.2 24.7 19.9 13.9 19.8 14.4

Thallium (Tl)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.021 0.026 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.014 <0.01 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02

Tin (Sn)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <1 <1 <1

Titanium (Ti)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10

Uranium (U)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG <0.2 0.21 <0.2 0.64 1.07 0.73 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4

Vanadium (V)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 <2 <2

Zinc (Zn)-Dissolved µg/L NG NG 122 433 42.1 5860 14900 1130 <5 2940 6320 1280 1260 1310 1360

Exceeds maximum guideline * ALG for Cd = 10 {̂0.86[log(hardness)]-3.2

Exceeds 30 day average guideline

NG = No guideline ** Maximum ALG for Zn = 33 + 0.75(hardness - 90); 30-day average (chronic) = 7.5 + 0.75(hardness - 90)

Aquatic Life Guidelines

(for creek)Mark Creek Flume Culverts Entering Flume (from u/s to d/s) Seepages Entering Flume (from u/s to d/s)

Appendix 2. Loadings of Variables Found Above Detection Limits Appendices Page 3

Calculated Loading

Totals

Upstream + Culverts

Loading Variance:

Measured vs

Calculated

Units Concentration Loading (kg/d) #6 #5 #4 #3 #2 #1 #6 #5 #4 #3 #2 #1 kg/d Concentration Loading (kg/d) %

Physical Tests

Instantaneous Flow m3/s 0.6 0.00006 0.0088 0.0014 0.04 0.0014 0.0008 0.5

Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 57 2955 46 227 454 266 42 198 0.239 173 54.5 919 5.04 13.7 4106 87 3758 -9.3


Alkalinity, Bicarbonate (as CaCO3) mg/L 29.5 1529 23.7 <1.0 <1.0 99.6 22.0 23.5 0.123 Negligible Negligible 344 2.64 1.62 1878 40.7 1758 -6.8

Chloride (Cl) mg/L 1.50 77.8 3.75 10.8 17.3 9.69 3.78 40.1 0.020 8.21 2.08 33.5 0.45 2.77 125 3.09 133 6.5

Fluoride (F) mg/L 0.045 2.3 0.045 0.450 1.01 0.135 0.031 0.517 Negligible 0.34 0.12 0.47 Negligible 0.04 3.3 0.069 3.0 -10.6

Nitrate (as N) mg/L 0.0761 3.9 0.0279 0.302 0.597 0.236 <0.005 1.08 Negligible 0.23 0.07 0.82 Negligible 0.07 5.1 0.117 5.1 -1.6

Orthophosphate-Dissolved (as P) mg/L <0.001 <0.1 0.0238 0.0026 0.0018 0.0029 0.0013 0.0027 Negligible Negligible Negligible 0.01 Negligible Negligible Negligible <0.0010 <0.1

Phosphorus (P)-Total mg/L 0.0032 0.2 0.0311 <0.0020 0.0022 0.0133 0.0035 0.0039 Negligible Negligible Negligible 0.05 Negligible Negligible 0.2 0.0022 0.1 -122.9

Sulfate (SO4) mg/L 8.79 456 3.73 107 249 88.6 3.20 63.0 0.019 81.3 29.9 306 0.38 4.35 878 22.6 976 10.1

Total Metals

Aluminum (Al)-Total µg/L 145 7.5 62.8 1720 3240 727 17.5 81.7 Negligible 1.3 0.39 2.5 Negligible 0.01 11.7 222 9.6 -22.3

Cadmium (Cd)-Total µg/L 0.417 0.022 0.088 13.1 34.7 5.62 <0.017 4.02 Negligible 0.010 0.004 0.019 Negligible Negligible 0.055 1.13 0.049 -13.0

Calcium (Ca)-Total mg/L 9.53 494 6.86 16.5 37.9 46.7 6.09 21.7 0.036 12.5 4.55 161 0.73 1.50 675 15.4 665 -1.4

Cobalt (Co)-Total µg/L <0.3 <0.02 <0.3 6.89 4.31 0.75 <0.3 <0.3 Negligible 0.01 Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible 0.37 0.02

Copper (Cu)-Total µg/L 1.1 0.06 <1 20.4 41.1 8.7 <1 <1 Negligible 0.02 Negligible 0.03 Negligible Negligible 0.10 2.1 0.09 -13.0

Iron (Fe)-Total mg/L 0.151 7.8 0.125 <0.03 <0.03 0.222 0.052 <0.03 0.001 Negligible Negligible 0.77 0.01 Negligible 8.6 0.133 5.7 -49.7

Lead (Pb)-Total µg/L 2.34 0.1 0.61 2.1 1.8 15 <0.5 0.82 Negligible Negligible Negligible 0.05 Negligible Negligible 0.2 2.16 0.09 -85.5

Lithium (Li)-Total µg/L <0.5 <0.03 <0.5 11.1 27.7 7.02 <0.5 8.56 Negligible 0.01 Negligible 0.02 Negligible Negligible Negligible 1.12 0.05

Magnesium (Mg)-Total mg/L 2.8 145 1.44 11.6 30.2 18.5 1.44 9.90 0.007 8.82 3.62 63.9 0.17 0.68 222 5.22 226 1.4

Manganese (Mn)-Total µg/L 24.4 1.3 11 2250 5290 768 3.51 11.1 Negligible 1.7 0.6 2.7 Negligible Negligible 6.3 129 5.6 -12.4

Nickel (Ni)-Total µg/L <1 <0.1 <1 36.8 98.2 15.4 <1 18.8 Negligible 0.03 0.01 0.05 Negligible Negligible Negligible 2.8 0.12

Sodium (Na)-Total mg/L 2.5 130 4.4 7.5 12.5 9.2 4.2 23.8 0.023 5.70 1.50 31.8 0.50 1.64 171 3.5 151 -12.9

Zinc (Zn)-Total µg/L 124 6.4 43.1 5510 14300 2360 <5 2840 Negligible 4.2 1.7 8.2 Negligible 0.20 20.7 466 20 -2.7

Dissolved Metals

Aluminum (Al)-Dissolved µg/L 92.3 4.8 11.5 1650 3080 213 9 55.3 Negligible 1.3 0.37 0.7 Negligible Negligible 7.1 128 5.5 -29.1

Cadmium (Cd)-Dissolved µg/L 0.403 0.02 0.086 13.8 35.2 2.56 <0.017 4.03 Negligible 0.01 Negligible 0.01 Negligible Negligible 0.04 1.05 0.05 11.4

Calcium (Ca)-Dissolved mg/L 9.67 501 6.88 17.1 38.7 47.7 6.11 21.5 0.036 13.0 4.64 165 0.73 1.48 686 15.4 665 -3.1

Cobalt (Co)-Dissolved µg/L <0.3 <0.02 <0.3 6.68 4.10 0.31 <0.3 <0.3 Negligible 0.01 Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible 0.33 0.01

Copper (Cu)-Dissolved µg/L <1 <0.05 <1 19.9 39.5 3.1 <1 <1 Negligible 0.02 Negligible 0.01 Negligible Negligible Negligible 1.6 0.07

Iron (Fe)-Dissolved mg/L 0.076 3.9 0.047 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 0.031 <0.03 Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible 0.063 2.7

Lead (Pb)-Dissolved µg/L 1.5 0.08 <0.5 2.12 1.80 1.21 <0.5 0.65 Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible 1.18 0.05

Lithium (Li)-Dissolved µg/L 0.54 0.03 <0.5 11.7 27.6 5.24 <0.5 8.62 Negligible 0.01 Negligible 0.02 Negligible Negligible Negligible 1.18 0.05

Magnesium (Mg)-Dissolved mg/L 2.83 147 1.43 12.0 29.8 16.9 1.44 9.77 0.007 9.12 3.58 58.4 0.17 0.67 219 5.11 221 0.9

Manganese (Mn)-Dissolved µg/L 23.4 1.2 9.23 2180 5060 334 0.65 10.2 Negligible 1.7 0.6 1.2 Negligible Negligible 4.6 111 4.8 3.4

Sodium (Na)-Dissolved mg/L 2.5 130 4.3 7.7 12.0 8.5 4.1 23.2 0.022 5.85 1.44 29.4 0.49 1.60 168 3.4 147 -14.6

Uranium (U)-Dissolved µg/L <0.2 <0.01 <0.2 0.64 1.07 0.73 <0.2 <0.2 Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible 0.21 0.01

Zinc (Zn)-Dissolved µg/L 122 6.3 42.1 5860 14900 1130 <5 2940 Negligible 4.5 1.8 3.9 Negligible 0.20 16.7 433 19 10.9

Exceeds maximum guideline

Exceeds 30 day average guideline


Concentrations


Loadings (kg/d)

Mark Creek Flume

Upstream End

Mark Creek Flume

Downstream End (measured)

water quality survey of mark creek flume

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