water quality
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Water Quality
Dr. Partha ChattopadhyaySenior Principal Scientist
CSIR-Institute of Minerals And Materials TechnologyBhubaneswar 751 013
Ppo
• Potable water is the water whose consumption would not affect health adversely
• Man’s requirement of water for drinking purposes is more important than any other of its use
• The mean daily intake of water by an individual is ~ 3.1% of the body wt.
• Availability of water free of bacteriological and chemical contamination is becoming challenging in major parts of India, particularly in rural are
What is water Quality
Water Quality Index
A water quality index provides a single number (like a grade) that expresses overall water quality at a certain location and time based on several water quality parameters
Objective
To turn complex water quality data into information that is understandable and useable by the public
Drinking Water Quality Index (DWQI)
all parameters regardless of WHO designation
Source Water Quality Index (SWQI) health and microbial criteria only arsenic, boron, cadmium, chromium, copper, fluoride, lead, manganese, mercury, nitrate, nitrite, faecal coliforms
Acceptability Water Quality Index (AWQI) acceptability criteria only ammonia, chloride, iron, pH, sodium, sulphate, zinc
4X4 Rule: Each parameter that contributes to the index must be measured at least 4 times per year at stations that have measured a minimum of 4 parameters per year.Calculation of Global Water
Analytical Report along with Drinking Water Specification, Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) BIS 10500 : 1991
Sl.No. Characteristics Desirable Limit
Permissible Limit
1. Cloour (Hazen Unit) 5 5
2 Odour Unobjectionale Unobjectionale
3 Taste Agreeable
4. Turbidity, NTU 5 105. pH 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 –8.56. Total Hardness 300 6007. Iron 0.3 1.08. Chlorides 250 10009. Residual Free Chlorine 0.2 -10. Dissolved Solids 500 200011. Calcium 75 20012. Mn 0.05 1.513. Sulfate 0.10 0.314. Nitrate 200 40015. Fluoride 45 100
16. Mercury 1.0 1.5
17. Cadmium 0.001 No relaxation
18. Selenium 0.01 do
Analytical Report along with Drinking Water Specification, Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) BIS 10500 : 1991
Unit mg/L or ppm*UK Drinking Water Regulation Act 1989
Sl.No. Characteristics Desirable Limit Permissible Limit
19. Arsenic 0.05No relaxation
20. Cyanide 0.05do
21. Lead 0.05do
22. Zinc 515
23. Chromium (VI) 0.05No relaxation
24. Alkalinity200 600
25. Aluminium 0.03
26. Boron 1.05
27. *Sodium
150.00--
28. *Potassium
12.029. Mineral Oil 0.01 0.03
Parameters Test sample, mg/L Max. permissible conc.(mg/L)
Calcium 2.0 (0.1 mEq/L)
Magnesium 4.0 (0.3 mEq/L)
Cu 0.1
Al 0.1
Zn 5.0
Sulphate 100
Nitrate 2.0
Fluoride 0.2
Potassium 8.0 (0.2 mEq/L)
Sodium 70.0 (3.0 mEq/L)
Hemodialysis Water (AAMI Standards)
Sl No. Parameters Test Results Max. Permissible Limit, mg/L
1. Organic 200
2. Inorganic(Total dissolved solids)
3000
3. Chloride 2000
4. Sulphate 400
5. pH 5.5 – 8.5
Water quality for construction BIS 3025
TARGET
SsuSuuuuu11111111111111
Summary of targets for water quality parameters included in water quality index
MONITORING
Many factors affecting water quality
• Sedimentation
• Run off
• Erosion
• Dissolved Oxygen
• pH
• Temperature
• Decayed Organic Materials
• Pesticides
• Toxic and Hazardous Substances
• Oil, grease and chemicals
• Detergents
• Litter and rubbish
GUIDELINE
Some recommended alkalinity values
Industry and ProcessRecommended Maximum Total Alkalinity (in mg/L CaCO3)
Carbonated beverages 85
Food products (canning) 300
Fruit juice 100
Washing diapers 60
Pulp and paper making(ground-wood process) 150
Rayon manufacture 50
Tanning hides 135
Textile mill products 50-200
Petroleum refining 500
Water Quality Guidelines:
• Guidelines for Drinking–Water Quality:
The primary purpose of the Guidelines for Drinking–Water Quality is the
protection of the public health
• Adequate, safe and accessible supply must be available to all
• Access to safe drinking water is essential to health, a basic human right
and a component of effective policy for health protection
• Safe drinking water, as defined by the Guidelines, does not represent any
significant risk to health over a lifetime of consumption,
including different sensitivities that may occur between life stages
• UN General Assembly declared the period from 2005-2015
as the International Decade for Action, “water for life”
CSIR
Water Purification Technology Inventions by CSIR
Problem Solution by CSIR Tech
High arsenic •Ceramic membrane based As removal by CGCRI
•Adsorbent based As removal by NML
•As test kit (NEERI)High F •RO based CSCMRI
•Electrolytic defluoridation
High Fe •Ceramic based iron removal (CGCRI)•Hand pump attachable iron removal (NEERI)•Terafil (IMMT)•NEERI-Zar Potable water filter (NEERI)(
High saline(brine water in coastal area) Thin film composite (TFe)RO membrane based Tech (CMCRI)
Pathogen like bacteria and viruses Ultrafiltration membrane Tech (NCL)Hollow Fibre membrane Technology
NEERI-
Implementation status of key water Purification Technologies
Laboratory Technology produced and implemented
CSMCRI •Installed dozens of RO plants across the country•Installed 6 RO plants in Afganistan•Installed demonstration Solar powered /Animal power plants•Installed several plants in earth quake, cyclone and tsunami affected are
CSMCRI 20 arsenic and fluoride removal units set up using ion specific resin in West Bengal, Gujrat and Tamil Nadu
NCL Developed and transferred ultra filtration membrane based technology for water purification
IMMT •About 1 lakh Terafil filters installed under Bharat Nirman and Jalmani schemes•Installed hundreds of filters during floods in different parts of the country•Technology transferred to >100 entrepreneurs
NEERI •Developed NEERI-ZAR another type of instant water filter suitable for flooded areas•Developed hundreds of unit during different floods in the country•240 hand pump attachable iron removal plants installed in North Eastern states
NGRI •Technology on rain water harvesting and artificial recharge implemented in 3 villages in Chittoor district of AP•Technology on artificial recharge & recovery of surplus storm runoff in desert areas for use as drinking water source,Churu district of Rjasthan•Technology on drinking water self sufficiency for industry through rain water harvesting •Technology on interaction of lake water and ground water (5 lakes in Hyderabad)
CGCRI •28 COMMUNITY MODEL PLANTS set up in WB and North East states BASED ON CERAMIC MEMBRANE FOR As and Fe removal•Technology transferred to 7 private entrepreneurs
TETERATERAFIL FILTER CANDLE BY IMMT (RRL BHUBANESWAR)
Samples collected on …….
Odd nos. are raw water, Even are terafil filter productTH = Total hardness, measure of sum of concentration of calcium and magnesium expressed as
carbonate in mg/L (ppm)TDS = Total dissolved solids in mg/L (ppm)
BIS = Bureau of Indian Standard for drinking water (BIS 10500:1991)
Sl. No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 BIS LimitDesirable/Permissible
Ter. 7 nil 6 nil 8 nil 7 nil 8 5 /10 NTU
pH 5.55 6.63 5.53 6.84 5.63 6.97 5.63 6.68 5.64 6.71 6.5 to 8.5
TH 20 50 30 40 30 50 30 40 30 40 300 /600 mg/L
Fe 4.5 0.2 1.3 0.1 1.1 0.2 3.9 0.1 2.3 0.1 0.3 /1.0 mg/L
TDS 65 90 64 86 62 88 64 83 62 91 250 /2000 mg/L
Samples collected on ……….
Odd nos. are raw water, Even are terafil filter productTH = Total hardness, measure of sum of concentration of Ca and Mg expressed as carbonate in mg/L (ppm)TDS = Total dissolved solids in mg/L (ppm)BIS = Bureau of Indian Standard for drinking water
Sl. No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 BIS LimitDesirable/Permissible
Ter. 7 nil 6 nil 8 nil 7 nil 8 5 /10 NTU
pH 5.42 6.7 5.3 6.5 5.3 6.7 5.4 6.3 5.4 6.4 6.5 to 8.5
TH 20 50 30 40 30 50 30 40 30 40 300 /600 mg/L
Fe 4.5 0.2 1.3 0.1 1.1 0.2 3.9 0.1 2.3 0.1 0.3 /1.0 mg/L
TDS 65 90 64 86 62 88 64 83 62 91 250 /2000 mg/L
Samples collected on ……….
Odd nos. are raw water, Even are terafil filter productTH = Total hardness, measure of sum of concentration of calcium and magnesium expressed as carbonate in mg/L (ppm)TDS = Total dissolved solids in mg/L (ppm)BIS = Bureau of Indian Standard for drinking water
Sl. No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 BIS LimitDesirable/Permissible
Ter. 6 nil 6 nil 8 nil 7 nil 7 nil 5 /10 NTU
pH 5.59 6.91 5.61 6.78 5.58 6.66 5.64 6.93 5.68 6.87 6.5 to 8.5
TH 12.5 26.5 10.0 30.0 15.0 30.0 12.5 37.5 17.5 32.5 300 /600 mg/L
Fe 1.2 <0.1 1.1 <0.1 1.3 <0.1 0.79 <0.1 1.3 <0.1 0.3 /1.0 mg/L
TDS 78.3 122 78.1 118 78 113 81 136 78 118 250 /2000 mg/L
pH change of raw water
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Raw
Filter
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Raw
Filter
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Raw
Filter
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Raw
Filter
Effect of total hardness (mg/L) from raw water by passing through terafil
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Raw
Filter
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Raw
Filter
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Raw
Filter
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Raw
Filter
Removal of iron (mg/L) from raw water by passing through terafil
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Raw
Filter
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Raw
Filter
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Raw
Filter
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Raw
Filter
B (5.9.07)
D (29.11.07)
Conclusion:
• Raw water is acidic, high iron and low calcium – magnesium concentration
• Terafil filter water improves the water quality by decreasing acidity
• Total hardness increases significantly with the rise in concentration of
both Ca and Mg
• Raw water tested so far contain well above the permissible limit for iron
• Terafil product brings down to much below the desired limit
