water physical science ¾ of the earth is covered with it exists on earth as a solid, liquid and gas...
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WATER
Physical Science
¾ of the Earth is covered with it
Exists on Earth as a solid, liquid AND gas
POLAR!!!
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Do you remember the 3 types of bonds?2
1. Metallic2. Ionic3. Covalent- actually there are two types…
1. Polar Covalent2. Nonpolar Covalent
How do you know which type will form???
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So actually- there are four types of bonds you must know:
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1. Metallic- 1. metal with a metal
2. Ionic1. Metal with a nonmetal
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The four types of bonds you must know:4
3. Nonpolar Covalent:-Nonmetal with a nonmetal
-If two of the same element
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The four types of bonds you must know:5
4. Polar Covalent:-Nonmetal with a nonmetal-If Nitrogen, Oxygen or Fluorine are one of the elements, they are VERY electronegative and
will hog the electrons…and create POLAR COVALENT
BONDS!
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Water background rewind
What elements are in a water molecule?
What type of bond will form between them?
How do you know it will be a polar covalent bond? _______________ with a ____________
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Polarity of Water
A water molecule is a polar molecule with opposite ends of the molecule having opposite charges. oxygen is more electronegative so it pulls on the
electrons more So… the OXYGEN end has a slight negative charge. The HYDROGEN end has a slight positive charge.
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This leads to a new type of “bond”…
Called a…
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10Hydrogen bond
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Hydrogen Bonds
Occur between molecules (not within) Bonds within water molecules are POLAR COVALENT!!!
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HYDROGEN BONDS
As far as BOND go, they are weak, about 1/20th as strong as covalent bonds.
They form, break, and reform with great frequency
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Each water molecule can form hydrogen bonds with up to four neighbors.
** Label the polar covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds in your notes right now…
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14Hydrogen bonds affect the properties of water
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Special Arrangement:
Water molecules arrange themselves in a very specific way…
WHY???
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OPPOSITES ATTRACT
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BUT Like charges repel each other…
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H and H repel each other, as do O and O
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What two ends of the molecule attract each other?
Hydrogen and Oxygen What will be repelled by each other?
O + O and H + H
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 3.1
The slightly negative regions of one molecule are attracted to the slightly positive regions of nearby molecules, forming a hydrogen bond.
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Properties of H bonds…
Cohesion – water molecules sticking to each other (by H bonds) plays a key role in the
transport of water against gravity in plants
Adhesion- water molecules stick to other things Like the meniscus!
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20Surface tension
Meniscus- adhesion
Surface Tension- cohesion
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Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic Any substance that likes water (WATER-
LOVING)Ionic or polar substancesMost hydrophilic substances dissolve
in water (ex salt) Hydrophobic: any substance that
doesn’t like water (WATER –FEARING)
Usually nonpolar/non-ionic substance (ex-oil)
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“Like Dissolves Like”22
Polar Solutions (like water) are able to dissolve other polar molecules as well as ionic compounds. Why?
Likewise, nonpolar solutions (like oil) will not dissolve polar and ionic compounds and will instead dissolve NONPOLAR molecules.
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Hydrophilic dissolves Hydrophilic
WILL DISSOLVE: • Ionic Compounds,• Polar Molecules• (anything with a charge)
Water
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Hydrophobic dissolves Hydrophobic
WILL DISSOLVE: • only nonpolar,
hydrophobic things
(things with NO CHARGE)
Oil