water performance of buildings a study being conducted for dg env by bio intelligence service in...
TRANSCRIPT
Water Performance of Buildings
A study being conducted for DG ENV by Bio Intelligence Servicein cooperation with BRE and ICLEI
Water Resource Efficiency Workshop EEA, Copenhagen, 17 June 2011
Eric Hoa, BIO Intelligence Service
Outline
ObjectivesThe Building Sector: Scope and FiguresExisting SchemesIdentification of Policy Options at EU levelProject schedule
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Objectives (1)
Starting point 2009 studies, led by BIO Intelligence ServiceFeasibility of Water performance of buildings (WPB)Feasibility of Water efficiency standards (WES)
2011 Follow-up WPB study, with the objectives of :Analysing the possibilities for improving the water performance of buildings in the EUAssessing the environmental, economic and social impacts of the proposed (combination of) measuresRecommending concrete policy optionsProviding support for stakeholder and public consultation
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Objectives (2)
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Development of baseline scenario and selection of policy options
Development of supporting documents for policy makers
Stakeholder Consultation
Assessment of the impacts of the identified policy options
1.1 Literature review
1.2 Development of baseline scenario
1.3 Selection & preliminary screening of options
2.1 Data collection on impacts of options & identification of data gaps
2.2 Impact assessment of policy options
3.1 Questionnaires for stakeholder & public consultation
3.2 Organisation of stakeholder meeting
4.1 Policy maker summary
4.2. Compilation and edition of the draft final report
Task1
Task2
Task3
Task4
End September 2011
December 2011
End March 2012
Currently under finalisation.
The Building Sector : Scope and Figures (1)
Water Distribution21 % of water abstraction across Europe supplies public water systemsHowever, 60 to 80% of the public water supply system is used by residential buildings, with personal hygiene and toilet flushing accounting for about 60% of this proportion. (EEA, 2009)
Scope of the StudyResidential buildings (individual houses, apartment blocks, gardens and private swimming pools)Non-residential buildings (commercial and public buildings) connected to the public water supplyExcluded : Industries, Agricultural facilities
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Main drivers for water consumption patterns for buildingsNumber of occupantsHousehold incomeClimate
Water consumption patterns (UK example)
The Building Sector : Scope and Figures (2)
WC 29%
Sink 25%
Shower/bath 29%
Washing machine
11%
Dishwasher 1%
Outdoor 5%
Residential (92%)
Toilets65%
Sink 18%
Shower/bath 5%
Urinal12%
Non-residential (8%)
Based on (MTP, 2008) and (REWARD, 2008) 6
Baseline ScenarioWater abstraction figures by Aquastat (when possible, reference year: 2005)Water losses from main supply: MS specific / 22% as default value.
The Building Sector : Scope and Figures (3)
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-
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
7 000
8 000
9 000
10 000
Million m3
Water demand (total building, domestic, tertiary)Total building water demand (Mm3) Total domestic water demand (Mm3) Total tertiary water demand (Mm3)
Existing Schemes (1)
Investigated policy measures
Volu
ntar
y m
easu
res
Information Rating tools
BREEAM (UK) AECB (UK) HQE (FR) H&E (FR) GSBC (DE) Lider A (Portugal) Green Star (AUS) NABERS (AUS) LEED (USA)
Labels European Eco-Label Nordic Swan (DK, SE, FI, NO, IS)
Man
dato
ry m
easu
res
Regulation
Building codes
Local Building codes (Italy) Building codes (ES) Irish Building Regulation – amendment to Part G (IRE) Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulation (UK) Amendment to Part G Building Regulations (UK)
Strategic plans / planning guidelines
Ordenanza de Gestion y Uso Eficiente del Agua (ES) SAGE Gironde (FR)
Information Rating tool Code for Sustainable Homes (UK)
Overview at EU Level and third countries
3 Levels of improvements – product, building, macro 8
Example: BREEAMIncrease of registered assessments Green building certification, based on a credit system:
Water section weights for 6%, among other sections: management, health and wellbeing, energy, transport, materials, waste, land use, pollution and innovation.
Residential and non-residential (specific schemes)Costs of certification and administration is the main barrier:
2,400 to 12,000€ depending on building size.Water standards:
water consumption, water monitoring/metering, leak detection, water efficient equipment.
Existing Schemes (2)
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Fixtures Uses/day/person Reference
Toilets 1.3 6 ( l/flush)
Taps for hand wash basins 2.5 12 (l/mn)
Cistern serving single urinal 2 10 (l/use)
Cistern serving two or more urinals 2 7.5 (l/use)
Urinals with manual flush or automatic pressure flush valves
2 1.5 (l/use)
Shower-heads 0.1 14 (l/mn)
Example: BREEAMCalculation Methodology, based on assumptions
Consumption of efficient fittings (user-defined):•% Toilets kind 1, % Toilets kind 2, …(l/use)•% Taps kind 1, % Taps kind 2, … (l/min)•% Showers kind 1, % Showers kind 2, … (l/min)•% Urinals kind 1, % Urinals kind 2, …(l/min)
Fixed assumptions (BREEAM defined):• Frequency of use of fittings• Consumption of fittings for which data is unavailable (minimum standards stated by UK Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999)
Rate of rain water useCalculation of each
fittings’ consumption by day
Inputs Outcomes
Total water consumption
with or without efficient fittingsRate of greywater reuse
Existing Schemes (3)
Existing Schemes (4)
Levels of improvementsMethodology Pros Cons
Product Level
Simplicity
Low cost
Directed at areas with greatest water saving potential
Does not cover total water use and hence may miss potential savings
Lacks the “overall” consumption view that enables understanding and water balance
Building level
Can be used to compare buildings performance and direct design
Comprehensive coverage
Can be used to balance different water uses
Promotes understanding of the need to reduce overall consumption
Calculations are based on assumptions which may in reality not reflect use patterns
Attempts to reduce water consumption to gain credits may result in “ineffective” low-flow fixtures being used
Macro level
Based on “real” consumption data
Encourages continuous improvement
Compares only to the building’s previous performance
Requires management and monitoring 11
Identification of Policy options at EU Level (1)
Need for an EU approach to optimise water savingsPreliminary list of potential policy options and further selection of based on :
Technical feasibilityPotential water savingsRelevance of EU-scale applicationPotential risks / obstacles for implementation Costs
To be further validated with the EC, for the impact assessment phase.
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Identification of Policy options at EU Level (2)
Proposed Policy ComponentsMinimum water performance requirements for buildings (1)Mandatory water performance rating / auditing of buildings (based on calculations / measurements) (2)Minimum performance requirements for water fixtures and appliances (3)Voluntary certification schemes to promote water reuse (e.g. rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling) (4) Financial incentives (water-efficient devices/retrofits, watermeters, water recycling) (5) Education / Information campaigns (water-efficient products/retrofits, leak detection, benefits of water reuse, web-base on best practices, occupational education) (6)
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Potential means of implementationMinimum water performance requirements for buildings (1) / Mandatory water performance rating / auditing of buildings (2)
Mandatory water performance requirements under a specific regulatory measure.
Extension of the Energy Performance of Building Directive to include water performance
Mandatory water performance requirements within an overall Building Certification Scheme (examples of such schemes: BREEAM, LEED or HQE).
Minimum performance requirements for water fixtures and appliances (3)Ecodesign Directive
Identification of Policy options at EU Level (3)
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Project Schedule
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Development of baseline scenario and selection of policy options
Development of supporting documents for policy makers
Stakeholder Consultation
Assessment of the impacts of the identified policy options
1.1 Literature review
1.2 Development of baseline scenario
1.3 Selection & preliminary screening of options
2.1 Data collection on impacts of options & identification of data gaps
2.2 Impact assessment of policy options
3.1 Questionnaires for stakeholder & public consultation
3.2 Organisation of stakeholder meeting
4.1 Policy maker summary
4.2. Compilation and edition of the draft final report
Task1
Task2
Task3
Task4
End September 2011
December 2011
End March 2012
Currently under finalisation.
Existing Schemes (5)
Cost considerations
Scheme Costs
BREEAM 2,400 – 12,000 €. No info on the direct link with the building size
Green star ~3,000 € for building smaller than 2,000 m2, ~18,000 € for building greater than 100,000 m2
LEED ~4,000 € for buildings < 5,000 m2, up to 24,000 € for a combined design and construction review of buildings > 50,000 m2
HQE ~4 € by m2
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Baseline Scenario
The Building Sector : Scope and Figures (4)
-
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
Million m3
Domestic Water DemandToilets bath/shower sink
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