water management in the community of mogotavo · pdf filewater management in the community of...

Capstone EMS 660 Spring 2011

Claudia Ibaven ID# 2168395

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Water management in the community of Mogotavo

Outline I Introduction

II The community the Mogotavo and its existing conditions

III Strengths and weaknesses

IV The project

V Funding

VI Next Steps

VII Conclusion

VIII Acknowledgements

IX References



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I . Introduct ion

Through history civilizations settle on lands near springs, lakes or rivers looking for abundance of

water in order to survive. Every population developed systems, methods and practices to manage

water more efficient and that can adapt to the way people live. Currently, some civilizations

struggle to survive because of the lack of water. Climate change affects weather patterns that

cause drought and floods in different part of the world. Human activities impact natural resources

to the point of diminish them. Some community’s future seems uncertain due the available natural

resources in their environment. (R. Brown, Lester) Several indigenous communities in México face

the issue of water scarcity. Droughts have decrease water in indigenous communities located on

dryer lands, for example at the State of Chihuahua. The Community of Mogotavo faces this issue of

water scarcity affecting their lives to the point of survival.

Mission

The main purpose of this report is to provide a rainwater harvesting project for the community of

Mogotavo. This project will try to improve the way to capture, store or use water in their specific

context. The project will take into account the necessities expressed by community of Mogotavo

and establish a more realistic approach for the community that, in a future, could implement.



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I I . Ex ist ing condit ions

The ind igenous community of Mogotavo

Locat ion

Mogotavo is located in Chihuahua state on the north-center of México. More specific, Mogotavo has

settled in the well-known natural forest, at the southwest area of the state of Chihuahua, named

Sierra Tarahumara. The land, where the community lives, is one of the most privileged sites of the

sierra Tarahumara called Barrancas del cobre or Cooper canyon. (Gobierno del Estado de Chihuahua)

(See figure 1)

Figure 1: Location of Municipality of Mogotavo

The community

The community of Mogotavo includes 200 Rarámuri (named of the tribe). This tribe called los

Rarámuri o Tarahumaras, are one of the 4 indigenous groups that live in the Sierra Tarahumara.

These tribes are perceived or described as hidden communities in the mountains because of their

history: in the year 1589 the community retreated to the mountains due the Spanish invasion. The

Rarámuri over the years have been living through the mountains fighting for their lands and trying

to preserve their culture. Adding that the particular topography of the canyon persuaded the



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community to develop their spaces scattered all over the landscape. The built spaces are in

between an area of 1,000 hectares, which are residential units, classrooms, a common kitchen,

housing or community shelter, a church and agricultural fields. Other spaces such as gathering

areas, sacred sites, agricultural fields and grazing areas are spread in an area of 3,000 hectares. All

of these spaces are connected through informal pathways that vary in length and altitude which

community embraces as a tradition. The Rarámuri community travel large distances which is know

to be stated in their name Rarámuri that means foot runners. The main economic activities in the

community are hunting, fishing, agriculture (beans, potatoes, squash, and corn) carried out by man,

and women make economic incomes by crafts, normally called wares, to sell in the near train

station to tourists. However in recent years, a lot of these indigenous communities work in other

economic activities unrelated to their culture or traditions, such as: forest exploitation, tourism and

mining on a smaller scale, yet most of the people in the community of Mogotatvo continuous to

perform the original activities. The central figure in the government is called Siríame Rarámuri

(governor). There is no other authority for the whole tribe, only representatives on each family. The

governor exercises his power through suggestions and/or advices in community meetings. The

governor primary duty is to preserve their traditions and lead to the community or nearby Rarámuri

communities to a better development of their land and culture. They are democratically elected for

a period of time and can be reelected. (INAH) (See Figure 2)

Figure 2: Community of Mogotavo

Context

In the area of the cooper canyon there is a hotel, a road and the cable car. The hotel called the

Posada Mirador is located from a distance of 150 meters (492ft) to community nearest built

environment. The hotel is own by a private developer and has no social relationship with the

community. Also the hotel accounts with infrastructure of water and also owns two dams near the



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area. The federal road connects the site to the main city of the state. And the cable car is most

recent project built in the area, inaugurated last year that only function as a tourist attraction with

no transportation value. All of these projects are part of the state development plan that has being

built in phases since the 1890`s. (Gobierno del Estado de Chihuahua)

Weather and vegetat ion

The weather changes because of the different altitudes between the high land of the mountains and

lower land of the barrancas (canyons). At the higher level of the land the climate changes from

temperate to cold through the year. Furthermore during winter season there are occasionally severe

snowstorms, meanwhile in the summer, there are frequent rain events with an average temperature

of 20° C (68°F). On the other hand, at lower levels or the Barrancas (canyons) the climate is

subtropical with no extreme weather changes, though during rainy periods rivers lower land can raise

currents impacting the area. On the other hand, Vegetation is similar as weather because of the

topography and the changes of weather, making the environment appealing for endemic species. At

the higher levels of land there are found Pine woods (with more than 10 species registered) with

the important existence of Pine Oaks, Alamos, Táscates, Alisos y madroños. In middle and lower

land the vegetation of the land is shrubs, cactáceas, mauto, ocotillo, chilicote, pitayas, cardones,

tabachín, gatuño, agaves, sotol and amole. And at deeper and lowest land of the canyon, where

humidity is present, there are species like ceibas, higueras, guamúchil, carrios and lianas or bejucos,

to name a few. (Gobierno del Estado de Chihuahua) (See Figure 3)

Figure 3: Right amole native plant, left Sotol native plant.

I I I . Strengths and weaknesses

Strengths

The community of Mogotavo is a self-sustainable community. For hundreds of years agricultural

activities provides food. Their traditions and social events are link with the natural environment. For



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example, Tesgüino, an alcoholic drink made of fermented corn that is fermented and combined with

other herbs (takes about two weeks to prepare), is also important in social events called

Tesgüinadas. These events are important because is a way for the community to reinforce their

union, communication and traditions. Another sustainable aspect is the use of native plants; these

plants offer them products to use for cleansing or other human activites. For example, the native

plant called amole is use as a soap detergent to wash clothes, kitchen utensil and also use as

shampoo. Another native plant called sotol is use to made crafts or wares that provide them with

some money when the wares are sold to tourists nearby the train station (See Figure 4). They are

experts of the site because their tradition to travel long distances by foot in the severe topography

of the canyon. They have strong community relationship because their government organization,

which are community meetings that involve everyone to speak their thoughts, advices, issues, and

so on. (INAH)

Figure 4: Wares made of out sotol

Weaknesses

The community of Mogotavo suffers from water scarcity. Climate changes have decrease amounts

of rain and change weather patterns in the area. Agricultural activities had degraded the soil

producing runoff and preventing infiltration to recharge ground water. Vegetation has also decreased

in areas near agricultural fields due the degradation of soil. And agriculture practices have been

limited only during rainy seasons. (Tierra Nativa)

Another issue confronted by the community is lack of infrastructure, this is due that most of these

indigenous communities in the state live in remote areas in the Sierra Tarahumara, where is difficult

and costly for the government to provide infrastructure. Adding that implementing infrastructure will

impact the natural landscape of the Sierra Tarahumara and more specific the Copper Canyon, which



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is important for the community. Their drinking water comes from smaller wells or basins that some

of them are very small and old and fragile structures because they are made out of rocks and dirt.

For example, there is a dam nearby the church made out of cement and rocks that is not often use

because it has bad water quality. Adding that most of these basins and wells are disperse through

the land, which make water distribution difficult, the community travels long distances to these

locations to get water using buckets and return home. (Tierra Nativa)

An additional important issue that the community faces is pressure to develop the land by

government and private investors. The significance of the site and the views of the canyon make it

appealing and attractive to tourism and government and private investors see the opportunity to

get profits out of the development of the site. Currently, these government agencies and private

investors are fighting for the title of 1,500 hectares to promote tourist development that excludes

the community. This development focuses on economic benefits that impact the current landscape

and most important the community. However, the Tierra Nativa organization is involve to secure the

land for the community, which in these report is not a prior issue to solve. (FONATUR)

IV. The project: Ra inwater Harvest ing

Precipitation is the main source of fresh water in the world. Rain supplies surface and groundwater,

which makes it important in the way it is use and/or manage. Adding that rainwater is one of the

purest sources of water that, in this particular community, there is the necessity of better quality in

water supply. Rain is a valuable free renewable resource that can become as one of the primaries

resources of the community by implementing an integrated system of rainwater harvesting. This

integrated system involves the community because has a simple installation and maintenance that

can be easily be implemented. And the success of this system not only can provide more benefits

for this particular community, but also for other indigenous communities and/or nearby areas.

(Lancaster, Brad)

Methodology

The project is divided in two main ways to harvest rainwater; through rain barrels and earthworks.

First the project will show an overview of how much water can be harvest to see the potential of

rainwater harvesting systems. Then the project will point out the first and more realistic approach

to implement both systems (rain barrels and earthworks) in a selected area and why that area was



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chosen. Afterwards funding information will be described where agencies or organizations are listed

for this particular project.

Both methods to capture water required an area of catchment: the area of catchment was taken as

an approximate area with the use of Google earth. Also both systems need the average rainfall for

this particular location, which is 781.7 millimeters. And some specific considerations for each type

of systems where made and mention later on the site-specific starting point of implementation.

Roof catchment through Rain barre ls

A rain barrel is a system that collects and stores rainwater from a roof. This system provides

several benefits such as; the collection and storage of water to use in periods of drought, provides

a free water resource in site, diverts water to decrease the impact of runoff on streams and it is

easy to make and install because it is made out of light materials and flexible or easy to move

components. (Lancaster, Brad)

Runoff catchment through earthworks

Earthworks are a natural system that captures and slows surface runoff by modifying the contour

lines of the land with vegetation. Implementing earthworks in the landscape will reduce erosion,

flooding and drought. Adding that will improve soil fertility, water infiltration, vegetative production,

and ecosystem stability by shade, food, shelter for wild life. Through time maintenance of these

earthworks will decrease because the regeneration of the system will make it self-sustainable. In

these earthworks native vegetation is essential for the reason that native plants are adaptable to

the weather and require little to no maintenance. (Lancaster, Brad)

Potent ia l water : ca lcu lat ions

In order to see the potential of the implementation of a rainwater harvesting system there was

located a study area where most of the built environment was concentrated. The process to get

the potential is describe next:

1. There were located 3 major study areas where most of the built environment and

agricultural fields were sited. With site visits, technical software (Google earth) and

information from the community representative Manuel Parra, we categorized and located

each building.



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2. Each roof area and agricultural field was measure to get the surface area needed.

3. Research was made to get the average annual rainfall in the municipality of Mogovato,

which is 781.7 millimeters.

4. Surface coefficient was taken in consideration for calculations for every type of surface. For

roof catchment we assume the surface coefficient of 0.8 to secure an approximate

calculation with lowest achievable. And for agricultural run off it was considered the bare

earthing of 0.35. However each type of surface has to be considered, once the project can

is implemented. Further research and site field visits are needed to confirm the information.

*Note: for runoff rainwater calculations it was considered the Lost of runoff of 20%

through evaporation, wind and overflow, the percentage of goes from 5% to 20%.

Surface Coefficient

Roof metal 0.95

Roof asphalt 0.9

r. tar and gravel 0.8

Impervious surface 0.80-0.95

Bare earthing 0.35-0.55

Grass/lawn 0.10-0.25

o Roof Area x Average annual rainfall X Surface coefficient = # liters per year

o Runoff Area x Average annual rainfall X Surface coefficient X Lost of runoff = #

liters per year

*Note: An excel document was created for detail calculations by area and specific surface,

adding that this could be a good tool for the community to get familiar with calculations.

5. The results:

The outcome from the calculations of roof rainwater harvesting is the amount of 1,024,965

liters per year. On the other hand the harvested water from runoff catchment is 2,433,627

liters per year. Adding the results of both methods, the potential rainwater that can be

harvested is 3,458,592 liters per year. The scale and benefit of the amount of water

harvested can be better related if the project describes the end use of the water. The

community’s specific needs and the natural environment will establish the end uses.

However, since one important activity of the community is agriculture, the use of water can



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be more comprehensible if it is established the scale of the results with food production

from agriculture; for example, the amount of water needed to produce 1kg or 1 pound of

Corn is 900 liters. Therefore the result of the “extra” amount of water from rainwater

harvesting can be beneficial to a point where the community will have (total liters per year

of water harvester divided by the amount of water to produce corn) 2,842 kg of corn.

(Virtual water)

Phase 1

As a result of the overview of the capacity of rainwater harvested through the systems of rain

barrels and earthworks, the selection of Area 1 makes the best phase 1 approach to implement the

systems because of its particular characteristics;

- The location of Area 1 is at the Mesa of the canyon, which makes it the best

option of the implementation of earthworks to prevent runoff. Adding that Area 1 is

the main access to the community’s site and the area is the most connected to

outside communities of the copper canyon.

- In area 1 there is the school fac i l i ty that has largest roof area of the buildings, and

also is the educational center of the area 1 directly linked with other common spaces

in the area. This building makes it a good selection to start the introduction of rain

barrels.

- The adjacent agr icu ltura l f ie ld can have extra water for irrigation during drought

periods by implementing rain barrels. Also is suitable for the introduction of earthworks

that can capture the runoff of the area 1 and also the area of the same agricultural

field in lower end. *Note; the need of contour lines data is necessary to provide more

accurate design in how earthworks could capture rainwater. However for the purpose of

this project of describe principles and how the system works yet the information

presented is mainly visually and graphically with general calculations of water harvested,

vegetation options and others details that may be involve in the implementation.

- In Area 1 there is also a hous ing bui ld ing that provides shelter for youth and

teachers to stay from Monday through Sunday that come from the community of

Mogotavo and from other nearby indigenous communities. Therefore the choice of area

1 is favorable for the largest amount of people exposed to the systems and they can

learn about their benefits in their every day life.



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- The common kitchen influenced the decision of selecting area 1 and more precisely

the selection of the school roof because the water harvested provided by rain barrels

can be use for washing, cleaning and maybe in the future for food production.

Roof harvest ing through Rain barre ls speci f ic bui ld ing

The system includes:

1.Gutters with leaf screen

2.Downspout filter (keeps out debris and mosquitoes)

3.Rainwater container (removable lid for cleaning inside barrel)

4.Overflow assembly

5.Faucet and hose

6.Raised base

7.Signage

1. The measurement of the school roof area was gathered with the technical support of

Google earth. (*Note: information can change with further research).

2. The monthly rainfall was considered to determine the store unit capacity. The maximum

rainfall capture is during the month of July and August with an average of 180 millimeters

per month.

3. The surface coefficient was established by the roof material of the school that is metal,

meaning that calculations were done with the surface coefficient of 0.95.

Roof Area x Average annual rainfall X Surface coefficient = # liters per year

4. Then the result of the amount of water that can be capture from the school roof facility in

area 1 is 18,000 liters per month or 4,755 gallons of water per month. Annually, the

school roof can capture up to 72,300 liters or 19,000 gallons. Considering that the

community is going to use water through the year, we then can establish that the

maximum volume in the store unit will be of 18,000 liters or 4,755 gallons.



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5. The store unit selection is based on its capacity to store 4,755 gallons of water and due

its specific context and material availability we can select from 3 types of barrels: new

plastic barrels with a capacity of 50-100 gallons, a retrofitted trash can that can be

provided by many of the hotels closer to the site with a store capacity of 30-50 gallons,

or a retrofitted wood barrel use for tequila made by companies in close by towns. All of

these options have a 50 gallons capacity in common, for that reason the assumption of

4,755 gallons of water is the selection of 50 gallon barrels, which means that we will need

95 barrels. This means that there is the necessity of a bigger store unit or a cistern to

distribute water from the school location to the cistern. However, site research and

specifications, of where the cistern is located and how the path of distribution is going to

link the barrels to the cistern, need to be more investigation to complete the project and

secure the well functioning of the system.

Runoff catchment through earthworks

For a better design and implementation of this particular system topography data is needed to

rearrange the contour lines of the land and introduce earthworks. However since there are issues

with government agencies due land ownership, the people involve in this project was not able to

get the information. Nevertheless the project will describe how the system works and its benefits,

as well as general calculations of the rainwater harvested considering the agricultural area in site.

1. The measurement of the agricultural field was gathered with the technical support of

Google earth and interviews with community member Manuel.

2. The considered average annual rainfall in the municipality of Mogovato is 781.7 millimeters.

3. Surface coefficient was taken in consideration for calculations for this specific type of

surface. For runoff on site we assume the surface coefficient of 0.35 to secure an

approximate calculation with lowest achievable.

4. For runoff was also included percentage of Lost of runoff of 20% through evaporation,

wind and overflow, the percentage of lost goes from 5% to 20%.

Runoff Area x Average annual rainfall X Surface coefficient X Lost of runoff = # liters per year

6. The results:



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The outcome from the calculations of runoff catchment is 184,676 liters per year or

48,700 gallons. The end use of water can be more comprehensible if it is established the

scale of the results with irrigation of a type of native plant; for example the amount of

water needed to irrigate a pine oak per year is 30” or 762 liters then if we have 184,676

liters per year we are able to plant and maintain 242 pine oaks.

As mentioned before, the selection of area 1 is more suitable to start implementing the earthworks

system for rainwater harvesting. Area 1 is located at the higher point of the watershed, this means

that rain that falls in this higher point will travel all the way down, increasing speed and damaging

soil or vegetation. Earthworks are pits and/or swales commonly vegetated and capture runoff. There

are many was to design nets or pits and swales that for the reason of not having enough

topography information the project will not describe an specific earthwork design. Then again, since

vegetation is a key element on swales and pits, we can consider the type of native species in a

way that the community context and needs are accomplished. (Lancaster, Brad)

The selection method

The natural landscape and weather of the site will influence the introduction of specific native

species. The vegetation of higher, middle and lower land varies because of the differences in climate

and due this reason also the introduction of vegetation in swales and pits need to be considered in

any high, middle or lower land. Native shrubs, trees and groundcovers can be selected not only for

been adaptable and available on site but also by selecting a specific species that requires a certain

amount of water that with the results we can balance and compare species that require less water

if needed. Another good method of selecting native plants is through their grow rate to achieve

faster results. An additional deciding method of native plants is by their human uses, as mentioned

before the community already uses some native plants for food, cleaning products and crafts and

even some of these products offer economic growth. Therefore, introducing other native species

with this selecting method can increase amount of food for the community, economic development

accomplishing better quality of life without impacting to the environment. (Lancaster, Brad)

Tra in ing

As mention before this community has a strong communication and is very collaborative when it

comes to decision making, which makes training easier to implement training:



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Steps to introduce Rainwater harvesting project

1. Meeting with the Governor of the community of Mogotavo to introduce the project.

2. The governor will schedule a community meeting to present the project and revise the

project.

3. From each area a representative is selected, area 1 and 2 already have a leader or

representative due the school and church in the sites. Starting point area 1 with the school

representative that can be teacher.

4. The representative will inform and report results or difficulties in community meetings.

5. Involve youth in how to install and maintain the systems because the majority of people in

the community are young.

6. Through the development and results of the systems the community will meet with a

specialist and decide to move forward to another building or agricultural field.

7. When the area 1 is complete the community will decide to move to the area 2 and

eventually area 3.

During training, it is important to have all information with a set of signs that can provide visual,

accessible and understandable information in their language and in other languages, not only for the

community of Mogotavo, but also for others people that might visit the site.

V. Funding

Nat ive Amer ican Program

This program was created by the Native Seeds/SEARCH organization that conserves, distributes and

documents the adaptive and diverse agricultural seeds in cultures of the American Southwest and

northwest Mexico. This program was generated in response to potential threat of forestry that

would have impact and damage the Sierra Madre ecosystem in northern Chihuahua, adding that will

also affect directly the way of life of the Raramuri communities. (Native Seeds/SEARCH)

The WWF Mexico has categorized the Sierra Tarahumara or Tarahumara mountains as one of the

most significance areas in the country. The program remarks the issue of forest degradation done

by agricultural activities and the importance of preserving natural resources. This is a good fund for



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the project because its relation with soil erosion due agricultural fields and the restoration of

vegetated areas. (WWF Mexico)

The Foundat ion Gonzalo R io Arronte has a program that supports public, private, and no

governmental organizations that produce projects regarding conservation, restoration, capture, and

better management of water. Adding the importance of social awareness and the essential care of

water resources. (FGRA)

VI . Next steps

Next steps need to be set not only by the community but also by the government and involve

stakeholders. Some other systems and methods can apply for the community of Mogotavo to

become more resilient and have better quality of life. Research and communication is key

component to any proposal to be successful in an environmental friendly way.

It is most likely tourism is going to increase in the context for the reason that state sees it as a

good economic benefit and has created a master plan. Adding that the site is considered as a

tourist spot and there are plenty hotels that are already create stress on the environment and

resources. For example, the hotel in the area is already competing for natural resources, such as

water, since they have greater consumption of water some wells and rivers of the community had

dry.

Therefore hotels can strive to be more environmental friendly by implementing strategies that

conserve and preserve water, reduce energy use, and reduce solid waste. Implementing best

practices can be beneficial for them because they reduce costs and become more popular in the

international trend and most important reduce environmental impacts.

To mention a few strategies for better practices in the hotel industry:

Energy Eff ic iency

• Changing thermostat settings in heating and cooling systems

• Link energy use with room occupancy in appliances

• Change temperature in washing activities.

• Energy efficient lighting fixtures.



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• Solar power and wind power.

Water Conservat ion

Tourism in Palawan, Philippines, it was estimated that in the early stages of tourism development in

Busuanga West, the amount of water required for a single high-standard hotel-room would be 396

gallons per day. This was enough water to support 14 local people at their current standard of

living.

• Low-flow shower heads and faucet implementation.

• Installations of new and efficient laundry systems, switch from water-cooled to air-cooled

ice machines, and eliminate water-cooled air conditioning equipment.

Sol id Waste

The statistics showed that 46% food waste, 25.3% paper, 11.7% cardboard, 6.7% plastics, 5.6%

glass, and 4.5% metals.

• Recycling program

• Compost

• Food waste reduction program (monitor inventory to reduce quantity of waste)

Cert i f icat ion and Benchmark ing Recommendat ions

http://www.tourismpartnership.org/Leadership/Leadership.html

CERES Green Hotel Initiative

http://www.ceres.org/

Green Hotel Association

http://greenhotels.com/index.php

Green Leaf Program

http://greenleaf.auduboninternational.org/

This also can be a starting point were communities work together to a common goal. For example,

food waste generated by nearby hotel in the community of Mogotavo site can create a composting

facility where both the hotel and the community work together. Another way to form

communication and alliances is using local products, for example the hotel uses a lot of soap or

detergent and this could be a great opportunity for the community to sell the products that they



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already make with native plants to improve an better income for the community of Mogotavo. And

therefore in the future the community will respect their differences but also form better social

relationships creating common goals that improve the environment.

VI I . Conclus ion

There are many issues surrounding the site and the community of Mogotavo, that gives opportunity

to implement new strategies not only for water management but also other areas; such as water

quality, renewable sources of energy, eco tourism, and so on. Projects that can supplement and

integrate the proposed systems will increase the benefits in the community and the natural

environment, adding that will also set example of best practices in the state of Chihuahua. This

particular community can influence other communities in the area. As already stated in the state of

Chihuahua there are 6,998 communities of indigenous people, which are 144,641 inhabitants of the

state, their culture, language and traditions are part of our history and the importance of every

community’s future must be in everyone’s mind. Even if we do not share same ways of living we

can see how communities need to work together preventing impacts in other communities and their

natural environments.

VI I I . Acknowledgements

I appreciate all professors, advisors, friends and family for their contribution on this project and

specially to the Community of Mogotavo for let me participate and learn more about their culture

and traditions.

Manuel Parra, Community leader of Mogotavo.

Michel le ibaven, Film director of “There is no far away”.

Serg io Blanco, Film director of “There is no far away”.

Randal l G ingr ich, Director of non governmental organization Tierra Nativa.

Ja ime Ste in , Pratt Institute, Coordinator of Urban Environmental Systems Management. Alec

Appelbaum, Pratt Institue.

Chelsea Albucher, Pratt Institute.

Ronald Shif fman, Pratt Institute.

Juan Cami lo, Pratt Institute, GIS Analyst.



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El len Neises, James Corner Field Operations, Landscape architect.

Diego Gonzalez, Prohabitat, Landscape architect.

Tyler Caruso, Pratt Institute.

IX . References

-‐ World Wildlife Fun Mexico. “Programas Bosques Mexicanos“. 2007. Web 23 Feb. 2011

(http://www.wwf.org.mx/wwfmex/prog_bosques.php)

-‐ Gobierno del Estado de Chihuahua. “Municipio de Urique“. Web 11 Feb. 2011

(http://www.urique.gob.mx)

-‐ Lancaster, Brad. Rainwater Harvesting for Drylands and beyond. Arizona: Rainsource Press,

2006 revised 2009.

-‐ Virtual water. “The waterfootprint of products“. 2011.Web 15 April 2011.

(http://virtualwater.eu/)

-‐ R. Brown, Lester. “Could Food Shortages bring down civilization“. Article from Scientific

American, INC 2009

-‐ FONATUR. “Programa Turistico Barrancas del Cobre“. Chihuahua, Mexico, 2000.

-‐ Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia INAH. “Peritaje Arqueologico en el ejido de

Mogotavo“. Chihuahua, Mexico, 2007.

-‐ The Foundation Gonzalo Rio Arronte. “Agua“. Web 15 April 2011.(http://www.fgra.org.mx/)

-‐ Native Seeds/SEARCH. “Native American Program“. 2009. Web 21 April 2011.

(http://www.nativeseeds.org)

-‐ Tierra Nativa. “Información Sobre El Caso de Mogotavo y una Propuesta Alternativa Para la

Sierra Tarahumara“. Chihuahua, Mexico, 2011.

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