water level in lakes and rivers

8/13/2019 Water Level in Lakes and Rivers

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t4Assessment of the status

of the development of the standards for the

Terrestrial Essential Climate Variables

Water levelWater level in lakes and reservoirs, water storage

GtOS

59


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t4Assessment of the status

of the development of the standards for the

Terrestrial Essential Climate Variables

Water levelWater level in lakes and reservoirs, water storage

Global Terrestrial Observing System

Rme, 2009

Author:

Valery Vuglinskiy

Contributors:

Valery Vuglinskiy, Monica Monteduro, Reuben Sessa,

Tatyana Gronskaya, Jean-Francois Cretaux

ECV reports coordinator: Reuben Sessa ([email protected])

V e r s i

o n 8

1 1 M a

y 2 0 0 9


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GTOS Secretariat

NRL, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

Vie ee Terme i Crc, 00153 Rme, Ity

Te.: (+39) 06 57054026

Fx: (+39) 06 57053369

E-mi: [email protected]


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t4Assessment of the status of the development of the standards for the Terrestrial Essential Climate Variables

iiiWaTER lEVEl In lakEs and REsERVoIRs, WaTER sToRagE

Acronyms IV

Executive Summary VI

1. Introduction 1

2. Definition and units of measure 1

3. Existing measurements methods, protocols and standards 2

3.1 In situ measurement 2

3.2 Satellite measurement 4

3.3 Summary of requirements and gaps 9

4. Contributing networks 9

5. Available data 9

6. Conclusions 13

7. Recommendations 13

7.1 Standards and methods 13

7.2 Additional recommendations 13

References 14

table of Conens


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t4 Assessment of the status of the development of the standards for the Terrestrial Essential Climate Variables

iv WaTER lEVEl In lakEs and REsERVoIRs, WaTER sToRagE

Lis of Acronyms

CEOP Crite Ehce obervi Peri

CESR Cetre fr Evirmet sytem Reerch?

CNES Cetre nti ’Etue sptie

DAAC ditribute active archive Ceter

DFO deprtmet f Fiherie oce

DMU de Mtfrt Uiverity

EMAN Ecic Mitri aemet netwr

ESA Eurpe spce aecy

GCOS gb Cimte obervi sytem

GEMS gb Evirmet Mitri Prrm

GEO grup Erth obervti

GLAS geciece ler atimeter sytem

GRDC gb Ruff dt Ceter

GSFC gr spce Fiht Ceter

GTN-H gb Terretri netwr fr Hyry

GTN-R gb Terretri netwr fr River dichre

GTOS gb Terretri obervi sytem

HARON Hyric appicti Ruff netwr

HYDROLARE Iterti dt Cetre Hyry f le Reervir

ICES Ice, Cu, Eevti steite

ICOLD Iterti Cmmii lre dm

IGDR Iterim gephyic dt Recr

IGLD Iterti gret le dtum

IGWCO Iterte gb Wter Cyce obervti

ISO Iterti orizti fr strizti

MSSL Mur spce sciece lbrtry

NASA nti aerutic spce amiitrti

RLA River le atimetry pruct

RLH River le Hyry pruct

SIRAL sythetic aperture Iterfermetric Rr atimeter

SUI stte Hyric Ititute

TOPC Terretri obervti Pe Cimte

UN Uite nti

UNESCO Uite nti Eucti, scietic Cutur orizti

UNH Uite Heth grup

USDA/FAS Uite nti deprtmet f aricuture’ Frei aricutur service

UW Uiverity f Wici


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vWaTER lEVEl In lakEs and REsERVoIRs, WaTER sToRagE

WatER Wter Eevti Recvery Mii

WaterGAP Wter – gb aemet Pri

WCMC Wr Cervti Mitri Cetre

WHYCOS Wr Hyric Cyce obervi sytem

WMO Wr Meteric orizti


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vi WaTER lEVEl In lakEs and REsERVoIRs, WaTER sToRagE

Execuive Summary

le eve i cmpex iex f tur wter

exche withi their wterhe. Therefre, -

term eve fuctuti i tur (ureute) e

refect cimte che ccurri i the rei.

o the ther h, e wter tre, which epe

wter eve, i eiy vibe urce f wter

fr my ectr f ecmy uch ricuture,

metic iutri wter uppy, hyrpwer,

wter trprt ther.

The Wr Meteric orizti’ (WMo)Iterti gry f Hyry efie e

i by f wter f cierbe ize whie

reervir re tur r m-me wter bie

ue fr tre, reuti ctr f wter

reurce. gue e reervir re rmy

cte er their utet, but ufficiety uptrem

t vi the ifuece f rww (WMo-n.168,

1994). Hyric ifrmti btie by ru-

be ue itrumet i imite ue t the

pre itributi f ue tti. a tertive

i t ue rr timetry t meure urfce wter

heiht f re e which h ccurcy f withi

tw cetimetre i vibe i er-re time.

Wter eve i e reervir i meure i

cetimetre it the ti referece pe r

it me pte pe ( ce “zer” rph).

surfce re f e r reervir i meure i m2 r

m2 epei their ize. le r reervir tre

(vume) i meure i m3 r m3 epei

their ize.

Ifrmti reti t hyric bervi

tti t e meuremet re ecribe i

Vume III (Hyry) f the Techic Reuti

(WMo-n.49, 2006) i the WMo guie t

hyric prctice (WMo-n.168, 1994). The

ecti e eve pecify the requiremet i the

etbihmet perti f hyrmetric tti

fr the meuremet f te. ste, r wter eve, i

the eevti f the wter urfce retive t tum.

Recr f wter eve re btie by ytemtic

bervti mu (-recri) ue, r

frm recri ue. It hu be berve with

precii f e cetimetre i eer t three

miimetre t ctiuu-recr ui tti

(WMo-49, WMo-168).

sever type f -recri ue fr

meuri te re ue i hyrmetric prctice:

rute vertic tff ue, rmp r icie

ue, wire-weiht ue ite tructurebve the trem, rute r, tpe wire

r pit ue fr meuri the itce t the

wter urfce. The mer type f ctiuuy

recri te ue icue: hyrttic ue,

bubbe ue -ctct ue (rr

utric). The frequecy f recri f wter eve

i etermie by the hyric reime f the wter

by by the purpe fr cecti the t. a

iy meuremet f te i uuy ufficiet i

e reervir fr the purpe f ccuti

che i tre.

Remte ei c be ue t meure

umber f e ttribute icui urfce re

eevti but cti e me (ccute

frm operti nviti Chrt, etc.). athuh

their primry bjective re ce ice tuie, fr

mre th 15 yer teite rr timetry h bee

uccefu techique fr tuyi ctiet wter

bie. The urfce wter eve i meure withi

terretri referece frme with repetbiity

vryi frm 10 t 35 y epei the rbit

cyce f the teite. a teite rr timeter i

t imi evice, but ctiuuy recr

vere urfce ‘’pt’’ heiht it trvere ver

the Erth’ urfce. The techique re w we

vite. amt 150 e reervir mthy

eve vriti euce frm muti-teite timetry


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viiWaTER lEVEl In lakEs and REsERVoIRs, WaTER sToRagE

meuremet re freey prvie. Future mii

ie Cryt-2, ati setie-3 wi be icue i

future prcei.

Recommendations

1. The exiti meth prceure fr e

reervir wter eve bervti re we

refecte i ifferet techic cumet f

WMo, UnEsCo Iso, but it eem tht there

i ee t prepre ie tr cumet,

fr exmpe Iso str, ti beIso/TR 11330:1997 (purey ifrmtive w).

2. The reut f teite wter eve meuremet

ti cti ubtti errr exceei

miibe imit. Hwever thi t ebe the

eer emet f e -term

wter eve tre. Further in situ viti

f thi t thruh ru etwr

imprvemet f the techique f teite wter

eve meuremet re ecery.

3. The Iterti dt Cetre Hyry f

le Reervir (HYdRolaRE) hu be

me perti t w the etbihmet f

b tbe f eve bervti the

wr e reervir fr prctic purpe

cietific yi.

4. Impemetti f vce utmte me

f meuri wter eve (epeciy e

which were che pririty e i gTn-l*)

re require t vi ubjectivity errr

uvibe whe ui cveti meth.

5. Further yi hu be uerte, thruh

HYdRolaRE, t certi the tte f the

wr’ ke reervir eve bervti

meth etwr, ti it ccut the

recmmeti the preprti f peci

tr fr wter eve f e reervir.

*see Impemetti P fr the gb bervi sytem fr Cimte i supprt f UnFCCC – octber 2004,

gCos-92 (WMo/Td n

1219 ).http//www.wm/it/pe/pr/gcos/index.php


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1WaTER lEVEl In lakEs and REsERVoIRs, WaTER sToRagE

1. Inroducion

Hvi certi ierte, e receive, trfrm

iteify cimtic i. The hyric

chrcteritic f e (e eve e vume)

re imprtt iictr f che f cimte.

The yi f tempr pti vribiity f e

eve ymic re therefre imprtt ctributi

b reerch f cimte che.

le eve re cmpex iex f tur wter

exche withi their wterhe. Therefre, -

term eve fuctuti i tur (ureute) e refect cimte che ccurri i the rei.

o the ther h, e wter tre, which epe

wter eve, i eiy vibe urce f wter

fr my ectr f the ecmy uch ricuture,

metic iutri wter uppy, hyrpwer,

wter trprt ther. Uie river ruff, e

tre i w t be wy reewbe it i

frme uri hure thu f yer.

Therefre, t eure utibe ue, wter ue hu

t excee the uy reewbe vume (which i

river ifw precipitti miu evprti). If

wter withrw reury excee thi vume e

tre wter eve wi irreveriby rp. gret

rie e cte i ri rei re the mt

eitive t uch ceri. oe f the mt trii

exmpe f thi i the ar se (e by rii). I the

1970 1980 reur ubtti irriti wter

withrw frm the ifwi amu-dri sir-

dri river reute i the ft erti f the

ar ecytem. sice 1960 the eve f the ar h

ecree by ver 22.5 m, it tre h ecree

by 9.6 time the ar rei h bee cifie

re f ecic cttrphe.

le wter eve i cmpex iex f wter

exche i tur-techeic ytem reervir-

river bi. The chrcter f thi wter exche

epe t y river fw but the reime f

ruff perti i the reervir. The me f the

ruff perti (ruff reitributi) i etermie

by reervir wter tre retive t the u

river ichre t the m ite. If the vume f the

reervir i equ t r mre th 20 percet f u

river ichre -term ruff perti i pibe.

If the vume i e th 20 percet f u river

ichre y u, e, mthy r iy

perti ruff my te pce.

Fr reervir there re three typic perti

eve: rm ffuet, mximum ctrbe

miimum rww. nrm ffuet eve i the

hihet permiibe perti eve f reervir.Mximum ctrbe eve i the hihet eve

permiibe uri rre ccurrece f. The

miimum rww eve i the miimum eve

f perti withut y me t the reervir

ecytem.

2. Definiion and unis

of measure

The WMo Iterti gry f Hyry efie

e i by f wter f cierbe ize

whie reervir re tur r m-me wter

bie ue fr tre, reuti ctr f

wter reurce.

Wter eve i eevti f the free-wter urfce

f by f wter retive t tum eve. Che

i wter eve f e r reervir re it bute

retive fuctuti.

abute eve fuctuti re che i wter

eve f e r reervir cue by che i it

tre fr efiite peri f time.

Retive eve fuctuti re, rue, hrt-

term che i the wter eve t cite with

che i the tre f wter i e r reervir

cue by ymic fctr uch wi

che i the tmpheric preure (uri,


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2 WaTER lEVEl In lakEs and REsERVoIRs, WaTER sToRagE

eiche). Retive eve fuctuti i reervir my

be cue by -reur wr f hyreectric

cmpexe.

gue e reervir re rmy

cte er their utet, but ufficiety uptrem

t vi the ifuece f rww (WMo-n.168,

1994). Hwever, it i mre feibe t cte them

er the xi f equiibrium t mth the ifuece

f retive eve fuctuti i cmputi che i

wter tre f e r reervir fr the efiite

peri f time (tuie reprt i Hyry, 31,

UnEsCo 1981).surfce re f e r reervir i the re f

e r reervir retive t pecific wter eve.

stre f e r reervir i vume f

wter ccumute i the bi t pecific wter

eve. le r reervir urfce re their

tre t vriu wter eve re etermie

frm urvey tprphic-eetic wr.

Be thee urvey, curve epicti urfce

re (re curve) the vume f tre wter

(tre curve) it the wter eve re ptte

(H, le mrphmetry). stre curve i

ptte be the t frm ptti the re

curve. Firty, iiviu vume f wter betwee

tw hrizt re etermie the ucceive

ummti i perfrme up t the hrizt ie

iicti the hihet wter eve i the e r

reervir.

Measurement units

Wter eve i e reervir i meure i

cetimetre it the ti referece pe r

it me pte pe ( ce “zer” rph).

surfce re f e r reervir i meure i m2 r

m2 epei their ize. le r reervir tre

(vume) i meure i m3 r m3 epei

their ize.

3. Exisingmeasuremenmehods, proocolsand sandards

3.1 In situ measuremen

Measuring lake level

Non-recording gauges

sever type f -recri ue fr meuri

te re ue i hyrmetric prctice. The cmm

type f ue re:

() rute vertic tff ue;

(b) rmp r icie ue;

(c) wire-weiht ue ite tructure bve

the trem;

() rute r, tpe, wire r pit ue fr

meuri the itce t the wter urfce.

Recording gauges

My ifferet type f ctiuuy recri

te ue re i ue. They my be cifie

ccri t bth me f ctuti me f

recri.

a cmmy ue itti cit f tii

we cecte t the trem by pipe ft i

the tii we cecte t whee recrer by

bee wire r perfrte tpe.

The mer me f meuri wter eve

icue:

hyrttic ue,

bubbe ue,

-ctct ue (rr utric).


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Procedures for measurement of stage

Establishment of gauge datum

T vi etive rei, the ue hu be et

tht rei f zer i bew the wet ticipte

te. The ue tum hu be chece uy

by eve frm c bechmr. It i imprtt t

miti the me ue tum thruhut the

peri f recr. If feibe, the c ue tum

hu be tie t ti r rei tum.

Recording gaugesThe rphic (ue), iit, eectric, r

teemeteri evice recrer i et by referece t

uxiiry tpe-ft ue r t tff ue

cte iie the tii we. I iti, tff,

rmp r wire-weiht ue et t the me tum,

i ecery t cmpre the wter urfce eevti

i the tii we with tht f the river. Fr ue

with -pure ytem tii we, the tff,

rmp, r wire weiht ue i the e hu erve

the referece ue.

The perti f mer meuri meth re:

1. Hyrttic ue fucti thruh hyrttic

preure the heiht f the iqui ver the

preure er. Hyrttic preure epe

the wter temperture the tmpheric

preure. differeti hyrttic ue re

wiey ue i the hyrmetric prctice

ver the wr. They cit f hw tube

which i pee t the tmphere. Hyrttic

eve ue re the mt cmm evice fr

meuri wter bie. The vte re:

they re cmpct retivey iexpeive t•

it;

they c be ue fr prcticy y re f eve•

meuremet (frm 1 t mre th 100 m), which

i imprtt fr reervir were re fuctuti

i wter eve ccur;

they c be ue fr eve meuremet eve•

uri witer freeze-up;

hih ccurcy f reut;•

w mitece (it i recmmee t chec•

the ue every ix mth).

2. Bubbe ue perte by meuri iqui

preure i the iter preure uit pit.

It iffer frm the hyrttic ue the

preure er i cte the hre ()

i cecte with the wter urfce thruh hw tube i which ir i pumpe t certi

prrmme time iterv. The bute preure

er tertey etect ir preure i the

hyrmetric tube the tmpheric preure.

differece f thee i iicte wter eve.

operti temperture re itti

citi me it pibe t ppy bubbe

ue prcticy i citi. Bubbe ue

re the mt vce mer evice fr

meuri wter eve t utmte ite.

3. n-ctct ue meure wter eve

remtey by ctct er f tw type: rr

utric. The er emit perpeicur t

the wter urfce ue the refecte i

t etect the itce (iterferece effect). The

exct itce betwee the er the wter

urfce i cmpute by the prcer. The evice

c be ite brcet r brie r ther

hyruic bject bve the wter (Fi.1).

Frequency of measurement

The frequecy f recri f wter eve i

etermie by the hyric reime f the wter

by by the purpe fr cecti the t. a

iy meuremet f te i uuy ufficiet i

e reervir fr the purpe f cmputi

che i tre.


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WMO and ISO Standards

Ifrmti reti t hyric bervi

tti t e meuremet re ecribe

i the Vume III (Hyry) f WMo Techic

Reuti (WMo-n.49, 2006) i the WMo

guie t hyric prctice (WMo-n.168, 1994).

The ecti e eve pecify the requiremet

fr the etbihmet perti f hyrmetric

tti fr the meuremet f te. gue e

reervir re rmy cte er their utet,

but ufficiety uptrem t vi the ifuece f

rww. The precii f the bervti hu

be e cetimetre i eer t three miimetre

t ctiuu-recr ui tti (WMo-49,

WMo-168).

The Iso tr which re mre cey rete

t e meuremet re liqui Fw Meuremet i

ope Che: Vcbury symb (i it Thir

eiti) the 1981 liqui Fw Meuremet i

ope Che. Prt 1: Etbihmet perti f

ui tti Prt 2: determiti f te-

ichre reti. Hwever, the bve metie

tr ct be ue t meure in situ e eve

bervti uch e eve, e re e

tre reti

Fig.1 Varians of radar gauge insallaion

3.2 Saellie measuremen

Satellite derived products from Hydrolare

The Hyrre t cetre wi icue teite rr

timetry t the urce f ifrmti fr

e eve time erie eiverie. It i be eve

ifferet teite (Tpex / Pei, J1&2,

ERs2, gFo Evit). Hitric time erie wi

be prvie it i currety e the Hyrweb

t be (ee bew). accurcy f rr timetry

fr ccuti f e eve epe the ize f

the e the urrui terri. It e frm

2-3 cetimetre f ccurcy fr the ret e (ie

le Victri fr which viti f rr timetry

c be uerte with in situ ue) t up t 30-40

cetimetre f ccurcy fr the met e. Withi

the Hyrre t cetre, cibrti/viti f

pruct wi be uerte, by:

1. Cmpri with imirph whe they exit.

2. Fie cmpi t me eicte ite (fr

exmpe c/v ite fr timetry h bee et

up i 2004 by the le the Iyu le

ever cmpi hve bee rize ice

the t etimte timetry ccurcy fr e

tuie).


15/28



Pruct wi be eivere mthy bi

thruh utmtic ytem which i currety

uer evepmet (curret upti f pruct

withi Hyrweb i ru ix mth t e yer fr

mre th 150 e).

Satellite altimetry and imagery for lake

monitoring, summary and principles

Remte ei (teite timetry mitri f

the re f e reervir) h the pteti t

prvie umber f e reervir ttribute,fr exmpe urfce re, eevti, cti

ietificti (e me) ccute thruh

operti nviti Chrt mp, etc.; www.

cp.m.uc.c.u/r/u/cc/htm/m.htm 1.

athuh their primry bjective re ce

ice tuie, fr mre th 15 yer teite rr

timetry h bee uccefu techique fr tuyi

ctiet wter bie. I prticur, the biity t

1 www.f.r/doCREP/005/aC666E/c666e08.htm

remtey etect wter urfce eve che i e

i e h bee emtrte. The urfce

wter eve i meure withi terretri referece

frme with repetbiity vryi frm 10 t 35

y epei the rbit cyce f the teite. a

teite rr timeter i t imi evice, but

ctiuuy recr vere urfce ‘’pt’’ heiht

it trvere ver the Erth’ urfce.

operti t u frequecie 13.6gHz (ku B:

J T/P) 5.3 gHz (C B) r 13.6gHz 3.2 gHz

(s B: Evit), ech timeter emit erie f

micrwve pue twr the ir irecti thtre exmie i the time mi. By ti the

tw-wy time ey betwee pue emii

ech recepti, the urfce heiht i etermie by

the ifferece f the teite rbit the timeter

re meuremet. Ech reture heiht vue

i vere f urfce heiht fu withi

the ftprit f the timeter. The imeter f the

ftprit epe the urfce ruhe, but c

typicy re betwee 200 m (fr pe p f

wter i cm citi) t few imetre (pe

Satellite Operation Repeat Period

sEasaT 1978 17 y

gEosaT 1986-1989 17 y

ERs-1 1991-1996 35 y (phe C+g)

T/P 1992-2002 10 y

ERs-2 1995-2003 35 y

gFo pt 2001 17 y

EnVIsaT pt 2002 35 y

Jason-1 Jason-2pt 2002

pt 200810 y

T/P(ew rbit) 2002-2005 10 y

Insumn Summy


16/28



wter with urfce wve). Ech teite i pce i

pecific repet rbit, fter certi umber f y

the me pit (t withi 1 m), the Erth’ urfce

i reviite. I thi wy, time erie f urfce heiht

che c be ctructe fr prticur cti

the teite ru trc uri the ifetime f

the mii. There hve bee umber f timetric

teite mii. sice 1993 fr exmpe, five re

perti: T/P, J-1, J-2, EnVIsaT gFo.

over the pt five yer the le h evepe

web tbe (Hyrweb) ctii time erie

ver wter eve f re river, e wet tb ce. amt 150 e reervir mthy

eve vriti euce frm muti-teite timetry

meuremet re freey prvie. Ptetiy the

umber f e mitre cu be iificty

icree. Future mii uch Cryt-2, ati

setie-3 wi be icue i future prcei

wi iure the ctiuity f the e urvey.

The curret pruct (mthy wter eve

tr eviti fr ech e) hve bee ctty

cmpre t exiti in situ t (fr rup f 10

t 15 e) with precii ri frm 3 cm (le

Victri) t 30-40 cm fr very m e.

Methodology of data productions

le eve re ctuy be mere Tpex/

Pei, J-1 2, ERs2, EnVIsaT gFo t

prvie by Esa, nasa CnEs t cetre (PodaaC

aVIso). The timeter re meuremet ue

fr e cit f 1 Hz t fr bi e 20 Hz

t fr mer e. a cic crrecti (rbit,

ipheric trppheric crrecti, pr

i Erth tie) re ppie. depei the ize

f the e, the teite t my be vere ver

very itce. It i thu ecery t crrect fr

the pe f the ei (r equivety, the me e

eve). Becue the referece ei prvie with the

timetry meuremet (e.. EgM96 fr T/P t

r gRaCE me fr mre recet t) my t be

ccurte euh, we hve cmpute me e

eve, veri ver time the timetry meuremet

themeve. The wter eve re further referre t

thi “me e eve”. If ifferet teite cver the

me e, the e eve i cmpute i three-tep

prce. Ech teite t i prcee iepeety.

Pteti rr itrumet bie betwee ifferet

teite re remve ui T/P t referece.

The e eve frm the ifferet teite re

mere mthy bi (rec tht the rbit

cyce vry frm te y fr T/P J, t 17 yfr gFo 35 y fr ERs Evit). geery

icree precii i berve whe muti-teite

prcei i ppie.

Web databases

The Hyrweb Web ite i hte by CnEs/le:

www.e.b-mip.fr//hyrie/hyrweb/

Thi Web tbe wi be the cre f HYdRolaRE

t cetre fr Remte sei t e

reervir with iti ifrmti urfce

vriti fr umber f e fr which precie et

f teite imery (frm ModIs, lt, asaR,

CBERs) hve bee prcee.

Hyrweb prvie e eve vriti i time

ccute frm teite rr timetry. I iti

the ue f teite ime with equte reuti

(epei the rer mitue f wter extet

vribiity) t ifferet time, ri frm w t hih

wter te, it i pibe t ccute rti curve

fucti which i impy the reti h/s, where

h i the vriti f eve, s i the vriti f

urfce. appyi thi rti curve fucti t eve

t btie frm teite rr timetry wi w

the ccuti f the urfce vriti f the e

ver the time p f the timetry t (ri

frm 1-2 y fr bi e t e mth fr mer

e). a prttype be 20 e reervir


17/28



h bee evepe t le wi be extee t

the whe tbe i the ext mth.

The U.s. deprtmet f aricuture’ Frei

aricutur service (Usda-Fas), i cperti with

the nti aerutic spce amiitrti,

the Uiverity f Mry, re rutiey

mitri e reervir heiht vriti fr

pprximtey 50 e cte ru the wr. Thi

prject i uique, bei the firt f it i t utiize

er-re time rr timeter t ver i wter

bie i perti mer. surfce eevti

pruct re pruce vi emi-utmte prce pce t thi web ite fr Usda pubic

viewi. a trete e reervir re cte

withi mjr ricutur rei ru the wr.

Reervir le heiht vriti my be viewe

by pci the curr cici the ctiet f

iteret. Rr timeter t frm the nasa/CnEs

Tpex/Pei J-1 teite mii. Time

erie f timetric e eve Vriti frm the

Usda Reervir dtbe t www.pec.f.u.

v/crpexprer/b_reervir

The Eurpe spce aecy (Esa) de

Mtfrt Uiverity (dMU -Uk) evepe ytem

t bti etimti f river e heiht frm

bth ERs Evit t. de Mtfrt Uiverity

evepe utmte ytem t pruce tw

type f pruct ce River le Hyry pruct

(RlH) River le atimetry pruct (Rla)2.

EnVIsaT-ERs Expitti River le Pruct

Hb ecribe the hyry pruct erive

frm ERs-1/2 Evit teite timeter t.

The tbe evepe by Esa (river e)

prvie t uer the eve f e ver the wr

frm retrce evit ERs t fr 13 bi e

i nRT prce. oy the mt recet t (t tw

mth) re irecty vibe frm the Web pe.

2 http://erth.e.it/rivere/, ECV-T4-e-ref-41-EnVIsaT-ERs Expitti River le Pruct-Hb_2_0.pf

Fr hitric timetry retrci t, uer ee t

ppy irecty t Esa.

http://erth.e.it/rivere/

avte limitti f steite Rr

atimetry re hw i the ite f Usda-Fas

fw:

Advantages:

dy/iht wether perti.

geery uhiere by veetti r cpy

cver.a etermie urfce heiht re with repect t

e cmm referece frme.

steite re pce i repet rbit (up t 1 m

either ie f mi ru trc) ebi

ytemtic mitri f river, e, wet,

i e fpi.

H the pteti t ctribute heiht ifrmti

fr y tret beeth the teite verp, thu

ctributi ifrmti where triti ue

(te) t my be bet.

steite timetric itrumet hve bee

i ctiuu perti ice 1991 ew

mii re cheue fr the ext ece. There

i therefre the biity t mitr e t

iteru vriti uri the ifetime f thee

teite.

Techique hve bee vite reut

pubihe i peer-reviewe jur.

Limitations:

Thee itrumet re primriy eie t

perte ver uifrm urfce uch ce

ice-heet. Hihy uuti r cmpex

tprphy my cue t r -

iterpretti f t.

Retrieve heiht re “vere” f tprphy

withi the itrumet ftprit. such vue re

further vere i the irecti f the teite


18/28



mti, ivi, fr exmpe, e fi heiht vue

every 580 m (ToPEX/PosEIdon) r 350 m (ERs)

the ru trc. atimetric vue therefre

iffer frm triti ue meuremet which

ffer “pt” heiht t pecific cti.

The heiht ccurcy i mite by wee

f the teite rbit, the timetric re (itce

betwee te tret), the ephyic re

crrecti the ize type f the tret.

Uie imi itrumet, timeter y

retrieve heiht rrw wth etermie

by the itrumet’ ftprit ize. The effectiveftprit imeter c vry epei the

ture f the tret, c ptetiy re

frm ever hure metre t my imetre.

Miimum tret ize i ctre by the

itrumet ftprit ize the teemetry/t

rte, the urrui tprphy

the tret-trci meth ue.

The teite rbit ceri tret ize

etermie the pti tempr cvere.

Imprve tempr cvere i ie t the

expee f pti cvere fr ie teite

mii.

Mjr wi evet, hevy precipitti, ti

effect the preece f ice wi effect t

quity ccurcy.

depite the imitti the timetry i techique,

which h prve pteti fr hyry ciece:

the t re freey vibe fr the whe pet,

which fr my remte re i the y urce f

ifrmti. Mrever viti with ru-be

ue t ive me meure f the expecte

ccurcy fr imir tret type ize. Cmpri

f T/P J reut with ue t fr the gret

le, fr exmpe, hw ccurcy ~3-5 cm rm

(shum et al., 2003). athuh thi ccurcy i reuce

with mer e the erive eve vriti re

eery rer f mitue hiher th the tt

errr buet. oi reerch i exmii the

tre ff betwee miimum tret ize bervbe

cceptbe heiht ccurcy fr the vriu

hyric ppicti.

Cryst-2, the ext Esa rr timetry mii,

expecte t uch i 2009 i eie t meure

chi ice fie, but it wi ctribute t

mitri wter reurce by cquiri mpe f

t frm it ew eerti rr timeter ver

i wter bie up requet frm cietit fr

experimet purpe.

Cryst-2 wi fy ehce rr timeteritrumet, ce the sythetic aperture

Iterfermetric Rr atimeter (sIRal) which wi

w it t imprve the reuti f the meuremet

by icrei the umber f eprte rr pue it

e w t Erth every ec frm 1 800 t up t

17 800. The experimet wi emtrte the beefit

f ve techie t erve emeri ciece fie,

uch hyry, frm pce3.

EnVIsaT-ERs Expitti River le Pruct

Hb ecribe the hyry pruct erive

frm ERs-1/2 Evit teite timeter t. The

cumet cti five ecti. I secti 2, the

bcru f teite timetry i briefy ecribe.

secti 3 icue the prcei ppie t thee

t t extrct meifu heiht ver i wter.

I secti 4, the etie pruct pecificti

frmtti re efie. secti 5 cti ifrmti

the xm frt e vibe fr the eer uer

hyry pruct.

The Uiverity f Wici (UW) h bee ctive

i purui the bjective f the IgWCo, icui

the uch f tw iititive:

The Frehwter Cr Criti grup,

The Mutiery spce-bre Mitri f gb

lre le: Twr operti aemet f

Tre i Wter Qutity Quity.

3 http://www.erc.r/web/tempte.php?pe=iiviu&Id=208


19/28



The f thi iititive re t:

pruce teite-erive mp hwi wter

eve fuctuti ver 40 re e wrwie;

evute the biity f Ice, Cu, l

Eevti steite (ICEs) / geciece ler

atimeter sytem (glas) t prvie ccurte e

eve meuremet, fr the me 40 e4;

ue fie bervti frm gb Evirmet

Mitri Prrm (gEMs) tbe

crrecte teite imery t cify ec et

f e,

erive bic perti rithm;

qutify remte ei ct t prcei

iue.

3.3 Summary of requiremens andgaps

The fwi re require fr imprvi e eve

bervti fii t p:

ayi f ti e reervir wter eve

bervti etwr ee t be iitite fr

imprvi t exche picy.

Reur prvii f wter eve t t HYdRolaRE

t w the Iterti dt Cetre t becme

perti.

Itercmpri viti f in situ

teite bervti t fr vriu e

reervir i require.

Icree the ue f the vce wter eve

meuremet meth, epeciy fr the 156

wter bie ite i the gCos it, i hihy

recmmee.

4 The nasa-pre surfce Wter Wri gruph etbihe frmewr fr vci teitebervti f river ichre wter treche which fcue btii meuremet

f wter urfce heiht (te), pe, extet.steite er timetry prvie meth t btithee i wter prmeter ctribute t bwter bce mitri.

4. Conribuingneworks and agencies

The prpe etwr wi be the gCos Beie le

leve/are netwr be ToPC pririty it (ee

www.wm.it/pe/pr/c/iex.php).

5. Available daa

International Data Centre on Hydrology ofLakes and Reservoirs

The areemet betwee the Feer service fr

Hyrmetery Evirmet Mitri,

the Rui Feerti the Wr Meteric

orizti etbihmet f the Iterti

dt Cetre Hyry f le Reervir

(HYdRolaRE) w ie 5 My 2008. HYdRolaRE

becme perti the 1 Jury 2009 wi

be be i the stte Hyric Ititute (sHI).

sHI me the hyric etwr e

reervir f the Rui Feerti, which be i

1860, pee i the 1980 t 493 tti, ecie

i the 1990, h w tbiize t 377 tti.

dt ifrmti thi etwr i rchive

eectricy i hyric yerb icue

e eve, urfce wter temperture, wter

temperture prfie, het ctet, ice cver

thice, w epth, wi, wter bce, wve

curret. HYdRolaRE i bei prpe t meet

the ee fr b t e reervir. The

mut f wter tre i the wr’ 145 ret e

i etimte 168 000 m3. The ver bjective f the

prpe cetre i t etbih, evep reury

upte iterti tbe hyric

reime f e reervir i rer t:

timute the evepmet f b mitri

ytem e reervir fr rti ue,


20/28



preervti memet f b wter

reurce;

imprve the wee f ter fuxe

trfrmti withi e reervir;

uppy t fr cietific eucti purpe,

mei, the evepmet f b

rei prject prrmme.

The firt te f evepi HYdRolaRE wu

cit f cecti, prcei itributi

mett uy upte hyrmeteric

bervti fr e reervir icui wter

eve, che i wter tre, ifw/utfw t, ice citi.

The gCos/gTos Terretri obervti Pe fr

Cimte (ToPC) h ietifie iiti pririty it f

156 e fr which t re, eve , if pibe,

freeze bre-up te hu be cecte. The

ToPC pprch t mitri i t fcu primriy

ce-bi e but icui mjr ephemer

e eecti f the ret pe e. The

mjr cierti i the chice f ite i t eure

repreettive mpe f ech type f e (where

preet) i ech rei. Where mutipe pibiitie

fr mitri exit, preferece hu be ive t

re e t fciitte the ue f teite bervti.

secry cierti i the chice f ite re: ()

wter ue, (b) reevce fr ther mitri purpe

(e.. wter quity, biiverity, puti), (c) the

exitece f er-term, hitric r pecimtic

recr t the ite.

The iiti tret f 156 e wrwie, ri i

ize frm 15 t 374 000 m2, wi be f immeite

beefit t cimte meer, thuh the ivetry

wi hve t ruy icree t the rer f 500

e t eure fuy equte rei cvere

ufficiet ite t eure repicbiity f the erive

recr. le eve re ee t be meure

iey weey r t et mthy, with hrizt

reuti f 10 m vertic reuti f t

et 5 cm. Thee meuremet wu be me by

ti hyric ervice hu be prvie

t eite iterti t cetre.

International Lake Environment Committee

(ILEC)

at preet, cheret e reervir t be

with b cvere t exit, hwever piece

re vibe t vriu cti. The Iterti

le Evirmet Cmmittee5 miti tbe

f e reervir6; hwever thi tbe e

t cti time-erie f reevt hyricvribe. ather e tbe, the Mssl/WCMC/

Un gb le Ctchmet Cervti

dtbe7, w evepe by Mur spce sciece

lbrtry f the Uiverity Cee l

prttype fr remte ei ppicti (Birett

M, 1995). It icue ver 1 400 e

reervir, but very imite et f ttribute (e

me, cti, cutry, urfce re eevti

etimte frm operti nviti Chrt

mp, etc.) .

IGWCO Water Cycle Variable8: Streamflow

and surface water storage (runoff)

The bjective i the etbihmet f iterte

trem/e/reervir tbe, cmprie f in situ

remtey-ee cpcity/fw mitri i

re time.

give tht wter reurce mer ee timey

ccurte ifrmti with repect t river fw

wter tre i e reervir t prevet,

5 IlEC, -vermet riti etbihei 1986 i Jp, http://www.iec.r.ip/e_ iex.htm6 http://www.iec.r.jp/tbe/iex/ix-e.htm

7 http://wwwcp.m.uc.c.u/r/u/cc/htm/m.htm8 http://www.wm.it/web/hm/iwc/reprt/IgWCo_emet_reprt.pf


21/28



m ther thi, wter-rete iter, the

IgWCo h emphize the evepmet f gb

Ruff Mitri Prject. The bjective f thi

iititive i t prvie tempr bervti

ye f urfce ruff e/reervir tre

vriti vribiity, by me f iterte in

situ remtey ee re-time mitri. I

the yer ice it w firt prpe, the prject h

expe t icue prticipt uch the Esa,

gEo gTn-H.

Prticipt icue: gEo, gTn-H/gTn-R, Esa,

de Mfrt Uiverity, WHYCos WMo.

International Commission on Large Dams

The Iterti Cmmii lre dm (ICold)

miti reitry f m (ICold, 1988). Thi tbe

w riiy pubihe y i pper b, but

recety becme vibe eectricy Cd-RoM.

The ICold reitry cti ifrmti ever

thu reervir, embe frm eieeri

perpective. oe criteri fr icui reervir i thi

reitry w t hve 15 m r hiher ctructi, thu

ptetiy evi ut my reervir i pi rei

where ever metre hih m ctructi miht

reut i re iuti. Whie etie ifrmti

the m ctructi (purpe, heiht, eth

vume f the ctructi, ctructi type, piwy

cpcity) re prvie beie bic ifrmti the

reervir itef (mximum cpcity, reervir urfce

re, etc.), but ther eeti ifrmti (icui

cti, me ichre thruh the reervir) i

mii. The y wy t erphicy ietify thee

reervir i by the eret city river me tht

re prvie prt f the tbe. sever ttempt

hve bee me t ietify thee m mp

crrect the ifrmti (by UnH, gRdC, CEsR). I

rete effrt, Usgs evepe m ivetry fr

the Us, Rui miti tbe f ti

e reervir.

The meri f the bve-metie e

reervir t et with the vibe iit mp

cu be bi fr mre etie b e/

reervir tbe, but thi wr i t trivi

ee exteive mu effrt. It w te tht t

preet ymic ifrmti i vibe e

reervir (eve che, perti, etc.). Remte

ei (teite timetry, mitri f the urfce

re) h the pteti t ve thi prbem. nasa

gsFC i wri ui teite timetry (ToPEX/

PosEIdon, ERs-1) t meure e reervir eve

(Birett, 1998). at the preet time, b ifrmti urfce wter tre i e, reervir

wet i iequte i term f cvere

time-erie bervti f che i the tre

vume t ce. Hwever, it w te tht hiher

reuti ifrmti vibe y i me rei

i imprtt, ive the rei ture f me

hyric iue.

International Great Lakes Datum

Iterti gret le dtum (Igld) i the

referece ytem by which the gret le-st.

lwrece River Bi wter eve re meure. It

cit f bechmr t vriu cti the

e st. lwrece River tht ruhy cicie

with e eve ( wter eve re meure i feet

r metre bve thi pit). Mvemet i the erth’

crut eceitte upti thi tum every 25-30

yer. The firt Igld w be up meuremet

bech mr tht cetre the yer 1955,

it w ce Igld (1955). The mt recety upte

tum ue ccuti tht cetre 1985, it i

ce Igld (1985). Meuremet recre i ngVd

(1929) r Igld (1955) ee t be cverte t Igld

(1985) meuremet befre they c be ue i

cmpri ituti99.

9 ECV-T4-e-ref-37-Iterti gret le dtum1985.pf


22/28



USDA Reservoir Database

Tw timetric tet re currety beig

expite:

1. ToPEX/PosEIdon (T/P). I it rii rbit (1992-

2002) thi teite perte with te-y repet

rbit, with b cvere extei t nrth/

suth titue 66 eree. Te yer f rchive

gdR t (frm september 1992) re utiize.

T/P tet hve bee prvie by aVIso/CnEs

(Veri C) the nasa Phyic ocerphydaaC t the Jet Prpui lbrtry, Cifri

Ititute f Techy.

2. Jason. a fw- mii t T/P, the J

teite w uche 7 december 2001. Thi

prject utiize the IgdR J t which i

typicy vibe withi 3-4 y fter teite

verp. lie T/P, the J rbit repetbiity

i te-y with the me b cvere. The

J IgdR tet re vibe vi ftp. The im

i t prvie time-erie f wter eve vriti

fr me f the wr’ ret e reervir

(>100 m2) epeciy i imprtt ricutur

re.

The mi tbe pruct re rph cite

ifrmti i tbur frm. Fr the rph, che

i wter eve re re but the y-ce i rbitrry

(retive) ive i metre. The x-xi refer t

time with iterv f ever mth. The bue

ymb repreet reut frm ToPEX (the nasa alT

r ssalT) timeter, the re ymb ete reut

frm the J PosEIdon-2 timeter. The Reut

Tbe ive heiht, cite errr te/

time f the bervti. nte tht erphic

extet cr the e h bee ue t erive the

time erie - rther th pt meuremet which

i mre typic f triti ue. a icui

timetric heiht ccurcy c be fu i the

accurcy+Viti ecti.

Thee e pruct exit i the pubic mi.

Hwever, the fwi eer cweemet

f thi tbe hu be me if the ifrmti

preete here i ue fr further cietific purpe

/r iti ppicti:

Radar altimeter data from the NASA/CNES

Topex/Poseidon and Jason-1 satellite missions. Time

series of altimetric lake level variations from the USDA

Reservoir Database at http://www.pecad.fas.usda.

gov/cropexplorer/global_reservoir

Canadian Hydrographic Service10

le wet re re try rive by cimtic

citi py critic re i the cyci f

crb. C h 24 percet f the wr’ wet

thee cery ee t be mitre. The cutry

i bee with immee qutic reurce i it

e (e.. the gret le, hre with the Uite

stte, cti pprximtey 18 percet f the wr

uppy f freh wter). The Ci Hyrrphic

service, prt f dFo, cect t fr the gret le

ther re Ci e pee recr

i bc t 1918 whie umber f mer e

hve bee mitre fr my yer, fr wter

memet r reerch purpe. The Ecic

Mitri aemet netwr (EMan),

icue ter i thi reprt, i i t my uch

reerch mitri ite i C11.

10 http://www.ec.c.c/cimte/CCaF-FaCC/sciece/t2002/f49#f4911 The Experimet le are (Ela) i weterotri, the Turey le i uther otri,

le kejimuji i nv scti re exmpe f uchreerch iititive tht re uefu i the emet fecytem qutic impct f cimte che.


23/28



6. Conclusions

The exitig meth fr ke wter eve

bervti re we evepe ufficiet t

bti t ccurte euh fr further prcei

yi.

The reut f teite wter eve meuremet

ti cti ubtti errr exceei miibe

imit. Hwever thi t ebe e t e

eer e -term wter eve tre.

Further viti f thi t thruh the e

reervir ru etwr imprvemet f thetechique f teite wter eve meuremet re

ecery.

Mi perti the Iterti dt Cetre

Hyry f le Reervir (HYdRolaRE)

wi w the evepmet f b tbe f

eve bervti the wr e reervir.

7. Recommendaions7.1 Sandards and mehods

1. The exiti meth prceure fr e

reervir wter eve bervti re we

refecte i ifferet techic cumet f

WMo, UnEsCo Iso, but there i ee t

prepre ie tr cumet, fr exmpe

Iso str, ti be Iso/TR 11330:1997

(purey ifrmtive w).

2. The reut f teite wter eve meuremet

ti cti ubtti errr exceei

miibe imit. Hwever thi t ebe the

eer emet f e -term

wter eve tre. Further in situ viti

f thi t thruh ru etwr

imprvemet f the techique f teite wter

eve meuremet re ecery.

3. The Iterti dt Cetre Hyry f

le Reervir (HYdRolaRE) hu be

me perti t w the etbihmet f

b tbe f eve bervti the

wr e reervir fr prctic purpe

cietific yi.

4. Impemetti f vce utmte me

f meuri wter eve (epeciy e

which were che pririty e i gTn-l)

re require t vi ubjectivity errr

uvibe whe ui cveti meth.

5. Further yi hu be uerte, thruhHYdRolaRE, t certi the tte f the

wr’ e reervir eve bervti

meth etwr, ti it ccut the

recmmeti the preprti f peci

tr fr wter eve f e reervir.

7.2 Addiional recommendaions

1. Fr e reervir withut tre re

curve, it i rther prmii t evep meth

f ei vume che withi rww

tre ui teite ime fr etimti

f e r reervir urfce re fr prticur

te.

2. It i ecery t ctiue cmprtive yi

f the reut f in situ teite bervti

fr vriu e reervir i rer t e

the effect f vriu fctr the ccurcy f

teite wter eve meuremet.

3. It i ecery t ye the iterepeece

f e reervir wter eve ther ECV

vribe the eemet f the bitic

bitic reime.


24/28



References

World Meteorological Organization , 1980: Mu

strem gui. Vume I II, operti

Hyry Reprt n. 13. WMo-n. 519, geev.

International Organization for Standardization ,

1988: liqui Fw Meuremet i ope Che:

Vcbury symb. Thir eiti, Iso 772,

geev.

International Organization for Standardization ,

1981: liqui Fw Meuremet i ope Che.

Prt 1: Etbihmet perti f uitti Prt 2: determiti f te-

ichre reti. Iso 1100, geev.

Hakanson, L.A., mu f e mrphmetry,

sprier-Ver, 1981. Meth f hyric

cmputti fr wter prject. stuie

Reprt i Hyry no38, Uec, 1982.

Carlson, R.E. & Simpson. J. 1996. Vuteer le

Mitri i the Upper Mi-wet: Prrm,

Techique, Techic Recmmeti. nrth

americ le Memet sciety, Mi, WI.

Meth f cmputti f the wter bce f

re e reervir. V.1: Methy.

“stuie Reprt i hyrgy n o 31”

Uec, 1981.

Iterti gry f Hyry. WMo-n o385,

1974.


25/28



156 Pioiy lks in Gob tsi Nwok lks

Name Country

aby Ethipi

abert Usa

aibi Chi

a kzht

abert (Mbutu see se/nyz) Zire/U

ameu autri

ar se kzht/Uzbeit

athbc C

auti autri

Bhrh Chi

Bi Rui

Bt Hury

Bhh kirizt (kzht!)

Ber UsaBeyehir Turey

Biw-k Jp

Beee germy/switzer/autri

Bri key

B T nuur Mi

Bite-hu Chi

Buhi Phiippie

Buyr Chi/Mi

Cpi azerbij/Rui/Turmeit/Ir

Ch Ch/Cmer/nieri/nier

Chmpi C/Usa4

Chy RuiChiehi Chi

Chiw Mwi/Mzmbique

Chue Hupi areti

Crter Usa

du Tb Iei

dviumbu Ppu new guie

de se Ire/Jr

dechm but C

diefeber C

di Hu Chi

Eu Cire C

Ebi ChiEriir Turey

Ei C

Erie C/Usa

Eim suth C

Eyre autri

Frbiher C

Frme autri

girer autri

gtium Pm

gere U

gret Ber C

gret st le Usa

gret sve le C


26/28



Name Country

Hmmer Irq

Hr U Mi

Hubuu Mi

Huu Hu (Huu nur) ChiHutze Chi

Hur C/Usa

Hyr nuur (khiriz nuur) Mi

Ime Rui

Iri Fi

Iy-ku kirizt

Izbe gutem

Jui Peru

kmiuu C

kmi C

kyu Chi

kh Chi/Rui

khu Chi/Rui

khv nuur (Hvu) Mi

kieret (se f giee) Ire

kivu Rw/Zire

k nr Chi

ktey C

kuuiye Rui

ky (ki) U

lc l Re C

lc sit-Je C

l Ruil e Chp Mexic

l i Cm Ity

l i gr Ity

lu s gre areti

lem (geev) switzer/Frce

leer sve C

lp nr Chi

luh der Ire

lu se Thi

Mire Ity/switzer

Mu nicru

Mitb CMr Chiquit areti

Mrcib Veezue

Michi Usa

M Usa

nivh key

nmu Chi

netii C

neuieeree autri/Hury

nriHu Chi

nicru nicru

nipi C

ny (Mwi) Mzmbique/Mwi/Tziohri Mcei

o C


27/28



Name Country

oe Rui

otri C/Usa

ouu Fi

Pje FiP Chi/Ii

Ptzcur Mexic

Peipu Eti/Rui

Py le Chi

Pyrmi Usa

Qii (Zii) Chi

Reieer C

Rtru nZ

Ruf Ethipi/key

Ruw Tzi

st se Usa

sy C

sy kzht

scutri abi

seetyteiz kzht

seec Usa

sev armei

sh Ethipi

sr abi

superir C/Usa

The Usa

Ti-hu Chi

Tyi Tzi/Zire/Zmbi/BuruiTymyr Rui

Teiz kzht

Terim Chi

Titicc Peru/Bivi

Trre autri

Tuz Turey

Uuur Chi

Urmi Ir

Uv nuur Mi

Veci Veezue

V Turey

Ver sweeVtter swee

Victri Tzi/U/key

Vvi greece

Wei-h Chi

Wiry P

Wiermere Uk

Wiipe C

Wiipei C

Xtt (Mu) nicru

Ymr Chi

Ziwy Ethipi

Zu switzerZurichee switzer


28/28

GTOS Secretariat

c/o Land and Water Division (NRL)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Vie ee Terme i Crc 00153 Rme, ItyE-mi: [email protected] Te: (+39) 06 57054026 Fx: (+39) 0657053369

www.f.r/t

water level in lakes and rivers

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