water in the atmosphere chapter 18. h 2 o exists in atmosphere in all three states of matter…
TRANSCRIPT
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Water in the Atmosphere
Chapter 18
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H2O exists in atmosphere in all
three states of matter…
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Solid:
snow
hail
ice
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Liquid: rain and cloud
droplets
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Gas:invisible H2O
vapor
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H2O may change from one state to
another:
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Melting:• from solid ice to liquid H2O
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Freezing:
• liquid H2O to solid ice
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Evaporation: • from liquid H2O to H2O vapor
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Condensation: from H2O vapor to liquid H2O
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Sublimation: change from solid to H2O vapor
Example: Dry ice
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•a measure of the energy in molecules
•the more energy the molecules have, the hotter it feels
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isotherm: lines on a map that connect places that have the same temperature
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thermometer: instrument that measures temperature
•alcohol and mercury thermometers used
(mercury more accurate)
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water freezes at: 0ºC or 32 ºF
water boils at: 100ºC or 212ºF
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Water vapor enters the atmosphere from the
evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, marshes and
glaciers
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Warmer the air, the more H2O vapor it can hold
• Humidity:water vapor in the air
• Relative humidity:the % of moisture the air can hold relative to the amount it can hold at a certain temperature
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Relative humidity=specific humidity X 100 capacity (saturated)
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Psychrometer: instruments used to measure relative humidity
• Works on principle that evaporation causes cooling
• 2 thermometers…wet-bulb and dry-bulb
• Readings show how dry the air is
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Dew point: the temperature at which water vapor condenses
• Dew, clouds, and fog forms• If dew point is below
freezing, frost will form
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Clouds: simply high fogs, mist, or haze
• Form when air above surface cools below dew point
• Shape depends on air movement that forms it:
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-horizontal air movement = layers
-vertical air movement = piles
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• Temperature above freezing – clouds drop water
• Temperature below freezing – clouds drop snow crystals
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Three main cloud types:
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CIRRUS: - thin, feathery, made of ice crystals
- form at high altitudes
- seen when weather is fair, but can mean rain or snow
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STRATUS• Low sheets or layers; gray and smooth
• Block out the sun
• Associated with rain and drizzle
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CUMULUS• Piled in thick, puffy masses
• Formed by vertically rising air currents
• Usually mean fair weather
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Other cloud types:
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Cirrostratus
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Stratocumulus
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Cirrocumulus
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Altocumulus
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Nimbostratus
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Cumulonimbus: large cloud that produce
LIGHTNING, THUNDER, HEAVY SHOWERS =
Thunderstorms
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Precipitation:• Water that falls from the
atmosphere to the earth
• Occurs when cloud droplets grow into drops heavy enough to fall to Earth
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FORMS OF PRECIPITATION
• Drizzle: fine drops, very close together, fall slowly ….less than 0.5mm diameter
• Rain drops: larger, farther apart, fall faster… 0.5mm to 5mm diameter
• Snow: falls in clumps of six-sided crystals
• Sleet: pellets of ice tha fall to the ground when raindrops fall through freezing air
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• Hail:
irregular balls or lumps made of layers of ice
forms in cumulonimbus clouds-
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Acid rain: acid drops that fall to the ground
- contain nitrate and sulfate particles that come from burning
fuels, volcanoes and cars
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• Cloud seeding: method to cause an increase in precipitation
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Rain gauge: instrument used to measure the
amount of rainfall
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Condensation nuclei: suspended particles that provide the
necessary surfaces for cloud forming condensation.