water from pnpg to our homes
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Natural Treasures of Europe
Water- from Gerês to our homes
Natural Treasures of Europe
European ComissionOne Earth to protect
Janez Potočnik is the Member of the EC in charge of Environment
I´m water
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Drinking water
(superficial fresh waters, fresh groundwater, table water and supply waters …)
Water categories
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pHHardnessAlkalinity(free) carbon dioxideChloride ionsOrganic matter Mineralization….
Chemical parameters:
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Hardness of water
Characteristic related with the presence of calcium and magnesium cations. Temporary hardness – due to the presence of calcium and magnesium hydrogen carbonates . (can be eliminated by boiling the water)
Ca(HCO3)2 (aq) CO2 (g) + CaCO3 (s) + H2O (g) Permanent hardness – due to the presence of sulfates, chloride ions or other salts ( calcium and magnesium ) which don’t decompose by heating. Total hardness – it considers the effect of all magnesium and calcium salts.
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..Água Serra do GerêsÀgua do Rio Cávado
..Água do Luso- cruzeiro
Água da serra de Monchique
Soft water Soft water
Hard water
Hard water
Medium hard water
Water hardness in Portugal (continent)
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unit Symbol equivalency
American degree USº 1 USº = 1 ppm CaCO3= 1mg/ L CaCO3
German degree ºG 1 ºG = 10 mg/ L CaO
French degree ºF 1 ºF = 10 mg / L CaCO3
Water hardness can be expressed in several units
Paiva et al. (2004).11Q-Química A, Texto Editora
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Classification of water hardness :
Levels of water hardness Total hardness ( mg / L de CaCO3
soft Below 75
Moderately hard From 75 to 150
Hard From 150 to 300
Very hard Over 300
Paiva et al. (2004).11Q-Química A, Texto Editora
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Some signs of Hard Water in our homes
Increased difficulty in laundering tasksDecreased efficiency of water heatersSoap scum on bathtubs…Accumulation of deposits in tubes, pans …
http://www.glendalewaterandpower.com/residents/water_hardness.aspx
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water cyclewater cycle
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In Gerês, Fastio is the most famous spring water, known since the beginning of the 20th century for its diuretic and digestive properties, which are due to hypo salinity (low content of mineral salts), high content of silica and a slightly sweet and acid flavour.
The unique characteristics of the Fastio Waters are a result of the fact that it circulates in deep profundity, through the so called Terras de Bouro Granite, before it springs out naturally. This type of granite is exclusive of this rainy and mountainous part of Portugal. This singularity was recognized because it only exists in the Peneda - Gerês National Park
Report on mineral natural waters and spring waters
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http://www.dct.uminho.pt/pnpg/geol/hidrografia/redehidro.html
Hydrographic Net in Gerês
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Hydrographic Net of Gerês: Dams and Rivers
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Hydrographic Net of Gerês: Homem and Cávado Rivers
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Treatment of water for domestic use in Braga: Agere (water treatment plant), Braga
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Agere (water treatment plant), Braga
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http://www.nairobiwater.co.ke/water_quality/?ContentID=5
Natural Treasures of Europe
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