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Wastewater Management and Sanitation Practices in Vietnam
Dr. Duong Thanh An Director, Department of Policy and Legal Affairs
Vietnam Environment Administration (VEA) Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE) of Vietnam
BACKGROUND Total population by 1st Nov 2013:
90 million 766 cities/towns with 30% of total
population Rapid urbanization, industrialization
and climate change increase pressure on the water resources
Over the past 20 years, the Govt. of Vietnam has made considerable effort to develop urban sanitation policies, legislations and regulations and to invest in urban sanitation including wastewater treatment systems
Process of urbanization in Vietnam over last 25 years and forecast to 2020
Year 1986 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 2010 2011 2020
Number of urban areas
480 500 550 649 689 750 - 760 1000
Urban population (million)
11.87 13.77 14.94 19.47 22.6 25.4 30.4 29.56 46.0
Rate of urban population of the total population
19.3 20.0 20.75 24.18 26.7 29.6 33.0 34 45.0
WASTEWATER SECTOR PERFOMANCE IN VIETNAM
Wastewater services provided to urban poor Access to toilets is now 94%, with 90% of HHs using septic tanks as a
means of on-site treatment 60% of HHs dispose of wastewater to a public combined
drainage/sewerage system By 2012 some 17 urban wastewater systems had been built in big
cities (Hanoi, Danang and HCMC), and another 5 systems in provincial towns with total capacity of 530,000CMD
Currently some 32 new wastewater combined systems are in the design/construction phase
During the past decade annual sanitation sector investment has been USD 150 million or USD 2.1 billion for drainage and wastewater during 1995-2009. This represents 0.45% of GDP annually.
ACHIEVEMENTS - Since 1998, the Govt. has initiated policies and provided investment to improve urban sanitation resulting in significant progress in development of the wastewater sector
Critical Issues Much of wastewater disposed direct informally to the drainage system
– only 10% is treated Only 4% of sludge is treated – Fecal sludge management is generally
poor in most cities The focus of wastewater expenditure has been in construction of
treatment facilities without appropriate collection system Cost recovery of the capital and O&M costs of the wastewater systems
is generally low – User fees have not cover the operation cost yet. Institutional arrangements: wastewater enterprises having limited
autonomy in operation, management and development of system Financing needs are very high,
estimated to be USD 8.3 billion to provide the services to about 36 million of urban population by 2025.
Policies A comprehensive legal framework in the sector currently exits in
Vietnam. A policy of encouraging private sector participation in urban
infrastructure is supported by Govt. MOF Circular 230/2009/TT-BTC creates favorable tax conditions for
enterprises dealing with environmental protection activities Govt. Decree 04/2009/ND-CP and Decree 59/2007/ND-CP supports
provision for private sector participant in the sanitation The privatization process is taking place in water supply and urban
wastewater companies. Wastewater Fee (Decree 88) and Environmental Protection Fee
(Decree 67) are important development in the urban and industrial wastewater sector addressing key constraints.
Sludge management: currently there is no effective sludge management being practiced in Vietnam, mostly by private providers
Effluent standards: QCVN 24-2009 (MONRE) common practice
Institutional Organization
MoC, MoNRE
MoC, MoNRE
MPI, MoF, MoNRE
PPCs, CPCs
Drainage, Sewerage, Sanitation Companies
MoC, MoNRE
Formulation of legal
documents
Programs, Plans,
Projects
Budget allocation,
management
Capital investment
System Management
and O&M
Monitoring, Standards
DoC, MoNRE
DPI, MoF, MoNRE Investors
Firms, other
organizations
Related entities
Source: Grontmij – WSP, 2012
URBAN SANITATION SITUATION IN VIETNAM
Sanitation coverage
ESTIMATED TOTAL POLLUTION LOAD
(Unit: BOD5 tons/day)
Hanoi Hai Phong Ho Chi Minh city
Domestic wastewater
161.22 55.119 213.7
Hospital wastewater
0.912 0.3 3.0
Industrial wastewater
60.782 Insufficient data
Insufficient data
Source: 2009, PCD, Project for building the wastewater pollution control action plan in Hanoi, Hai Phong and Ho Chi Minh city
ESTIMATED POLLUTION CONTRIBUTION IN HANOI
Source: 2009, PCD, Project for building the wastewater pollution control action plan in Hanoi, Hai Phong and Ho Chi Minh city
Type Percentage
Domestic wastewater 78,7%
Hospital wastewater 20,7%
Industrial wastewater 0,5%
Sanitation Projects in the big cities with centralized treatment technology
Sanitation Development in the provincial cities and towns
2006: WWTPs in Da Lat City, 7000 CMD and in Ban Me Thuot, 8125 CMD (financed by DANIDA) with low-cost mechanism and biological technology
2007: WWTP in Bai Chay with Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) 2009: WWTP in Ha Khanh with SBR 2011: WWTP in Chau Doc with Aerated Lagoon 2012: WWTP in Bac Giang, with Oxidation Ditch
A feature of the sanitation development in most urban areas in Vietnam is one of unplanned expansion which create difficulties in providing
infrastructure to meet demand.
Decentralized Wastewater Systems The application of decentralized and on-site
sanitation systems has been a mixed experience in Vietnam
The number of small-scale decentralized wastewater collection and small-scale serving treatment systems has increased significantly over recent years.
Through an on-going study U3SAP, MoC has introduced decentralized low-cost sanitation options into the national context as a promising solution for low density communities in urban and rural areas.
Technical guidelines for decentralized sanitation solutions are now being compiled by the MoC and MoH.
A number of DWW systems have been installed Decentralized, low-cost sanitation systems are being implemented in
small towns under a WSP supported by FINIDA: Cho Moi & Cho Ra (Bac Kan), Nuoc Hai (Cao Bang), Minh Duc (Hai Phong), An Bai (Thai Binh)
Some DEWATS projects have been initiated by communities with
external technical and financial support from donors: Community-based DWWM systems in Lai Xa village, Kim Chung
commune, Hoa Duc district of Hanoi (YWAM NGO and MONRE, 2007)
Cluster wastewater treatment system in Kieu Ky hamlet, Gia Lam district of Hanoi (East Vietnam – ADB, 2012), Viem Xa village, Bac Ninh, at schools in Vinh City and at a local market in Can Tho (Wastewater and solid waste management program, GIZ, 2010-2013)
Decentralized, Pre-fabricated WWTP for the apartment/office buildings
DWWM in small towns, and in peri-urban areas
Bac Kan Bac Ninh
Kieu Ky Lai Xa
KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
At the national level: o Develop appropriate financing policies and
mechanism for sanitation sector o Develop policies to address utilities reform in the
sanitation sector o Develop policies to encourage the Public-Private-
Partnership (PPP) and Private Sector Participation (PSP)
o Allow some flexibility in effluent discharge quality based on receiving waters
KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
At the local level: o Sanitation planning needs to adopt a strategic
sanitation planning approach at the city level o Selection of sanitation technical options depending on
the local situation o Ensure household connections are an integral part of
wastewater system development o Prepare a roadmap to increase reveue and achive
cost recovery o Capacity building for local stakeholders o Enhance community awareness through IEC
campaign
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION!