waste of wine industry

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Waste of Wine Industry

Winerywaste and by-products concentrations

% of grapes

Grape stalks: ~2,5% to 7,5%

Grape pomace: ~15% dry (wet up to 25-45% f=(pressing))

Sugars: ~(up to 150 g/Kg)

Phenolics/Pigments: ~9 kg/t (red grape pomace)

Tartrate: ~50 to 75 kg/t

Fibers: ~ 30 % to 40 %

Grape seeds: ~ 3 % to 6 %

Grape seed oil: ~Oils 12-17% (76% linoleic (omega-6 fatty acid )

Phenolics: ~4-6 %...etc.

1)Grape stalks:

The main by-products of vineyard are the grape stalks. Grape stalks have a high

degree of fibers (lignin and cellulose) and a high percentage of nutritive mineral elements,

especially nitrogen and potassium. Several different techniques are used for their

valorisation.(Nerantzis et al., 2006)

Bertan et al, 2004 claimed that Grape stalks can be used for producing compost (a

high-quality fertilizer and soil amendment) by mixing them with winery sludge digested

aerobically and centrifuged (Nerantzis et al., 2006). Grape stalk compost has a high


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In addition to those products, drape pomace can be used for animal feed.

After water extraction grape pomace can be used as fermentation medium to

produce single cell protein (SCP) (Lo Curto and Tripodo, 2001) and bacterial cellulose(Tataridis et al., 2006) as well as other valuable metabolites. (Nerantzis et al., 2006)


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Figure . Products deriving from grape pomace. (Nerantzis et al., 2006)

Tartrate recovery:

Winery residues are also used for tartrate recuperation (Braga et al., 2002). Results

indicate values ranging from 50 to 75 kg/t (grape pomace) with respect to the potential

production of calcium tartrate. (Nerantzis et al., 2006)

Tartaric acid is found in grape among fruits. The flavor of tartaric acis is sour, so it

is used in alcohol free beverages, fruit and vegetables canned foods, icecream. Tartarate is

an antioxidant , prevents foods from heavy metals.They are also used in pharmacology

industry. (Karsl,1983)

In Tartarate extraction , diffusion bataries can be used. Clear product can be

obtained with hot water extraction. After the hot extract is cooled , the cream tartar can be

crystallized with wainting process. During waiting, 150 -200 ppm S02 can be added to

prevent from mould. (Karsl,1983)

Feed and food supplements:

Grape pomace and other solid winery waste has been used for the recovery of food

ingredients, nutraceuticals and functional foods (Hang, 1988), that provide demonstrated

physiological benefits or reduce the risk of chronic disease (grapeseed oil, -glucans,

antioxidants, e.t.c.).

However antioxidant value depends on the recovery process.

Figure. Quality differences due to cascade process(Nerantzis et al., 2006)


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By-products like grape pomace, seeds and stalks are known sources of antioxidants

(phenolic acids, quercetin, flavonoids, phytoelexins and pterostylbenes, resveratrol, e.t.c.),

counteracting the effects of saturated fat and reducing the incidence of coronary heart

disease mortality. These substances also have anti-inflammatory activity, anti-carcinogenic

and anti-mutagenic effects (Shrikhande 2000). There is considerable amount of scientific

articles regarding recovery of these products from grape by-products and of new methods

which deal with the improvement of techniques for the recovery and antioxidant activity of

the isolated compounds. (Palenzuela et al. 2004; Yilmaz and Toledo, 2006). (Nerantzis et

al., 2006)

Grape pomace, seeds, skin and stems extracts have effective anti-bacterial results

when tested on bacteria species at a concentration of five per cent. The extracts can be used

in food formulations to protect food against spoilage bacteria. (Ozkan et al., 2004).

Grape seed, Grape seed oil


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Grape skins and seeds contain flavonoids (catechin, epicatechin, procyanidins and

anthocyanins), phenolic acids (gallic acid and ellagic acid) and stilbenes (resveratrol and

piceid). Grape seed procyanidin extract has in vivo antioxidant activity and could be as

important as vitamin E in preventing oxidative damage in tissues by reducing the lipid

oxidation and/or inhibit the production of free radicals. (Nerantzis et al., 2006)

There are four seeds in grape. Akman and Yazcolu (1959) claimed that seed

weight is equal to %3-4 one bunch grape.

100 gram seed composition;

Water %25-45

Carbohydrate % 34-36

Oil %13-20

Tanen %4-6

Minerals % 2-4

Fatty acids % 1

Tanen, fosfat acid, nitrogenous compounds are melting and mixed with wine compound

during production. The other compound stay in seed. Especially, the oily compounds

should not be mixed with wine , because it reduce the quality. Therefore grape press

process should be made carefully not to break the seeds.(Karsl, 1983)

Oil can be obtained with press process or solvent extraction can be used. With cold

press , yellow and like olive oil tasty oil can be obtained. With hot press dark colored oil is

obtained.(Karsl, 1983)

Grapeseed oil is a vegetable oil pressed from the grape seeds. It has a relatively

high smoke point, approximately 216 C, so it can be safely used for heating. In addition, it

has a clean, light taste that has been described as 'nutty' and is safe for cooking food. Less


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grape seed oil is needed for cooking porposes, compared with other oils. (Nerantzis et al.,

2006)

According to current knowledge, grapeseed oil, a high linoleic (76 %) product, is

the only food known to raise HDL (good cholesterol) and lower LDL (bad cholesterol).

Low level HDL is also a risk facror for impotence. Linoleic acid is one of two essential

fatty acids people cannot manufacture themselves. Linoleic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid.

Grape seed oil is a preferred cosmetic ingredient for damaged and stressed tissues,

for possessing regenerative and restructuring qualities which allow a better control of skin

moisturization and protection. (Nerantzis et al., 2006)

Figure .Grape seed uses and products


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Alcohol and grape pomace source

Fresh white grape has % 5-7 sugar. Red pomace has less sugar than white grape

pomace, because nearly all sugar is converted to alcohol . The pomace can be distilled after

fermantation and tha obtained alcohol can be used as Grappa which has a special flavor or

can be used in the production of different drinks. (Karsl,1983)

Tanen

The proteins can be collapsed by using tanen. Tanen is found in cover of grape,

seed, pomace. Tanen can be obtained from the grape seed flour which is remained after the

production of grape seed oil. The grape seed flour is mixed with 1 1t % 75-80 alcohol


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solution and filtered. The alcohol can be recovered by distillation . Tanen can be obtained

by spray drying.

Tanen can be used in leather, wine, bear industry. (Karsl, 1983)

3) Grape pomace cake

Remained cake has less nutritional value. The cake canbe used as a animal feed.

The cake should be mixed with other feed. It should be controlled if it has mold or not.

Alsothe cake can be used as fertilizer. (Karsl, 1983)

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