PrernaPritam

PriyanshiRahul

What are Wastes?Basel Convention Definition of Wastes

“substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of the law”

Disposal means“any operation which may lead to resource recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses (Annex IVB of the Basel convention)”

Kinds of WastesSolid wastes: domestic, commercial and industrial

wastes especially common as co-disposal of wastes

Examples: plastics, styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash

Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form

Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing industries and other sources

Classification of Wastes according to their Properties

Bio-degradable can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and

others)

Non-biodegradablecannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old

machines,cans, styrofoam containers and others)

Hazardous wastesSubstances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any part of the territory of the Philippines

Non-hazardous Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any part of the territory of the Philippines

Sources of Wastes

Households

Commerce and Industry

Sources of WastesAgriculture

Fisheries

Countries Amount /year

Japan 395 M tonnes/year

Germany 104 M tonnes/year

Netherlands 6.1 M tonnes/year

Hungary 102 M tonnes/year

Poland 130 M tonnes/year

Romania 607 M tonnes/year

Bahrain 92,000 tonnes/year

China 6 B tonnes/year

Philippines 1.3 M tonnes/year

*

EFFECTS OF WASTE IF NOT MANAGED WISELY

Affects our healthAffects our socio-economic conditionsAffects our coastal and marine

environmentAffects our climate

Effects of WastesActivities that have altered the chemical composition

of the atmosphere:

- Buildup of GHGs primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4), and Nitrous Oxide (N2O).

- CO2 is released to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels, wood and wood products, and solid waste.

- CH4 is emitted from the decomposition of organic wastes in landfills and the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil.

- NO2 is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels. In 1977, the US emitted about one-fifth of total global GHGs.

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE 5R WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY REDUCE REUSE RECYCLE RECOVER RESIDUAL DISPOSAL

REDUCETips and ideas to reduce wasteBuy in bulk to reduce packaging.   Take a reusable shopping bag with you so you don't

have to use a paper or plastic bag from the shop.   Choose products that use less packaging.    Think before you shop. Can any of the disposable

items you buy be replaced with reusable ones?    Say “no” to a plastic shopping bag when you only

have a couple of items.   Stick a "no junk mail" sign on your letter box.     Take lunch to work or school in a reusable container.

REUSEPractical ways to reuse waste at homeTake unwanted toys and books to hospitals, early

childhood education centres or schools.  Give unwanted clothes to opportunity shops or used

clothing bins.  Use empty plastic packaging containers for freezing or

storing food items.  Save wrapping paper and boxes to use again.  Use old jars for storage or for homemade jam or

preserves.  Take old magazines to your local doctors' or dentists’

surgery.  Shop at second hand stores or use trading websites and

classifieds to purchase items that are unwanted by others.  Donate household items or shop at your council’s resource

recovery centre.

Practical ways to reuse waste at workDonate old computers to schools or community

education centres.  Use waste packaging on inward goods e.g. boxes and

wooden pallets, for storing materials or for dispatching your own product.   

Make memo pads out of waste paper.    Re-use envelopes - purchase reuse labels.    Use second hand stores, trading websites and

classifieds to buy and sell used items. 

RECYCLEWHAT CAN BE RECYCLED Main products that can be recycled are paper

and cardboard, glass, aluminium, tin and plastic containers.

“Closing the loop”

RECOVERRecovery is a means of recovering energy

or materials, without any pre-processing, from wastes that cannot be used for something else.

Waste oils that cannot be refined for reuse are used in furnaces. Recovering the energy from waste oil reduces our dependence on coal and imported oil.

RESIDUAL MANAGEMENTResidual management is the final

treatment and/or disposal of a waste that cannot be used in any other way.

Residual management of solid waste is normally disposal within a landfill. 

Residual disposal of liquid waste is normally into a sewer or septic tank.

Waste not disposed of correctly can cause adverse health and environmental effects.

SOME MEASURES - Reduce office paper waste by implementing a

formal policy of making training manuals and personnel information available electronically.

- Improve product design to use less materials.

- Redesign packaging to eliminate excess material while maintaining strength.

- Work with customers to design and implement a packaging return program.

- Switch to reusable transport containers.

- Purchase products in bulk.

- Reuse office furniture and supplies, such as interoffice envelopes, file folders, and paper.

- Use durable towels, tablecloths, napkins, dishes, cups, and glasses.

- Use incoming packaging materials for outgoing shipments.

- Encourage employees to reuse office materials rather than purchase new ones.

Gasification

Convert any waste through partial oxidation with air into SynGas ,A clean-burning fuel - a mixture of combustible gases (CO, H2, CO2, H20, N2 and some HC)

Not Incineration or mass burn Easier and cheaper to clean off-gas or SynGas Gas volumes are very low compared to incineration,

makes gas cleanup easier & less capital requirement SynGas allows multiple use for energy - easily piped

for combustion or other thermal process Practical and economical even at small scale of

operation

Gasification Process

ORGANIZATIONS IN INDIA WORKING FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT

National Solid Waste Association of India (NSWAI)

Leading, professional, non-profit organization

Identified by Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF)

Formed on Jan 25, 1996 Member of International Solid Waste

Association (ISWA), Copenhagen

TOP 5 COMPANIES IN INDIA WORKING FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT

1 Thermax Global solution providers in energy & environment

engineering; offers products & services in heating, cooling, waste heat recovery, captive power, water treatment & recycling, waste management & performance chemicals; based in Pune.

2 Electrosteel Castings Ltd Manufacturers & exporters of ductile iron pipes,

fittings & special products based in Kolkata; also provides turnkey solutions for water supply & sewerage systems; has branches in Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Singapore etc  

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: EMS

What is an EMS?

An EMS is a formal set of policies and procedures that define how an organization will evaluate, manage, and track its environmental impact. It follows the basic model:

Plan > Do > Check > Act

This facilitates cost-effective environmental performance by defining and continuously improving the process and actions that an organization undertakes to meet its environmental goals.

EMS DevelopmentA Policy Statement that communicates an

organization’s environmental priorities to employees.

Managerial endorsement of the policy statement demonstrates the organization’s commitment to the effort and willingness to allocate resources for implementation.

Once a policy statement is in place, the organization implements it following the model.

Stages in the Implementation of EMS

understanding of eco-ethics environmental and health effects economic impacts liabilities

After establishing a complete list of significant aspects, the organization sets environmental goals and develops a plan to achieve those goals.

Identify all environmental aspects: any environmental or health and safety impacts resulting from activities and services. The organization then evaluates each aspect according to a variety of criteria:

1. Plan

2. Do The ‘do-phase’ of the model involves implementation of the environmental plan through employee training and establishment of operation controls.

3. Check Evaluates progress toward meeting program goals

through ongoing monitoring and measuring and periodic EMS audits.

4. ActInvolves taking corrective action to update and improve the environmental plan. For example, if an organization makes significant progress on one environmental aspect, another environmental aspect will replace it on the priority list.

Why Should an Organization Adopt an EMS?

1. Improve environmental performance It helps monitor energy and water conservation, resource efficiencies, and pollution prevention.

2. Better regulatory complianceIncrease regulatory compliance which is especially important for organizations that spend time and resources with regulatory violations.

3. Certification and recognitionEMS implementation can enhance an organization’s image and improve public community relations.

Principles of an Effective EMS

For better environmental and overall organizational performance, an EMS should:

1. Focus on continual improvement

2. Serve the organization and its mission3. Receive top management support4. Remain dynamic and flexible5. Fit the culture of the organization6. Represent employees and their actions7. Establish employees awareness and involvement

Case Study

The Ahmedabad-Vadodara-Surat industrial belt has over 2000 industrial units in the organized sector and more than 63000 small scale units manufacturing chemicals. They dump their waste within 2 Km radius. As a result nearly 1800 tonnes of hazardous wastes dump every month near the banks of Damon Ganga.

And also in Thane-Belapur industrial area everyday around 100 tonnes of solid wastes have been dumped.

Recently Kerala Govt impose a fine around Rs 214 Crores on CocaCola for polluting water and local environment.