washington’s farewell...

Washington’s Farewell Address • In his Farewell Address, Washington warned

the U.S. about political parties would led to sectionalism.

• The United States should avoid permanent alliance with other nations.

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Thomas Jefferson

Primary author of Declaration of Independence, Opposition to Hamilton’s ideas led to rise of political parties, Purchased Louisiana Territory in 1803,

Supreme Court case in 1803, Chief Justice John Marshall and the Supreme Court declared a law unconstitutional for the first time, thus establishing the principle of judicial review.

Marbury V. Madison (1803)

Supreme Court Cases that influenced US History

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Marbury v. Madison

1803 Established JUDICIAL REVIEW– the right of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional

Important Supreme Court Cases • McCulloch vs. Maryland- The state could

not tax the Federal Bank.

• Gibbons vs. Ogden- Interstate commerce can only be regulated by the Federal Government.

• Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall clearly stated than the Federal government had more power than the state governments. 45

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819- Supreme Court ruled Congress had the power to charter a bank.

1824- Supreme Court decision that ruled only Congress could

regulate interstate commerce (trade between the states).

Gibbons v. Ogden

• Embargo Act of 1807- closes all trade to and from foreign nations.

• Instead of declaring war, Jefferson asks congress to stop all trade with foreign nations.

• U.S. merchants lost a lot of money.

• Later changed, to allow U.S. ships to trade with any country except Britain or France.

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Prohibited American ships from trading in all foreign ports.

One of the main causes that led to the War of 1812 • Impressment - kidnapping of American sailors to work on

British ships.

You are going to work for us, like it

or not! Hey man, I’m not even

British. I’m an American!

I don’t think they care!

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War of 1812 Main causes that led to the War of 1812

1. Impressment - kidnapping of American sailors to work on British ships.

2. British scheme in supplying Indians with weapons.

3. US trying to invade Canada. • The War lasted two years and

in the end “nothing was settled”.

• December 1814, the Treaty of Ghent ended the war.

• U.S. economy was affected when American industries had to expand to provide manufactured goods to replace foreign goods. 46

2nd War for Independence, U.S. declares war with Great Britain over impressments of U.S. soldiers & U.S. desires to expand Northwest

War of 1812

Social Studies Success

Battle of New Orleans

• EUROPE PROMISED TO STAY OUT OF THE AMERICAS AND THE U.S. WILL LEAVE EUROPE ALONE.

• We now considered ourselves a world power! 41

Monroe Doctrine

1823-closed the Western Hemisphere to any new European colonization enforced by President Monroe

James Madison4th President

“the Father of the Constitution”

James Monroe5th President

War of 1812: U.S. vs. Great Britain (no clear winner)

•Star Spangled Banner, written by Francis Scott Key

•Battle of New Orleans makes Andrew Jackson a war hero

•Stoppage of manufactured imports leads to American industrial revolution

•Era of Good Feelings

•Adams-Onis Treaty (U.S. gets Florida)

•Missouri Compromise of 1820

•The American System

•Monroe Doctrine (warning to European nations,made the U.S. protector of the Americas)

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John Adams 2nd President

Thomas Jefferson 3rd President: main author of the

Declaration of Independence.

MAIN EVENTS: (with Hamilton) started the Federalists political party: stronger central government, industrial economy, national bank)

•XYZ Affair

•Alien and Sedition Acts

•Jefferson and Madison respond with the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, introduce states rights

MAIN EVENTS: (with Madison) started the Democratic-Republican political party: stronger states, agricultural economy, state banks)

•Louisiana Purchase (1803)

•Marbury v. Madison (1803)

•Lewis and Clark expedition

•Embargo of 1807

Column A Column BKey Leaders Alexander Hamilton

John Adams Thomas JeffersonJames Madison

Government Strong national government Strong state governments

Supporters Merchants and manufacturers Farmers and craftsmen

Foreign Policy Viewed French Revolution as an example of mob rule

Sympathetic to French Revolution

Voting Limited to property owners Open to all adult males

The Age of Jackson


“The Corrupt Bargain” There was no majority in the electoral college so how is the President elected? House of Representatives decides and votes for Adams, he becomes President with the support of Speaker of the House Henry Clay. Henry Clay later becomes Secretary of State with the help of John Quincy Adams

• Jackson said: “The election was stolen from his hands” ( claims corruption).

• The beginning split in the Democratic-Republican party. 46

7th President, Spoils System, Indian Removal Act, Strongly opposed National Bank, Nullification Crisis and Tariff Crisis

Andrew Jackson

Age of Common Man

Spoils System

Tariff of Abominations (hate/disgust)

• Southern states hated the tariff because it caused them to pay a higher prices for imported goods in exchange for cotton. 66

The Nullification Crisis

• Tariff of 1828, this tariff(taxes) passed by Congress was to protect the Northern industries from foreign competition.

• Southern states called it the “Tariff of Abominations.”

Federal Rights

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Emphasized state’s rights issues.

Nullification Crisis


Nullification Crisis

South Carolina politician advocated for states’ rights, limited government, free trade and slavery.

John C. Calhoun

Daniel Webster

Indian Removal

Act of 1830

• All Indians East of the Mississippi would be moved to Indian Territory (Oklahoma)

• The Indian’s land was wanted for farming. 51

Indian Removal Act

Worcester v. Georgia

Trail of Tears

• President Andrew Jackson ignored the ruling of the Supreme Court and forced the Cherokees to move from their home in Georgia to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.

• In 1837, 16,000 Cherokees marched on an 800-mile journey to Indian Territory. 1/4 died from exposure, starvation, and fevers.

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Trail of Tears

1. In 1832 the tariffs (taxes) were lowered in South Carolina, but they said taxes were still too high and wanted to nullify (cancel) federal law to pay tariffs.

2. South Carolina writes Ordinance of Nullification to void/cancel tariff (taxes), not to collect taxes in South Carolina and threatened to secede (separate) from the U.S(Union). North and South are growing apart. 69

The Force Bill • Gave President Jackson the

power to use force against South Carolina to preserve (keep) the Union. Sends the US Navy to Charleston, South Carolina.

• Henry Clay proposed a compromise to avoid conflict and Congress agrees to reduce the tariff.

• South Carolina backs down on its threat to leave the U.S. to avoid a national crisis.

U.S. Navy

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“The Big Three” 1. John C. Calhoun: Former Vice President and Senator from South Carolina; became the voice for the South regarding issues such as state’s rights and slavery; also was Andrew Jackson’s political enemy during the Nullification Crisis. 2. Henry Clay: Senator from Kentucky; known as “the Great Compromiser”; wrote the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the American System, Compromise of 1833, and the Compromise of 1850; fought for the needs of the western states.

3. Daniel Webster: Senator from Massachusetts; was firmly against secession by any state, supported an industrial economy, and became Calhoun’s political enemy. 53

Andrew Jackson ( Age of Jackson ) 7th President of the United States

•First President from the deep south

•Introduced Jacksonian Democracy (increased voter participation)

•Represented the common man

•War hero from War of 1812 (won the Battle of New Orleans in 1815)

•Created the modern Democratic party

•Spoil system

1. Jackson vs. Bank of the U.S. : vetoed charter for the Bank of the U.S. to continue operating, causing the bank to shut down.

2. Jackson vs. Native Americans: had Indian Removal Act passed in 1830, ignored Worcester v. Georgia ruling, led to the Trail of Tears.

3. Jackson vs. John C Calhoun: Nullification Crisis- Calhoun threatens to secede South Carolina from the U.S. because of Tariff of 1832. Jackson threatens to send in the U.S. Army. Henry Clay’s Comp. of 1833 avoids a war. 48

Westward Expansion


Northwest Ordinance(1787) It described how the Northwest Territory was to be governed and set conditions for new states. Slavery was prohibited in this area.

Manifest Destiny • A belief written by John

O’Sullivan in the 1820s that the United States should expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean.

• 11th President James Polk believed it was our manifest destiny, or “obvious fate” to settle land all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

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Manifest Destiny

The Purchase of Florida, 1819

Americans negotiated the purchase of Florida from Spain in 1819 for $5 million. Spain could not control the Seminole Indians.

Mormon Trail

Oregon Territory(Treaty) (1846) U.S. and Great Britain agreed to divide Oregon at the 49th parallel. Thousands came to this fertile land leaving economic troubles in the East. Achieved its goal of expanding westward.

Texas Revolution • Anglo-Americans

immigrants rebelled against the Mexican government over immigration restrictions.

• Texans declared its independence on March 2, 1836 from Mexico.

• Texans defeated at the Battle of the Alamo. 64


Annexation of Texas

James K. Polk He was the 11th President of the United States. He believed in Manifest Destiny. Kept his promised to annex(add) Texas and to obtain the Oregon Territory.

U.S. – Mexican War

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U.S.-Mexican War

Annexation of Texas will be dividing issue in the United States. Texas is going to be added as a slave state and slavery will spread more to the new western territories.

Republic Of Texas.

• Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexico ceded the Southwest for $15 million.

• New states were created from the cede land.

Mexican Cession (1848)

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Mexican Cession

California Gold Rush • In 1848 gold was

discovered in Sutter’s Mill.

• Thousands of people went to California in 1849. Many Chinese immigrated to the US

• “forty-niners”. • Rapid population growth

led to the statehood. • California came in as a

free state. 67

Social Studies SuccessCalifornia Gold Rush

Gadsden Purchase(1853)

• The U.S. paid Mexico $10 million for a strip of land in present-day Arizona and New Mexico.

• Needed to complete transcontinental railroad. • Expanded trade opportunities with the South. 68

Gadsden Purchase

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With improvements of transportation, industrialization and Westward expansion, there was an increased of Irish and German immigrants into the West seeking cheap farm land. Many were escaping hardship.

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The geography of the United States has influenced the history of the country. The United States is a large country with a wide range of physical features, from tall mountains to deep valleys, rivers, lakes, and plains. 96

Major geographical features of the United States

Sectionalism


Nat Turner Rebellion

washington’s farewell...

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