War’s EndWar’s End

President Nixon institutes his President Nixon institutes his Vietnamization policy, and America's Vietnamization policy, and America's longest war finally comes to an end.longest war finally comes to an end.

(Corresponds to 22.5)(Corresponds to 22.5)

Pullout BeginsPullout Begins

Nixon finds negotiations Nixon finds negotiations not progressingnot progressing

NSA Henry Kissinger NSA Henry Kissinger works on new planworks on new plan

VietnamizationVietnamization

ARVN takes overARVN takes over

"Peace with Honor""Peace with Honor"

Nixon calls for "peace with honor”Nixon calls for "peace with honor”– Attempt to maintain dignityAttempt to maintain dignity

Orders bombing of:Orders bombing of:– North VietnamNorth Vietnam– Vietcong hideouts inVietcong hideouts in

LaosLaos

CambodiaCambodia

Mainstream AmericaMainstream America

Silent majority:Silent majority:– Moderate, mainstream people supporting war Moderate, mainstream people supporting war

My Lai MassacreMy Lai Massacre

Platoon kills civilians in My Lai village Platoon kills civilians in My Lai village

Lt. William Calley in commandLt. William Calley in command– ConvictedConvicted

Invasion of CambodiaInvasion of Cambodia

19701970– US invades CambodiaUS invades Cambodia

Clear out enemy supply centers Clear out enemy supply centers

– 1.5 million college students protest1.5 million college students protest– Close 1,200 campusesClose 1,200 campuses

Invasion results in repeal of the Tonkin Invasion results in repeal of the Tonkin Gulf ResolutionGulf Resolution

Pentagon PapersPentagon Papers

Pentagon Papers show plans to enter war Pentagon Papers show plans to enter war under LBJunder LBJ

Confirms that government not honest Confirms that government not honest about intentionsabout intentions

Peace at HandPeace at Hand

1971 – 60% think US should withdraw1971 – 60% think US should withdraw

1972 – N. Vietnamese attack1972 – N. Vietnamese attack– US bombs citiesUS bombs cities– Mines Haiphong harborMines Haiphong harbor

Kissinger agrees to complete withdrawal Kissinger agrees to complete withdrawal

““Peace is at hand” declared by NixonPeace is at hand” declared by Nixon

Final PushFinal Push

South Vietnam rejects Kissinger planSouth Vietnam rejects Kissinger plan– Talks break offTalks break off– Bombings resumeBombings resume

Congress calls for end to warCongress calls for end to war– Peace treaty signed January 1973Peace treaty signed January 1973

Fall of SaigonFall of Saigon

Cease-fire breaks downCease-fire breaks down

North invadesNorth invades

South surrenders 1975South surrenders 1975

http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/saigon/http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/saigon/framesource.html framesource.html

http://www.usatoday.com/news/graphics/http://www.usatoday.com/news/graphics/fallsaigon30/flash.htm fallsaigon30/flash.htm

Coping at HomeCoping at Home

58,000 Americans killed58,000 Americans killed

Over 2 million Vietnamese killedOver 2 million Vietnamese killed

Veterans face indifference; hostilityVeterans face indifference; hostility

15% develop post-traumatic stress disorder15% develop post-traumatic stress disorder

Turmoil in Southeast AsiaTurmoil in Southeast Asia

Communists put 400,000 South Communists put 400,000 South Vietnamese in labor campsVietnamese in labor camps– 1.5 million flee 1.5 million flee

Civil war in CambodiaCivil war in Cambodia– Khmer Rouge seize powerKhmer Rouge seize power– Want to establish peasant societyWant to establish peasant society– Kill at over 1 million peopleKill at over 1 million people– Pol PotPol Pot

Legacy of VietnamLegacy of Vietnam

Government abolishes draftGovernment abolishes draft

1973 – War Powers Act:1973 – War Powers Act:– President must inform Congress within 48 President must inform Congress within 48

hours of deploying troopshours of deploying troops– 90 day maximum deployment without 90 day maximum deployment without

Congressional approvalCongressional approval

War contributes to public cynicism about War contributes to public cynicism about government, political leadersgovernment, political leaders