WarmUp #6• Explain how you think the clothing you are

wearing was made or produced.

• What are the factors of production (or “ingredients”) needed to produce or manufacture your clothing?

Industrial Revolution: shift from an agriculturally-based economy TO an economy based on manufacturing,

using machines located within factories

Great Britain• 1707: England, Scotland & Wales unite to form

Great Britain

• 1st nation to industrialize because:– increase in food supply– increase in population– capital ($$$) to invest– natural resources– colonies provided available trade markets

• Great Britain had all the factors of production: land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship

Cotton Production

• started in cottage industry: occupation performed in the home– technological advances changed cottage industry

(spinning jenny, flying shuttle, etc.)

• due to their high expenses, only the rich could afford the machines for production– thus, others came to work for the rich in factories!– ended manufacturing in the home

Cottage Industry & Spinning Jenny

Factories• initially, near rivers because water was necessary for

power to run the machines• with improvements from the steam engine (James

Watt), only needed coal to run the machines

• working conditions bad! little ventilation, dangerous machines, poor sanitation, little food, no breaks

• coal mines important & very dangerous (child labor)• people moving to live near factories…so many new

cities grew, due to density!

Factories & Child Labor

Transportation

• need to get goods from factories, in the cities, to the coasts for shipping

• railroad becomes main transportation of choice

• 1804: 1st steam powered locomotive

• 1830: 1st public locomotive “the Rocket”

Social Impacts• urbanization: the movement of people from

the country (farming) to the city (factories)– terrible living conditions: cramped & polluted

• initially, all factory work = women & children

• industrial middle class: new bourgeoisie…got very rich, owning the factories– accountants, managers, engineers etc.

• industrial working class: people who work in the factories (the labor)

Urban Life

Economic Shift• mass production: making a lot of the same

thing(s), through the use of interchangeable parts– moved from mercantilism to capitalism &

competition– closely followed Adam Smith’s ideas of laissez-faire

• Thomas Malthus: poverty will always be around– Malthusian Theory: used to justify low wages & poor

working conditions

Mass Production

Rise of Entrepreneurs

• entrepreneur: person who starts a new business (financiers, bankers, investors)

• Andrew Carnegie began as mill worker at 12: rose to become a steel magnate

• Cornelius Vanderbilt: railroads

• John D. Rockefeller: oil

• John P. Morgan: banking

Cornelius VanderbiltAndrew Carnegie

Socialism

• Robert Owen believed government, not individuals, should own factors of production (socialism)

• built utopias: ideal communities in England & United States (New Harmony, Indiana)

Communism

• Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels believed capitalism was bad…& only hurt the people (esp. working class)

• wrote the Communist Manifesto, arguing that all of history was a struggle between 2 groups:– bourgeoisie: the owners of factors of production (wealthy)– proletariat: the workers (the labor)– one day, there will be huge revolution when the proletariat

rise up & overthrow the bourgeoisie

• goal: to set up an ideal communist state where all the people own everything, in common

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

Use pgs. 633-639 & 645 to fill out this Graphic Organizer.You are to complete the chart on your own.

Invention Date Inventor Description

seed drill

cotton gin

spinning jenny

spinning frame

flying shuttle

power loom

steam engine

locomotive

Steamship

Samuel Slater

Lowell’s mill

interchangeable

parts

assembly line