Warm Up

• Populism• Progressivism• Quota• Bimetallism• William Jennings Bryan

The Progressive Era1898-1920

The Populist Party1891-1896

Represented laborers, farmers, and industrial workers vs. bankers and railroads

Agenda• Unlimited coinage of silver

to make farm prices ; loan repayment easier• Direct election of senators• Term limits—President hold a single term• Graduated income tax—tax wealthy at higher rate• Immigration quotas• Shorter work days—to 8 hours instead of 10-14

William Jennings Bryan

• 1896, Democrats nominated• Democratic Party adopted many Populist

ideas

“Cross of Gold” speechDenounced bankers for “crucifying mankind

on a cross of gold”Defeated in 1896 & 1900 by McKinley

Gold vs. Silver• Americans bitterly divided over the

nation's money. • The gold standard, which the United States had

effectively been on since 1873. • Many Americans believed in bimetallism

(making both gold and silver legal currency).

Populist Party

The Populist illustrate a role often played by third parties—they provide an outlet for disadvantaged groups to voice grievances and generate new ideas.

Populist reforms were later enacted by other political parties.

The Progressive Movement

• Mainly middle-class city dwellers, rather than farmers and workers

• Believed government should increase its responsibility for human welfare by taking an active role in protecting workers and consumers.

Activity

• Read the “Cross of Gold” speech and answer the corresponding questions.

• Due at end of class.

Warm Up

• Define the following: • Muckracker• Corruption• Political Bosses• Sanitary

Muckrakersexposed government corruption & the abuses of industry

Jacob RiisHe photographed and

described the appalling conditions of the urban poor in How the Other Half Lives.

Ida TarbellHer book, History of the

Standard Oil Company (1902), showed how Rockefeller’s rise was based on ruthless business practices.

Muckrakersexposed government corruption & the abuses of industry

Lincoln SteffensHe exposed

corruption in city and state governments in his book The Shame of Cities (1904).

Muckrakersexposed government corruption & the abuses of industry

Upton SinclairHis novel, The Jungle

(1906), exposed the unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry and led to passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act.

Muckrakersexposed government corruption & the abuses of industry

Municipal Reforms

• Before, cities were ran by political machines or “bosses.” They would give immigrants jobs, housing, and citizenship in exchange for their vote.

• The machine would steal from the public treasury through bribes.

• Progressives replaced “bosses” with public-minded mayors.

• Some Protestant church leaders became part of the Social Gospel movement, which worked to help poor city dwellers.

• One goal of urban reformers was building codes that would require safer, better-lighted, better-ventilated, and more sanitary tenements.

Other Areas of Concern

Boss TweedNew York City

political “boss” in the 1850-60s

Progressive Profiles

• Read and complete packet by the end of class.

Warm Up

• Recall• Referendum• Progressive Income Tax• Trust Buster

State Government Reformsled by Robert LaFollette, governor of Wisconsin

• Secret Ballot—earlier voting was not private, subject to pressure & intimidation

• Initiatives—allows voters to directly introduce bills in the state legislature

• Recall—elected officials could be removed by voters in a special election

• Referendum—voters could force legislators to place a bill on the ballot for approval

• Direct Party Primaries—party members decide who they want to represent them in the general election

Progressive PresidentsTheodore Roosevelt 1901-1909

• Square Deal—proposed new laws to protect consumer health, to regulate some industries, and to conserve the nation’s natural resources

• Meat Inspection Act (1906)—after reading The Jungle

• Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)—regulated the preparation of foods and sale of medicines

• Trust-buster—revived the Sherman Anti-Trust Act; filed a lawsuit to break up Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company

T. Roosevelt with naturalist John Muir at Yosemite National Park

Progressive PresidentsWilliam H. Taft 1909-1913

• Antitrust cases• Set aside a great deal of public

land for conservation• 16th Amendment—allowed

Congress to tax individual incomes

• 17th Amendment—direct election of US Senators instead of by state legislature

Progressive PresidentsWoodrow Wilson 1913-1921

• “New Freedom”—that would tame big businesses and allow for more competition

• Used the 16th Amendment to introduce a progressive income tax

• Federal Reserve Act (1913)—reformed the banking industry by establishing the Federal Reserve Banks

• Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)—increasing government’s power to prohibit unfair business practices and established the Federal Trade Commission

The Suffrage Movement1865-1920

• Suffrage = the right to vote• Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady

Stanton worked to get women the right to vote

• 19th Amendment (1920)—no state could deny a citizen the right to vote on the basis of gender.

Activity

• Analyze the primary source selections about political bosses and progressives.

• Answer the corresponding questions.• Due EOC.

Warm Up

• Analyze the cartoon-What does it mean? What is happening?

• Define Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and suffrage.

Seneca Falls

Role of Women Changes1870-1914

• Free public school for girls• Some colleges for women• Inventions like the sewing machine, typewriter,

and telephone added new jobs for women outside the home.

• New labor-saving devices, such as the washing machine and vacuum cleaner reduced housework and provided middle-class women with more leisure time.

• The decades after the Civil War were a difficult time for African Americans.

• Laws prevented them from exercising their right to vote.

• In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court upheld the Jim Crow laws, which required segregated—"separate but equal” public facilities for African Americans and whites.

Rights of African Americans

• Lynching by white mobs took the lives of hundreds of African Americans.

• Booker T. Washington, a former slave and founder of Tuskegee Institute, urged African Americans to get vocational training in order to establish themselves economically.

• This strategy, he believed, would increase their own self-esteem and earn them respect from white society.

Rights of African Americans

• Washington's policy was called accommodation.

• Wanted to accommodate pre-existing conditions in society rather than start a revolution.

Rights of African Americans

• W.E.B. Du Bois, a Harvard-educated professor, shared Washington's view of the importance of education but rejected accommodation.

• He felt that African Americans should protest unfair treatment and receive a broad, liberal education, rather than a vocational one.

Rights of African Americans

Two different and competing ideas!!

• What do they share in common though?• What Supreme Court act does this set the

stage for?

Video

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yCZtNE3g_sQ

• The Progressive Era came to an end when the United States entered World War I.

• During the war, American priorities shifted to the war effort, and in the 1920s, the trend shifted away from reform and toward acceptance of society as it was.

The End

Impact of Progressives on the Nation• Watchdog of Businesses—Americans

looked to government for protection from unfair business practices

• Expansion of Democracy—greater power in the hands of the people (like direct election of senators and primaries) in order to keep it from political bosses

Impact of Progressives on the Nation• Role of Protector—protect consumers,

children, women and environment not minorities

• New Tax Policies—graduated income tax changed how government was financed and helped to correct social inequalities through limited redistribution of wealth

Activity

• Read primary source selections about Black progressivism.

• Complete graphic organizer. DUE EOC.• Read primary source selections about Anti-

Suffragism.• Complete graphic organizer. DUE HW.